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UNIT 1
Living Things and Their
Environment
DRAFT
March 31, 2014
Photo Credit: http://www.flyingfourchette.com/2013/05/25/around-ubud/
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UNIT 1: Living Things and Their Environment

Introduction
At this point, students have already learned in Grade 8 how the body breaks
down food into forms that can be absorbed through the digestive system and then
transported to each cell, which was on the other hand discussed in Grade 7 to be the
basic unit of life. The learners have also discovered that cells divide to produce new
cells by mitosis and meiosis. They have understood that meiosis is an early step in
sexual reproduction that leads to variation. Students have been introduced to genetics
to be able to appreciate evolutionary differences among species. Learners have also
found out that biodiversity is the collective variety of species living in an ecosystem, and
by studying the ecosystem; they have come across the various cycling of materials and
energy transformation.
DRAFT
All modules in Grade 9 Unit 1-Living Things and Their Environment present
student-centered activities that will allow the learners to discover and develop concepts
that they may consider useful to their everyday life. At the end of each lesson, key
concepts are provided for the students to grasp ideas and information that they will
remember even after they have left school. Instructional activities are designed to build
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up the students knowledge, understanding, skills, and ability to transfer learning. The
modules generally use authentic assessment for the students to perform real-world
tasks demonstrating meaningful application of essential knowledge and skills.
There are four modules in this quarter, namely:
Module 1: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems Working Together

with the other Organ Systems
Module 2: Heredity: Inheritance and Variation
Module 3: Biodiversity and Evolution
Module 4: Ecosystem: Life Energy
Use these modules to effectively facilitate learning. Guide the students in

performing every task and discussing the answers to every question. K 12 science
teachers must initiate an inquiry-based learning phase rather than merely making the
students passive recipients of information.
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Suggested time allotment: 8 to 10 hours
Unit 1
MODULE Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
Working with the other Organ Systems
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Overview
This module will make the students appreciate that their bodies are wonderfully created
to carry out incredible tasks and activities. They must bear in mind the importance of ensuring
proper care and maintenance of their bodies to prevent health problems from developing.
Students must associate their learning of the different organ systems in their daily activities such
DRAFT
as eating, playing, dancing, singing, or sleeping.
In Grade 7, the students have been introduced to the different levels of organizations in
the human body and the mechanisms involved in it. They have learned that the human body is
composed of different systems, which are collections of cells, tissues, and organs, each of
which has a special job that keeps us alive. They have studied how the digestive system breaks
down food to nourish the whole body.
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In Module 1, students will learn how the different structures of the circulatory and
respiratory systems work together to transport oxygen-rich blood and nutrients to the
different parts of the body. They will also recognize the ways of prevention, detection,
and treatment of diseases affecting the respiratory and circulatory systems.
Specifically, the activities in this module will enable the learners to:
identify the key parts of the breathing system;
describe the function of each part of the breathing system;
explain how the lungs work;
describe how the movement of the diaphragm helps the air go in and out of the lungs;
describe blood flow and gas exchange within the heart, circulatory system, and lungs;
explain the mechanism of how the respiratory and circulatory systems work together;
identify the components of the circulatory system;
explain the different types of circulation;
describe how the heart functions;
explain how blood is pumped by the heart;
measure and describe pulse (heart rate) after several different activities;
explain how to use different time intervals to measure the heart rate;
explain the negative effects of cigarette smoking on the circulatory and respiratory
systems;
identify ways of detecting and preventing diseases in the respiratory and circulatory
systems;
appreciate the importance of a healthy lifestyle in avoiding such diseases;
infer how ones lifestyle can affect the functioning of the respiratory and circulatory
systems.
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At the end of Module 1, students will be able to answer the following key questions:
How do the respiratory and circulatory systems work with each other?
How do the diseases in the circulatory and respiratory systems begin to
develop?
How can a persons lifestyle affect the performance of the respiratory and
circulatory systems?
Content Standards Performance Standard

The learners demonstrate understanding of The learners should be able to
how the different structures of the conduct an information

respiratory and circulatory systems dissemination activity on effective
work together to transport oxygen-rich ways of taking care of the
blood and nutrients to the different respiratory and circulatory systems
DRAFT
parts of the body based on the data gathered from
prevention, detection, and treatment of the school or local health workers
diseases affecting the circulatory and
respiratory systems
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Pre-assessment
Before starting off an activity, it is useful to get an idea of the students'

background knowledge and interests. KWHL is one of the most effective examples of
authentic assessment that you can use in your classroom as a diagnostic tool.
Ask the students to fill in the following chart, either individually or as a whole class.
K W H L
What do I know? What do I want to How can I find out What did I learn?
find out? what I want to learn?
Skills I expect to use:
This typically ignites an active discussion, as students enjoy displaying their

knowledge. Not only does this activity present a picture of the students' background
knowledge, but it also motivates curiosity and enthusiasm about the topic they are about
to learn. This tool will also provide information on the skills that the students might use
and develop throughout the learning process. If there are misconceptions, it is a good
opportunity to address and correct them.
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The Human Breathing System

Start off by asking the students to breathe in and out. Let them feel the air
moving from the nose into the throat, through the air tubes, and into the lungs.
The parts of the respiratory system that are in charge of supplying oxygen are
the nose, nasal passageways, windpipe, lungs, and diaphragm. In the nose and nasal
passages, the entering air is made warm, damp, and clean of unknown particles. Next,
the air moves down through the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. Trachea is
the empty tube that serves as passageway of air into the lungs. Bronchi are the two
branching tubes that connect the trachea to the lungs. Bronchioles are the hairlike
tubes that connect to the alveoli. Alveoli are the airsacs that allow gas exchange in the
lungs.
DRAFT
Let the students perform Activity 1 for them to identify the key parts of the
breathing system and describe the function of each part.
Activity 1
What a Bunch of Grapes!
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Divide the class into groups of about 6 to 7 students, and let them perform the
activity as a group. It will be a fun activity for the students, as they will enjoy eating the
grapes after learning about the parts of the breathing system.
Advanced Preparation
Each group must be assigned to bring a small bunch of grapes for the activity
ahead of time. If the students have difficulty in finding the main material, other fruits or
vegetables that demonstrate bunching may be used. Suggested alternatives for grapes
are lanzones, cauliflower, niyug-niyogan, arosep or lato (sea weeds), or even tree
branches.
Teaching Tips
1. Guide the students in identifying the parts of the breathing system that are similar
to the structure of the bunch of grapes. The analogy must be clear enough for the
students to remember each part.
2. To avoid misconception, point out to the students that unlike the main stem of the
grapes, the trachea is hollow so as to allow the air to go through. Also, there
should only be two large branching stems to correctly illustrate the bronchi.
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3. Remind the students not to eat the grapes until they finish the activity. They must
get to the bronchioles by taking off some of the grapes from the stems, revealing
more branching stems that ideally represent the bronchioles.
4. Let the students know that unlike the grapes, the alveoli are so numerous that
they cannot be counted individually.
5. Take note of the singular and plural forms of the terms such as bronchus
(singular) and bronchi (plural); alveolus (singular) and alveoli (plural).
Answers to the Activity

Trachea - also called Nose the organ through
windpipe; a hollow tube that which the air enters and is
serves as passageway of air filtered
DRAFT
into the lungs
Bronchi - also called bronchial Nasal passages serve as

tubes; two branching tubes that channel for airflow through the
connect the trachea to the lungs nose in which the air is warmed,
cleaned, and moistened.
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Bronchioles - the finer
subdivisions of the bronchi;
hairlike tubes that connect to
the alveoli
Alveoli - also called airsacs;

allow the gas exchange in lungs.
Figure 2. The human respiratory system
Answers to the Questions
Q1. What does each part of the Bunch of Grapes model represent, in relation to the
breathing system?
main stem = trachea

two large branching stems = bronchi
little stems = bronchioles
individual grapes = alveoli
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Q2. How will you describe the pathway of oxygen in the breathing system?
From the nose and mouth, oxygen travels to the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and then
into the alveoli.
Q3. What will happen if one part of the system fails to carry out its function properly?
The other parts of the breathing system will not be able to carry out their corresponding
functions as well, and the whole respiratory system will be affected.
KEY CONCEPTS TO EMPHASIZE:

The air we breathe goes through the nose, nasal passages, and then
through trachea or windpipe, which separates into two branches, called bronchial
tubes or bronchi, one entering each lung. The bronchi subdivide many times
inside the lungs, analogous to the branching pattern of grapes, finally becoming
hairlike tubes called bronchioles. In the last part of the terminal bronchioles are
tiny bubble-like bunch of structures called alveoli or airsacs.
DRAFT
After students have discussed about the essential parts of the breathing system
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and their functions, now they are ready to learn the mechanism of the lungs and the
diaphragm. In the next activity, students will be able to explain how lungs work, and
describe how the movement of the diaphragm helps the air go in and out of the lungs.
Activity 2
Bottled Balloons
Q4. What do you think does each part of the constructed lung model represent?
2-liter plastic bottle = chest cavity
Two straws = bronchi
Two balloons = lungs
Larger balloon = diaphragm
Q5. What happens as you pull down the balloon at the bottom of the model?
Answer: The two balloons expand
Detailed Explanation: The air pressure inside the bottle is lowered by increasing the
space inside the bottle. The outside air then enters through the tube, which makes the
two balloons inside the bottle 'chest' expand.
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Q6. What happens as you push up the balloon?
Answer: The two balloons loosen up and return to their original size.
Detailed Explanation: The air pressure inside the bottle is increased by decreasing the
space inside the bottle. The inside air then exits through the tube, which makes the two
balloons inside the bottle return to their original size.
Q7. How does the movement of the diaphragm cause the air to go in and out of the
lungs?
The movement of the diaphragm affects the air pressure inside the chest cavity by
either decreasing or increasing the space, thus allowing air to go in and out of the lungs.
Q8. What might happen if you prick the balloon?

If one of the balloons is pricked, it will not inflate anymore because the air will escape.
DRAFT
KEY CONCEPTS TO EMPHASIZE
When you breathe in, or inhale, the diaphragm muscle contracts. Inhaling moves
the diaphragm down and expands the chest cavity. Simultaneously, the ribs move up and
increase the size of the chest cavity. There is now more space and less air pressure inside
the lungs. Air pushes in from the outside where there is a higher air pressure. It pushes into
the lungs where there is a lower air pressure. When you breathe out, or exhale, the
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diaphragm muscle relaxes. The diaphragm and ribs return to their original place. The chest
cavity returns to its original size. There is now less space and greater air pressure inside the
lungs. It pushes the air to the outside where there is a lower air pressure.
In the following activity, the students will be able to describe blood flow and gas
exchange within the circulatory and respiratory systems. The learners will see the
mechanism of how the respiratory and circulatory systems work together.
Activity 3
Just Go with the Flow!
Source:
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill -
http://www.glencoe.com/sites/common_assets/health_fitness/gln_health_fitness_zone/p
df/heart_rate_monitor_activities/the_heart/the_heart_activity_2.pdf
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Teaching Tips:
1. The activity may be performed inside or outside the classroom. If you prefer to
make it an outdoor activity, students must be guided to stay within the assigned
premises only.
2. The activity will develop their kinesthetic ability, allowing them to simulate the gas
exchange that takes place inside the body through circulation and respiration.
3. To save time, instead of writing down the words oxygen and carbon dioxide on
the paper strips, colored papers such as blue and red art papers may also be
used to represent each gas.
Q9. How do the heart and the lungs work together?

The heart pumps the blood that transports the inhaled oxygen to every cell of the body.
Carbon dioxide is given off in the process and is carried by the blood to the lungs and is
released through exhalation.
DRAFT
Q10. What takes place when you inhale and exhale?
Gas exchange happens when we inhale and exhale. We take in the oxygen, and emit
carbon dioxide.
Q11. What does blood deliver to every part of the body?
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The blood delivers nutrients, oxygen, and other chemicals that are absorbed by the
body
Q12. Why is oxygen important to your body?

Oxygen is important to our body because it processes the nutrients in the cell to make
energy.
Q13. Describe the sequence of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and blood flow in your own
words.
Oxygen enters the respiratory system through inhalation and then it enters the blood
stream to be circulated throughout the body. Carbon dioxide from the tissues enter the
blood, then to the lungs where it is exhaled.

Air first enters your lungs and then into the left part of your heart. It is then driven by your
heart into the bloodstream, all the way through your body. The heart pumps blood, which
transports essential nutrients, oxygen, and other chemicals to every cell in your body. Once
it reaches the cells, oxygen processes the nutrients to release energy. Carbon dioxide is
given off during this process. The blood delivers carbon dioxide into the right portion of your
heart, from which it is pumped to the lungs. Carbon dioxide leaves your body through the
lungs when you exhale.
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The circulatory system is the life support structure that nourishes your cells with
food and oxygen. It also carries away the waste products. The circulatory system can
be compared to a complex arrangement of highways, avenues and lanes connecting all
the cells together into a neighborhood. Sequentially, the community of cells sustains the
body to stay alive.
The following are the three major parts of the circulatory system, with their roles:
1. Heart pumps the blood throughout the body
2. Blood vessel carries the blood throughout the body

Arteries - carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the cells, tissues,
and organs of the body
Veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
Capillaries - the smallest blood vessels in the body, connecting the
smallest arteries to the smallest veins
DRAFT
- the actual site where gases and nutrients are exchanged
3. Blood carries the materials throughout the body
CIRCULATION
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TYPE OF CIRCULATION DESCRIPTION DIAGRAM
Movement of blood from the

heart to the lungs, and back to
1. Pulmonary Circulation
the heart
sln.fi.edu/biosci/systems/ pulmonary.html
Movement of blood through

2. Coronary Circulation the tissues of the heart
Movement of blood from the

3. Systemic Circulation heart to the rest of the body,
excluding the lungs
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Activity 4
Lets Organize!
In this activity, students will be able to identify the components of the circulatory
system and explain the different types of circulation.
Teaching Tips
1. You may choose to use the provided template for the graphic organizer or
allow the students to map the concepts on their own.
2. Before the students perform the activity, you may show pictures of the
different parts of the circulatory system for them to visualize each component.
3. It will also be useful to search for web resources of videos showing the
animated flow of blood to different parts of the body.
4. Suggested links are:
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/humanheart.html
DRAFT
http://www.dnatube.com/video/2864/Blood-circulation
Answers: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Parts
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Heart
Pumps the blood

Blood Vessel
Carries the blood

Blood
Carries the materials

throughout the body throughout the body throughout the body
Types
Arteries Veins Capillaries
CIRCULATION
Types
Pulmonary Circulation Systemic Circulation

Coronary Circulation
Movement of blood from the heart, to Movement of blood from the heart to the
the lungs, and back to the heart Movement of blood through the tissues rest of the body, excluding the lungs
of the heart
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The Human Heart
Ask the students how big their heart is. Tell

them to take a look at their fists. The heart is a
hollow muscle, as seen in Figure 7, which is just as
big as the fist. It has four chambers with specific
tasks to do: two ventricles and two atria. The atria
are the receiving chambers of the heart, accepting
blood from the body (right atrium) and from the
lungs (left atrium). The ventricles are the pumping
chambers, moving blood to the lungs (right
ventricle) and into the body (left ventricle). Photo Credit:
Alexanderpiavas134
(Public Domain)
Figure 7. Photo of an actual human heart

The heart has two pumps. Each pump has
two chambers, the upper and lower chambers. The
upper chamber is the atrium that receives blood
DRAFT
Right Pulmonary
coming in from the veins. The lower chamber is the Artery
Left Pulmonary
ventricle that forces the blood out into the arteries. Artery
There is a valve between each atrium and ventricle
to prevent the blood from flowing backwards. The
valves are like one-way doors that keep the blood
moving in only one direction. Valves control
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movement of blood into the heart chambers and out
to the aorta and the pulmonary artery. Refer to
Valve
Figure 8.
Q14. Explain how the heart works.

The heart propels the blood, which carries all the Figure 8. The major divisions of the heart
vital materials and removes the waste products that
we do not need.
Q15. Evaluate how the heart can be compared to a

mechanical pump.
The heart is a double pump that pumps on every
side, the left and the right, to circulate the blood
throughout the body.
All of the muscle tissues of the heart do not

contract at the same time. Different parts of the
heart contract at different times. When the top
portion contracts, the bottom part relaxes. When the
bottom contracts, the top relaxes. When a chamber
contracts, it becomes smaller and the blood inside Source: sln.fi.edu/biosci/systems/ pulmonary.html
gets squeezed or pumped out. Figure 9. The detailed parts of the heart
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Activity 5
Pump It!
This activity will enable the students to describe how the heart functions, and
explain how blood is pumped by the heart.
Source:
Home Science Tools -

http://www.hometrainingtools.com/make-a-heart-pump-science-project/a/1852/
Teaching Tips:
1. Assign the materials to be brought by the students beforehand so there is time

for preparation. Let them identify what each part of the set-up represents.
DRAFT
2. In the fourth step of the procedure, it is important to carefully insert the straw
through each hole in the balloon. The straws should fit as tightly as possible. If
there are gaps between the straws and the balloon, students have to start over
with a new balloon.
3. You may watch the video for the action using this link:
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http://www.smm.org/heart/lessons/movs/heartPump.htm
4. Discuss with the students that the heart has valves that direct the current of
blood in one direction. Blood is led through the flexible membranes which form
the valves. As the blood passes through the membranes, the valves collapse into
a barrier, preventing the backflow of the blood.
5. Students can find examples of pumps and valves in faucets, aerosol sprays,
automobile fuel pumps, and many household items. Some beverage containers
use a valve that resembles the valves in the heart.
6. Emphasize to the students that the heart is a muscle and not a mechanical
pump. It can also be pointed out that comparison of this kind is known as
reasoning by analogy and is an important part of scientific reasoning.
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Q16. What does the water inside the jar represent?

The water inside the jar represents the blood that is pumped by the heart.
Q17. How will you compare the heart pump model and the human heart?
The heart pump model moves water from the jar through the straws and into the pan.
The heart pumps blood out into the body through the arteries in a similar way.
Q18. How does the heart function as a pump?

The heart is filled with blood which is squeezed out to circulate through the whole body.
Q19. Will the heart model be able to function properly if the straw is blocked? Explain
your answer.
No. The blood will not be pumped out of the heart into the body because there is an
obstruction.
DRAFT
The heart is a hollow muscular organ, about the size of your fist, which is located in
the center of yourSource:
chest between the lungs. It is a double pump that pumps on the left and
http://www.hometrainingtools.com/make-a-heart-pump-science-project/a/1852/
right sides. Every side is divided Figureinto twoheart
9. The chambers,
pump model the atrium and the ventricle, each of
which has left and right portion, totaling to four chambers altogether. The top chamber is the
March 31, 2014

atrium (plural: atria). The bottom chamber is called the ventricle. The valve acts as one-
way door, allowing blood to flow either forward into the next chamber, or out of the heart.
After the learners have already understood how the heart functions and how blood is pumped all
over the body, they will then be ready to check their own heart rate.
Activity 6
The Rhythm of My Heart
At this time, students will be able to measure and describe their own pulse (heart
rate) after several different activities, and explain how to use different time intervals in
measuring heart rate.
Teaching Tips:
1. Ask the students to tell where the sound of their heart is coming from. Discuss to
them that heartbeat is the sound produced by the heart as it pumps blood.
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2. In doing the activity, remind the students to choose only the physical activities
that they can tolerate so as to avoid injury or strain. Ensure that all of the
students are in good health before starting the activity.
3. Emphasize that knowledge about our heart rates can help us monitor our fitness
levels and it might even help us spot developing health problems.
Q20. What was your resting pulse?

The answers of the students may vary due to measurement difference for every person.
Q21. What was your pulse after exercise?

The answers of the students may vary due to measurement difference for every person.
Q22. How will you compare your heart rates before and after exercise?
Heart rate after exercise is greater or faster than before exercise.
DRAFT
Q23. What is the advantage of timing for a full minute to find your pulse?
Timing to a full minute gives more accurate reading than shorter counting intervals in
getting the pulse
Q24. What is the advantage of timing over a shorter period of time, especially when you
have just finished exercising?
After exercise, the heart rate increases and eventually returns to resting pulse.
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Therefore, shorter interval is needed to take the heartrate just after the activity before it
changes once again.
Q25. According to statistics, the maximum heart rate should be 220 minus a person's
age. How will you compare your highest heart rate with that given number?
Answers may vary from person to person.

Each time your heart beats, it delivers oxygen-rich blood to your body, which allows
it to function properly. Your heart rate or pulse is the number of times your heart beats in
a minute (BPM or beats per minute). Different time intervals may be used in taking the
pulse as long as it comes to 60 seconds upon multiplying with a factor. When you are
resting, your heart rate slows down, as your body does not need as much blood as it does
when you exercise.
Now that the students are aware that strenuous activities may lead to an
increased heart rate, they can now monitor their activities to avoid the dangers of
cardio-respiratory diseases. Another risk factor that drastically increases heart rate and
decreases the amount of oxygen in the blood is smoking cigarette.
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Activity 7
Cigarette Smoking is Dangerous to Your Health

After performing this activity, students will be able to explain the negative effects
of cigarette smoking on the circulatory and respiratory systems. The activity involves the
use of meta plan technique. This strategy is simply a card technique for collecting ideas
when a group of people are working together. Empty paper strips or blank cards may be
used as materials for the activity.
Teaching Tips:
1. As the facilitator, you must learn moderation techniques in order to draw out the
concepts from the students more effectively. All the ideas each group has
presented must be collaborated to form the big idea.
2. Each participant must be given an opportunity to express his views and the
DRAFT
assigned moderators facilitate the whole process of group work to make it
organized and well-structured.
3. Students may share their own stories relevant to the topic to be able to inspire
the class to take action upon knowing the negative effects of cigarette smoking
on the respiratory and circulatory systems.
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4. Enrichment activities such as gathering information about other diseases
affecting the circulatory and respiratory systems may be given to further
strengthen their learning.

