Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton

Compass

Surveying
Art of determining the relative
position of points on, above, or
beneath the surface of the earth
either by direct or indirect
measurements of distance
direction and elevation

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

Types of Surveys

Plane Surveying

Geodetic Surveying

North

Arc

Spherical
triangles

South
All triangles formed by lines are considered as plane triangles
(Plane survey)
All lines lying in the surface are curved lines and the triangles
are spherical triangles (Geodetic Surveying)

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

Classification
A) nature of field of survey
1- Land Survey
Topographic
Cadastral
City

2- Marine Survey

3- Astronomical

b) the object (Purpose) of survey

1- Engineering Survey
2- Military Survey
3- Mine Survey
4- Geological Survey
5- Archeological Survey

c) The instruments and method employed

1- Chain surveying
2-Compass surveying
3- Theodolite surveying
4- Plane table surveying
5- leveling surveying
6-Total station surveying
7- Photographic surveying

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

Principles of Surveying
Locating point with respect
to reference points

From Whole to Part

Units of measurements
A- Linear measurements units
British Units
French (metric) System

1- Units of area
2- Units of volume
B- Units of angular measurements
Degrees
Redians

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

Units of Measure
1 yard = 3 feet
1 meter = 39.37 = 3.2808
1 rod = 16.5
1 gunters chain = 66 = 100 links = 4
rods
1 mile = 5280 = 80 chains
1 engineers chain = 100 = 100 links
(read in tenths of a foot)
1 degree = 1/360 of the angle around a
point
1 degree = 60 minutes
1 foot = 60 seconds
Radian = 57.3 degrees

- - to Decimal Degrees

1 degree = 60 minutes
1 minute = 60 seconds
321524
24 = 24/60 = 0.4
1524 = 15.4
= 15.4/60 = 0.2567
321524 = 32.2567
Most calculators do trig
calculations using
decimal degrees -
CONVERT!

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

Geometry of a Circle
Transit sited along line AB, 10515 N
clockwise from North. C
13542
Transit is turned 13542 10515
counterclockwise to site on C.
A
Determine the direction of line AC.
10515 - 13542 = -3027 B
Counterclockwise angle gets smaller
22418
Negative result add 360
-3027 + 360 = 32933
Or: 360 - 13542 = 22418
10515 + 22418 = 32933

Skills - knowledge
Mathematics
Physics
Astronomy

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

Direct & Indirect Measurement

Direct measurement
Applying a tape to a line
Applying a protractor to a line
Turning an angle with a transit

Indirect
Secured when direct measurement
is not possible. Always will be in
relation to some other measured
quantity. Thus some knowledge of
math functions are necessary

Errors in Measurement
No measurement is
exact every measurement
contains an error.

Mistake
Caused by misunderstanding
the problem, carelessness, or
by poor judgment.

Gross Errors
Systematic Errors
Random Errors

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

Accuracy and Precision

Accuracy is the degree of closeness to true value. It is the degree
of conformity of a measured or calculated quantity to its actual
(true) value.
Precision is the degree to which further measurements show
the same or similar results. In other words, the precision of an
value is a measure of the reliability of the experiment, or how
reproducible the experiment is

Precision -is concerned only with random errors.

Accuracy is considered to be the overall estimate of the errors
including systematic effects.

Most probable value

Precise and
accurate results

True value
Most probable value
Systematic
error

Precise and
inaccurate results

True value

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

Sources of Errors
Natural errors
Caused by wind, temperature,
humidity, refraction, gravity, and
magnetic declination.
Instrumental errors
Caused by imperfections in
construction or adjustment of
instruments. i.e.; tape sag,
misleveled instrument
Personal errors
Arise from the limitations of
human senses to sight, touch,
and hearing.

Types of Errors
Systematic
Known as cumulative errors. Systematic errors follows
certain rules and equations. Therefore, it can be traced
and corrections can be made to eliminate them.

Accidental
Errors remaining after mistakes and systematic errors
have been eliminated. Caused by factors out of control
of observer and obey law of probability.

Mistake or Blunders
-Error results from the inexperienced surveyor (Juniors), it
does not follow any rules, can not be corrected. Yet, it can
be avoided by repeating measurements, data verification

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

Magnitude of Errors
Discrepancy
Difference between 2 measured values of the
same quantity. Small discrepancy means no
mistakes and very little accidental error.

Precision
Denotes relative or apparent nearness to truth
and is based on refinement of measurements
and size discrepancies. Degree precision is
dependant of sensitivity of equipment and skill
of observer.

