EComms Lab1

Lab 1
Ari Bross
Adam Westerland
Austin Johnson
27 February 2013
brossa22@students.rowan.edu
wester02@students.rowan.edu
johnso6w@students.rowan.edu
Electrical Communications System
I. Overview
Two tone signals were produced. The first
tone signal was created by 2 sine waves with
frequencies 400 Hz and 450 Hz. The second
tone signal was created with 2 sine waves
with 600 and 900 Hz. Signal 2 was
modulated with Eq. 1.
(1)
Figure 1.The frequency spectrum of a signal
The channel spacing of the signals assured comprising of two sinusoidal waves with
that there was no overlap with essential frequencies 600 Hz and 900 Hz.
bandwidths up to 98%.
The frequency spectrums of the two signals
show pulses at the positive and negative
II. Detailed Analysis values of the frequencies that they are
To obtain the frequency spectrum of both comprised of. The negative values exist
signals, their fourier series was plotted in because sinusoids are comprised of ejw and
Matlab with the fft and fftshift command. e-jw components. In reality the e-jw
Figure 1 shows the fourier series of Signal 1 components do not exist, but they are used
and Fig. 2 shows the fourier series of Signal mathematically to simplify the expressions.
2.
Figure 3 displays the relationship for Signal
1 between frequency in hertz (Hz) and the
percentage of the signal between 0 Hz and
the frequency. Figure 4 displays the same
relationship for Signal 2.
Figure 1.The frequency spectrum of a signal

comprising of two sinusoidal waves with
frequencies 400 Hz and 450 Hz.
Figure 3.The percentage that the range of
frequency from zero to that frequency is
within a signal.
Table 2.The upper limit of the frequency
range for 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, and 98%
essential bandwidth for Signal 2 after
modulating.
Percent Bandwidth Frequency (Hz)
80 930.948
85 990.849
90 1105.657
95 1280.366
98 1410.150
Figure 4.The percentage that the range of

Figure 5 shows the fft of Signal 1 added to
frequency from zero to that frequency is
the product of Signal 2 and the modulation
within a signal.
signal. The positive pulses are equivalent to
the negative pulses due to both signals being
As seen in Fig. 3, most of the signal is 400
sinusoids. Like Fig. 1 there are pulses at
Hz and 450 Hz because Signal 1 was created
400 Hz and 450 Hz, but unlike Fig. 2 the
from two sinusoids at those frequencies.
pulses created from Signal 2 was shifted by
About 20% of the signal is comprised of
400 Hz because it was modulated by a
frequencies over 450 Hz. These high
sinusoid with a frequency of 200 Hz. A fifth
frequencies are constructed from the noise
spike is also created at 200 Hz due to the
frequencies seen in Fig. 1. Fig. 4 shows the
modulating signal.
same problem occurring after 900 Hz.
These results are confirmed with Table 1
and Table 2, which displays the what the
frequency range for 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%,
and 98% for each signal.
Table 1.The upper limit of the frequency

range for 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, and 98%
essential bandwidth for Signal 1.
Percent Bandwidth Frequency (Hz)
80 536.605
85 651.414
90 846.089
95 1140.599 Figure 5.The frequency spectrum of the
98 1350.249 summation of Signal 1 and the product of
Signal 2 and the modulating signal.
III. Conclusions
The channel separation on an FRS system is
to prevent overlapping of signals. This is
created by a modulating signal. If a
modulating signal is not being used then the
frequency spectrum of a signal may show
the incorrect amplitude because of noise
within part of the signal. Modulating a
signal shifts the signal over to prevent this.
Appendix
clearall
clc
Fc = 200; %carrier frequency

fs = 3000; %sampling frequency
t = 0:1/fs:0.2; %time range
fftlength = length(t);
f = -fs/2:(fs/fftlength):(fs/2)-1; %creates frequency range
signal1 = sin(2*pi*400*t) + sin(2*pi*450*t);

signal2 = sin(2*pi*600*t) + sin(2*pi*900*t);
signal1fft = abs(fft(signal1));
signal2fft = abs(fft(signal2));
signal1fftshift = fftshift(signal1fft);
signal2fftshift = fftshift(signal2fft);
figure;
subplot(211);
plot(t,signal1);
title('Signal 1 - Time Domain');
xlabel('Time t');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(212);
plot(f,signal1fftshift);
grid;
title('Signal 1 - Frequency Domain');
xlabel('Frequency');
figure;
subplot(211);
plot(t,signal2);
title('Signal 2 - Time Domain');
xlabel('Time t');
subplot(212);
plot(f,signal2fftshift);
grid;
title('Signal 2 - Frequency Domain');
signal2mod = signal2.*cos(Fc*2*pi*t); %shifts with carrier
previousFFTValue = 0;
fori = 1:ceil(length(signal1fft)/2)
signal1PSD(i) = signal1fftshift(i + ceil(length(signal1fftshift)/2) -1) +
previousFFTValue;
previousFFTValue = signal1PSD(i);
end
signal1PSD = signal1PSD/(previousFFTValue);
figure;
plot(f(ceil(length(signal1fftshift)/2):length(signal1fftshift)),signal1PSD);
grid;
title('Signal 1 - Essential Bandwidth Percentage vs Bandwidth');
previousFFTValue = 0;
fori = 1:ceil(length(signal2fftshift)/2)
signal2PSD(i) = signal2fftshift(i + ceil(length(signal2fftshift)/2) -1) +
previousFFTValue;
previousFFTValue = signal2PSD(i);
end
signal2PSD = signal2PSD/(previousFFTValue);
figure;
plot(f(ceil(length(signal2fftshift)/2):length(signal2fftshift)),signal2PSD);
grid;
title('Signal 2 - Essential Bandwidth Percentage vs Bandwidth');
% essential bandwidths, signal 1

fprintf('Signal 1 - 80 Percent: %f\n',f(find(signal1PSD > .8,1,'first') +
(length(f)-ceil(length(f)/2))))
fprintf('Signal 1 - 98 Percent: %f\n\n',f(find(signal1PSD > .98,1,'first') +
% essential bandwidths, signal 2

fprintf('Signal 2 - 80 Percent: %f\n',f(find(signal2PSD >.8,1,'first') +
Fc = 690 + 1270; % combine 85% overlap
signal2Mod = signal2.*cos(2*pi*Fc*t);
s1s2 = signal1 + signal2Mod;
figure;
plot(f,fftshift(abs(fft(s1s2))/length(t)))
title('No overlap at 85% of essential bandwidth, when Fc = 1960 Hz');

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Lab 1

Figure 1.The frequency spectrum of a signal

Figure 4.The percentage that the range of

Table 1.The upper limit of the frequency

Fc = 200; %carrier frequency

f = -fs/2:(fs/fftlength):(fs/2)-1; %creates frequency range

signal1 = sin(2pi400t) + sin(2pi450t);

signal2mod = signal2.cos(Fc2pit); %shifts with carrier

% essential bandwidths, signal 1

% essential bandwidths, signal 2

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