Cigarette smoking harms nearly every organ in the body, causing many illnesses
and affecting health in general. The negative effects of smoking on circulatory system
include increased heart rate and blood pressure, coronary heart disease, arteriosclerosis,
and vascular diseases. The respiratory diseases caused by smoking are chronic
bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, cough, colds, tuberculosis, lung cancer, and other
respiratory infections.
The leading causes of death around the world are diseases affecting the
respiratory and circulatory systems can be prevented. However, they can be prevented
simply by having a lifestyle that promotes wellness. Circulatory and respiratory diseases
begin to develop with unhealthy living. Symptoms of these illnesses must not be
neglected and appropriate cure must be given immediately. Let the students carry out
the next task to further broaden their learning.
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Activity 8
Prevention is Better than Cure

This activity will enable the learners to think of ways of detecting and preventing
diseases in the respiratory and circulatory systems. Also, they will appreciate the
importance of a healthy lifestyle in avoiding such diseases.
Teaching Tips:
1. Performing the activity will allow the students to develop their linguistic,
kinesthetic, and interpersonal abilities. Therefore, it is important to lead the
students into having full participation and collaboration with their group mates.
2. Let the students relate their personal experiences to the topic so as to have a
more meaningful discussion.
DRAFT
3. The presentations and discussions must have an enduring impact on students
perception. They must be encouraged to practice what they have learned and to
promote a healthy lifestyle.
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4. Refer to the criteria below to assess the students performance. This must
communicate your expectations for their work. You may also customize your own
rubric that will be used in evaluating their presentation.
STORY-MAKING AND ROLE PLAYING CRITERIA
CRITERIA Percentage
Preparation 15%
Achievement of Objective 35%
Imagination and Creativity 30%
Presentation 20%
TOTAL 100%

The best way to prevent diseases in the respiratory and circulatory systems is to
have a healthy lifestyle, which includes balanced diet, regular exercise, adequate rest,
proper hygiene, and avoiding vices such as cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking.
Circulatory and respiratory diseases can easily be detected with regular health check-up
Activity
and 9
physical screening.
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Whats the Word?

The next activity is a variation of a famous application game, known as Four Pics
One Word. Students will use their analytical thinking in answering each set of puzzles.
At the end of the activity, they will be able to infer how ones lifestyle can affect the
functioning of the respiratory and circulatory systems. Encourage the students to
explain their answers to see if they understand how each picture relates to the given
word.
DRAFT
Answers to the Activity
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1.
Whats the word?
ASTHMA
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2.
Whats the word?
HYPERTENSION
DRAFT
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3.
Whats the word?
ANEMIA
masslive.com
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Q26. What idea is common in each set of pictures?

Each set of pictures shows negative ways of living.
Q27. What are the negative lifestyles that are depicted in the pictures?
Cigarette smoking, polluting the environment, eating unhealthy foods, drinking liquor,
sleep deprivation, etc.
Q28. How can lifestyle affect the functioning of the respiratory and circulatory systems?
Ones lifestyle has a significant impact on the body as it can either strengthen or
weaken the respiratory and circulatory systems.
Q29. How can these negative lifestyles be changed?

Negative lifestyles can be changed if a person decides to pay attention to his or her
well-being by eating healthy foods, avoiding vices, exercising regularly, and having
DRAFT
adequate rest.
Q30. What might happen if a person goes on with a negative lifestyle such as what was
seen in the activity?
Various diseases affecting the respiratory and circulatory systems might begin to
develop.
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ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
1. Ask the students to compose a short poem about how ones lifestyle can affect
the functioning of the respiratory and circulatory systems, and let them recite
their work in front of the class.
2. Ask the students to cut out different examples of unhealthy lifestyle from old
magazines or newspapers, and let them create a collage out of the cut-outs on
their notebooks or journals.

Several lifestyle choices can affect a persons risk for developing respiratory and
circulatory diseases. Negative lifestyle weakens your system while healthy lifestyle leads
to complete wellness. Vices, stressful environments, and unhealthy eating habits can
cause various diseases, specifically of the respiratory and circulatory systems.
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Performance Task: Information Dissemination Activity

Goal: The objective of this performance task is for the students to present helpful
information to the public about effective ways of taking care of the respiratory and
circulatory systems based on gathered data. The challenge is how they will be
able to lead the people to take action rather than merely accepting the presented
information. The students must consider obstacles to overcome such as the
reluctance and pre-conceived notion of people upon changing lifestyle to
promote health.
Role: Let the students assume that they work for an advertising company as a
graphic artist and their job is to create public informational materials. They have
to think of ways to disseminate information to the public regarding a lifestyle that
ensures healthy condition of the respiratory and circulatory systems.
DRAFT
Audience: The target individuals to receive the information that the students will
provide are the people in the school community including all students, teachers,
and school officials. Parents and other persons who visit the school are also part
of their audience.
March 31, 2014

Situation: Let the students gather information from the school or local health
workers about how poor lifestyle affects the performance of the respiratory and
circulatory systems. The challenge for the students involves dealing with this
existing problem by creating a poster that will stir up the peoples consciousness
in having a healthy lifestyle.
Product: The students will design a wall poster or placard that that will make
members of their audience aware of how they can effectively take care of their
respiratory and circulatory systems. Any medium may be used for their artwork.
Standards: The students must be given three (3) days to conceptualize and
execute their ideas through poster-making. Once the product is finished, they
must post it in a conspicuous place such as the canteen where everyone can see
it.
The students outputs will be assessed in accordance with the following rubric.
22
Poster Making: Information Dissemination on How to Take Care of the

Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
RUBRIC
CATEGORY 4 3 2 1
Presentation The poster The poster The poster The poster does
clearly communicates indirectly not sufficiently
communicates some of the communicates communicate
the main idea important ideas the idea and any idea that
and strongly and slightly hardly promotes can promote
promotes promotes awareness awareness
awareness awareness
DRAFT
Creativity and All of the Most of the The graphics The graphics
Originality graphics used graphics used were made by were not made
on the poster on the poster the student but by the student.
reflect an reflect student were copied
exceptional ingenuity in from the
degree of their creation. designs or
March 31, 2014

student ideas of others.
ingenuity in
their creation.
Accuracy and All graphics in Most graphics Some graphics The graphics in
Relevance of the poster are in the poster in the poster the poster are
the Content accurate and are accurate are accurate neither accurate
related to the and related to and related to nor related to
topic. the topic. the topic. the topic.
Required The poster All required Few required Required

Elements includes all elements are elements are elements are
required included. included. missing.
elements as
well as
additional
information.
23
Summary of Concepts:
Air enters the body through the nose, nasal passages, and then through
windpipe or trachea, which divides into two branches, called bronchial tubes or
bronchi. The bronchi subdivide many times inside the lungs, forming hair-like
tubes called bronchioles. At the end of the bronchioles are tiny bubble-like
structures called alveoli.
When you breathe in or inhale, the diaphragm muscle contracts. When you
breathe out, or exhale, the diaphragm muscle relaxes. The diaphragm helps
the air go in and out of the lungs.
Air first enters your lungs and then into the left part of your heart. It is then
pumped by your heart into the bloodstream, all the way through your body.
Once it reaches the cells, oxygen processes the nutrients to release energy.
Carbon dioxide is the waste material given off during this process. The blood
DRAFT
delivers carbon dioxide into the right portion of your heart, from which it is
pumped to the lungs. Carbon dioxide leaves your body through the lungs when
you exhale.
The heart is a hollow muscular organ, about the size of your fist, which is
located in the center of your chest between the lungs. It is a double pump that
pumps on the left and right sides. Each side is divided across into two
March 31, 2014

chambers. The top chamber is called the atrium. The bottom chamber is called
the ventricle. The valve acts as one-way door, allowing blood to flow either
forward into the next chamber, or out of the heart.
Heart rate or pulse is the number of times your heart beats in a minute (BPM or
beats per minute). When you are resting, your heart rate slows down, as your
body does not need as much oxygen as it does when you exercise.
Cigarette smoking harms nearly every organ in the body, causing many
illnesses and affecting health in general. The negative effects of smoking on the
circulatory system include increased heart rate and blood pressure, coronary
heart disease, arteriosclerosis, and vascular diseases. The respiratory diseases
caused by smoking are chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, cough, colds,
tuberculosis, lung cancer, and other respiratory infections.
The best way to prevent diseases in the respiratory and circulatory systems is
to have a healthy lifestyle, which includes balanced diet, regular exercise,
adequate rest, proper hygiene, and avoiding vices such as cigarette smoking
and alcohol drinking. Circulatory and respiratory disease can easily be detected
with regular health check-up and physical screening.
24
Answers to Summative Assessment
Answer the following questions briefly.
1. The nutrients obtained from the food during digestion are supplied by the
circulatory system to the body. What does the circulatory system distribute to the
body as it works with the respiratory system?
The circulatory system distributes oxygen to the body as it works with the
respiratory system.
2. If solid and liquid wastes are removed from the body through defecation and
urination, what is released by the body as waste during respiration?
Carbon Dioxide is released by the body as waste during respiration.
3. What happens to the diaphragm when a person breathes in or inhales?

The diaphragm contracts allowing more air in the chest cavity.
DRAFT
4. Why is the human heart called a double pump?
The heart pumps on every side, the left and the right, to circulate the blood
throughout the body.
5. What will happen if oxygen is not transported by the blood to other parts of the
March 31, 2014

body?
The cells in our body will not be able to process the nutrients to provide energy
for the body and they will die.
6. Since the valves act as the doors of the heart, what might happen if these doors
do not close?
If the valves of the heart do not close, the blood will flow backwards. Blood will
escape back into the chambers rather than flowing forward through the heart or
into an artery.
7. When we breathe in, we inhale many gases present in the air, including oxygen.
What do you think happens to the gases that are not needed by the body?
These gases will still pass from the lungs into the blood, and circulate throughout
the body
8. You always hear and see the statement, Government Warning: Cigarette
smoking is dangerous to your health. How does cigarette smoking increase the
risk of developing cardiovascular diseases?
The chemicals in cigarette harm the blood cells. They can also damage the
function of the heart and the structure and function of blood vessels, thus
increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
25
9. How does singing from the diaphragm, instead of throat, help improve the voice
quality of a singer?
Singing from the diaphragm supports proper breathing and avoids voice straining
10. An old woman joined a kilometer-dash sprint and felt very exhausted afterwards.
How did the old womans activity affect her heart rate?
After running, the womans heart rate increased to supply more oxygen through
the blood to the muscles, since they need more oxygen when they are moving.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Arteriosclerosis a condition in which there is thickening and hardening of

the arteries
Atrium the upper chamber of the heart that receives blood coming in from
the veins
DRAFT
Chamber - the empty space of the heart where blood is contained
Chest Cavity a hollow space in the body enclosed by the ribs between the
diaphragm and the neck and containing the lungs and heart
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Chronic Disease any illness that is prolonged in duration, does not often
resolve suddenly, and is rarely treated completely
Coronary relating to, or affecting the heart
Diaphragm a large flat muscle that separates the lungs from the stomach
area and that is used in breathing
Emphysema a type of pulmonary disease involving damage to the airsacs
Pulmonary relating to, or affecting the lungs
Pulse the number of times the heart beats per minute
Vascular relating to the blood vessels, which includes the arteries,

capillaries, and veins
Ventricle the lower chamber of the heart that squeezes blood out into the
arteries
26
References
Printed Materials:
Rabago, L., et.al, (2010). Functional Biology - Modular Approach. 2nd ed. Philippines: Vibal
Publishing House, Inc
Strauss, E; Lisowski, M., (2003). Biology: The Web of Life. 2nd ed. Philippines: Pearson
Education Asia Pte Ltd..
Electronic Sources:
(DepEd Materials)
BEAM: Biology Organ System Circulatory System
EASE Biology M11 Energy Producing & Distributing Systems, Lessons 2 & 3
DRAFT
APEX Biology Unit IV, The Organ Systems, Lessons 11 & 12
(Online Resources)
DnaTube.com - Scientific Video and Animation Site. 2013. Blood circulation. [online] Available
at: http://www.dnatube.com/video/2864/Blood-circulation [Accessed: October 10].
March 31, 2014

Fi.edu.(2013). Body Systems: Pulmonary System - The Human Heart: An Online Exploration
from The Franklin Institute, made possible by Unisys. [online] Available at:
http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/systems/pulmonary.html [Accessed: October 8, 2013].
Home Training Tools, Ltd. (2013). Heart Pump Project. [online] Available at:
http://www.hometrainingtools.com/make-a-heart-pump-science-project/a/1852/. [Last
Accessed October 2, 2013].
Smm.org. 2013. Habits of the Heart. [online] Available at:

http://www.smm.org/heart/lessons/movs/heartPump.htm [Accessed: October 4, 2013]
Sumanasinc.com. 2013. Animation. [online] Available at:

http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/humanheart.html
[Accessed: October 7, 2013]
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. The Heart Activity. [online] Available at:
http://www.glencoe.com/sites/common_assets/health_fitness/gln_health_fitness_zone/p
df/heart_rate_monitor_activities/the_heart/the_heart_activity_2.pdf.
[Last Accessed October 4, 2013].
Teachers Guide
Suggested Time Allotment: 8 to 10 hrs
UNIT 1
Module
2 Heredity: Inheritance and Variation
Content Standard Performance Standard

Genetic information is organized in
genes on chromosomes
Traits of organisms are inherited
through different patterns.
Learning Module No._____________ Number of Sessions (Time Allotment)____________
DRAFT
Overview
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
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In Grade 8, students learned that cells divide to produce new cells and meiosis is
one of the processes producing genetic variations in Mendelian patterns of inheritance. The
inheritance of characteristics is not always as simple as it is for the characteristics that Mendel
studied in pea plants. In Mendels experiments with pea plants, he found out that one allele was
always dominant over the other. This resulted in just two possible phenotypes for each
characteristic.
This module will focus on the modifications of the Mendelian principles. It is expected
that the students will be able to explain the different patterns of non-Mendelian inheritance and
see the difference between the Mendelian and non-Mendelian patterns of inheritance. The
fundamental role of chromosomes and genes in heredity and variations and the role of DNA in
the transmission of traits will be explained.
Key questions for this module:
How is non-Mendelian inheritance different from Mendels observations?

What is the role of DNA in the transmission of traits?
1
Teachers Guide
Answers to Pre-Assessment :
1. RW
2. The right chain of the DNA molecule: G G C A T C C G G
3.
1. OO No 2. AA One 3. BB two 4. AB three
horn center horn horns horns
In the Mendelian patterns of inheritance, the effects of the recessive gene are not
observed when the dominant gene is present. In this lesson the teacher should stress that
alleles always remain separate and distinct even in incomplete dominance. A very common
error that students may believe is that alleles themselves blend in incomplete dominance.
DRAFT
Activity 1 Phenotypes and Genotypes in Incomplete
Dominance
In this activity, the students should be able to explain incomplete dominance. They should
March 31, 2014

illustrate by means of a Punnett square a cross involving incomplete dominance pattern of
inheritance. Incomplete dominance is a pattern of inheritance in which neither gene is totally
dominant over the other resulting in an intermediate form of the other two phenotypes.
Teaching Tips:
1. Divide the class into six (6) groups. Three (3) of the groups will solve Problem #1 and
the other three (3) will solve Problem #2.
2. Ask for a volunteer group to present the solution to the problem and discuss the
probabilities of the genotypes and phenotypes obtained from the cross.
Answers to Guide Questions:

Ask students to answer the questions for each of the problems during the discussion.
Q1. Problem # 1: Two types of gametes for each parent, since their genotypes are RW & RW
2
Teachers Guide
Problem # 2: One parent will have one type of gamete and the other two types of gametes,
since their genotypes are RR & RW.
Q2. Pink flowers
Q3. Problem # 1 Pink & Red flowers Problem # 2 Red, Pink & White flowers
Q4. Problem # 1 RR, RW, WW Problem # 2 RR, RW
Emphasize the key concepts to the students.
Include in the discussion possible applications to plant breeding.
Key Concepts TO EMPHASIZE:

Incomplete dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a
specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele. This results in a third
phenotype in which the expressed physical trait is a combination of the dominant
DRAFT
and recessive phenotypes.
Now that the students are familiar with incomplete dominance, instruct the students to proceed
with the next activity on codominance
March 31, 2014

Activity 2 Mystery Bull
In this activity, students are expected to solve problems demonstrating codominance of
traits. A good example of codominance is roan fur in cattle as shown in Figure 2. Cattle can be
red (RR = all red hairs), white (WW = all white hairs), or roan (RW = red & white hairs together).
Teaching Tips:
Before the activity, introduce the lesson by showing a red and white shirt hung up on the
board.
Ask students, If the shirts represent traits for red and white, can you mix them to make
pink?, Why cant you make pink?
Ask about crossing a red cow with a white cow.
Can you have a pink cow?
3
Teachers Guide
Present a picture of a cow to the class, showing the phenotype of the cow with
codominant trait. Ask students of other examples of codominant traits in plants.
Note: It would be better to reproduce a bigger copy of the picture below.

1. (adapted from Grade 8 Learners module since non-Mendelian is not included in the
learning competency)
DRAFT Source: www.biologycorner.com
Figure 2 Codominance in cattle (Please include a colored picture of a roan cow to show the
appearance of red and white hair together)
March 31, 2014

Assign additional reading from the given link:
Link: http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Autosomal_recessive

Q5. Yes
Cow 1 will have red calves; Cow 2 will have roan calves; Cow 3 will have red and roan
calves.
Q6. Yes
Q7. Student answers should be based on the Punnett square they have already prepared in
their activity.
Q8. Students may give varied answers.
Q9. Students may give varied answers. Possible answer: Animal breeders can cross breed
animals in order for them to get the desired traits that will improve livestock in terms of
meat quality and milk production.
Point out that solving problems involving non-Mendelian inheritance makes you realize
that there are no absolutes in real life. Codominance is the result of two alleles sharing
4
Teachers Guide
their territory equally, so no color is dominant; they simply share traits, representing their
color. In cows, red and white do not combine to make pink; instead, roan is produced.
Remember, codominance is all about sharing space and being independent.
In codominance both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype of the

heterozygote. For example, red cows crossed with white cows will have
offspring that are roan cows. Roan refers to cows with red hair and white
blotches.
Many genes have multiple (more than two) alleles. An example is ABO blood type in humans.
Activity 3 Whats your blood type?
DRAFT In this activity, the students will determine all possible combinations of genes for a blood
type that a person might have and predict gene combinations expected in offspring based
on the genes carried in male and female gametes.
March 31, 2014

Teaching tips:
Note: Assign students to know their blood types beforehand. If the blood type is
unknown, ask them to just select any blood type they want.
Start by dividing the class into four groups. Assign a student per group to make a record
of the different blood types of the group members and prepare a tally using the given
table.
A B AB O
Frequency
Ask the assigned students to consolidate the data.

Ask the following questions:
1. Which blood type frequently appeared among you?
2. Do you know how blood types are inherited?
5
Teachers Guide
Direct students to work on the activity and find out the answers to the questions.
Answers to the table:

Completed table. The first table will be answered by group.
Mothers Blood Type Fathers Blood Type Childs Blood Type
A A, B, AB, or O A
B A or AB AB
AB A, B, AB, or O B
O A, B or O O
Completed table. The second table will be done individually.
Possible alleles from Father
DRAFT
A B O
A A A B
A I I ; Type A I I ; Type AB IA IA , ii; Type A& O
Possible alleles B A B
I I ; Type AB B B
I I ; Type B IB IB, ii; Type B & O
from Mother O IA IA, ii; Type A&O IB IB, ii; Type B & ii; Type O
O
March 31, 2014

Q10.
Q11.
AB, B, A, O
A, B, AB
Q12 . B, O
In humans, there are four blood types (phenotypes): A, B, AB, O.
Blood type is controlled by three alleles: A, B, O.

O is recessive, two O alleles must be present for a person to have type O blood.
A and B are codominant. If a person receives an A allele and a B allele, their
blood type is type AB.
The inheritance of some characters does not strictly follow Mendels Law of Independent
Assortment. There are many traits that are inherited together more frequently. For example, the
6
Teachers Guide
expression of certain traits depends on whether one is male or female. Apparently, the
expression of the traits is determined by or related to ones sex.
Activity 4 Boy or Girl ?

In this activity, students will determine the probability of having male or female gender
by illustrating the prediction using a Punnett square.
Reproduce an enlarged version of Figure 3 & 4.
Ask a student volunteer to explain what the figure is all about.
Male
Female XY
Sex chromosomes
XX
DRAFT
Meiosis

X X X Y
Gametes

March 31, 2014

Figure 3. Gamete formation involving only sex chromosome
Female Male
Parent XX XY
Gametes
X X X Y
Fertilization
Zygote
Female Male Female Male
XX XY XX XY
Figure 4. Sex determination
7
Teachers Guide
Ask the students to work on the activity to help them understand the determination of
sex.

