Transformer 1

MARINE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY
Subject: Marine Electro-technology

Page 1 out of 13
CHAPTER 3: TRANSFORMER
1. INTRODUCTION
- A transformer is a device which uses the phenomenon of mutual induction to

change the values of alternating voltages and currents.
- One of the main advantages of a.c. transmission and distribution is the ease with
which an alternating voltage can be increased or decreased by transformers.
- Losses in transformers are generally low and thus efficiency is high.
- Transformers range in size from the miniature units used in electronic
applications to the large power transformers used in power stations; the principle
of operation is the same for each.
- Presentation of transformer - A transformer is represented in (a) as consisting of
two electrical circuits linked by a common ferromagnetic core. One coil is termed
the primary winding which is connected to the supply of electricity, and the
other the secondary winding, which may be connected to a load. Symbol for a
transformer is shown in (b).
Figure 1: Presentation transformer
Bachelor Degree of Naval Architecture and Ship Building AZJ, ABO, MSH, ATA
Page 2 out of 13
2. TRANSFORMER PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION.
a. When the secondary is an open-circuit and an alternating voltage V1 is

applied to the primary winding, a small current called the no-load current I0
flows, which set up a magnetic flux in the core.
b. This alternating flux links with both primary and secondary coils and induces
in them e.m.f.s of E1 and E2 respectively by mutual induction.
d
c. The induced e.m.f. E in a coil of N turns is given by E N volts, where
dt
d
is the rate of change of flux. In an ideal transformer, the rate of change of
dt
E1 E 2
flux is the same for both primary and secondary and thus the
N1 N 2
induced e.m.f. per turn is constant.
d. Assuming no losses, E1 = V1 and E2 = V2, hence
V1 V2 V N
or 1 1
N 1 N 2 V2 N 2
V1/V2 is called the voltage ratio and N1/N2 the turns ratio, or the
transformation ratio of the transformer. If N2 is less than N1 then V2 is less
than V1 and the device is termed a step-down transformer. If N2 is greater
than N1 then V2 is greater than V1 and the device is termed a step-up
transformer.
e. When a load is connected across the secondary winding, a current I2 flows. In

an ideal transformer losses are neglected and a transformer is considered to
be 100 per cent efficient. Hence input power = output power, or V1I1 = V2I2 i.e.
in an ideal transformer, the primary and secondary ampere-turns are
equal. Thus
V1 I2
=
V2 I1
Combining equations (1) and (2) gives:
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V1 N1 I2
= =
V2 N 2 I1
Exercises
Problem 1.
A transformer has 500 primary turns and 3000 secondary turns. If the
primary voltage is 240 V, determine the secondary voltage, assuming an ideal
transformer.
Solution
For an ideal transformer, voltage ratio = turns ratio
V1 I2
=
V2 I1
240 500
=
V2 3000
V2 = 1440 V = 1.44kV
Problem 2.
An ideal transformer with a turns ratio of 2:7 is fed from a 240V supply.
Determine its output voltage.
Solution
A turns ratio of 2:7 means that the transformer has 2 turns on the primary for
every 7 turns on the secondary (i.e. a step-up transformer); thus
N1 2
=
N2 7
For an ideal transformer,
V1 N1
=
V2 N 2
Hence
240 2
Hence =
V2 7
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Thus the secondary voltage, V2 = 840 V
Problem 3.
An ideal transformer has a turns ratio of 8:1 and the primary current is 3A
when it is supplied at 240 V. Calculate the secondary voltage and current.
[V2=30V, I2=24A].
Problem 4.
An ideal transformer, connected to a 240V main, supplies a 12 V, 150W lamp.
Calculate the transformer turns ratio and the current taken from the supply.
[Turns ratio=20, I1=0.625A].
Problem 5.
A 12_ resistor is connected across the secondary winding of an ideal
transformer whose secondary voltage is 120 V. Determine the primary
voltage if the supply current is 4A. [V1=300V].
Problem 6.
A 5 kVA single-phase transformer has a turns ratio of 10 : 1 and is fed from a
2.5 kV supply. Neglecting losses.
Determine:
a) The full-load secondary current [I2=20A]
b) The minimum load resistance which can be connected across the
secondary winding to give full load kVA. [RL=12.5].
c) The primary current at full load kVA. [I1=2A].
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3. E.M.F. EQUATION OF A TRANSFORMER
a. The magnetic flux set up in the core of a transformer when an alternating

