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Matter around Us
Matter
Anything which occupies space or volume, has mass and can be perceived by our senses is called
matter.
All materials are made up of matter, and matter consists of particles such as atoms, ions or molecules.
The three states of mattersolid, liquid and gaseousare based on the differences in physical
properties such as mass, volume, shape, rigidity, density and arrangement of particles.
Properties of Matter
Volume, Solids have a definite Liquids do not have Gases neither have
Shape, shape. They maintain a fixed shape but a definite shape nor
Rigidity their shape even when have a fixed have a definite
they are subjected to an volume. Liquids take volume. They fill up
external force, i.e. they up the shape of the the container
are rigid. container in which completely. They
they are poured. are not rigid.
They are less rigid.
On the basis The space between the The space between The particles are
of kinetic particles is very less. the particles is much farther apart
theory slightly more as from one another as
Intermolecul compared to solids compared to solids
ar space but still very less. and liquids. They
The particles of have a very
liquids can slip and disorderly
slide over each arrangement of
other. particles compared
to solids and liquids.
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Miscibility or Solids do not diffuse with Liquids may diffuse Gaseous particles
Diffusibility other solid particles. with other liquid rapidly diffuse with
particles. other gaseous
particles.
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Melting Vaporisation
On heating solids, the temperature rises. On heating liquids, the temperature rises.
Particles gain energy. Particles gain energy.
Intermolecular force of attraction Intermolecular force of attraction
decreases. decreases.
Intermolecular space between the Intermolecular space between the
molecules of a solid increases. molecules of a liquid increases.
At the melting point, particles of At the boiling point, particles become
solid become free from the fixed completely free and convert into a
position and get converted into a gas/vapour.
liquid.
Liquefaction Solidification
On cooling gases, the temperature falls. On cooling liquids, the temperature falls.
Particles lose energy. Particles lose energy.
Intermolecular attraction Intermolecular attraction increases.
increases. Intermolecular space between the
Intermolecular space between the particles/molecules of gases
particles/molecules of gases decreases.
decreases. At solidification/freezing point,
At liquefaction point, particles particles slow down, come close and
slow down, come close and get get converted into a solid.
converted into a liquid.
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Atom
An atom is the basic unit of matter.
An atom may or may not have an independent existence.
An atom is further divisible into protons, neutrons and electrons.
Molecules
Atoms of the same element or different elements can join together to form molecules.
A molecule is the smallest particle of a substance which can normally exist on its own.
A molecule retains the physical and chemical properties of the substance.
Atoms Structure
Basic Structure of an Atom
An atom consists of three fundamental or sub-atomic particlesproton, neutron and electron.
The central core or the nucleus of every atom consists of protons and neutrons. Electrons revolve
around the nucleus in different orbits.
A = p + e
(Mass no.) (No. of protons) (No. of electrons)
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Electronic Configuration
Orbits
Electrons revolve around the nucleus in an imaginary path called an orbit or shell.
The maximum number of electrons which can be present in any shell of an atom is given or
represented by the formula 2n2.
Here, n is the principal quantum number which is equal to the number of shells as counted from the
nucleus.
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Element
An element is a pure substance composed of only one kind of atom.
An element cannot be broken down into two or more simple substances by any physical or chemical
means.
Characteristics of an Element
1. An element is made up of only one kind of atom.
2. An element is a pure and homogeneous substance.
3. An element has fixed melting and boiling points.
4. An atom is the smallest particle of an element which takes part in a chemical reaction.
5. An element may chemically react with another element or compound.
6. An element can occur in the solid, liquid or gaseous state.
Classification of Elements
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Compound
A compound is a pure substance composed of two or more elements combined chemically in a fixed
proportion by mass.
Characteristics of Compounds
1. Components in a compound are present in a definite proportion.
2. They have a homogeneous composition.
3. Particles in a compound are of one kind.
4. A compound is made up of one or more atoms of the same or different elements.
5. In a compound, the elements are present in a fixed ratio by mass.
6. A compound can be divided into simpler substances by a chemical process.
7. The physical and chemical properties of a compound are completely different from those of its
constituents.