Q 13. Male
Q 14. X bearing sperm
Q15. 50%
Q16. X chromosome
Q17. Y chromosome
Q18. Environmental factors, such as age of mother that may lead to nondisjunction
(Trisomy 21), Aneuploidy where there is an excess or lack of X or Y chromosome and
DRAFT
genital development during conception, and the social interactions after birth may
contribute to a certain degree to the expression of human sexuality.
Key Concepts
Males have 44 body chromosomes and two sex chromosomes X and Y. The
March 31, 2014

males determine the sex of their children. Females have 44 body
chromosomes and two sex chromosomes, both X. The total number in each
cell of an individual is 46 or 23 pairs of chromosomes. These chromosomes
contain the genes, which are the factors of heredity.
This section discusses three kinds of sex-related inheritance, namely, sex-limited, sex-
influenced and sex-linked.
Activity 5 When Gender Matters

This activity diagrams a cross involving sex-linked genes. The teacher points out that
when a gene controlling a trait is located in the sex chromosomes, the trait is said to be sex-
linked. This is a term generally used with traits the genes of which are found in the X-
chromosomes. Y-linked traits are often called holandric traits.
8
Teachers Guide
Figure 5. Sex-linked Genes Source: www.mun.ca

Provide other examples of sex-linked traits by showing pictures.
Use Table 3 to show inheritance of sex-linked traits.
Table 3 Genotypes and phenotypes of color blindness in humans
Genotype Phenotype
1. X X Normal female
2. X XC Normal female, carrier of the gene
DRAFT
3. XC XC Color-blind female
4. X Y Normal male
5. XC Y Color-blind male
March 31, 2014

Instruct students to work on the activity to solve problems related to sex-linked
traits and calculate expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios.

Q19 . XC Y
Q20. X XC
Q21. 50%
Q22. 50%
Q23. 50%
Key concepts TO EMPHASIZE:

Sex-linked traits are inherited through the X chromosomes.
Males have only one X chromosome. Thus, if they inherit the affected X,
they will have the disorder.
Females have two X chromosomes. Therefore, they can inherit/carry the
trait without being affected if it acts in a recessive manner.
9
Teachers Guide
Ask students the following questions to introduce the next topic: Have you seen a bald
man? What about a bald woman? It appears that gender matters for the other kinds of traits as
well.
Sex-limited Traits
Sex limited traits are generally autosomal, which means that they are not found on the X
or Y chromosomes. The genes for these traits behave exactly the same way that any autosomal
gene behaves. The difference here comes in the expression of the genes in the phenotype of
the individual. Sex-limited traits are expressed in only one gender. In cattle, for instance,
lactation is expressed in females but never in males. Both male and female cattle however
possess a gene pair for lactation. The gene for lactation (L) is dominant over the non-lactating
gene(l). Table 4 shows the genotypes and phenotypes of the gene for lactation. These genes
are carried by both males and females, but it is only expressed in females. Have you noticed
DRAFT
that in female cattle, if at least one gene pair is for lactation (L), the female produces milk? In
male cattle, it does not matter if they possess one or two genes for lactation. They never
produce milk.
Use Table 4 to show the genotypes and phenotypes of the gene for lactation.
March 31, 2014

Emphasize to the students that these genes are carried by both males and
females, but it is only expressed in females.
Table 4. Expression of Lactation in Cattle
Female Genotypes Female Phenotypes
XXLL Female lactating
XXLl Female lactating
XXII Female not lactating
Male Genotypes Male Phenotypes
XYLL Male not lactating
XYLI Male not lactating
XYII Male not lactating
Source: Functional Biology Modular Approach, Second edition
10
Teachers Guide

Q24. Other examples of sex-limited traits: fanlike tail feather in peacocks that is never
expressed in peahens and horns that are exclusively found in males of certain sheep
species.
Sex-influenced Traits
Sex-influenced traits are also autosomal. Again, what makes these traits unusual is
the way they are expressed phenotypically. In this case, the difference is in the ways the two
genders express the genes.
One classic example of a sex influenced trait is pattern of baldness in humans, though
the condition is not restricted to males. This gene has two alleles, bald and non-bald. The
behaviors of the products of these genes are highly influenced by the hormones in the
DRAFT
individual, particularly by the hormone testosterone. All humans have testosterone, but males
have much higher levels of this hormone than females do. The result is that, in males, the
baldness allele behaves like a dominant allele, while in females it behaves like a recessive
allele.
March 31, 2014

Teaching Tips:

Use Table 5 to explain sex-influenced traits.
Assign students to prepare a family tree.
Trace the inheritance of baldness in their family.
Direct students to go over the readings in the Learners module to help them
understand better the inheritance of baldness
Emphasize the difference between sex-limited and sex-influenced traits.
11
Teachers Guide
Table 5. Expression of Baldness Pattern in Humans

Male Genotypes Male Phenotypes
XYBB Male bald
XYBb Male bald
XXbb Male nonbald
Female Genotypes Female Phenotypes
XXBB Female bald
XXBb Female nonbald
XXbb Female nonbald
Source: Functional Biology Modular Approach, Second edition
DRAFT
Xb Yb
Q25.
Genotypic ratio: 1XXBb: 1XYBb
XB
XXBb XYBb Phenotypic ratio: 1 female non
bald: 1 male bald
XB
March 31, 2014

XXBb XYBb
Q26. Sex-limited and sex-influenced traits are similar in that their expression depends on
whether the person is male or female.
Q27. Sex-limited traits are exclusively in one sex and never in the opposite sex. Sex-
influenced traits are expressed in both males and females, only more frequently in one
sex than in the other.
Key Concepts TO EMPHASIZE :

Sex-limited traits are those that are expressed exclusively in one sex.
Sex-influenced traits are expressed in both sexes but more frequently in
one than in the other sex.
12
Teachers Guide
Try this (optional)
Answers to the questions:

1. Key for the trait. Mother: XH= XH X H Father Xh = Xh Y
A. Illustrate using a Punnett square the probability that their children will have the
disease. XH XH
Xh XH Yh XH Y
XH Yh XH Y
Y
Q28. Man : Xh Y , : . Female : XH X H

Q29. Yes
DRAFT
Q30.100% of the female will be carriers of the disease. All males will be haemophiliacs.
If the genotype of the father is IA i and mother is ii, it is possible for them to have children
with blood type A and O. Refer to the Punnett square.
March 31, 2014

IA i
i IA i ii
IA i ii
i
Q31. Blood type A and blood type O

Q32. Out of every child conceived, there will be 50% chance that the child will have
blood type A and 50% blood type O.
Connect the lesson to the chromosome and the inherited trait that genes produce.
Instruct the students to perform an activity that will help them understand some
important concepts in DNA structure.
13
Teachers Guide
Activity 6 DNA Modeling

In this activity, the students should be able to describe the composition and structure of
DNA. The students should be able to manipulate the nucleotides (basic building blocks) of DNA
and get a feel of how the molecule is produced.
Teaching Tips
Assign students to read in advance about DNA structure.
Ask each group to bring the materials necessary for the activity.
Reproduce the template of the nitrogen bases a day before the activity.
Prepare a diagram of the DNA structure.
Create your own model of the DNA following the same procedure in the activity sheet
of the students. The model will be shown to the students to give them concrete
example of what they will do.
DRAFT
Divide the students into 6 groups.
Review the hereditary traits that were passed from the parents to their offspring and
ask the students: What do you think is responsible for the formation of such traits?
Summarize individual responses and relate the ideas of students of what the DNA is.
March 31, 2014

Q33. Sugar and phosphate
Q34. Base
Q35. Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
Q36. Yes, adenine can only pair with thymine because of their chemical structures.
Q37. Yes, guanine can only pair with cytosine because of their chemical structures.
Q38. Sugar and phosphate; nitrogen bases
DNA is composed of chains of nucleotides built on a sugar and phosphate backbone

and wrapped around each other in the form of a double helix. The backbone supports
four bases: guanine, cytosine, adenine, and thymine. Guanine and cytosine are
complementary, always appearing opposite each other on the helix, as are adenine and
thymine. This is critical in the reproduction of the genetic material, as it allows a strand to
divide and copy itself, since it only needs half of the material in the helix to duplicate
successfully.
14
Teachers Guide
Summary
Many characteristics have more complex inheritance patterns than those studied
by Mendel. They are associated with phenomena such as codominance,
incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked traits.
Codominance occurs when both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype
of the heterozygote.
Incomplete dominance occurs when the phenotype of the offspring is
somewhere in between the phenotypes of both parents; a completely dominant
allele does not occur.
Many genes have multiple (more than two) alleles. An example is ABO blood
type in humans. There are three common alleles for the gene that controls this
DRAFT
characteristic. The alleles IA and IB are dominant over i.
In humans, XX chromosomes determine femaleness and XY determine
maleness.
A sex-linked trait is based on the X chromosome. Females have two X
March 31, 2014

chromosomes; they can inherit or carry the trait without being affected if it acts in
a recessive manner.
Sex-limited traits are those that are expressed exclusively in one sex.
Sex-influenced traits are expressed in both sexes but more frequently in one
than in the other sex.
Genes are located in the chromosomes.
DNA contains the information needed to form and control the physical make-up
and chemical processes of an organism.
DNA is a double-stranded helix made up of repeating units of nucleotides.
A nucleotide is composed of the following: sugar and phosphate molecules, and
nitrogeneous base. The base can either be adenine, guanine, thymine, and
cytosine.
15
Teachers Guide
Glossary
Allele a different form of a gene that controls a certain trait.

Codominance two dominant alleles of a contrasting pair fully expressed at the same
time in the heterozygous individual.
Incomplete dominance - occurs when the phenotype of the offspring is somewhere in
between the phenotypes of both parents; a completely dominant allele does not occur.
Multiple Alleles when more than two alleles control the inheritance of a character.
Sex-influenced traits are expressed in both sexes but more frequently in one sex
than in the other.
Sex-limited traits that are expressed exclusively in one sex of the species.
Sex-linked traits traits that are controlled by genes located on the same sex
chromosome.
DRAFT
DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid
Punnett square the method by which one can determine the possible genotypes and
phenotypes when two parents are crossed
Antigen - A substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an
March 31, 2014

antibody
Gamete - are reproductive cells that unite during sexual reproduction to form a new cell called
a zygote.
16
Teachers Guide
Summative Assessment (For end of module)

Answers to questions
1. R R
r
Rr Rr
r Rr Rr Genotypic ratio: Rr 100%
Phenotypic ratio: 100% pink
2. A third phenotype results when traits are inherited in incomplete dominance.
3. r r
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r rr rr
F2
r rr rr
Phenotypic ratio :100% white
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4. Co- dominance
5. B B
W
BW BW
W
BW BW
Phenotype: checkered
17
Teachers Guide
Answer key
Summative Assessment (for end of the unit)
Knowledge:
1. One chain of a DNA molecule has a nucleotide sequence C, C, G, C, T. What is the
sequence of the nucleotides on its partner chain? GGCGA
Understanding:
2. Predict the phenotypic ratios of offspring when a homozygous white cow is crossed with a
roan bull. Illustrate using a Punnett square.
W W
R RW RW
W WW WW
Process skills
DRAFT
3. In fruit flies, humans and other mammals, sex is determined by an X-Y system. However,
many organisms do not have the X-Y system of sex determination. For example, birds have
a Z-W system. Male birds are ZZ, where as females are ZW.
In chickens, barred feathers (ZB) are dominant over nonbarred feathers (Zb).
a. Draw a Punnett square that shows the results of a cross between a barred female
March 31, 2014

and a nonbarred male. ZB W
Zb ZB Zb Zb W
Zb ZB Zb Zb W
b. What is the probability that the offspring will be:
i. Barred females? none
ii. Nonbarred females? 50%
iii. Barred males? 50%
iv. Nonbarred males? None
4. A. phosphate B. base C. sugar 5.
Blood type Gene Pairs
A AA,AO
B BB,BO
AB AB
O OO
18
Teachers Guide
References:
PRINTED
Campbell, N.et.al. (2009). Biology (8th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc.
Rabago, L. et.al. (2010).Functional Biology: Modular Approach. Vibal Publishing House, Inc.
Mader (2009). Essentials of Biology (2nd ed.). Mcgraw Hill Companies, Inc.
University of the Philippines National Institute for Science & Mathematics Education
Development 2000. Sourcebook on Practical Work for Teachers: High school biology (Vol. 2).
Q.C.
DepEd. (2009). Biology Science and Technology Textbook for second year, Book Media
DRAFT
Press, Inc.
Electronic Sources
http://www.karenmayes.com/pages/dna.pdf
March 31, 2014

http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Autosomal_recessive
LRMDS
Project EASE Module
APEX
19
Teachers Guide
DRAFT
March 31, 2014
Figure 7 Basic Subunits of DNA
Reference:
DNA Paper Model Activity

http://www.karenmayes.com/pages/dna.pdf
20
Suggested Time Allotment: 4 to 5 hrs
UNIT 1
Module
3
Biodiversity and Evolution
Learning Module No._______ Number of Sessions (Time Allotment)____________
Overview
Causes of Species Extinction

In Grade 8, the students learned about the concept of species and
classification of organisms using the hierarchical taxonomic system and the
advantage of high biodiversity in maintaining the stability of an ecosystem. In Grade
DRAFT
9, the students will explain the importance of biodiversity, find out how changes in
the environment may affect species extinction and relate species extinction to the
failure of populations of organisms to adapt to abrupt changes in the environment.
In any ecosystem, organisms need a balanced environment. A balanced
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ecosystem is one in which all living things are interacting successfully, in an
environment where even non-living things are adequately present in order to sustain
life. If any part of the ecosystem is disturbed, other parts will also be disturbed.
What happens to a community when its species diversity is reduced? Does
loss of biodiversity affect an ecosystems ability to sustain the species that remain or
to perform certain functions that may contribute to the needs of that ecosystem? This
module will help students find answers to these questions.
In this module, the students are expected to:
1. Relate species extinction to the failure of populations of organisms to adapt to
abrupt changes in the environment.
Explain the importance of biological diversity.
Find out how changes in the environment can affect species extinction.
Distinguish environmental changes that may result in the loss of the
species.
1
2. Make a multimedia presentation of a timeline of extinction of representative
microorganisms, plants, and animals
Key Questions:
What causes species extinction?
How can changes in the environment affect species extinction?
Answers to Pre-assessment:
A.
1. Hunting and trapping
2. Taking animals for profit
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3. Destruction of habitat
4. Pollution
5. Overharvesting
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B.
1. water lily
2. Varied answers: Loss of habitat, lack of food, disease, environmental factors
Different parts of the ecosystem interact with one another. Changes to one part
affect other parts. When all the members of a species die, that species place in the
ecosystem is gone forever. In this module the students will study the various threats
that are considered causes of the loss of biodiversity.
Activity 1 Index of Diversity

In this activity, the students should be able to measure species distribution
using mathematical way of expressing the amount of biodiversity and species
distribution in a community.
2
Teaching Tips:
1. Introduce the lesson with a string or yarn exercise. Assign the students to
bring a ball of string or yarn.
2. Select or ask for 15 volunteers. Instruct students to choose from the

environment, anything they would like to be, e.g. grass, wind, flower, soil,
earthworm, etc. Choices should be different from each other.
3. Ask students to write their choices in a 5 inch. x 8 inch. size of paper and clip
or tape it in front of their chest. Let them form a circle.
4. Instruct one student to start off by holding on to one end of the string and
passing the ball to another student in the circle with whom the student can be
DRAFT
related and explain the significance of that part. For example, the bird
student holds the end of the string. That student passes it to the earthworm
student and says, I am a bird that eats the earthworm.
5. Remind students to continue making connections and follow the same
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procedure until everyone has participated and the yarn is intertwined into a
web.
6. Act as the agent of destruction, by cutting the connections inside the circle
while describing the destruction of each link. Continue to cut connection until
the web is destroyed.
7. Ask students the following questions:
What does the exercise illustrate?
What is the message?
8. Relate students answers to the first activity.
9. Divide the students into 6 groups or add more groups depending on the
number of students in your class.
3
10. Inspect the area where the students are expected to do the activity since this
is to be done outside the classroom. If you think, the school grounds have
very limited species of plants, you can prepare a species map of a community
in your area that may indicate species distribution.
11. Make sure that the students are properly oriented about the procedure of the
activity.

Q 1. Vacant lots would have a low I.D. since there are fewer species distribution
and the grass lawn would also have a low I.D. The tree I.D. might also have a
low I.D. Communities with many different species have a high I.D.
Q 2. Communities with many different species have a high index of diversity, this
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will enable the communities to withstand environmental changes better than
communities with only a few species or with low index of diversity.
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Population pertains to the number of organisms of the same species
living in a certain place.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life in an area.
Communities with many different species (a high index of diversity)

will be able to withstand environmental changes better than
communities with only a few species (a low index of diversity).
Use the given statements to introduce the next activity. Get student responses
to the question.
In a balanced ecosystem, organisms need a balanced environment. A

change in population sizes may be due to factors affecting the environment.
Why is it that populations do not increase without end?
4
Activity 2 Measuring Population Density
In this activity, the students will understand changes in population,
factors affecting population growth and size and learn about the needs and
characteristics of a population.
Teaching Tips:
1. Start the lesson with a picture analysis activity or show a video about
Philippine biodiversity.
2. Show different pictures of populations of different species of animals or plants
which are considered to be endangered. If you choose to show a video about
Philippine biodiversity, you may download from YOU TUBE and show it to the
students.
DRAFT
3. You may also present TRIVIA ON PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY (Get this
information from Haribon Trivia on Philippine Biodiversity, 2005)
4. Relate this to the lesson by asking the following questions:
What brings about changes in the population?
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Can environmental factors affect the population growth and size?
Predict what will happen to these populations of species if the
environment is not favorable for their survival.
5. Divide the students into 6 groups or add more groups depending on the
6. Remind the students to read the procedure of the activity.
7. Ask for some volunteer groups to present and discuss their output.
Q 3. The Bermuda grass population is the largest then the lily population. The
clover population has the least number.
Q 4. The Bermuda grass population has the greatest density.
Q 5. Answers may include: availability of sunlight, nutrients, or water; presence of
other organisms that feed on the plants; the space available to each individual
plant.
5
Q 6. Answers may vary. Any change in the factors listed in question 5 could lead to
change in population density.
Q 7. Population density is based on the relationship between the needs of
individual species and a complex mix of limiting factors. Differences might point
to potential problems such as pollutants or disease.
Populations can be of the same size, but they may have different densities.
When we consider the number of individuals per unit area, we are referring to the
density of the population. Differences in population density in any community may be
attributed to many factors. Population sizes change when new members move into
the ecosystem. They decrease when members move out of an ecosystem. The birth
rate and death rates can also affect a populations size. Anything that limits the size
of a population like certain environmental conditions are called limiting factors.
DRAFT
Limiting factors keep a population from increasing in size and help balance an
ecosystem. Examples of limiting factors are the availability of food, water, and living
conditions. Light, temperature and soil nutrients are also limiting factors because
they help determine the types of organisms that can live in an ecosystem. The
maximum population size an environment can support is called its carrying
March 31, 2014

capacity. If the population size rises above the carrying capacity, organisms die
because they cannot meet all their needs.
Q 8. Limiting factors are often related to population density. The greater the
population density, the greater the effect limiting factors have on a population. For
example, plants may be a limiting factor to herbivores. If the population of herbivores
is so dense, there may not be enough food for each of them.
Population sizes vary among organisms. They change with the

number of births and when they move into an ecosystem. They
also change when members die or move out of an ecosystem.
Limiting factors are environmental conditions that keep a

population from increasing in size and help balance ecosystems.
The carrying capacity is affected by changes in the environment.
6
Life depends on life. Animals can not exist without green plants. Living things
create niches for other living things. But what happens if the living conditions of
these organisms are not ideal for their survival? What do you think are the major
causes of species extinction?
Activity 3 Endangered but not Extinctyet

This activity is a simulation designed to show that habitat destruction can be a
factor causing species extinction. This activity is best done outdoors but it can also
be done as a classroom activity.
Teaching Tips:
1. Introduce the lesson with a Species Charade Game.
DRAFT
2. Prepare a list of endangered species, threatened species, extinct species.
Write their names in small pieces of paper and place it in a small box.
3. Ask one student to pick a piece of paper without looking and pretend to be the
animal written on it. The rest of the students guess what it is.
March 31, 2014

4. Continue the game until you have about six students doing the act.
5. Relate the activity to the lesson.
7. A day before the activity, inspect the area where the students are supposed to
work.
8. Divide the students into six groups or add more groups depending on the
10. Prepare a handout of the Extinction Simulation Data table. Make copies for
your students.
EXTINCTION SIMULATION DATA TABLE
Round No. of grasshopper toothpick No. of grasshopper No. of grasshopper No. of grasshopper
at the start of round toothpick during toothpick at the end toothpick scattered
the round of round
1 100
2
3 N/A
7
Q 9. Answers may vary: the number was reduced or the number became
steady.
Q 10 Answers may vary: there were different kinds of grass in each circle, the
backgrounds were different, the hunters were different.
Q11. Limiting factors in the environment; biotic and abiotic factors.
Q12 Answers may vary: Habitat destruction will lead to the reduction of
grasshopper population and eventually they will die.
Q 13. Answers may vary: Conduct a research using the scientific research
process. .
When a species population becomes so low that only a few remain, that
DRAFT
species is considered endangered and will possibly become extinct. In the
Philippines, some terrestrial species like the tamaraw in Mindoro, mouse deer in
Palawan, Philippine deer, Monkey-eating eagle, and aquatic species like the dugong
found in Negros, Batangas, and Leyte are in danger of extinction.
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Sometimes, there is a particular species that declines so fast that it becomes
endangered and is said to be threatened. In a study conducted by field biologist on
population size and distribution of Philippine fauna, they reported that as of 1991, 89
species of birds, 44 species of mammals and eight species of reptiles are
internationally recognized as threatened. These include also the Philippine Eagle or
Monkey-eating Eagle in the list of Philippine Endangered Species. (Rabago, L.
2010)
Extinction is the disappearance of a species when the last of its members
dies. Changes to habitats can threaten organisms with extinction. As populations of
people increase, the impact of their growth and development is altering the face of
the Earth and pushing many other species to the brink of extinction.
8
Extinction occurs when the last members of that species dies.
When the population of a species begins declining rapidly, the species

is said to be a threatened species.
A species is in endangered when its population has become so low

that it is possible of becoming extinct.
Human actions have resulted in habitat loss and degradation that has
accelerated the rate of extinction.
Many changes take place in the communities. You may have noticed that the
natural vegetation in the area has been cleared. Concrete structures and increasing
DRAFT
populations of people and other organisms gradually take over the area. Perhaps,
some areas were destroyed by natural disasters or by human activities. Just as
vegetation changes, animal populations also change. These may have major effects
on the ecosystem causing replacement of communities or development of a new
environment.
March 31, 2014

The next part of the module is basically a discussion of local and global
environmental issues that contributed to species extinction.
Activity 5 Making Predictions

This activity will help students understand the effects of environmental issues
on ecosystems.
Teaching Tips:
1. Direct students to work on the activity.
3. Divide the students into six groups or add more groups depending on the
9
5. Proceed with the discussion about local and global environmental issues
affecting biodiversity.
6. Provide video clips or pictures for each environmental issue as discuss in the
Learners material. Another option is to assign a group to discuss about the
environmental issue.
7. Provide guide questions for the students.
8. Synthesize the lesson pointing out to the key concepts and mention also the
Ecological Principles. (Source: Philippine Biodiversity Conservation; Haribon
Foundation)
Ecological Principles:
Nature knows best.
All life forms are important.
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Everything is connected to everything else.
Everything changes.
Everything must go somewhere.
Ours is a finite earth.
March 31, 2014

Humans are the stewards of nature.
Q 14. Answers may vary.

