Bombardamentele atomice de la Hiroshima i

Nagasaki
De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liber

Norul ciuperc provocat de explozia aruncrii celei de-a doua bombe atomice, [The] Fat Man, deasupra
oraului Nagasaki s-a ridicat la 18 km (sau 11 mi = 60,000 ft) n atmosfer deasupra hipocentrului.

Norul ciuperc provocat de explozia aruncrii primei bombe atomice, Little Boy, deasupra oraului Hiroshima.

Bombardamentele atomice de la Hiroshima i Nagasaki au constat n dou atacuri

nucleare implicnd aruncarea a dou bombe atomice, produse de Statele Unite ale Americii, la
sfritul celui de-al doilea rzboi mondial, asupra a dou orae din Japonia, Hiroshima i Nagasaki.
n timpul aruncrii celor dou bombe atomice, dei rzboiul din Europa se terminase prin capitularea
necondiionat a Germaniei, Japonia i Statele Unite ale Americii se aflau nc n stare de rzboi.
La 6 august1945 bomba atomic cunoscut ca "Little Boy" a fost aruncat deasupra oraului
Hiroshima, iar trei zile mai trziu, la 9 august 1945, cea de-a doua bomb atomic, cunoscut ca
"Fat Man", a fost detonat deasupra oraului Nagasaki.
 Cuprins
[ascunde]

1Motive pentru efectuarea bombardamentelor

2Bibliografie
o 2.1Istorisiri i descrieri
3Vezi i

Motive pentru efectuarea bombardamentelor[modificare | modificare

surs]
Cele dou arme atomice au fost arme de oc i teroare. Avantajul enorm al acestor arme nu a fost
militar (SUA dispuneau doar de cteva) ci politic. Din punct de vedere militar, Statele Unite ar fi
ctigat puin prin distrugerea a dou orae japoneze. Dar din punct de vedere civil, Japonia avea
s piard mult. Noutatea adus de armele nucleare a fost nu distrugerea la scar larg (care s-ar fi
putut realiza i cu arme convenionale n cantitatea necesar), ci faptul c armele nucleare
comprim distrugerea catastrofic ntr-o perioad de timp foarte scurt schimb dramatic politica
rzboiului, motivaiile oamenilor cu putere de decizie i capacitatea de a reflecta n timp ce rzboiul
se desfoar.

Bibliografie[modificare | modificare surs]

Exist o literatur extensiv dedicat subiectului, bombardrii propriu-zise, deciziei de a utiliza
bombe atomice i capitulrii Japoniei. Sursele care sunt menionate mai jos furnizeaz exemple de
scrieri de valoare referitoare la acest subiect. Datorit continuei i intensei dezbateri a justificrii
bombardrilor, este posibil ca unele din surse de mai jos s conin puncte de vedere disputate.

Hein, Laura and Selden, Mark (Editors) (1997). Living with the Bomb: American and Japanese
Cultural Conflicts in the Nuclear Age. M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 1-56324-967-9
Sherwin, Martin J. (2003). A World Destroyed: Hiroshima and its Legacies. Stanford University
Press. ISBN 0-8047-3957-9
Newman, Robert (2004). Enola Gay and the Court of History (Frontiers in Political
Communication). Peter Lang Publishing. ISBN 0-8204-7457-6
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1963). The White House Years; Mandate For Change: 1953-1956.
Doubleday & Company
Craven, Wesley Frank; James Lea Cate (1946). United States Strategic Bombing Survey;
Summary Report (Pacific War). The Army Air Forces in World War II. U.S. Government Printing
Office.
Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, official homepage.
Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum, official homepage.
Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims
Hiroshima - 64 de ani de la cel mai mare cosmar al omenirii.
Tale of Two Cities: The Story of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Documents on the Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb. The Harry S. Truman Library.
The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Manhattan Project, U.S. Army. 1946.
Burr, William (Editor) (2005). The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II: A Collection of
Primary Sources. National Security Archive.
Schelling, Thomas C.: Arms and Influence (New Haven and London: Yale University Press,
1965) ISBN 0-300-14337-0
Istorisiri i descrieri[modificare | modificare surs]
 Hoddeson, Lillian, et al (1993). Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the
Oppenheimer Years. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-44132-3
Sodei, Rinjiro (1998). Were We the Enemy? American Survivors of Hiroshima. Westview
Press. ISBN 0-8133-3750-X
Hachiya, Michihiko (1955). Hiroshima Diary. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-
4547-7
A daily diary covering the months after the bombing, written by a doctor who was in the city
when the bomb was dropped.