Agreement
Implies accuracy as well as precision but does
not insure.

Elimination of Errors
Need to reduce & eliminate constantly
Mistakes
Can be corrected if discovered
Comparisons
Compare measurement to knows,
common sense, estimations
Repeat
If mistake is found best to repeat
process
Significant figures
Include all positive digits plus one. i.e.;
1007.5

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

Brunton Pocket Transit

(Brunton Compass)
Compass, Clinometer, Hand level
Attitude of various Geologic structures
is made of:-
brass-aluminum material
Magnetic needle rest on pivot needle open & close-lift pin
Round bulls eye bubble & tube bubble
Clinometer moved by a small lever

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

2.1 Magnetic Needle 2.6 Mirror

2.2 Graduated Circle 2.7 Round Level

2.3 Zero Pin 2.8 Vernier

2.4 Large Sight w/ Peep Sight 2.9 Long Level

2.5 Small Sight

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

2.10 Circle Adjusting Screw 2.12 Ball & Socket Tripod Mount

2.11 Vernier Adjustment 2.13 Alidade Mount

Com-Pro Models Only

Care & adjustment of the Brunton Compass

Both levels have bubbles

Hinges are tight (lid, sighting arms, peep sights)
Point of the sighting arm meet the black axial line
of the mirror

Setting the magnetic declination

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

To read accurate bearing

1. The compass must be leveled
2. The point sighted must be centered
exactly in the sights
3. The needle must brought nearly to rest

Why E & W are interchanged

N
0

E 90 270 W

180

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

N
B

W E
A

Course and strike

Compass set for taking a bearing

at Waist height

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

15-45o

When the point sighted is visible only at

<15o

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

Prismatic

Strike

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

Strike, dip, & dip direction

Strike (remote measurement)

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

Attitudes of lines and planes

Planar vs. linear

Strike, dip, dip direction

Plunge, trend, rake!

Clinometer

Angle of dip
(remote)

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

Angle of dip

Angle of
dip

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

Azimuth vs. Bearing

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

Geometry of a Circle
2318
Total angle = 360
4 quadrants - NE, SE, SW, NW
NW NE
- each total 90
Angles typically measured East SW SE
from North or East from South
Clockwise (CW) and
360 - 2318 = 33642
Counterclockwise (CCW)
angles add to 360

Magnetic North and True

Merdian

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

Magnetic declination

West Vs. East declination

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

Correction of Magnetic declination

True bearing = Magnetic bearing + magnetic declination

Use Plus sign if the declination is to the East

and minus sign if it is to the West.

Magnetic declination

To adjust for magnetic declination, rotate the graduated

circle by turning the circle adjusting screw. Begin with
the zero pin at 0.

For East declination, rotate graduated circle clockwise

from the zero pin.

For West declination, rotate graduated circle

counterclockwise.

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

lineation

Local Attraction

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

Local attraction

Observed Bearing Corrected Bearing

Line Correction Remark
FB BB FB BB
AB 55o 00` 234o 00` +0o 30` at 55o 30` 235o 30` Station
station A
C and D
BC 112o 30` 294o 00` +1o 30` at 114o 00` 294o 00`
station B are free
CD 205o 00` 25o 00` 0O at station 2050 00` 25o 00` from
C local
DE 257o 00` 75o 30` 0o at station o
257o 00` 77 00`
D
EA 295o 30` 116o 30` 1o 30` at
station E 297o 00` 117o 00`

Measuring vertical angle with clinometer

(Slope angle)

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

Measuring true thickness of a bed

with clinometer

e
c Ground surface

b Angle of
dip

a bed
surface
d

(ac) = (bd)
bd=ac=ae cosX

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

Using the Brunton compass as a hand

level

Elevation & difference in

elevation

Hand level

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

f* g*

e*
d* f

c* e

d
b*
a* c
b
a g

Traverse Survey
Plotting of compass traverse
by drawing parallel meridian through
each station

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

(b) by included angles

Rectangular coordinated

B(x2, y2)

X2

A (x1, y1)
X1

Y1

Y2

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

N

L sin

(+,-)
+,+)

(
L cos

W E
(-,+)
(-,-)

Correction of plotted compass

traverses.

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

Correction of plotted compass

traverses.

Comparison approximate!

Salah Shata
Maps and Surveying (GE 104), Brunton
Compass

Graphic method

Salah Shata