Q 15. Answers may vary
Have you eaten? Did you turn on an electric light, ride a tricycle or jeepney, or use a
computer today? When you do any of these activities, you use one or more natural
resources. Natural resources are materials in the environment that people use to
carry on with their lives. But are you using these natural resources wisely? Will the
time come when these materials will no longer be available to you? You would
probably have the same question in mind.
Many of the changes that man has done to the environment were made by
accident. If you examine the students prediction in the activity, they probably listed
them in the column meant for the island inhabited by human population. Land would
10
be cleared for housing and farming. These might decrease plant and animal
populations, and some pollution and other environmental problems would result.
The students probably need to know more about some of the local and global
environmental issues/problems that are also affecting their community.
Deforestation
One of the countrys environmental problems is the rapid rate at which trees are
cut down. Did you encounter the same problem in your community? In the
Philippines, the major causes of deforestation are:
Kaingin farming
Illegal logging
Conversion of agricultural lands to housing projects
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Forest fires
Typhoons
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Figure 5 Kaingin farming Figure 6 Forest hit by typhoon
As a consequence of cutting down trees, the following effects could take

place:
Soil erosion
Floods
Decrease in wildlife resources that will eventually lead to extinction
11
Wildlife Depletion
As human population gets bigger,
huge space is needed for shelter, for
growing crops and for industries.
Deforestation is one of the major causes
of the disappearance of wildlife species.
What happens to animal populations
that are driven away from their natural
habitat? If they cannot find enough
space, many will die or become extinct.
Some species may become
endangered, or on the verge of
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becoming extinct. In other cases, some
animals may be threatened, referring to
Figure 7 Monkey-eating Eagle
species that are close to being
endangered. Figures 7, 8 and 9 are
some examples of endangered species.
March 31, 2014
Figure 8 Tarsier Figure 9 Dugong
12
Water Pollution
A major problem in lakes, rivers and ponds is eutrophication, one of the effects
of water pollution. It is supposed to be a slow process, but mans activities hasten it
up. Figure 10 shows the causes and stages of eutrophication in a lake.
DRAFT
Figure 10 Eutrophication
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A fish kill usually happens when there is an increase in concentration of
organic nutrients in bodies of water. This condition causes algal bloom and growth of
aquatic plants. When the algae die, they sink to the bottom and the process of
decomposition proceeds. This process uses up oxygen and as a result, aquatic
animals die due to lack of oxygen.
Bodies of water are also polluted with toxic wastes, untreated sewage, and
fertilizer run offs from farm lands. One class of dangerous chemicals present in water
is PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl). PCBs are toxic wastes produced in the making of
paints, inks and electrical insulators. Figure 11 shows what happens in the food
chain when PCB is present.
13
At each level of the food chain, the amount of PCB in each organism
increases. They are unable to excrete PCB from their bodies.
Through the process of biological magnification, the PCB becomes
concentrated in the body tissues of water organisms. Biological magnification is
the buildup of pollutants in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain. Fishes
living in contaminated ecosystems contain builtup high concentration of PCB as
shown in Figure 11 The fish were not killed by the chemicals, but they store them in
their tissues. As the salmon feeds on the smaller fish, they took the PCB in their
bodies. Like the smaller fish, the salmon was not killed by the PCB. They stored it in
their tissues. The concentration of PCB in salmon rise to 5000 times the
concentration of PCB in the water in which they feed.
DRAFT
March 31, 2014 s
feeds
Figure 11 PCB dumped in lakes (please redraw)
Other pollutants found in water are heavy metals such as lead, mercury and in
cadium. These metals come from factories that dump their wastes into rivers or
lakes.
Air Pollution
Figure 12 shows the harmful pollutants present in air.
14
Figure 12 Air Pollution
In Metro Manila where a great volume of cars travel each day, smog blankets
the area, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons from car exhausts react with water
vapour or dust particles and produce new irritating chemicals.
DRAFT
Carbon dioxide acts like a blanket over the Earth, holding in the heat that
would otherwise radiate back into space. The trapping of heat by gases in the earths
atmosphere is called greenhouse effect.
The greenhouse effect is a natural process. But as carbon dioxide in the
March 31, 2014

atmosphere increases, greenhouse effect also intensifiesthis will lead to global
warming. Global warming is an increase in the earths temperature from the rapid
buildup of carbon dioxide and other gases. This, in turn, could change the world
climate patterns.
Factories and power plants that burn coal are also major contributors to air
pollution. Coal contains sulfur. When coal burns, sulfur combines with oxygen in the
air to form sulfur dioxide, with choking odor. Power plants also burn coal to give off
particulates into the air. Particulates are tiny particles of soot, dust, and smoke.
These particulates block sunlight and get into your lungs when you breathe.
Destruction of Coastal Resources
Coral reefs and coastal mangrove forests in the Philippines serve as breeding
grounds and nurseries of marine fishes. But due to mans activities, coastal areas
are getting destroyed through the years. Some of these activities include the
following:
Deforestation, agricultural activities and mining activities
15
Dynamite fishing and muro-ami
Coastal areas conversion to beach resorts, residential areas
Overharvesting
Figure 13 Destruction of coral reefs
DRAFT
March 31, 2014
Figure 14 Damaged mangrove areas
Figure 15 Dynamite fishing
Acid Precipitation
Acid precipitation is commonly known as acid rain. Rainwater is normally acidic,
because carbon dioxide is normally present. Other pollutants, mostly sulfur and
nitrogen oxides, make rainwater even more acidic, with a pH of 5.6 or lower.
Emissions from factories and from exhaust of motor vehicles are some examples of
pollutants.
Acid rain can be harmful to living things. It causes yellowing of leaves of trees
and cause leaves to fall. Examine Figure 16. It summarizes the effect of acid rain.
16
DRAFT
March 31, 2014
Figure 16 Acid precipitation
Along with nutrients being lost through direct leaching from leaves and no
movement of nutrients in forest litter (leaves, stems, and fruits), nutrients can be lost
from the soil. Acid water flowing through the soil can exchange acidic hydrogen ions
for essential plant nutrient ions such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium. If these
nutrients migrate beneath the rooting zone, they become unavailable to tree roots.
Human activities and overpopulation have caused most of the environmental

problems nowadays. People are beginning to realize that the way they interact with
the environment must change to ensure the survival of all living things. This is one
big challenge to maintain the resources needed for survival while ensuring that they
will still be available in the future. This is a practice called sustainable
development. This means that a sustainable society should live under the carrying
capacity of the environment. This means that the rate at which society uses
renewable resources does not exceed the rate at which the resources are
generated.
17
The principal causes of deforestation are illegal logging, kaingin farming,

forest fires and conversion of agricultural lands to housing projects and
typhoon.
The effects of deforestation include soil erosion, floods and depletion of
wildlife resources.
The major cause of wildlife extinction is the loss of habitat.
Coral reef destruction is caused by dynamite fishing and muro-ami, while
mangrove destruction is caused by overharvesting and conversion of the
area into other uses.
In eutrophication, nutrients are washed away from the land to enrich
bodies of water. It causes excessive growth of aquatic plants and algae
and results in algal bloom, which eventually die and decompose. The
DRAFT
process depletes the oxygen dissolved in water, causing fish and other
aquatic organisms to die.
Acid rain is a result of air pollution mostly from factories and motor
vehicles.
March 31, 2014

Sustainable development means that a society should live under the
carrying capacity of the environment.
Performance Task
1. Give students tips on how to prepare the timeline.(Suggested methods are
given)
For the students:
a. Decide what the timeline will include.
b. Make a list of events to include
c. Decide when it will begin and end. (8 to 15 events is a good number to
include for most timelines)
d. Aim to present a well-rounded history.
e. Layout the timeline.
f. Choose any available multimedia material.
2. Evaluate the timelines using the suggested attached
18
TIMELINE RUBRIC
NAME ________________ DATE __________________
CRITERIA points
4 3 2 1
Facts were accurate Facts were accurate for Facts were accurate for Facts were often
for all events reported at least 80% of all at least 60% of the inaccurate for events
on the timeline events reported in the events reported on the reported in the
timeline timeline. timeline
Contents/facts _____
All dates indicated on At least 1 of the dates At least 2 of the dates At least 3 of the dates
timeline are correct or sequences is not in or sequences are or sequences are not
and are sequenced in the proper order in the proper order
the proper order not in the proper order
Dates _____
DRAFT
The student can The student can The student can The student cannot
accurately describe accurately describe describe any event on use the timeline
Learning of 75% or more of the 50% of the events on the timeline if allowed effectively to describe
content events on the timeline the timeline without to refer to it and can events or to compare
without referring to it referring to it and can determine which of two events.
and quickly determine quickly determine which events occurred first
which of two events of the two events
came first occurred first
March 31, 2014

_____
The timeline contained The timeline contained The timeline contained The timeline
at least 9 events at least 7 events related at least 5 events related contained less than 5
Resources related to the topic to the topic to the topic events related to the
topic
_____
Total
_____
Teachers Comments:
19
TIMELINE RUBRIC
Category 4 3 2 1
Included events Most of the Some events Many major
are important and included events included are events are
Quality of interesting. No are important or trivial, and major excluded, and too
Contents major details are interesting. One events are many trivial
excluded. or two major missing. events are
events may be included.
missing.
The timeline The timeline The timeline The timeline
contains at least contains at least contains at least 5 contains fewer
Quantity of 810 events 67 events related events related to than 5 events.
Facts related to the to the topic being the topic being
topic being studied. studied.
studied.
Facts are accurate Facts are accurate Facts are accurate Facts are often
DRAFT
for all events for almost all for most (75%) of inaccurate for
Accuracy of reported on the events reported on the events events reported on
Content timeline. the timeline. reported on the the timeline.
timeline.
Events are placed Almost all events Most (75%) of the Most events are
in proper order. are placed in events are placed incorrectly placed
Sequence of proper order. in proper order. on the timeline.
March 31, 2014

Content
An accurate, An accurate, An accurate date Dates are

complete date has complete date has has been included inaccurate or
Dates been included for been included for for almost every missing for
each event. almost every event. several events.
event.
Events are clearly Events are Events are not Events are
described using described well, described well described using
Sentence accurate and vivid but language is and language is vague language or
Fluency language. sometimes vague often vague or inaccurate
or inaccurate. inaccurate. information.
Punctuation, Punctuation, Punctuation, There are many
spelling and spelling and spelling, and punctuation,
capitalization capitalization capitalization are spelling, and
Mechanics were checked by were checked by mostly correct, capitalization
another student another student but were not errors.
and are correct and are mostly checked by
throughout. correct. another student.
20
Answers to Summative Test:
I.
1. Competition for resources would increase as resources decline.
2. The greater the population density, the greater the effect of limiting factors.
For example, when population density of plant seedlings is too great, there
may not be enough water to support the growth and development of all the
seedlings. Many will not survive, reducing the size of the population.
3. The soy beans might be killed by the fungus, which would most likely also die.
4. Plants and animals living in the forest will lose their habitats and will decrease
in number. Soil erosion increases
5. Destruction of habitat is the main cause of extinction.
II.
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1. 15 ants per sq. m. size, 60 ants divided by 4 sq.m. equals 15; if there are 100
ants in an 8 sq.m. plot, the population density is 12.5 ants per sq.m.
2. About 27 per sq.km.
3. 20 monkeys
March 31, 2014

III.
1. The ocean
2. The greenhouse effect
3. Alternative
4. Medicine
5. More
21
Summary
Population is a group of organisms of the same species living in a certain
place.
Communities with many different species (a high index of diversity) will be

able to withstand environmental changes better than communities with only a
few species (a low index of diversity).
Population sizes vary among organisms. They change with the number of
births and when they move into an ecosystem. They also change when
members die or move out of an ecosystem.
Limiting factors are environmental conditions that keep a population from

increasing in size and help balance ecosystems.
DRAFT
The carrying capacity is affected by changes in the environment.
Extinction occurs when the last member of a species dies.
When the population of a species begins declining rapidly, the species is

said to be a threatened species.
March 31, 2014

A species is endangered when its population is so low that it is nearly extinct.
Human actions have resulted in habitat loss and degradation that have
accelerated the rate of extinction.
The principal causes of deforestation are illegal logging, kaingin farming,

forest fires and conversion of agricultural lands to housing projects, and
typhoon.
The effects of deforestation include soil erosion, floods and depletion of
wildlife resources.
The major cause of wildlife depletion is the loss of habitat.
Coral reef destruction is caused by dynamite fishing and muro-ami, while
mangrove destruction is caused by overharvesting and conversion of the
area into other uses.
In eutrophication, nutrients are washed away from the land to enrich bodies
of water. It causes excessive growth of aquatic plants and algae and results
to algal bloom, which eventually die and decompose. The process depletes
22
the oxygen dissolved in water, causing fish and other aquatic organisms to
die.
Acid rain is a result of air pollution mostly from factories and motor vehicles.
Sustainable development means that a society should live under the carrying
capacity of the environment.
GLOSSARY
Species A group of organisms that have certain characteristics in
common
and are able to interbreed.
Population the total number of organism of the same species inhabiting a
DRAFT
place at the same time.
Population density the number of individuals in an area
Limiting factors environmental conditions that keep a population from over
increasing in size and help balance ecosystems
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Carrying capacity number of organisms of one species that an environment can
support.
Endangered species a species in which the number of individuals falls so low that
extinction is possible
Threatened species species that have rapidly decreasing numbers of individuals
Deforestation removing or clearing of a forest to include the cutting of all
trees, mostly for agricultural or urban use
Eutrophication the process by which a body of water becomes enriched in
dissolved nutrients (as phosphates) that stimulate the growth
of aquatic plant life, usually resulting in the depletion of
dissolved oxygen
PCB ( polychlorinated biphenyl) toxic wastes produced in the
making of paints, inks and electrical insulators
Acid rain broad term referring to a mixture of wet and dry deposition
(deposited material) from the atmosphere containing higher
than normal amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids.
23
References
PRINTED
Rabago, L et.al (2010). Functional Biology, Vibal Publishing House, Inc. Quezon City
Rabago, L.M., C.C. Joaquin, et.al. (c1990).Science & Technology(Biology). Vibal
Publishing House, Inc. Quezon City
Strauss E. & Lisowski, M. (2000).Biology:The Web of Life. Pearson Education Asia
Biggs. A. Gregg, K., et.al. (2000).Biology: the Dynamics of Life.the McGraw Hill
Companies. Inc.
Dispezio, M. , Luebe, M, et.al. (1996). Science Insights:Exploring Living Things.
Addison Wesley Publishing Company, Menlo Park, California
Philippine Biodiversity Conservation: A Trainers Manual
DRAFT
March 31, 2014
24
Teachers Guide
Suggested Time Allotment: 15 hrs.
Unit 1
Module
4 ECOSYSTEM: Life Energy

The learner demonstrates the Design and conduct an investigation to
understanding of: provide evidence that plants can
Structure and function of plant parts manufacture their own food.
and organelles involved in
photosynthesis
DRAFT
Structure and function of the
mitochondrion as the main
organelle involved in respiration
Overview
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In grade 8, students learned how energy is transformed and how materials are
cycled in the ecosystem. In grade 9, students will focus on how plants capture energy from
the sun and use it for cellular activities. They will describe the processes involved in the
flow of energy and matter in the ecosystem by differentiating the basic features and
importance of photosynthesis and respiration. This module shows the structure and
function of plant parts and organelles involved in photosynthesis and cellular respiration as
well as the factors that affect the rate of food making and cellular respiration.
In this module, students will learn about the basic features and importance of
photosynthesis and respiration to living organisms. Students should know the process of
food making by plants and how this food benefits animals and man. Students will conduct
investigations on the factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis, and its effect on the
harvest of crops. Students will be able to:
Identify the cell structure and functions of plants involved in the food making
process.
Identify the raw materials needed for photosynthesis.
Explain the phases involved in photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Describe how the materials and energy flow in the ecosystem.
Analyze the importance of photosynthesis on the quality and quantity of harvest.
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Teachers Guide
Identify strategies to improve farm practices.
The module has activities that will help students understand the process of food making,
the conversion of food into chemical energy and how it flows throughout the ecosystem.
The understanding of these concepts and development of skills will be strengthened
through inquiry-based activities like: gathering information through observations, internet
search, survey/interview; analyzing collected data and explaining how these materials are
of benefit to the entire ecosystem.
Key questions for this module
How do plants manufacture food?