voltage is applied to its primary winding is also alternating and is sinusoidal.
b. Let m be the maximum value of the flux and f is the frequency of the supply.
The time for 1 cycle of the alternating flux is the periodic time T, where
T = 1f seconds.
c. The flux rises sinusoidally from zero to its maximum value in (1/4) cycle, and
the time for (1/4) cycle is 1/4f seconds. Hence the average rate of change of
flux = m/ (1/4f) = 4fm Wb/s, and since 1Wb/s = 1 volt, the average e.m.f.
induced in each turn = 4fm volts. As the flux varies sinusoidally, then a
sinusoidal e.m.f. will be induced in each turn of both primary and secondary
windings. For a sine wave,
r.m.s value
form factor = = 1.11
average value
Hence
r.m.s value = 1.11 x average value.
Thus
r.m.s. e.m.f. induced in each turn = 1.11 x 4fm volts = 4.44fm volts
Therefore,
r.m.s. value of e.m.f. induced in primary,
E1 = 4.44 f m N1 volts
and
r.m.s. value of e.m.f. induced in secondary,
E2 = 4.44 f m N2 volts
Dividing equation (4) by equation (5) gives:
E 1 N1
=
E 2 N2
as previously obtained.
Page 6 out of 13
Exercises
Problem 1.
A 100 kVA, 4000 V/200 V, 50 Hz single-phase transformer has 100
secondary turns. Determine:
a. the primary and secondary current,
b. the number of primary turns, and
c. the maximum value of the flux.
Solution.
V1 = 4000 V, V2 = 200 V, f = 50 Hz, N2 = 100 turns
a. Transformer rating=V1I1=V2I2=1 00 000VA.
Hence primary current,
100000 100000
I1 = = = 25 A
V1 4000
and secondary current,
100000 100000
I2 = = = 500 A
V2 200
b. From equation ,
V1 N1
= from which, primary turns,
V2 N 2
V1 4000
N1 = N2 = x100 = 2000 turns.
V2 200
c. E2 D 4.44fmN2
From which, maximum flux,
E2 200
m = 4.44 fN2 = = 9.01x10 3 Wb or 9.01mWb.
4.44 x50 x100
We can also use equation E 1 = 4.44f mN1 , the result must be the same as
previous.
Page 7 out of 13
4. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A TRANSFORMER
a. The equivalent circuit of transformer shows in figure 2 below. R1 and R2

represent the resistances of the primary and secondary windings and X1 and
X2 represent the reactance of the primary and secondary windings, due to
leakage flux.
b. The core losses due to hysteresis and eddy currents are allowed for by
resistance R which takes a current IC, the core loss component of the primary
current. Reactance X takes the magnetising component Im. In a simplified
equivalent circuit shown in Figure 2, R and X are omitted since the no-load
current I0 is normally only about 35 per cent of the full load primary current.
Figure 2: Equivalent circuit

c. It is often convenient to assume that all of the resistance and reactance as
being on one side of the transformer. Resistance R2 in Figure 2 can be
replaced by inserting an additional resistance R2 in the primary circuit such
that the power absorbed in R2 when carrying the primary current is equal to
that in R2 due to the secondary current, i.e.
I12R '2 = I22R 2
I2 2 V1 2
From which, R '2 = ( ) .R 2 = ( ) .R 2
I1 V2
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Then the total equivalent resistance in the primary circuit Re is equal to the
primary and secondary resistances of the actual transformer.
V1 2
Hence R e = R 1 + R '2 = R1 + R 2 ( )
V2
By similar reasoning, the equivalent reactance in the primary circuit is given
by
V1 2
X e = X 1 + X '2 = X1 + X 2 ( )
V2
d. The equivalent impedance Ze of the primary and secondary windings referred
to the primary is given by
Z e = R 2e + X 2e
If e is the phase angle between I1 and the volt drop I1Ze then
Re
cos e =
Ze
The simplified equivalent circuit of a transformer is shown in figure 3 below.
Figure 3: Equivalent circuit
Exercises
Problem 1.
A transformer has 600 primary turns and 150 secondary turns. The primary and
secondary resistances are 0.25 and 0.01 respectively and the corresponding
leakage reactances are 1.0 and 0.04 respectively.
Determine:
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a. The equivalent resistance referred to the primary winding, [0.41].
b. The equivalent reactance referred to the primary winding, [1.64].
c. The equivalent impedance referred to the primary winding, [1.69]
d. The phase angle of the impedance. [e=75.96]
Problem 2.
A transformer has 1200 primary turns and 200 secondary turns. The primary and
secondary resistances are 0.2_ and 0.02_ respectively and the corresponding
leakage reactances are 1.2_ and 0.05_ respectively.
Calculate
a. the equivalent resistance, reactance and impedance referred to the
primary winding,
b. the phase angle of the impedance.
[(a) 0.92_, 3.0_, 3.14_ (b) 72.95 ]
5. TRANSFORMER LOSSES AND EFFICIENCY
There are broadly two sources of losses in transformers on load, these