Hersey, John (7 iunie 1985). Hiroshima. Vintage Press. ISBN 0-679-72103-7

An account of the bombing by an American journalist who visited the city shortly after the
Occupation began, and interviewed survivors.

Ogura, Toyofumi (1948). Letters from the End of the World: A Firsthand Account of the
Bombing of Hiroshima. Kodansha International Ltd.. ISBN 4-7700-2776-1
Sekimori, Gaynor (1986). Hibakusha: Survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Kosei
Publishing Company. ISBN 4-333-01204-X
Selden, Kyoko, et al (1986). The Atomic Bomb: Voices from Hiroshima and Nagasaki
(Japan in the Modern World). M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 087332773X
Takashi, Nagai (1949). The Bells of Nagasaki. Kodansha International Ltd.. ISBN 4-
7700-1845-2
Weller, George and Weller, Anthony (2006). First Into Nagasaki: The Censored
Eyewitness Dispatches on Post-Atomic Japan and Its Prisoners of War. Vintage
Press. ISBN 0-307-34201-8
Lifton, Robert and Mitchell, Greg (1995). Hiroshima in America: A Half Century of
Denial. Quill Publishing. ISBN 0-380-72764-1
The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic
Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1981). Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Physical,
Medical, and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-02985-X
Detailed accounts of the immediate and subsequent casualties over three decades.

Craig, William (1967). The Fall of Japan. Galahad Books. ISBN 0-88365-985-9
A history of the governmental decision making on both sides, the bombings, and the opening
of the Occupation.

Frank, Richard B. (2001). Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire.
Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-100146-1
A history of the final months of the war, with emphasis on the preparations and prospects for
the invasion of Japan. The author contends that the Japanese military leaders were
preparing to continue the fight, and that they hoped that a bloody defense of their main
islands would lead to something less than unconditional surrender and a continuation of their
existing government.

Hogan, Michael J. (1996). Hiroshima in History and Memory. Cambridge

University Press. ISBN 0-521-56206-6
Knebel, Fletcher and Bailey, Charles W. (1960). No High Ground. Harper
and Row. ISBN 0-313-24221-6 A history of the bombings, and the decision-
making to use them.
Robert Jungk, Brighter Than a Thousand Suns: A Personal History of the
Atomic Scientists (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1956, 1958)
 The Pacific War Research Society (2006). Japan's Longest Day. Oxford
University Press. ISBN 4-7700-2887-3
An account of the Japanese surrender and how it was almost thwarted by soldiers who
attempted a coup against the Emperor.

Rhodes, Richard (1986). The Making of the Atomic Bomb. Simon &
Schuster. ISBN 0-671-44133-7
Sweeney, Charles, et al (1999). War's End: An Eyewitness Account of
America's Last Atomic Mission. Quill Publishing. ISBN 0-380-78874-8
Rhodes, Richard (1977). Enola Gay: The Bombing of Hiroshima.
Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 1-56852-597-4
A history of the preparations to drop the bombs, and of the missions.

Walker, J. Samuel (1997). Prompt and Utter Destruction: President

Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs Against Japan. University of
North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2361-9
Walker, Stephen (2005). Shockwave: Countdown to Hiroshima.
Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-06-074285-2
Narrative events in the lives of those involved in or touched by the bombings.

Weintraub, Stanley (1995). The Last, Great Victory: The End of

World War II. Truman Talley Books. ISBN 0-525-93687-4
Recounts the events day by day.