What are the factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis?
How do cells convert stored energy in food into chemical energy?
How do materials and energy flow in the ecosystem?
DRAFT
In this module, students will perform activities and gather evidences that will provide
them ideas on how plants capture energy for food making and how other materials affect
the rate of photosynthesis. Then they will demonstrate understanding on how these
March 31, 2014

materials and energy flow in the ecosystem. Finally, students will make a proposal on how
these learned concepts can help farmers improve their harvest and promote urban
gardening to community members.
Note: As you give an overview of what the students will go through, the time frame,
standards set that are found in the rubric, and the final product that the students must
develop at the end of the module.
Answers to pre-assessment:
1) a 6) b
2) d 7) d
3) c 8) c
4) d 9) c
5) d 10) a
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Teachers Guide
Activity
What are the structures involved in the food
1 making process in plants?
In activity 1, students will do activities in different learning stations. For each station,
the students will learn a specific concept on photosynthesis such as identifying the cell
structures involved in photosynthesis, describing the process of food making done by
plants, identifying the raw materials and products of photosynthesis. The Teacher will
provide an activity sheet as a form of assessment tool to guide students in the attainment of
the learning objective/task.
For ICT integrated: The teacher will prepare three learning stations in the computer
laboratory room and post the activity sheet and procedure to each station. If the computer
laboratory room is not available, you may set up three computer units or laptop in the
DRAFT
science laboratory room for the three learning stations.
Note: If ICT infrastructure is not available, you may just use the textbook or
charts for each learning station.
Links as of October 2013
March 31, 2014

a. Learning station 1: Plant structures for photosynthesis (Identifying plant structure for
photosynthesis)
http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/forestbiology/photosynthesis.swf
b. Learning station 2: Photosynthesis (identifying raw materials and products of
photosynthesis)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1_uez5WX1o (as of October 2013)
http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/photosynthesis/photosynthesis.html
c. Learning station 3: (Understanding the process of photosynthesis)
http://www.sites.ext.vt.edu/virtualforest/modules/photo.html
Each group will make a summary of the different concepts they learned from each
learning station which will be presented to the class.
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Teachers Guide
Presentation Checklist:
Observed Not
Observed
Content:
Include the following:
o Important parts/structures of plants involve in
photosynthesis
o Raw materials and products for each stage/phase of
photosynthesis
o Brief description of the whole process
Delivery
Clarity of voice loud enough to be heard by the entire class
Confident establishes eye contact with the audience
Uses a good visual material
DRAFT
Sample rubric/Scoring guide for the students presentation:
Criteria 10 7 4
Content We included the following: We missed one of the We missed two of the
the important following: following:
parts/structures the important the important
of plants parts/structures parts/structures of
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involved in of plants involved plants involved in
photosynthesis in photosynthesis photosynthesis
raw materials raw materials raw materials and
and products for and products for products for each
each each stage/phase of
stage/phase of stage/phase of photosynthesis
photosynthesis photosynthesis a brief summary
a brief summary a brief summary of the whole
of the whole of the whole process
process process during our
during our during our discussion/presentation of
discussion/presentation discussion/presentation of output
of output output
Delivery We were able to Our group used We were able to
present the result visual materials share the result of
of our group that made our our group activity
activity confidently presentation easy with visual aid but
with a clear and to understand were not confident
loud voice so that We presented with Some of our
everybody can a loud voice but classmates could
hear us were not able to not hear clearly
We also used establish eye what we were
visual materials contact with our saying.
that make our classmates and
presentation easy teacher.
to understand.
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Teachers Guide
Teaching Tips:
1. Things to do before the session:

a. Secure a schedule on the use of the computer laboratory room from
the computer laboratory in-charge.
b. Divide the members of the class based on their abilities/skills.
Consider the students technology skills (use of computer and the
internet).
c. Create a rubric for the students presentation of learned concepts
(optional)
d. Reproduce the activity sheets
e. Visit the links for each learning station to check if the links are still
working and to familiarize yourself with the concepts that can be found
on each website.
2. Encourage collaboration and teamwork by giving specific roles/tasks to each
member of the group.
DRAFT
3. Orient the students on the Do(s) and Dont(s) while inside the computer
laboratory room.
4. Ensure that everybody is participating in the completion of the task.
5. Make sure that the computer laboratory technician or in-charge is with the
class during the computer laboratory use to help you in case technical issues
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will be encountered by the students.
6. Presentation can be done in the classroom
7. Refer to the sample activity rubric in assessing the students performance
below. This can be modified.
ACTIVITY RUBRIC
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1
Content Correctly Incorrectly Incorrectly Incorrectly Incorrectly
answered all the answered 1 of answered 2 of answered 3 of answered 4 or
questions in the the questions in the questions in the questions in more of the
activities the activities the activities the activities questions in the
activities
Completion of Perform all the Perform all the Perform all the Perform and Was not able to
task procedures in procedures in procedures in completed all complete the
the activities and the activities and the activities and the procedures task in the
completed on or completed 1 completed 2-3 in the activities activities
before the given minute after the minutes after 4-5 minutes
time. given time the given time after the given
time
Neatness Wrote the Wrote the Wrote the Wrote the Wrote the
results of the results of the results of the results of the activities but
activities on activities but activities but activities but with four or
manila paper with one erasure with two with three more erasures
without erasures erasures erasures
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Teachers Guide
Answers to Activity sheets:
Learning Station 1.
DRAFT Source: http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/forestbiology/photosynthesis.swf
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Learning Station 1b.
Source: http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/forestbiology/photosynthesis.swf
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Teachers Guide
Learning Station 2:
Raw Materials Products

Sunlight Oxygen
Chlorophyll Sugar (food, glucose)
Carbon dioxide
Water
Learning station 3:
Photosynthesis
DRAFT
Light reaction O2
water
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NADPH ATP
CO2 Calvin Cycle
Sugar
Plants have green pigments called chlorophyll stored in the chloroplast. This pigment
aids in capturing light energy from the sun that enables plants to change it into
chemical energy stored in the food. This process is called photosynthesis. Below is a
summary equation for photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll
Carbon Dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen
(CO2) (H2O) Sunlight (C6H12O6) (O2)
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Teachers Guide
Photosynthesis is a process of food making done by plants and other autotrophic

organisms. The presence of chlorophyll enables these organisms to make their own
food. Autotrophic organisms require light energy, carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)
to make food (sugar).
In plants, photosynthesis mainly takes place in the leaves and little or none in stems,
depending on the presence of chlorophyll. The typical parts of the leaves include the
upper and lower epidermis, mesophyll spongy layer, vascular bundles, and stomata.
The upper and lower epidermis protects the leaves and has nothing to do with
photosynthetic processes. The mesophyll has the most number of chloroplasts that
contain chlorophyll. They are important in trapping light energy from the sun. Vascular
bundles (phloem and xylem) serve as transporting vessels of manufactured food and
water. Carbon dioxide and oxygen are collected in the spongy layer and enter and exit
the leaf through the stomata.
The parts of a chloroplast include the outer and inner membranes, intermembrane
DRAFT
space, stroma and thylakoids stacked in grana. The chlorophyll is built into the
membranes of the thylakoids. Chlorophyll absorbs white light, but it looks green
because white light consists of three primary colors: red blue and green. Only red and
blue light are absorbed, thus making these colors unavailable to our eyes while the
green light is reflected which makes the chlorophyll looks green. However, it is the
energy from red and blue light that is absorbed will be used in photosynthesis. The
March 31, 2014

green light that we can see is not absorbed by the plant and thus, cannot be used to do
photosynthesis.
There are two stages of photosynthesis: (a) light-dependent reaction and (b) Calvin
Cycle (dark reaction). The light-dependent reaction happens in the presence of light. It
occurs in the thylakoid membrane and converts light energy to chemical energy. Water
one of the raw materials of photosynthesis is utilized during this stage and facilitates
the formation of free electrons and oxygen. The energy harvested during this stage is
stored in the form of ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate) and NADPH. These products will
be needed by the next stage to complete the photosynthetic process.
The Calvin cycle (dark reaction) is a light-independent phase that takes place in the
stroma and converts carbon dioxide (CO2) into sugar. This stage does not directly need
light but needs the products of the light reaction, thus it occurs immediately after the
light-dependent phase.
The chemical equation for photosynthesis may be summarized as follows:
Carbon Dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen

(CO2) (H2O) (C6H12O6) (O2)
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Teachers Guide
Activity
Investigating the Leaf Stomata

2
Note: The teacher must conduct a try-out of the activity before doing it in the class.
Teaching Tips:
1. Provide the students with clear nail polish and a sharp blade.
2. Give laboratory precautionary measures to the students before asking them to do
the activities.
3. Explain the objective of the activity and the standards found in the rubric. Provide
each group a copy of the rubric to guide the students in the completion of the
task.
4. Make sure the students have painted a thick clear nail polish and had it dried
completely before covering a clear tape on the painted area of the leaf. This will
DRAFT
ensure a good stomata imprint for microscopic observation.
5. Prepare the laboratory room by arranging the microscope per table depending on
the number of groups.
6. During the processing of students output, the discussion must focus on the
structure and function of the stomata.
7. The teacher may want other groups to use a sharp blade to peel off a very thin
March 31, 2014

portion of the lower part of the leaf in making their specimen. (Strict supervision
is needed to avoid accidents)
Answers to Questions:
Q1.
Stomata are mostly found on the lower surface of the leaf of land plants. They consist of two
specialized cells, called guard cells. Their main function is to allow gases such as carbon
dioxide, water vapor, and oxygen to move rapidly into and out of the leaf.
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Teachers Guide
Activity
Evidence of Photosynthesis
3
In this activity the students will conduct an investigation by performing several
experiments. Depending on the students readiness, the teacher may ask them to
perform the activity once every session or simultaneously.
For simultaneous experimentation, the teacher may assign different

experimental designs to show evidences that plants are capable of making food
through photosynthetic process.
Divide the activities into three sets: (a) products of photosynthesis, (b) raw
materials for photosynthesis, (c) factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis.
DRAFT
3A. To show that oxygen is produced in Photosynthesis:
Q2. Bubbles were seen on the surface of the leaf.

Q3. Yes, there are bubbles seen in the setup.
Q4. These bubbles indicate that the leaf releases gas (O2).
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3B. To show that sugar is produced in photosynthesis
Q5. Possible answers:

The leaf can perform photosynthesis.
The leaf contains starch.
The leaf can produce sugar or starch.
Green parts of the plant can produce sugar.
Part3C. To show the effect of light on the rate of photosynthesis
For Advanced Learners: Ask students to design an experiment that will show the
effect of environmental factors on the rate of photosynthesis such as light intensity,
temperature, and carbon dioxide concentration. Use the notes below as guide for the
students in designing their experiments.
When checking the effect of each of the above factors, it is important that the factors
(such as light intensity, temperature, amount of carbon dioxide) are at a suitable
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Teachers Guide
value and are kept constant at that value. To do this, the following must be
considered:
o Temperature: It should be kept constant at 25oC by using a heated water bath

monitored with a thermometer.
Light Intensity: Use a lamp close to the plant at a fixed distance and monitor it
using a light meter.
o Carbon Dioxide Concentration: Prepare a saturated CO2 solution by using
sodium bicarbonate or baking soda in water. (It dissolves moderately in water,
releasing carbon dioxide.)
Note: Remember to tell the students how the variables are changed.
1. Temperature: water baths at different temperatures
2. Light Intensity: lamps at different distances from the plant
3. Carbon Dioxide Concentration: different concentrations of baking soda in water
DRAFT
Possible experimental designs:
source:(http://www.skoool.ie/skoool/homeworkzone.asp?id=233)
1. To show the effect of varying the temperature on the rate of photosynthesis
A. Place a funnel over Elodea, pondweed, or Santan leaf or Hydrilla in a beaker of

freshwater at 25C.
March 31, 2014

The funnel is raised off the bottom on pieces of blue-tack to allow unhampered
diffusion of CO2 to Elodea.
B. Invert a test tube full of water over the stem of the funnel to collect any gas from the
Elodea.
C. Place the lamp (the only light source) at a fixed distance from the plant - check its
constancy with a light meter.
D. Excess sodium bicarbonate is placed in the water to give a constant saturated
solution of CO2.
E. The temperature is 20C - room temperature; thermostatically controlled room-
heating system.
F. Allow the plant five minutes to adjust to the new conditions.
G. Count the number of oxygen bubbles given off by the plant in a five-minute period.
Repeat procedure G for the next five-minute period. Count twice more and calculate
the average of the three readings. (5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes)
This is the rate of photosynthesis at that particular temperature.
The gas should be checked to prove that it is indeed oxygen - relights a glowing
splint.
H. Repeat at different temperatures: 0C - surround the beaker with an ice jacket;
greater than room temperature (25C, 30C, 35C, 40C, 45C, etc.,) by using a hot
plate.
I. Graph the results placing temperature on the x-axis.
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Teachers Guide
2. To show the effect of varying the carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis
A. Place a funnel over Elodea, pondweed, or Santan leaf or Hydrilla in a beaker of

freshwater at 25C.
The funnel is raised off the bottom on pieces of blue-tack to allow unhampered
diffusion of CO2 to Elodea.
B. Invert a test tube full of water over the stem of the funnel to collect any gas from the
Elodea.
C. Place the lamp (the only light source) at a fixed distance from the plant - check its
constancy with a light meter.
D. The temperature is 20C - room temperature; thermostatically controlled room-
heating system.
E. Excess sodium bicarbonate is placed in the water to give a constant saturated
solution of CO2.
F. Allow the plant five minutes to adjust to the new conditions.
G. Count the number of oxygen bubbles given off by the plant in a five-minute period.
Repeat the count twice more and calculate the average of the three readings.
This is the rate of photosynthesis at that particular temperature.
DRAFT
The gas should be checked to prove that it is indeed oxygen - relights a glowing
splint.
H. Repeat at different lower carbon dioxide concentrations by using different dilutions of
a saturated solution.
I. Graph the results placing carbon dioxide concentration on the x-axis.
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For average and challenged class use the activities below:
Effect of Light on the production of bubbles
Make two setups similar to Figure 1. Take a 2-3 small santan

leaves and place them in a glass funnel; invert the funnel in a
beaker of water. Invert a test tube over the stem of the funnel.
Leave one setup in sunlight for 3 minutes. While cover the
other setup with a black garbage bag in a shaded area or
room. Count the number of bubbles every 30 Figure 1: Sample setup
seconds and record it on the observation table.
Optional: Remove the test tube carefully and insert a glowing splinter (glowing
match stick) into it. The splinter burns brightly.
Note: The teacher must carefully supervise the students in using glowing splinter.
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Teachers Guide
Observation table:
No. of Bubbles produced

Time (seconds)
Exposed leaf Unexposed leaf
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
Q6. The setup that is exposed to sunlight

Q7. The bubbles indicate that there is photosynthesis
DRAFT
Q8. The gas collected was Oxygen, because the glowing splinter burns brightly.
Q9. The number of bubbles also increases.
Q10. Production of bubbles indicates that photosynthesis takes place.
Q11. As the intensity of light increases, the rate of photosynthesis also increases.
3D. To show that carbon dioxide is needed in photosynthesis
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Testing for the presence of carbon dioxide
As a safety measure, it is advised that the teacher must prepare the lime
water solution. To do this, follow the steps below:
a. Weigh 10 grams of lime (apog) and place it in an empty bottle.
b. Add 450 mL tap water, cover and shake thoroughly.
c. Leave it for five minutes and wait for the lime to settle.
d. Transfer the liquid to another empty bottle and discard the solid
particles of lime to another bottle properly.
Highlight specific instructions that will help the students to be successful in
performing the experiment.
If carbon dioxide is present, the water turns cloudy.
2. Photosynthesis and carbon dioxide (adapted from DepEd NSTIC Science
II, Exercise 9, pages 20-22)
Observations may vary depending on the results of the experiments done
by the students.
Relate the importance of photosynthesis to global warming by asking the students

How can photosynthesis help solve global warming?
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Teachers Guide
3E:To show the effect of varying amount of chlorophyll in photosynthesis
Teaching Tips:
Note: If mayana is not available in the school garden, ask each group to bring one pot
of mayana plant. After the session, ask the students to arrange the pots of mayana
plant in the school garden.
Show a sample leaf to the students and remind them not to get sample
leaves from just one mayana plant found in the garden so that the
students will not harm the plant.
Remind the students to read the procedures carefully. To ensure that they
can follow the procedure correctly, ask a volunteer to demonstrate the
steps.
Give precautionary measures in handling equipments and chemicals
(alcohol lamp, test tube, denatured alcohol, and iodine solution).
DRAFT
Q19. The color of the alcohol becomes green.
Q20. The color of the leaf was extracted and mixed with the alcohol.
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Q21. The color of the leaf was removed.
Q22. Most of the area of the leaf is green.
Q23. The green part of the leaf is shaded.
Q24. The shaded part produced more starch.
Q25. The presence of green pigment enables the leaf to

produce starch. The greener the leaf, the greater is the rate of photosynthesis.
Cellular Respiration
Food is considered as the major source of energy for all organisms. In
activities 1 to 3, the teacher developed students understanding of food production in
plants.
In respiration, the food is broken down to release the energy (ATP) in the presence
of oxygen. It takes place in the cell, specifically in the mitochondria.
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Teachers Guide
We can divide cellular respiration into three metabolic processes: glycolysis, Krebs
Cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Each of these occurs in a specific region of the
cell.
1. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol or cytoplasm.
2. Krebs Cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria.
3. Oxidative phosphorylation via the electron transport chain is carried out in the
inner mitochondrial membrane.
In the absence of oxygen, respiration consists of two metabolic pathways:

glycolysis and fermentation. Both of these occur in the cytoplasm.
Teaching tips:
Teacher can make the students play a game such as word hunt, puzzle, or
one man standing as motivational activity before starting the lesson. Below are some of
the words that can be used in the word hunt activity. It would be more exciting if the
DRAFT
teacher will make a big copy of the word hunt chart posted on the board or use ICT
tools like a computer, multimedia projector and make the word hunt template/chart
interactive.
March 31, 2014

Word List
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION FERMENTATION AEROBIC RESPIRATION
CITRIC ACID CYCLE LACTIC ACID ATP NADP
GLYCOLYSIS ELECTRON TRANSPORT CARBON DIOXIDE WATER
OXYGEN GLUCOSE ETHYL ALCOHOL
Presentation of the Lesson:
The teacher, together with selected students, may want to demonstrate the
cellular activity in yeast. The results must be shown to the class to be used as
a springboard in the discussion of cellular respiration.
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Teachers Guide
Cellular Respiration in Yeast

(activity adapted from EASE Module 5, pages 11-13)
Materials:
Distilled water pH paper 2.5 grams table sugar
Test tube Bakers yeast Test tube rack
Balloon Rubber band
Procedure:
1. Warm water to 37oC.
2. Place lukewarm water in a test tube.
A. Add sugar to produce 5% sugar solution. Dip a pH paper into the mixture. Match the
color of the wet pH paper with the accompanying color chart.
3. Drop 5-10 granules of yeast.
4. Mix with swirling motion.
DRAFT
5. Place the test tube in a test tube rack.
6. Attach a balloon to the mouth of the test tube.
7. Secure the balloon with a rubber band.
8. Wait for a few minutes.
9. Once the balloon is fully inflated, remove the balloon and tie it with a rubber band.
10. Dip another pH paper. Note the color change of the pH paper.
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Questions:
What does the yeast represent?

Ans. The yeast represents the cell doing cellular respiration.
What is the purpose of sugar?
Ans. Sugar is the source of carbohydrates/glucose to be broken down by the
cell.
Why did we use lukewarm water?
Ans. Because metabolic process occurs at 37oC.
What did you notice at the surface of the sugar solution after you dropped the
yeast?
Ans. There were bubbles at the surface.
What happened to the balloon after attaching it to the mouth of the test tube?
Ans. The balloon was inflated.
What filled up the balloon? Explain your observation.
Ans. The balloon was filled by gas (carbon dioxide).
What was the pH of the mixture after removing the balloon? Why?
Ans. The pH of the mixture was below neutral (acidic).
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Teachers Guide
In the activity, you saw bubbles coming out from the mixture. This means that the
yeast fed on the sugar. The evidence is bubbles formation, which is carbon dioxide. The
mixture became acidic as shown by the color change of the pH paper.
Glycolysis
In glycolysis, the 6-carbon sugar, glucose, is broken down into two molecules of a 3-
carbon molecule called pyruvate. This change is accompanied by a net gain of 2 ATP
molecules and 2 NADH molecules.
Krebs Cycle
The Krebs Cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and

generates a pool of chemical energy (ATP,NADH, and
FADH2) from the oxidation of pyruvate, the end product of
DRAFT
glycolysis.
Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria and loses

carbon dioxide to form acetyl-CoA, a 2-carbon molecule.
When acetyl-CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide in the
Krebs cycle, chemical energy is released and captured in
March 31, 2014

Source:
the form of NADH, FADH2, and ATP. http://www.hartnell.edu/tutorial
s/biology/cellularrespiration.html
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain allows the

release of the large amount of chemical energy
stored in reduced NAD+ (NADH) and reduced
FAD (FADH2). The energy released is captured
in the form of ATP (3 ATP per NADH and 2
ATP per FADH2).
Source:
http://www.hartnell.edu/tutorials/biology/cellularrespiration.html
The electron transport chain (ETC) consists of a series of molecules, mostly

proteins, embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Generate students enthusiasm by giving an overview of what they are about to work
on for the next few days.
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Teachers Guide
Activity
The Power House!