being copper losses and iron losses:
a. Copper losses are variable and result in a heating of the conductors, due to
the fact that they possess resistance. If R1 and R2 are the primary and
secondary winding resistances then the total copper loss is
I12R1+I22R2.
b. Iron losses are constant for a given value of frequency and flux density and
are of two types hysteresis loss and eddy current loss.
i. Hysteresis loss is the heating of the core as a result of the internal
molecular structure reversals which occur as the magnetic flux alternates.
The loss is proportional to the area of the hysteresis loop and thus low
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loss nickel iron alloys are used for the core since their hysteresis loops
have small areas.
Figure 4: Hysteresis loop. The area of a hysteresis loop varies with the
type of material. The area, and thus the energy loss, is much greater for
hard materials than for soft materials
ii. Eddy current loss is the heating of the core due to e.m.f.s being induced
not only in the transformer windings but also in the core. These induced
e.m.f.s set up circulating currents, called eddy currents. Owing to the low
resistance of the core, eddy currents can be quite considerable and can
cause a large power loss and excessive heating of the core. Eddy current
losses can be reduced by increasing the resistivity of the core material or,
more usually, by laminating the core (i.e. splitting it into layers or leaves)
when very thin layers of insulating material can be inserted between each
pair of laminations. This increases the resistance of the eddy current path,
and reduces the value of the eddy current.
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c. Transformer efficiency:
output power input power - losses
Transforme r effeciency, = =
input power input power
and
losses
= 1-
input power
and is usually expressed as a percentage. It is not uncommon for power
transformers to have efficiencies of between 95% and 98%
Output power ,P = I2 V2 cos 2
Total losses = copper loss + iron losses,
and
input power = output power + losses
Exercises
Problem 1.
A 200 kVA rated transformer has a full-load copper loss of 1.5kW and an iron
loss of 1 kW. Determine the transformer efficiency at full load and 0.85 power
factor. [=98.55%]
Problem 2.
Determine the efficiency of the transformer in Problem 17 at half full-load and
0.85 power factor. [=98.41%]
Problem 3.
A 400 kVA transformer has a primary winding resistance of 0.5_ and a
secondary winding resistance of 0.001_. The iron loss is 2.5kW and the primary
and secondary voltages are 5 kV and 320V respectively. If the power factor of
the load is 0.85. Determine the efficiency of the transformer
a. On full load. [=97.91%]
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b. On half load.[ =97.87%]
d. Maximum efficiency:
It may be shown that the efficiency of a transformer is a maximum when the
variable copper loss (i.e. I12R2+I22R2 is equal to the constant iron losses.
Exercises
Problem 4.
A 500 kVA transformer has a full load copper loss of 4kW and an iron loss of 2.5
kW. Determine
a. the output kVA at which the efficiency of the transformer is a maximum.[
395.5kVA]
b. the maximum efficiency, assuming the power factor of the load is
0.75[98.34%]
6. THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER.
Three-phase double-wound transformers are mainly used in power

transmission and are usually of the core type.
They basically consist of three pairs of single-phase windings mounted on one
core, as shown in Fig. 5, which gives a considerable saving in the amount of iron
used.
The primary and secondary windings in Fig. 5 are wound on top of each
other in the form of concentric cylinders.
The windings may be with the primary delta-connected and the secondary star-
connected, or star-delta, star-star or delta-delta, depending on its use.
A delta-connection is shown in Fig. 6 (a) and a star-connection in Fig. 6 (b).
Page 13 out of 13
Figure 5: Three phase winding transformer
Figure 6: Connection of three phase transformer

Transformer 1

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MARINE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY

Subject: Marine Electro-technology

- A transformer is a device which uses the phenomenon of mutual induction to

Figure 1: Presentation transformer

a. When the secondary is an open-circuit and an alternating voltage V1 is

e. When a load is connected across the secondary winding, a current I2 flows. In

a. The magnetic flux set up in the core of a transformer when an alternating

a. The equivalent circuit of transformer shows in figure 2 below. R1 and R2

Figure 2: Equivalent circuit

Figure 3: Equivalent circuit

5. TRANSFORMER LOSSES AND EFFICIENCY

There are broadly two sources of losses in transformers on load, these

Three-phase double-wound transformers are mainly used in power

Figure 5: Three phase winding transformer

Figure 6: Connection of three phase transformer

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