Element Compound
1. It is a pure substance which cannot 1. It is a pure substance made up of two
be converted into simpler substances or more elements combined
by any physical or chemical means. chemically in a fixed ratio.
2. It is made up of atoms of only one 2. It is made up of two or more different
kind. kinds of atoms.
3. The molecules are made up of one or 3. The molecules are made up of two or
more atoms. more atoms.
4. Elements cannot be broken down into 4. A compound can be divided into
two or more simpler substances by simpler substances only by chemical
any physical or chemical means. means.
5. Elements have their own set of 5. Properties of compounds are
properties. different from their constituent
elements.
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Mixtures
A mixture is defined as matter composed of two or more substances whose particles are in contact but
are not chemically combined and have not lost their individual properties.
The properties of a mixture vary according to the proportions of the components present in it.
Types of Mixtures
Homogeneous mixtures: A mixture which has uniform composition and properties throughout its mass is
called a homogeneous mixture. Examples: Sugar solution, salt solution
Heterogeneous mixture: A mixture which has different composition and properties in different parts of its
mass is called a heterogeneous mixture. Examples: Sand mixed with salt, sugar in oil
Compound Mixture
1. It is obtained by the chemical 1. It is obtained by the physical
combination of more than one combination of either elements,
element. compounds or both.
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Methods of Separation
Separation of SolidSolid Mixtures
Sublimation
To separate the mixture of sublimable solid X + non-sublimable solid Y.
Magnetic separation
To separate the mixture of magnetic solid X + non-magnetic solid Y.
Solvent extraction method
To separate the mixture of insoluble solid X + soluble solid Y.
Chromatography For Complex Mixtures
To separate the mixture of different solid constituents in a liquid constituent.
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Symbol
A symbol is a short form of the name of an element.
The specific abbreviation used to denote the name of an element is called its symbol.
Representation of a Symbol
Daltons Symbol, 1808
Dalton was the first scientist to use figurative symbols for atoms of some of the elements. His symbols
represented the element as well as one atom of that element.
1. In most cases, the first letter of the name of an element was taken as the symbol for that element and
written in capitals.
Name Symbol
Carbon C
2. In some cases, the initial letter of the name in capital and its second letter in small were used.
Name Symbol
Calcium Ca
3. The symbols for some elements were derived from their Latin names.
The method suggested by Berzelius forms the basis of the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry) system of chemical symbols and formulae.
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Valency
It is the number of hydrogen atoms which can combine with or displace one atom of the element or
radical.
Variable Valency
Sometimes, the same element may exhibit one valency in one compound and another valency in other
compound. This property is called variable valency.
Example
Element Symbol Valencies exhibited
(variable valencies)
Valency Chart
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Molecular Formula
A molecular formula, also known as a chemical formula, is a combination of elemental symbols and
subscript numbers which is used to show the composition of a compound.
Chemical Equation
The representation of a chemical reaction with the help of chemical formulae of the reactants and
products is a chemical equation.
The reaction can be represented by either a word equation or a chemical equation using symbols and
formulae.
Word equation:
Chemical equation:
Balancing an Equation
In a balanced chemical equation, the total number of atoms of each element in the reactants on the
LHS of the equation is the same as the number of atoms in the products formed on the RHS of the
equation.
The total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the products, or the number of atoms of
each element before the reaction and after the reaction is equal.
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5. There are two oxygen atoms on either side of the equation, but one magnesium atom on the reactant's
side and two on the product's side. Therefore, multiply the magnesium atom by 2 on the LHS.
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Chemical Reaction
Chemical reactions involve the transfer of matter from one substance to another substance during a
chemical change.
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Oxidation Reduction
1. Addition of oxygen 1. Removal of oxygen
2. Removal of hydrogen 2. Addition of hydrogen
3. Loss of electrons 3. Gain of electrons
Important Links
View Past session Syllabus Download
Watch Video Lesson Buy class 10th pack
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