4
This activity involves reading comprehension. Students will read silently the
information given in the module and will work on the task describing the parts and
function of the mitochondrion based on what they have read.
Activity
Let Us ReCharge!
5
DRAFT
A. Understanding Glycolysis
March 31, 2014

Q26. The term found in the diagram that denotes a process is GLYCOLYSIS.
Q27. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.
Q28. The raw material for Glycolysis is glucose or sugar.
Q29. The products are pyruvate and ATP

Possible answer: Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. The
material needed in this process is glucose or sugar that is broken down into 2
molecules of pyruvate and chemical energy or ATP.
B. Let us go round and round

A. 2 D. 6 G. 4
B. 1 E. 3
C. 5 F. 7
C. Pump it out!
For those who do not have ICT infrastructure, make a chart showing the flow
of electrons during the electron transport chain. Then ask the students to answer the
Mavic Page
18
Teachers Guide
questions in their module. Click on the link below to see a sample chart for electron
transport chain.
http://www.hartnell.edu/tutorials/biology/cellularrespiration.html
http://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/electron_transport/elect
ron_transport.htm
Answer to Questions
Q30. The electrons flow along the membrane and change to ATP.
Q31. NADH and FADH2 are high energy carriers that provides electron for the
synthesis of ATP.
Q32. The final acceptor of electron in the ETC is oxygen.
Q33. When electrons (hydrogen) combine with the last acceptor (oxygen) it forms
DRAFT
water molecule.
Activity
March 31, 2014

Comparing Photosynthesis and Respiration
6
In this activity, the teacher must guide the students in understanding how
photosynthesis and respiration help in the cycling of materials in the ecosystem and allow
the continuous one-way flow of energy in the ecosystem.
Answer:
Basis of Comparison Photosynthesis Respiration

1. Cell structure Chloroplast Mitochondrion
involved
2. Starting materials/raw Carbon dioxide and water Sugar and oxygen
materials
3. End Product Sugar and oxygen Carbon dioxide and water
4. Energy Requirement Sunlight/ light energy ATP
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19
Teachers Guide
Product/Project Making:
Finally, the class will make a product that will be helpful for the community members
to put up a vegetable urban garden at home or in the community. The students will make a
collection of strategies on how to improve the quantity and quality of harvest of crops in an
urban garden. To do this, the students will collect data through interview, survey and
internet search. Students will conduct interviews with the officer-in-charge, staff of the city
agriculture office and farmers in the locality. A survey will be done in the community to
determine the number of residents who know how to plant crops and are willing to put up
an urban garden in their homes. An internet search will be done to gather more information
about different styles or lay-out of urban gardens suited for different residential building
designs, and lot areas. The product can be a multimedia presentation, a brochure,
webpage, or a blog that will be presented during a culminating activity. You may invite
farmers, community members or local government officials that will serve as audience for
the students presentation.
DRAFT
The creation of their project should be guided with a product/project rubric that can
also be used as a scoring guide for grading the students performance and learning output.
Task, progress and group contribution checklists must be given to the students to help
them monitor progress and promote self direction. Use planning template to guide students
to think how they will go about completing the task.
March 31, 2014

Things to do before project making:
Make a timetable for the activities and an assessment timeline that will
guide you on the assessment tools to be used before, during, and after
the project-making.
Create a planning template to guide your students during the planning
session
Arrange appointments with the staff/officer-in-charge of the local
agriculture office, farmer, or community members for the survey and
interview.
Request schedule for computer laboratory use for the sorting of data
collected and creation of the product. For those who do not have a
computer laboratory room, the teacher may ask the students to go to
internet caf or survey students who have computers at home where
they can sort collected data and create their products.
Secure a letter signed by the department head and school head for the
parents consent and involvement for the outdoor activities.
Prepare a monitoring, progress and task checklist, product and
collaboration rubric, that will help both students and teacher in the
project making.
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20
Teachers Guide
Sample Assessment Tools:
Source: Intel Assessment Library https://educate.intel.com/assessing/PersonalLibraryPage.aspx
Collaboration Checklist
Examples
Examples of what I offered to project planning:
Examples of what I contributed to the projects

completion:
Examples of my ideas that helped make the project
DRAFT
successful:
Examples of what I did to help our group stay on task:
Examples of strategies I used to resolve conflicts or

problems:
March 31, 2014

What I enjoyed most about this project:
What I learned from this project:
Examples of changes I would make the next time I

work on a group project:
Blog Checklist
Present Comments
My blog has a purpose and a

topic.
I get information from reliable

sources.
My blog is accurate.
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21
Teachers Guide
Present Comments
I draw original conclusions from

my research.
My blog is written for a specific

audience.
I encourage readers to respond.
I update my blog regularly.
I include extra features that add

meaning to my blog.
I cite my sources and follow

copyright laws.
DRAFT
My blog has no spelling or
grammatical errors
My blog has some surprising

and original parts.
March 31, 2014

Group Task Rubric/Self-Assessment
4 3
I/we demonstrated an I/we demonstrated

2 1
I/we demonstrated I/we demonstrated

in-depth substantial gaps in our minimal
understanding of the understanding of the understanding of understanding of the
content, processes, content and task, the content and content.
Understanding of
and demands of the even though some task.
Task
task. supporting ideas or
details may be
overlooked or
misunderstood.
I/we fully achieved I/we accomplished I/we completed I/we attempted to

the purpose of the the task. most of the accomplish the task,
Completion of Task task, including assignment. but with little or no
thoughtful, insightful success.
interpretations and
Mavic Page
22
Teachers Guide
4 3 2 1
conjectures.
I/we communicated I/we communicated I/we I/we did not finish the
our ideas and our findings communicated our investigation and/or
findings effectively, effectively. ideas and were not able to
Communication of raised interesting and findings. communicate our
Findings provocative ideas very well.
questions, and went
beyond what was
expected.
We used all of our We worked well We worked We really did not pull
time productively. together most of the together some of together or work very
DRAFT
Everyone was time. We usually the time. Not productively as a
Group Process involved and listened to each everyone group. Not everyone
contributed to the other and used each contributed equal contributed to the
group process and other's ideas. efforts to the task. group effort.
product.
March 31, 2014

Problems did not We worked together We might have Some people did
discourage us. We to overcome worked more more work than
were positive and problems we productively as a others.
Problem Solving
worked together to encountered. group. OR
solve problems. Nobody worked very
well in the group.
Multimedia Presentation Rubric
4 3 2 1
Content: Purpose
My presentation has a My presentation has a My presentation has a My presentations topic

purpose or theme. All topic. All the parts of topic. Most parts of my is unclear. Many parts
the parts of my my presentation say presentation say of my presentation
presentation say something important something important seem off topic.
something meaningful about the topic. about the topic.
about the purpose or
Mavic Page
23
Teachers Guide
4 3 2 1
theme.
Content: Conclusions
I use my background I draw reasonable With help, I draw I rarely draw

knowledge to interpret conclusions from my conclusions from my conclusions from my
DRAFT
my research research. research. research.
information and draw
meaningful
conclusions.
Content: Key Points
March 31, 2014

My presentation My presentation I try to describe the My presentation is too
combines my research describes the main main ideas of my wordy or missing
and the conclusions I ideas of my research research in a few important information.
have drawn into a few and the conclusions I points, but my
concise, important have drawn in a few presentation may be
points. points. too wordy or missing
information.
Content: Supporting Information
I include appropriate, I include appropriate I try to include findings I do not include enough
meaningful findings findings from research from research to information to support
from credible research to support and explain support and explain my and explain my main
that support and my main points. main points, but some points.
explain my main points. information is
incomplete or
inaccurate.
Multimedia Features
I use graphics, video, I use graphics, video, I use graphics, video, I do not use the
Mavic Page
24
Teachers Guide
4 3 2 1
sound, and other sound, and other sound, and other features of multimedia
multimedia features multimedia features to multimedia features, presentations, or the
effectively to support support my key points. I but sometimes they features that I use are
my key points and follow copyright laws distract from the distracting. I often do
make my presentation when I use multimedia meaning. I usually not follow copyright
more meaningful. I features. follow copyright laws laws when I use
follow all copyright laws when I use multimedia multimedia features.
when I use multimedia features.
features.
Creativity
My presentation My presentation I try to include unusual My presentation

includes unusual and includes some unusual and surprising features, includes no unusual or
surprising features and and surprising features but they do not add to surprising features, or
DRAFT
components that excite that interest my the meaning of my the features I add
my audience about my audience and relate to presentation. detract from the
topic and add to the the meaning. meaning.
meaning.
Organization
March 31, 2014

My presentation begins My presentation begins My presentation is My presentation is
with a slide that with a slide that missing a clear missing an introduction,
introduces the theme in introduces the theme, introduction or a conclusion, and a
an interesting way, builds information, and conclusion, and sense of order.
builds information in a ends with a concluding information may be
logical way, and ends slide. presented in an illogical
with a slide that leaves way.
the audience with an
interesting idea about
the theme to think
about.
Oral Presentation
Mavic Page
25
Teachers Guide
4 3 2 1
I am prepared and I am prepared and I am somewhat I am not at all prepared.

have rehearsed my have rehearsed my prepared, but I should I have not rehearsed
presentation. I speak presentation. I speak have spent more time my presentation. I often
clearly and smoothly in clearly. rehearsing. I deliver a forget what I am doing
an engaging way. presentation but I and lose the audiences
sometimes forget what attention.
I am doing or lose the
audiences attention.
Conventions
My presentation My presentation My presentation My presentation

contains no spelling, contains no spelling, contains a few spelling, contains so many
punctuation, punctuation, punctuation, spelling, punctuation,
capitalization, or capitalization, or capitalization, or capitalization, and
DRAFT
language errors. language errors that language errors that language errors that it
take away from the take away from the is difficult to
meaning. meaning. understand.
March 31, 2014

Summary
Through the process of photosynthesis, plants and other chlorophyll-bearing

organisms produce food for themselves
In photosynthesis, plants capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy
stored in food.
The summary equation for photosynthesis is as follows:
chlorophyll
Carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen
sunlight
Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast found in the leaves of the plants.
Essentially, the two major stages in photosynthesis are:
o Light reaction phase
o Calvin cycle
Improved farming practices enhance photosynthesis that results in good harvest
Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria of the cells.
Organisms release stored energy in food through the process of respiration.
Respiration breaks down glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP) in
the presence of oxygen.
The summary of respiration is as follow:
Mavic Page
26
Teachers Guide
Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + ATP

The breakdown of glucose involves three major steps: glycolysis; Krebs cycle;
electron transport chain
Answers to Summative Assessment:
1. B 6. C
2. A 7. C
3. B 8. D
4. A 9. B
5. D 10. C
References:
Books:
Miller, K etal (2005). Biology New Edition, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Needham,
Massachusetts
DRAFT
Campbell, N etal (2008). Biology Eight Edition, Pearson Education, Inc. San Francisco
California
Bernardo, Ma. E. etal (2005). Hands & Minds On Activities for Biology, Innovative
Materials, Inc.
Rabago, L etal (2010). Functional Biology, Vibal Publishing House, Inc. Quezon City
DepEd (2009). Biology Science and Technology Textbook for Second Year, Book Media
March 31, 2014

press, Inc.
DepEd (2012). NSTIC Science II (Biology), Cebu City
Electronic Sources:
DepEd LRMDS portal http://lrmds.deped.gov.ph/
Beam Science Second Year
EASE Biology
Apex Biology
Internet Sources:
McGraw-hill Companies. (2010). Animation of Photosynthesis. Retrieved from

http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/bio_animations/02_MH_Photosynthesis_Web/in
dex.html; viewed on October, 2013
Mike Tyree (2003). Animation. Retrieved from
http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/forestbiology/photosynthesis.swf
viewed October 2013
Mavic Page
27
Teachers Guide
Peter Weatherwall (18 March 2009).Photosynthesis Song. Retrieved on October 2013 from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1_uez5WX1o
Interactive Concepts in Biochemistry. Retrieved on October 2013 from
http://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/electron_transport/electron_tra
nsport.htm
Intel (2008). Photosynthesis Experiments. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.skoool.ie/skoool/homeworkzone.asp?id=233. [Last Accessed 4
October 2013].
McGraw-Hill (2011). 3D animation-Cellular Respiration. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/bio_animations/MH01_CellularRespiration_Web/
index.html. [Last Accessed 9 October 2013].
J. Stein Carter (1996) Photosynthesis. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/photosyn.htm . [Last 8 October 2013]
Dr. katherine Harris (2008). Krebs Cycle . [ONLINE] Available at:

http://www.hartnell.edu/tutorials/biology/cellularrespiration.html . [Last Accessed 4
DRAFT
November 2013].
Intel (). Assessment Tools. [ONLINE] Available at:

https://educate.intel.com/assessing/PersonalLibraryPage.aspx. [Last Accessed 10 October
2013].
March 31, 2014
Mavic Page
28
Unit 2: Countless and Active Particles of Matter
DRAFT www.ubqool.com
March 31, 2014
www.mychemset.com
1
Unit 2: Countless and Active Particles of Matter
Students learn best when they are given tasks that enable them to discover
and/or experience the science concepts they need to understand. The four modules
in this unit capitalize on this principle. Thus, the four modules in this unit are packed
with different activities which will help you in the development of conceptual
understanding among your students.
Each module in the learners materials takes note of the previous lessons
discussed during the grade 7 and 8 chemistry to facilitate the realization of the
spiral progression way of presenting the chemistry concepts included in the K to 12
Curriculum. As a science teacher, your role is to make your students grasp that
each and every topic discussed is interrelated and interconnected with one another
for them to see the bigger picture and how it is like to acquire an interwoven
knowledge where they can draw solutions to real life problems or answers to
queries. This scenario will create satisfaction among students causing them to be
more engaged with the lessons you are facilitating as you progress in the teaching -
DRAFT
learning process.
To create appropriate teaching-learning scenario, make it sure to try all the

activities before you ask your students to perform them.
The title of this unit gives a general idea of what they are going to learn about
March 31, 2014

matter in grade 9. Countless because of the enormous number of particle present in
one mole and active particles because of the chemical bonds that lead to the
formation of different kinds of substances including carbon compounds.
The modules included in this unit are as follows:
Module 1: Electronic Structure of Matter

Module 2: Chemical Bonding
Module 3: The Carbon Compounds
Module 4: Whats in a Mole?
The pre-assessment in each module will give you a feedback on the students
prior knowledge of the topic to be discussed, thus, the teacher can gage how to start
and where to start. Formative assessments are incorporated in each activity giving the
teacher a clue on how well the learners go along with the lesson. Finally, the summative
assessment will give a clear cut view of the learning outcome.
2
Suggested time allotment: 4 hours
Unit 2
Module
1 Electronic Structure of Matter
Content Standard Learning Competencies

Understand the development of atomic Describe how the Bohr model of the
models that led to the description of atom improved Rutherfords atomic
the behavior of electrons within atoms. model.
Explain how the Quantum Mechanical
DRAFT
Model of the atom describes the
energies and positions of the electrons.
The module presents further development of the atom particularly the electron.
The electron which was believed to be a negatively charged particle in an atom.
Scientists continue studying on what really the structure of atom is.
March 31, 2014

The nuclear atom of Rutherford comprised the proton and neutron and that their
masses are concentrated in the nucleus. For Bohr, these are not the only particles in
the atom. Other particles were found to be electron moving in a definite circular orbit.
Further experiments were made, until they come up with the present model of the
atom. Students are also motivated to do simple activities that will hasten their interests
in knowing scientific concepts to answer their curiosity.
Key questions:
How does the Bohr atomic model differ from Rutherfords model?
What is the basis for the quantum mechanical model of the atom?
How are electrons arranged in the atom?
3
Activity
1 The Flame Test
Earlier concepts of the atomic structure appeared when scientists began to study the
emission and absorption of light from different elements. They theorized that emission
of light of these elements have something to do with the structure of their atoms
Students have learned about characteristics and properties of light when they were in
grade 8. Light exhibits properties that when it absorbed energy in the form of heat, it will
display color that correspond to a certain wavelength.
Perform Activity 1 and find out what happens when metal salts are subjected to heat.
Teaching Tips:
DRAFT
1. Since this is the first activity of the class, the teacher may conduct a pre-lab
discussion on the earlier concepts of the atomic structure.
2. Let the students do the activity.
3. Make sure that all materials needed are ready.
March 31, 2014

4. The teacher will prepare the 3 M Hydrochloric acid solution ahead of time. (If not
available, use a commercial muriatic acid).
5. Remind the students that boron is not a metal. It is a metalloid.
6. Write the safety and precautionary measures on the board.
7. For time management, it is ideal that each activity will be given one (1) hour for
both the activity proper and concept processing provided that the teacher has
complete resources.
Safety and Disposal:
Wear goggles, gloves a safety apron while performing the activity.

Do this activity in a well-ventilated area.
Hydrochloric acid is corrosive.
Ethanol is flammable.
Be careful to extinguish all matches.
4
DRAFT
Observation:
Metal salt tested Element Color of the flame

producing color
Boric acid boron green
Calcium chloride calcium orange
March 31, 2014

Sodium chloride sodium Yellow orange
Potassium chloride potassium Light violet
Copper(II) sulfate copper Blue-green
Answer to Questions
Q1. Metal salts emitted different colors because of the absorption of heat from
the flame.
Q2. The outermost particles in the metallic element are responsible for the
production of colored light.
Q3. The colors observed is an indication that definite energy transformations

occurs inside the atom emitting light. It follows that electrons must occupy orbits of fixed
energy.
At this point, the teacher will have a post activity discussion on the students
observation.
5
Q4. The electrons are moving around the nucleus in circular orbits. When
electrons absorbed extra energy from outside source (flame), the electron moves to a
higher orbit. Colored light is emitted when the electron falls back to a lower orbit. This
light is the difference between the energies of the two orbits involved.
Q5. B. The energy levels (orbits) of electrons are like the steps of a ladder. The
lowest step of the ladder corresponds to the lowest energy level. A person can climb up
and down by going from step to step. Similarly, the electrons can move from one energy
level to another by absorbing or releasing energy. Energy levels in an atom are not
equally spaced which means that the amount of energy are not the same. The higher
energy levels are closer together. The higher energy level occupied by an electron, the
less energy it takes to move from that energy level to the next higher energy level.
The teacher can further discuss the answer in Q5. The teacher may include the
different colors in fireworks display.
DRAFT
Activity
2 Predicting the Probable Location

of an Electron
March 31, 2014

In Bohrs atomic model, electrons moves around the orbit of certain amount of
energy. However, these findings showed that it is not possible to tell the exact position
of the electron at any given instant and how it moves in the atom.
In this activity the student will use an analogy to understand the interpretation of
Schrodingers treatment of the atom.
Teaching Tips:
1. The teacher may start by asking the definition of probability and giving an
example of similar circumstance.
2. Let students work in pair if there are enough materials. Felt-tipped marker is
preferable than pencil.
3. The teacher should demonstrate how the activity will be done. The center of the
circle represents the atoms nucleus and it is the target when dropping the pencil
or marker, dots represents the electrons.
6
DRAFT
March 31, 2014
The set up
4. Record the number of dots on the table below.
Shown is a table data table with hypothetical values for the last three columns.
7
Circle Average Area of Difference of Number of Number Percent
Number Distance Circle, Areas of the Two Dots in of Dots Probability
from Center cm2 Consecutive Circle per cm2 of Finding
cm Circles, cm2 (E)/(D) dots,
%
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G)
1 1.0 3.14 25.13 5 0.1920 19.20
2 3.0 28.27 50.27 44 0.8753 88.53
3 5.0 78.54 75.40 32 0.4244 42.44
4 7.0 153.94 100.53 19 0.1890 18.90
5 9.0 254.47 125.66 0 - -
5. The formula of calculating the area of circle, column (C), A = r2. For example
for a circle with a radius of 1cm, the area = 3.14 x (1cm)2 = 3.14 cm2
6. The calculated values in column (D) is the difference of the areas of the two
consecutive circles like for Circle 1 & 2 = 28.17 3.14 = 25.13.
DRAFT
7. Determine the probability of finding a dot in each of the circle by dividing the
number of dots per cm2 (column F) by the total number of dots (100).
Example: Percent Probability of Finding Dots = 0.1920/ 100 = 19.20%
8. Values in columns E, F, and column G may vary.
March 31, 2014

9. Be sure the students know how to plot a graph.
Answers to Questions
Q1. (Answer will vary)
Based from the data above the number of dots increase abruptly and then decrease
as the dots go farther from the center
Q2 (Answer will vary)

Shown in the table Percent probability = [No. of dots /cm2] X 100
= [0.1920 X 100 = 19.20%
Q3 (Answer will vary) 3 cm
8
Number of Dots in Circle
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
Number of Dots in
15 Circle
10
5
0
1 3 5 7 9
DRAFT
Q4. (Answer will vary) 44 dots
Q5. The results of the activity is similar to the structure of the atom because the
probability of finding an electron (dot) increases abruptly then decreases as it go further
from the nucleus (target).
March
3
31, 2014
Activity
P Electron Configurations
The properties of elements depend mainly on the arrangement of electrons outside

the nucleus. Although there are other known particles in an atom, only the electron is
located outside the nucleus.
The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called electron

configuration. It is important for us to work out electron arrangement to be able to
understand more and predict the properties of elements.
Teaching Tips:
1. The teacher may describe an atom by its principal energy levels, sub-energy
levels and atomic orbitals. Make illustrations other than the table below.
9
2. The teacher can guide the students while doing the activity.
3. The electron configurations of the elements in the third period of the periodic
table is shown below.
Symbol O R B I T A L Electron Configuration

1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz 3s 3px 2py 2pz
11Na 1s22s22px22py22pz23s1
12Mg 1s22s22px22py22pz23s2
13 Al 1s22s22px22py22pz23s23 px13py 3pz
14Si 1s22s22px22py22pz23s2 3px13py13pz
15P 1s22s22px22py22pz23s2 3px13py13pz1
16S 1s22s22px22py22pz23s2 3px23py13pz1
DRAFT
17Cl 1s22s22px22py22pz23s2 3px23py23pz1
18 Ar 1s22s22px22py22pz23s23px23py23pz2
March 31, 2014

Q1. Yes
Q2. Some patterns are:
1. An orbital has a maximum of two opposite spins.
2. An orbital in the same sublevel is filled with one spin before pairing.
3. Filling the orbitals with electron starts from lowest energy level to
highest energy level. (1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p
4. The total number of electrons on the outermost energy level is the

same as the group number in the periodic table of elements.
Q3. Some rules are:
1. An electron can be represented by a spin.
2. In filling the orbitals with electron, it should start with the lowest
energy level.
3. An orbital in the same sublevel should be filled with one electron

before pairing.
10
4. An orbital has a maximum number of two electrons.
Answer Key:
Pre-Assessment:
1. c 6. c
2. c 7. c
3. d 8. d
4. a 9. d
5. d 10. c
Summative Assessment:
I.
1. B
DRAFT
2. C
3. C
4. C
5. C
6. A
March 31, 2014

II.
1. 2px2 : 1s22s22px12py1
2. 3d113d21: 1s22s22px22py22pz23s23px23py23pz2 4s2
3. 4s1 : 1s22s22px22py22pz23s23px23py2 3pz1
4. 3px2 3d11: 1s22s22px22py22pz23s23px13py13pz1
5. 3d12 3d22: 1s22s22px22py22pz23s23px23py23pz2 4s2
11
References:
Brown, Theodore, LeMay, H.Eugene,Bursten, Bruce, Murphy, Catherine, Woodward,

Patrick (2009) Chemistry: The Central Science 11th Edition Pearson Education,
South Asia PTE. LTD. Singapore
Carmichaels, H. (1983). Laboratory chemistry,. Columbus, Ohio: Merrill Publishing Co.
Department of Education, Culture and Sports. (2004).Chemistry:Science and

Technology textbook for 3rd year. (Revised Ed.). Quezon City: Author.
Kotz, John C. , Treichel, Paul M. Townsend, John R. (2010) Chemistry and Chemical
Reactivity Enhanced Ed. Canada: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.
LeMay, E, Beall, H., Roblee, K. & Browser, D..(1996). Chemistry Connection to Our
Changing world, Teacher Edition.New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc.
Mendoza, E. & Religioso,T. (2001). Chemistry. . Quezon City:Phoenix-SIBS Publishing
DRAFT
House,Inc..
Silberberg, Martin S., (2009) Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change 5th
Edition, International Edition 2010 McGraw-Hill, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
New York
March 31, 2014

Smoot, R.C. Smith, R.G & Price, J.(1995) Chemistry Wraparound Teachers Edition,
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Merril Publishing Co., Ohio
The ekShiksha Team, Affordable Solutions Lab(ASL), Indian Institute of Technology,

Bombay, India (n.d). Matter in our surroundings. Retrieved: October 3, 2013.
http://www.it.iitb.ac.in/ekshiksha/eContent-Show.do?document!d=88
University of the Philippines National Institute for Science and Mathematics Education
Development. (2001). Practical work in high school chemistry: Sourcebook for
teachers. Quezon City: Author.
Wilbraham, A.C., Staley, D.D., & Matta, M.S.(1997). Chemistry expanded.(4th

Ed.)Teacher Edition. California: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
12
Suggested Time allotment: 12-14 hours
Unit 2
MODULE
2 Chemical Bonding
Content Standard Learning Competencies

How atoms combine with other Explain the formation of ionic and
atoms by transferring or by sharing covalent bonds.
electrons Recognize different types of
Forces that holds metals together compounds (ionic or covalent) based
on their properties such as melting
point, hardness, polarity and
electrical and thermal conductivity.
DRAFT
Explain properties of metals in terms
of their structure.
Explain how ions are formed.
To the Teacher:
March 31, 2014

Chemical bonding is a complex topic for Grade 9 students. Its complexity is
aggravated by the fact that students cannot observe what is going on at a sub-
microscopic level wherein atoms react to form a compound, but as a Science teacher
you need to present this topic in such a way that the students will understand. Asking
the students to prepare a representation of the bonds existing between or among atoms
will make you assess their mental models about the topic. You should be very careful
with the analogy you are going to use because it might lead to misconceptions and/or
alternative conceptions.
Overview:
The students already have knowledge about the particle nature of matter from
Grade 8. It is helpful for the students to provide scenarios or activities that will enable
them to connect these bits of information to cope up with the new lesson.
In this module you will introduce the forces of attraction between atoms that lead
to chemical bonding. This may result in the sharing or complete transfer of electrons
causing the atoms to become isoelectronic with the noble or inert gases, indicating that
they have attained stability.
13
In the course of the discussion, it would be better if you will focus and direct the
discussion of this module towards the discovery of concepts that will answer the
following focus questions.
How are ionic and covalent compounds formed?

