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Chapter 4
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Source
Desired
Effect
Qin Heat
Engine W
Required
Effect
Qout
Sink
Wnet
=
Qin
...(4.1)
From first law of thermodynamics
Q = W
Qin Qout = Wnet
...(4.2)
Clausius statement : Unaided by an external agency heat can not be transferred from a body at
lower temperature to a body at higher temperature.
Devices that are used to transfer heat from a body at lower temperature to a body at higher
temperature are known as refrigerators (or) heat pumps. If the high temperature side is
atmosphere it is a refrigerator. If the low temperature side is atmosphere it is known as a heat
pump. The performance index here is called coefficient of performance (COP). In refrigerator
(and heat pumps) the performance is the ratio of two independent parameters and hence the
possibility of getting the value more than unity is always there. But the term efficiency is
restricted to a maximum of unity. Hence the term efficiency is not used here.
Desired Effect
COP =
Re quired Effect
Q2
COP =
W
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Q2
COP =
Q1 Q2
Sink
[Atmosphere]
Required
Effect Q1
Refrige
W rator
Desired
Effect Q2
Source
[conditioned Space]
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Sink
[Conditioned Space]
Desired
Effect
Q1
Heat
W Pump
Required
Effect
Q2
Source
[Atmosphere]
Q1 ...(4.4)
COP =
W
Since, Q1 + Q2 = W
Q1
COP =
Q1 Q2
...(4.5)
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Reservoir
Reservoir
at T2
at T2
Q2
Q2
W
Heat
Clausius Engine
violator
Q3
Q1
Reservoir at T1
(a)
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Q2
Q2
W
Heat
Clausius
Engine
violator
Q1 Q3
Reservoir at T1
(b)
Figure 4.4 Illustration of the equivalence of Clausius and Kelvin-Plancks statement
Referring to Figure 4.5 a Kelvin-planck violator is converting all heat QH taken from the
reservoir at TH into work. If such an impossible heat engine is assumed to exist it will violate the
Clausius statement. Consider a refrigerator pumping QL heat from the low temperature reservoir
at TL to the reservoir at higher temperature TH. Combined with the Kelvin-Planck violator, the
arrangement is pumping QL heat from TL to TH, without any external agency. Hence it violate the
Clausius statement.
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a) Friction : Friction occurs at the interface of two bodies moving relative to each
other. It is the main cause of irreversibility in many processes. Energy
spent in overcoming friction is dissipated in the form of heat which
can never be restored.
b) Heat transfer: Once heat is transferred from a body at higher temperature to a body
at lower temperature, it can never be reversed without the aid of an
external agency.
through finite
temperature
difference
c) Unresisted expansion :
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Process 3-4
Heat is rejected by the working substance to a low temperature reservoir kept TL or at
temperature infinitesimally smaller than TL.
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Process 4-1
The working substance is then compressed reversibly and adiabatically until its
temperature becomes TH and the cycle continues.
The cycle has been represented in a p-V diagram in Figure 4.9. The included area
represents the net work done in the cycle. From first law of thermodynamics net workdone is
equal to net heat transfer in the cycle. Since QH is the heat added to system and QL is the heat
rejected by the system, the neat heat transfer is QH QL.
Adiabatic expansion 4 3
Wnet
Efficiency of Carnot Engine =
Qin
Q QL
= H
Qin
QL
= 1
Qin
Where
QL = 3W4 + U4 U3
QL = 3W4
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p3
= P3 V3 ln
p4
p3
= mRTL ln
p4
p2
Similarly QH = mRTH ln
p1
1
T2 p 2 TH
= =
T3 p3 TL
Process 4-1 is also reversible adiabatic
1
T1 p1 TH
= =
T4 p 4 TL
p2 p
= 1
p3 p 4
p 2 p3
=
p1 p 4
mRTL ln 3
p
Carnot
Q
= 1 L = 1 p4
mRTL ln 2
Qin p
p1
T
= 1 L
TH
Since the carnot cycle being completely reversible, if carried out in reverse direction, the
magnitudes of all energy transfers remain the same but their sign change. This reversed carnot
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cycle can be applied for a refrigerator or a heat pump. Figure 4.10 shows the p-V diagram of a
reversed carnot cycle.
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