Why is an ionic compound different from a covalent compound?
How is a metallic bond formed?
Activity
1 Mapping the Periodic Table
DRAFT
This activity highlights the location of the metals, non-metals and noble gases in
the periodic table of elements. This is important for the students to realize that with the
use of the periodic table they can easily determine the kind of atom they are dealing
with. This will also help you in teaching the students the concept of metals tends to
donate electrons while non-metals tend to gain electrons.
March 31, 2014

Q1. Where can you find metals, non-metals and noble gases in the periodic table of
elements?
Facing the periodic table, metals are located before the metalloids, on the
left
side of the periodic table of element (Groups I -13).
Facing the periodic table, non-metals are found after the metalloids, on the
right side of the periodic table (Groups 14-17).
Noble gases are at the rightmost column of the periodic table (Group 18).
Q2. Which number tells you the number of valence electrons?

The representative elements or main group elements are found in the s-
block and p-block of the periodic table. The group number of the s-block (Groups
1 and 2) elements tells us the number of valence electrons. For example, all
elements belonging to Group 2 have two (2) valence electrons. An exception is
helium in Group 18. For the p-block elements (Groups 13 to 18), the number of
valence electrons is the group number minus 10. This pattern does not include
the transition elements.
Q3. What do you notice in the number of valence electrons of metals, non-metals and
14
noble gases?
Metals have lesser valence electrons than non-metals. All noble gases have
8 valence electrons except for helium, which has 2 valence electrons.
Q4. What kind of element has:

a. less than 4 valence electrons?
Metals have valence electrons less than 4.
b. more than 4 valence electrons?
Non-metals have valence electrons of more than 4.
c. low electronegativity?
Generally, metals have low electronegativity.
d. high electronegativity?
Generally, non-metals have high electronegativity.
DRAFT
e. low ionization energy?
Metals have low ionization energy.
f. high ionization energy?

Non-metals have high ionization energy.
March 31, 2014

Process this activity in such a way that the students will realize the strength of
non-metals in attracting the valence electrons and what will happen to the atom if it
loses or gain electrons.
Reiterate to the students that the valence electrons are the outermost electrons
directly involved in chemical bonding. Thus, they need to know how to represent the
valence electrons trough the Lewis symbol
15
Activity
. 2 Lewis Symbol
Table 1. Lewis Symbols

Electronegativity Ionization
Element Family/Group Lewis Value Energy
Symbol (kJ/mol)
lithium 1 Li . 1.0 520
..
fluorine 7 :F: 4.0 1681
.
..
DRAFT
sulfur 6 :S: 2.5 1000
calcium 2 Ca: 1.0 590
.
nitrogen 5 :N: 3.0 1402
.
aluminum 3 Al: 1.5 578
March 31, 2014

Q1. Arrange the elements in increasing:

a. valence electrons
Li<Ca<Al<N<S<F
b. electronegativity values.
Li<Ca<Al<N<S<F
c. Ionization energy.
Li<Ca<Al<N<S<F
Q2. What do you notice with the number of valence electrons, electronegativity values
and ionization energies of the elements?
As the number of valence electron increases, electronegativity and
ionization energy also increase.
Q3. What kind of element has the greatest tendency to attract electrons? Why?
Non-metals have the greatest tendency to attract electrons because they
have high electronegativity.
16
Q4. What kind of element requires high energy to remove its valence electrons? Why?
Non-metals have high energy requirement to pull its valence electrons.
Make it clear to the students that electrons move and atoms may gain or lose
electrons. You may also discuss that there is an electrostatic force of attraction existing
between and among atoms. For them to experience how electrostatic force of attraction
works, you may use magnet or rub plastic and place it above small pieces of paper.
Activity
3 Bonding by Transfer of Electrons
Bonding by transfer of electrons is ionic bonding. It is good to emphasize to the

learners that this kind of chemical bond only exist between metals and non-metals.
Knowledge acquired from the first two activities can be used to represent ionic bonding.
DRAFT
You may guide your students in choosing the metallic and the non-metallic
element for this activity. Remind them that they need to consider metals from Groups 1
and 2 and the non-metals from the halogen group (Group 7). Tell your students that the
best way in choosing the combination that will form ionic bond is by computing the
electronegativity difference between the two elements. A combination which has an
electronegativity difference of above 1.9 will result to ionic bond.
March 31, 2014

Q1. What kind of element forms cation after ionic bonding? Why?
Metals form cations because they completely transfer or give away
electrons.
Q2. What kind of element forms anion after ionic bonding? Why?
Non-metals form anions because they attract electrons toward
themselves.
Q3. Why do ions form after ionic bonding?

Ions form after ionic bonding because this type of bond involves
complete transfer of electrons.
Q4. Did the atoms attain stability after ionic bonding? Explain you answer.
Yes, after ionic bonding the participating atoms attain the stable
electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas.
Q5. How can you tell that ionic bonding will take place between metals and non-metals?
Ionic bonding will take place between metal and non-metal with
electronegativity difference of greater than 1.9.
17
Q6. Will all combinations of metals and non-metals form ionic bond? Why?
Not all metal-nonmetal combinations will result in an ionic bond.

Only those with electronegativity difference of more than 1.9 will result to
an ionic bond.
The best example of a metal-non-metal combination which did not result to ionic bond is
AlCl3. The electronegativity difference is only 1.5 thus, instead of ionic bond it forms a
polar covalent bond.
Activity
4 Bonding by Sharing of Electrons
DRAFT
There are compounds where the combining atoms do not transfer electrons or
accept electrons. Instead, the combining atoms are held together by shared electrons.
The chemical bond formed by sharing of electrons is called a covalent bond.
Recall from Activity 2 that the Lewis symbols or electron dot formulas do not
include the inner electrons of the atom. It only shows the valence electrons as dots. For
March 31, 2014

example, fluorine has seven valence electrons. To form the fluorine molecule, the two
fluorine atoms will share electrons. Each fluorine atom has eight electrons (an octet) in
its valence shell, just like the electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas element,
neon (Ne). There is a pair of bonding electrons between the two F atoms and three
pairs (six electrons) of nonbonding electrons belonging to each atom as shown below:
.. ..
:F:F:
.. ..
The bonding electrons are counted as belonging to both atoms. The nonbonding
electrons are those that are not share with another atom.
18
Table 2. Types of Covalent Bonds
Compound Chemical Lewis Structure Type of Bond

Formula (polar covalent/nonpolar
covalent)
..
ammonia NH3 H:N:H polar covalent
..
H
..
water H2O H:O:H polar covalent
..
..
hydrogen chloride HCl H:Cl: polar covalent
..
DRAFT
.. ..
F2 :F:F: nonpolar covalent
Fluorine gas .. ..
.. ..
oxygen gas O2 :O: : O:
March 31, 2014

nonpolar covalent
.. ..
H
..
methane CH4 H:C:H nonpolar covalent
..
H
hydrogen gas H2 H:H nonpolar covalent

..
H:P:H
phosphine PH3 ..
polar covalent
H
.. .. ..
sulfur dioxide SO2 :O::S::O: polar covalent
.. ..
chlorine gas Cl2 :Cl:Cl: nonpolar covalent
.. ..
19
Note:
Emphasize to the students that there are molecules and ions which have more
than eight (8) valence electrons around the central atom. These are elements which
which are non-metals from Period 3 or higher, which have d orbitals that are available
for the two extra electrons to occupy. Thus, sulfur (S) in sulphur dioxide is surrounded
by 10 electrons.
Q1. How do covalent bonds form between atoms?

Covalent bonds form between atoms due to the sharing of electrons
to attain stability.
Q2. What kind of elements usually forms covalent bond? Is it possible for metals and
non-metals to form nonpolar covalent? Why? How about polar covalent bond? Why?
DRAFT
Generally, non-metals form covalent bonds. However, there are
cases that metals and non-metals also form polar covalent bond. It is
impossible for a metal and a non-metal to form a nonpolar covalent bond.
Q3. Why is it that diatomic molecules always form nonpolar covalent bond?
Diatomic molecules always form nonpolar covalent bonds because
March 31, 2014

of the equal electronegativity values resulting to equal sharing of electrons.
Q4. Differentiate polar covalent bond from nonpolar covalent bond.

Polar covalent bond involves unequal sharing of electrons while
nonpolar covalent bond involves equal sharing of electron.
Activity
5 Bonding Among Metals
Metals have low ionization energy so they easily lose their outermost electrons. A
large number of metal atoms can share their valence electrons through a special type of
bond called metallic bonding. This type of bonding is different from the covalent and the
20
ionic bond. In metallic bonding, the electrons are not moving around one nucleus. The
positive atomic nuclei of the metal are surrounded by electrons moving freely
throughout the piece of metal. These moving electrons in metals are called a sea of
electrons. So, what holds the metal together are the strong forces of attraction between
the positive nuclei and the freely moving electrons.
You may ask your students to draw how a metallic bond looks like for you to find
out their mental models about metallic bonding after you have explained what takes
place in metallic bonding.
Note to the Teacher: This is a simplified model of metallic bonding. It cannot account
for the differences in properties of individual metals. The bond theory of metals will be
able to explain the individual differences among metals. This bond theory will be
explained in chemistry lessons at the university level.
Q1. What do you think will make bonding among metals possible?
DRAFT
Metals tend to lose electrons to become stable, this property makes
metallic bonding possible the positive atomic nuclei are surrounded by
moving electrons, which are negatively charged, are then attracted to the
positively charged nuclei.
March 31, 2014

Table 3. Metallic Properties
Metallic Property Explanation

Luster Metals are lustrous because when light strikes the surface of the
metal, the free valence electrons reflect the light giving the metal a
shiny appearance.
Malleability Metals can be flattened or can be formed into sheets when being
hammered because of the ability of the metal atoms to slide over
each another without breaking the metallic bond.
21
Ductility Metals can be drawn into fine wire because of the free moving
electrons which enable the metal atoms to slide over each other.
Good Conductor of Metals are good conductors of electricity because the electrons are
electricity free to move within the metal.
Good thermal Metals are good conductors of heat because the positive metal
conductor nuclei are close together and can easily transfer the heat. The
motions of the moving electrons also transfer heat.
Table 4: Uses of Metals

Metal Uses
1. copper Electrical wiring, metal sculpture and component of jewelry
2. aluminum Cookware, housing and building materials
3. gold Jewelry
4. iron Manufacturing of machine and equipment;
housing and building materials
5. nickle Production of alloy
6. silver Jewelry
DRAFT
Table 5: Types of Chemical Bonds
Material
BH3 (borane)
Type of Chemical Bonds
Polar covalent bond
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CaF2 (calcium fluoride) Ionic bond
KCl (potassium chloride) Ionic bond
Al (aluminium foil) Metallic bond
Cu (copper wire) Metallic bond
I2(iodine gas) Nonpolar covalent bond
CO (carbon monoxide) Polar covalent bond
Activity
6 Differences between Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Note to the Teacher: The Electrical Conductivity Apparatus is used to test whether a
solution can conduct electricity. The improvised electrical conductivity apparatus can be
22
made out of piezo buzzer which can be obtained from a musical card. Electrical wire is
attached to the piezo buzzer connection and the dry cell which serves as the positive
and negative electrodes. When the electrodes are dipped in the aqueous solution,
sound is produced which indicates that the solution is a good conductor of electricity.
If you cannot find a musical card in your place you can construct an open circuit just like
in the piezo buzzer with the use of 1.5 volts LED. The long leg of the LED is connected
to the negative terminal of a 1.5 volt-dry cell. Attach the wire to the positive end of the
dry cell and strip its end exposing the copper wire. Connect wire to the short leg of the
LED, this will serve as the end to be dipped in the sample solution. Once the positive
and the negative electrodes (jumper wire in both ends) are dipped in the solution and
the LED produce light which means the solution can conduct electricity (See figure 8).
Refer to the following figures for your guidance in the construction of electrical
conductivity apparatus.
DRAFT
battery case
jumper wire
AA battery
March 31, 2014

LED
150 ohm resistor
Figure 1
23
Place the batteries inside the battery case.
NOTE: Consider the polarity in placing the battery.
DRAFT
Figure 2
Solder 1 end of the

150 ohm resistor to the
long leg of the LED.
March 31, 2014

Figure 3
24
Solder the other end of the 150 ohm
resistor to the positive terminal (red wire)
of the battery case.
DRAFT
Figure 4
March 31, 2014

Cut the jumper wire 2:1 length ratio.
Figure 5
25
Solder the short jumper wire to
the negative terminal
(black wire) of the battery case.
Figure 6
DRAFT
Solder the long jumper wire
to the short leg of the LED.
March 31, 2014

Figure 7
Bright light
means that the
solution
conducts
electricity.
Figure 8
26
In performing this activity remind your students to wash the electrodes after every
use. While supervising your students, see to it that the two electrodes are not touching
each other in doing the electrical conductivity test.
For further investigation, you may ask the learners to bring different samples of
beverages and ask them to test its electrical conductivity. They will find out that the
beverages with ions (usually energy drinks) can conduct electricity.
Table 6: Properties of Some Compounds

Reaction to Solubility in Type of
Compound Heat Electrical Water Compound
(melted easily/ Conductivity (soluble/ (ionic/polar
did not melt) (2) not soluble covalent/
(1) (3) nonpolar
covalent)
(4)
DRAFT
salt did not melt conducts soluble Ionic bond
electricity when
dissolved in
water
vetsin did not melt Conducts soluble Ionic bond
March 31, 2014

electricity when
dissolved in
water
wax melted easily does not Nonpolar

conduct not soluble covalent bond
electricity
sugar melts easily does not soluble Polar covalent
conduct bond
electricity
Q1. What type of compound:

a. dissolves easily in water?
polar covalent and ionic compounds
b. conducts electricity in solution?

ionic compounds
27
c. melts easily?
covalent compounds have low melting temperature
Q2. Explain why salt and vetsin can conduct electricity in solution?
Ionic compounds, like salt and vetsin give off positive (cations) and
negative (anions) ions in solution that is why they can conduct electricity.
Salt and vetsin release sodium cation (Na+). Salt also releases chloride
anion
(Cl -) in aqueous solution while vetsin releases glutamate anion.
Q3. Make a general statement about the properties of ionic and covalent compounds.
Ionic compounds are water soluble, they have high melting point and
can conduct electricity in solution. Covalent compounds have low melting
point, nonpolar covalent compounds are insoluble in water and usually are
poor conductors of heat and electricity.
DRAFT
Answer Key:
Pre-Assessment:
1. b. electronegativity
2. b. molecule
March 31, 2014

3. d. A metallic element like sodium transfers an electron to a non-metallic element
like fluorine.
4. d. nonpolar covalent bond
5. c. metallic bond
6. c.They are malleable.
7. a. it take place when atoms share electrons with one another.
8. c. 3
9. a. sodium chloride (salt)
10. d. having 8 valence electron
Summative Assessment
1. c. low electronegativity
2. b. II & III
3. d. nonpolar covalent bond
4. d. Li and F
5. c. The bond in Br2 is covalent while the bond in MgF2 is ionic.
6. a. attain stability
7. b. electrostatic force
8. d. monosodium glutamate
9. c. metallic bond
10. a. bronze, paraffin wax and salt
28
References:
LeMay, E.H. Jr., Robblee, K.M., Brower, H., Douglas C. (1996). ChemistryConnections
to Our Changing World. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc.
Magno, M., et. al. (2001).Practical Work in High School Chemistry Sourcebook for
Teachers. Quezon City: UP National Institute for Science & Mathematics Education
Development
Silberberg, M. (1996).Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change. St.

Louis: Mosby.
Wilbraham, A.C., Staley, D. D., Matta, M. (1997).Chemistry, 4thed. New York: Addison-
Wesley Pub.
DRAFT
Wilbraham, A.C., Staley, D.D., Matta, M.S. & Waterman, E.L. (2007). Chemistry,
Teachers Ed. Boston, Massachusetts:Pearson, Prentice Hall, Inc.
Internet Links:
March 31, 2014

chemed.chem.purdue.edu
http://curriculum.nismed.upd.edu.ph
http://www.smallscalechemistry.colostate.edu/PowerfulPictures/ChemicalBonding.pdf
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/electroneg.html
http://chemistry.about.com/od/electronicstructure/a/Octet-Rule.htm
http://www.edu-resource.com/chemistry/what-are-ionic-compounds.php
http://misterguch.brinkster.net/ionic.html
29
Unit 2
Time Allotment: 12 hours
Module
The Carbon Compounds
3
Content Standards Performance Standards Learning Competencies
The learners The learners should be The learners should be

should be able to: able to: able to:
demonstrate perform guided explain how the structure

understanding of the experiments in determining of carbon atom affects the
types of bonds that the properties of common types of bonds it forms
DRAFT
carbon atom forms organic compounds
resulting to the
diversity of carbon investigate the ability of recognize the general
compounds. ethyne (acetylene) to classes and uses of
hasten the ripening of fruits organic compounds.
such as bananas.
March 31, 2014

After learning about how non-metals form chemical bonds to form compounds in
module 2, the students in this module will now study about common carbon compounds
or organic compounds. They will also learn why carbon is so special compared to other
elements. The module will provide adequate activities to the students that will make
them learn about carbon compounds, their uses and the properties that are attributed to
their uses.
Key questions:
What are organic compounds?
What are the important uses of organic compounds?
How are the carbon atoms able to form many organic

compounds?
In what ways are the properties of organic compounds

related to their uses?
30
To the Teacher:
This module is designed for a maximum of 12 hours. You can make adjustments
however to shorten the time of some activities. You can do this by pre-assigning some
activities instead of letting the students conduct the experiments during the sessions.
Every activity in this module is designed in such a way that the students will be guided
or will be able to learn in stages because the activities are set in proper sequence. Each
activity is connected to the next activity.
Make necessary safety precautions on all the activities, particularly on activities

that will use chemicals to avoid accidents. Always review the materials safety data
sheet. You can download a copy of the materials safety data sheet (MSDS) in the
internet.
DRAFT
______________________________________________________________________________
March 31, 2014

Activity
1 Organic Compounds: Are they Useful?
Many organic compounds are commonly used at home or in the community.

These compounds have their specific uses. Some of these compounds are used to fuel
vehicles, light lamps, cook food, disinfect wounds, flavor beverages and lubricate
machines. However, students are not really familiar with the kinds of these organic
compounds and their specific purposes. In this activity, the students will be able to learn
about the specific kinds of common organic compounds that they usually see or use. In
addition, the activity will make them aware of the importance of these compounds in
their everyday life.
31
Teaching Tips
1. As an assignment, let your students search for the uses of the following common
compounds: gasoline, acetic acid, lubricating oil, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG),
ethyl alcohol, diesel oil, acetone and kerosene. (*This is only optional. If you
think the class is already familiar with these compounds, you can just
introduce these compounds in the beginning of the session.)
2. Before giving the lesson to the class, show them pictures of the following
products: gasoline, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, liquefied petroleum gas
(LPG), acetone, acetic acid (vinegar). These products are all composed of
organic compounds.
3. In the class, let your students work in groups. Tell them to brainstorm about the
uses of the compounds listed on Table 1. Using the format of the table in the
module let the students write their outputs on a piece of Manila paper.
DRAFT
4. After the given working time, select some groups of students to present their
outputs in front of the class. Make sure to start a discussion by asking questions
based on their outputs. This will allow the students to assess and see the value
of their own work and at the same time reinforce learned concepts.
5. When all the selected groups are done with their presentations, show the class
March 31, 2014

other examples of organic compounds and facilitate a brief discussion about
them or let some students tell about the uses of these compounds. This will
make them more familiar with many kinds of organic compounds.
6. After the presentation of the other examples of common organic compounds,

discuss to the students the definition of the term organic compounds. Be clear
with the definition and explain to them clearly why these compounds are referred
to as organic compounds.
7. This lesson is good for two (2) meetings. Let the students do the activity first and
have the discussions on the next meeting or session.
I. You may use the following information about the meaning of organic compounds.
A. Traditionally, the term organic compound is used for the compounds that
are derived from plants and animals. Among the examples of which are ethyl
alcohol, sugar and acetic acid.
B. However, these kinds of compounds are also produced artificially. For example:
alcohol and acetic acid can be derived from petroleum.
32
C. Therefore, how are these compounds classified as organic compounds? Organic
compounds are group of carbon-containing compounds. Organic compounds
contain carbon and hydrogen; other organic compounds are combined with other
elements namely oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur, and halogens (fluorine,
chlorine, bromine, and iodine). Ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol),
acetic acid, acetone and diesel oil are just some of the many examples of useful
organic compounds.
1. Table 1: Organic compounds and their uses
Organic Compounds
Gasoline Ethyl Acetone LPG kerosene Acetic
alcohol acid
Beverage
Food
DRAFT
Uses Antiseptic
Fuel
Cleaner
(* This activity is adapted, with minor modification, from Glencoe Physical Science Texas Edition .(1997).
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., page 369)
March 31, 2014

Q1.
Compounds Uses Compounds Uses
Gasoline Fuel for vehicles Ethyl alcohol Disinfectant, used

as main ingredient
Kerosene Fuel for lamps in liquors
(gasera)and
portable cooking Acetone Used to remove nail
stove (kusinilya). polish
Can be used to Acetic acid
remove paints. Used as component
of vinegar (4% by
LPG (liquefied Fuel for gas stove volume)
petroleum gas) and cars.
Can be used to treat
fungal infection
33
Q2. These common organic compounds are very important because they have many
uses at home and in the industry.
______________________________________________________________________
Activity
2 Properties of Common Organic Compounds
In this activity, the students will be able to observe the properties of common
organic compounds and relate these properties to their uses. This activity will make
your students learn why some organic compounds have their own specific purposes.
DRAFT
Teaching Tips
1. Before letting the students do the experiments, discuss first the safety
precautions that the students should take on the conduct of the experiments
March 31, 2014

and make sure that each group of students has complete materials. This is to
guarantee students safety and task completion.
2. During the activity, make sure to do a constant supervision to ensure that

students are doing things according to the given procedure. This will save
time and the students will be properly guided on their tasks.
3. After their experiments, choose one group to present their output. Once they
are done with their presentation, discuss the answers to the questions so that
valid generalizations will be made clear to students.
4. This lesson is good for three (3) sessions.
Use the following information in discussing the properties of the liquids used in
the activity:
34
I. Phase of matter is the physical state of the material. This describes the
physical property of matter if its solid, liquid, or gas.
II. Viscosity is a measure of a fluids resistance to flow. If the viscosity is

high, the flow of the liquid is slow or the liquid is thick. In this activity, the
viscosities of the liquids will be measured based on the average time it
takes the plastic bead to reach the bottom of the test tube. Although the
flows of the liquids were not directly measured, the speed of the fall of
the plastic bead from top to bottom of the container is relative to the
thickness or viscosity of the liquids. Thus, if the time it takes the
marble to reach the bottom of the graduated cylinder is slow, it means that
DRAFT
the viscosity of the liquid is high.
III. Volatility is the measure of the tendency of substance to evaporate or to

turn into its gaseous state. In this activity, volatilities of the liquids were
March 31, 2014

measured based on the time it take the liquids to evaporate.
IV. Flammability is the measure of how a material easily burns. In this activity,
flammability of the liquids will be measured based on the time it takes the
wet cotton buds to finish burning.
Q1. Lubricating oil. Common uses of viscous materials or liquids are used to lubricate
parts of machines, instruments or appliances such as motor of electric fan; and
protect metals from rusting.
Q2. Kerosene and ethyl alcohol. Flammable liquids such as kerosene is used as fuel
for lamps (gasera) and portable stove (kusinilya). Although ethyl alcohol is also
flammable, it is not used alone as fuel for stoves or lamps because it is highly
35
volatile and highly flammable. But ethanol is used as components of biofuels for
vehicles. It is commonly used as disinfectant and ingredient for liquors.
Q3. Kerosene and ethyl alcohol.
Q4. It is important to have knowledge about the properties of these compounds

so people will be aware of their behaviour, uses and effects on people.
Activity
3 The Hydrocarbon
This activity will acquaint the students with the useful characteristics of carbon
atoms and the relationship of the structures and properties of the special group of
another type of organic compounds, the hydrocarbons.
1.
DRAFT
Teaching Tips
As an assignment, instruct the students to search for the uses of the following
March 31, 2014

compounds: methane, butane, octane, ethane, ethyne (acetylene), propene, and
propyne.
2. In this activity, the students must have a good background about covalent
bonding for them to be able to complete the tasks. To make sure that the
students still remember their lesson from module 2 about the types of bonds
formed in covalent bonding, ask them the following questions:
a. How do atoms of non-metal elements form their compounds? Answer: By

bonding through sharing of electrons with other elements or with same
elements.
b. What types of bonds do non-metals form in compounds?

Answers: single bond, double bond and triple bond
3. After checking the background knowledge of the students about covalent

bonding, clearly discuss to them the meaning of structural formula, condensed
formula, and boiling point. The meanings of these terms are very important
because the students will be drawing the trends about these properties from the
given tables of information in the learning module. The definitions of the terms
are as follow:
36
a. Structural formula is a formula for a molecular compound that indicates
the atoms present and the bonding sequence of the atoms. The covalent
bonds between atoms are conveyed as lines connecting the symbols of
the bonded atoms. This formula gives a clear illustration about the
structure of a compound.
b. Condensed Formula is a formula for a molecular compound that indicates

the bonding sequence without showing all the bonds. It should be clear
that the carbon atoms are bonded together in sequence, and each carbon
is bonded to the hydrogen atoms next to the formula.
c. Boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid evaporates or becomes

vapor.
4. Before letting the students start the activity, make sure to give them clear
instructions about what they are going to do exactly in the activity. Explain to
DRAFT
them the objectives of the task and make clarifications on some questions they
are likely to get confused with without leading them to the exact answers. They
should figure out on their own the trends or the patterns of the compounds from
the tables of data. The students may also be allowed to work either in groups so
they can have collaboration or exchange of ideas, or individually if they can. Give
them enough time to get the ideas about the trends in the properties included in
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the tables of data, and answer all the questions in the activity. 30 minutes will be
enough for the students to study the tables of data and answer the questions. If
they dont finish in 30 minutes, they may be given a 5 minute extension.
5. After the students are done answering all the questions, select or ask a group
to present its work in front of the class. Do not let all the groups or many students
present their outputs because you dont have enough time to let them all share
their answers. One group will be enough to start a discussion about the correct
answers in the activity.
6. When the group is done with its presentation, make sure also to clarify or correct
some answers regarding the trends of the properties of the compounds in the
tables of data. Discuss to them the information about the common groups of
hydrocarbons: alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Use the information below.
a. Alkanes are hydrocarbon compounds that only have single bonds in the
compounds. Alkanes are also known as saturated hydrocarbons because
additional hydrogen atoms can no longer bond in the compound. The first
alkane is methane, CH4, and the second member is ethane, CH3CH3,
which are common alkane compounds. The name of the compounds in
this group all end with -ane.
37
b. Alkenes are hydrocarbons that have one or more carbon-carbon double
bonds in their structures. The name of alkene compounds end in ene.
The simplest alkenes are ethene, CH2CH2, and propene, CH2CHCH3.
c. Alkynes contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. The most common
alkyne compound is ethyne or acetylene.
*This lesson is good for two (2) meetings.
Q1. Compounds in the alkanes group only have single bonds between carbon atoms.
Alkenes have at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the
compounds. Alkynes have at least one triple bond between carbon atoms in the
compounds.
DRAFT
Q2. The physical state of the alkanes from methane to butane is gas, and from
pentane to octane: liquid. The reason for this is related to the structure of the
compounds. If the molecule of the compound is small it interacts less with each
other. Just like methane, it is likely to be a gaseous compound. When the
March 31, 2014

molecules become bigger in size or structure, they can closely interact with each
other and they will become more likely to be liquid just like in the case of octane.
Octane molecule has a very long chained structure that makes it heavy to be a
gaseous compound. The trend in the phase of the compounds is also the same
with the alkenes and the alkynes. The phase of the alkenes and alkynes is a gas
when the molecules is small and becomes liquid as the molecules become
bigger.
The trend in the structures of the compounds in alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes is
the same. The size of the structures of the compounds is increasing because the
compounds become bigger or longer.
The trend in the boiling point of the compounds in alkanes, alkenes, and
alkynes is also in an increasing pattern. This is because of their structures. As
the structures of the compounds become bigger, they also interact more with
38
each other. Bigger molecules that interact with each other more strongly require
higher temperature to evaporate. That is why they have higher boiling point.
Q3. The reason why there are hydrocarbons that are gases and liquids is because
of the structure or the size of the molecules of the compounds. When the
molecules are small, they tend to interact less among each other. Smaller
molecules are usually gases. And when molecules have bigger structures, they
interact more with each other. Thus, bigger molecules then tend to settle in
liquid state.
Q4. The reason for so many hydrocarbon compounds is the carbon atom. Carbon
atoms have four valence electrons. This atomic structure of the carbon makes it
DRAFT
possible to form many types of bonds with other elements and with other carbon
atoms. The formation of these bonds results to many different hydrocarbons.
Q5. What hydrocarbon compounds are gases and liquids? What are the uses of
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gaseous hydrocarbon compounds and liquid hydrocarbon compounds? Common
examples of gaseous hydrocarbon compounds are methane, butane, propene,
and ethyne (acetylene). Methane gas is the most common hydrocarbon. It is
used as fuel for cigarette lighters and LPG. It is also mixed with other fuel for
vehicles. Butane gas is used as fuel, blended to other hydrocarbons to produce
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and is also used as fuel cigarette lighter. The
color of the flame when butane is used in cigarette lighter is blue. Ethyne gas or
commonly known as acetylene is used commonly in flame torch that is used in
welding of iron, and it is also used for hastening the ripening of fruits.
Examples of common liquid hydrocarbons are octane and pentene. Octane and
pentene are used as components of gasoline.
39
Activity
4 Which bananas will ripen faster?
In the previous activity, you have already discussed about the uses of common
hydrocarbons particularly ethyne or acetylene. They now know its uses. In this activity,
you will let the students investigate the actual use of ethyne (acetylene), a hydrocarbon.
The students will conduct an experiment to find out if acetylene gas can really ripen
bananas in just a short period of time compared to the natural process of ripening.
Teaching Tips
1. The experiment will use a chemical compound calcium carbide, CaC2 (kalburo).
Though this chemical is not that dangerous, it still needs to be handled properly
so that possible harm to the students may be avoided. It is advised that the
DRAFT
teacher be the one to prepare this material in the experiment. Remember that
when calcium carbide is mixed with water, acetylene gas will be produced.
Acetylene is a flammable gas. So even if this experiment will not be used with
water, extreme precaution for the safety of the students must be observed.
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Safety Tips:
Make sure that calcium carbide does not come in contact with water!
Use safety goggles to protect your eyes.
2. Prior to this experiment, ask the students to bring 6 green, unripe bananas. 6
bananas are needed for this activity because these bananas will be divided into
two groups, with 3 bananas per group, so that each group will have acceptable
number of replicates. Tell the students that the bananas should be matured or
are ready to ripen in several days, but are still green or are not yellowish in color.
Let them also bring two (2) empty shoe boxes or empty fruit juice boxes and
newspapers. If the students cannot afford to do this experiment individually, let
the students to this in groups so that the materials will not be too costly for them
or you can just demonstrate this experiment in the class.
3. In the class, before letting the students prepare their experiments, let them
answer Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4. Answering these questions will give the students an
idea on what to do and expect to happen in the experiment and will also set their
mood for the new learning activity.
40
4. Let the students prepare the materials. Explain to them to follow all the
instructions and the safety precautions they are given. Emphasize that they
should act like real scientists. This will help them to understand they really have
to be careful in doing their experiments. Make sure that the students who handle
the wrapped calcium carbide are using their hand gloves and face mask because
the odor of the material is unpleasant.
5. When all the groups are done preparing the set-ups of their experiment, tell them
that the result will take at least 2 to 3 days, depending on the maturity of unripe
bananas. Instruct them to make their observations after 2 to 3 days.
6. Study the following information. It will help you guide the students in this kind of
activity.
7. This lesson is good for two (2) meetings.
DRAFT
Q1. Acceptable answers: The effect of acetylene gas on the rate of ripening of
bananas or The effect of using calcium carbide (kalburo) on the rate of ripening
of bananas
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Q2. Acceptable answers: Acetylene or calcium carbide
Q3. Number of fruits that ripened
Q4. Acceptable answers: The bananas in the shoe boxes with calcium carbide will
ripen faster than the bananas in the shoe boxes without calcium carbide or
Group B bananas will ripen slower than Group A bananas.
Q5. Expected outcomes: 4-5 ripe bananas in group A, 0-2 ripe bananas in group B.
Q6. Expected answer: Group A has many ripe bananas than group B.
Q7. Using calcium carbide (kalburo) makes the ripening of bananas faster than
without using calcium carbide. This is because when calcium carbide (kalburo)
reacts with the moist in the air, acetylene gas is produced. Acetylene gas is the
compound that makes the ripening of the fruits becomes faster. Acetylene
imitates the action of the natural ripening agent called ethane or ethylene (C2H4).
Ethene or ethylene is a plant hormone that regulates activity of the genes that
are responsible for the ripening of fruits.
41
(Studentss answers may vary, but make sure that their answers have similar ideas to
the given answers above).
Activity
5 Alcohols and their Uses
In this learning activity, you will let the students learn about the uses and
structures of alcohols. You must also let the students understand the common similarity
that different alcohols have which also make them share some common property.
DRAFT
Teaching Tips
1. Provide each group of students with LABELS or PICTURES of the following

products: one antiseptic or disinfectant that contains ethyl alcohol, one antiseptic
that contain isopropyl alcohol, one beverage that contain ethyl alcohol, and one
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denatured alcohol.
2. Let the groups of students read the information written on the labels and tell them
to fill out the table of data with information from the labels. After this, give them
the instructions to answer all the questions in the activity.
3. After the activity, select students from a group to present their answers in front of
the class. This may be done to begin your discussions about the uses of the
alcohols and the relationship between their structures and properties.
4. Use the following concepts to explain the relationship between the structures and
the properties of the different alcohols.
a. Functional group. Functional group is a group of atoms that are bonded to the
molecule. This group is responsible for the characteristics or property of that
compound. Alcohols have hydroxyl group (-OH). If you are going to observe
the structures of ethyl, isopropyl, and methyl alcohol, you will notice the
hydroxyl group (-OH) in their structures.
42
Ethyl alcohol Isopropyl alcohol methyl alcohol

For Q1-Q2
Name of Name of Alcohol/s Percent (%) of

Products Present in the alcohol in the Uses
DRAFT
Product Product
Brand X alcohol Ethyl alcohol 70% Disinfectant/antiseptic
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Rubbing alcohol Isopropyl alcohol 70% Disinfectant/antiseptic
Denatured alcohol Ethyl alcohol and 95% ethyl and Fuel for lamps and
Methyl alcohol 5% methyl portable stoves
alcohol
Q3. The structures of the alcohols in this activity only have single bonds.
Q4. Alcohols have the same hydroxyl group as their functional group that is why they
have some similar properties or characteristics.
______________________________________________________________________
43
Activity
? 6 What is common between acetone, and formalin?
In this activity, the students will be made to recognize other different, important
organic compounds: acetone, and formaldehyde. These compounds are commonly
used at home and at school. However, students are not really fully aware about the
identities and the basic nature of these compounds. Most often, they are just aware of
the products names of these materials.
Teaching Tips
DRAFT
1. Some students might not be familiar with these common compounds, because
these compounds are often times just known for their products name. So as an
assignment, let the students search for the compounds that are present in the
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following products: common brand of acetone, and formalin. Let them also
search for the uses of the products.
2. Before letting the students answer the activity, make sure to explain all the
instructions from the learning module. Have the learners work in groups, so that
they will be able to share their ideas and assignments to one another. Discuss
also first that the carbonyl ( C. ) group is the functional group of aldehydes
and ketones just like hydroxyl group (-OH) of alcohols.
3. In the post activity discussion, let at least two students from two different groups
give their answers in the class. After the students presentation of their answers,
start facilitating a discussion by showing the students the compounds, acetone,
and formalin. For example, show a bottle of formaldehyde (formalin) with a
44
preserved animal or insect in it. For acetone, demonstrate how to remove
nail polish using the compound. Acetone, and formaldehyde both have
different ending suggesting that they are different compounds, therefore, they are
not known as carbonyl compounds, but rather carbonyl group containing
compounds.
4. The following information may be used for further discussion of the activity.
a. Acetone is also one of the compounds that are commonly used. It is used
in removing nail polish. It is also used as solvent in some industrial
preparations, such as production of plastic materials.
DRAFT
b. Formaldehyde is a compound that is commonly known as formalin. Its
common use is to preserve organic materials because of its ability to
crosslink proteins including enzymes. This is also the reason why this kind
of organic compound is used in embalming process also.
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Q1. Acetone is commonly used as solvent and nail polish remover. Formaldehyde is
used as a preserving agent and disinfectant.
Q2. The structures of acetone, and formaldehyde all have single and double
bonds.
Q3. The structures of acetone, and formaldehyde both have carbonyl functional
group. These make them carbonyl containing compounds.
45
Answer Key:
Pre-Assessment:
Encircle the letter of the correct answer
1. C. Organic compounds are composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen

2. B. By forming many bonds with other carbon atoms and other elements
3. C. 4
4. A. kerosene
5. D. liquefied petroleum gas, kerosene
6. D. lubricating oil
DRAFT
7. B. because gasoline is flammable
8. B. isopropyl alcohol
9. B. kerosene
10. D. ethyne
11.
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B. 2
12. C. alkene
13. C. acetylene
14. C. butane
15. D. fuel
16. B. II and III only
17. C. kerosene
18. C.
19. B. formaldehyde
20. B.
46
Have the students answer the following questions by encircling the letter of the
correct answer.
1. D. II, III and IV only

2. C. carbon atoms form many types of bonds with other carbon
3. B. 3
4. B. gasoline
5. D. liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
6. D. lubricating oil
DRAFT
7. B. because gasoline is flammable
8. B. isopropyl alcohol
9. D. all of the above
10. C. propene
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11. B. 2
12. B. alkyne
13. C. fuel
14. C. increases
15. C. fuel for welding torch
16. B. II and III only
17. C. acetone
18. A.
19. B. formaldehyde
20. D. hexene.
47
References
Chang, Raymond. (1994). Chemistry Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill, Inc. United States of
America
Dickson, T. R. (1991). Study Guide, Introduction to Chemistry 6th Edition. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. United States of America
Glencoe Physical Science. (1997). McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Kotz, John c., Treichel, Paul M., and Townsend, John R. (2010). Chemistry & Chemical
Reactivity Enhanced Edition. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.
S. N. Naik .(2011). Ripening- an important process in fruit development. Head. Centre

for Rural Development & Technology, IIT Delhi . Retrieved from :
http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/chemistry_application_2011/briefs/Fruit_ripening_
DRAFT
by_Prof_S.N._Nai_IIT_Delhi.pdf
Teaching Resource Package S & T III-Chemistry. (1992). The Philippine-Australian

Science and Mathematics Education Project (PASMEP), University of the
Philippines Institute of Science and Mathematics Education Development, and
The Department of Education Culture and Sports (DECS)
March 31, 2014
48
Unit 2
MODULE Suggested Time allotment: 12-14 hours
4 Whats in a Mole?
Content Standards Performance Standards Learning Competencies
the unit mole that analyze the percentage -use the mole concept to
quantitatively measures composition of different express mass of substances
the number of very small brand of two food products
particles of matter and decide on products on -determine the percentage
composition of a compound
DRAFT
appropriate percentage
composition given its chemical formula and
vice versa
For the Teachers
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Before teaching, it is good that we are reminded of the important features of
inquiry-based learning because science instruction is anchored on this approach.
Through the motivation facilitated by the teacher, students became interested

with the topic and start engaging with a question that can be answered in a scientific
way. Teachers most likely have to modify the students questions into ones that can be
answered by the students with the available resources, while being mindful of the
content. In the quest of answering the questions, students rely on evidences that can be
derived from performing an activity, observing teacher demonstration, reading books,
investigating, and other valid sources of information. Then the students form an
explanation to answer the question based on the collected evidences. The next
essential thing to see from the students is that they are able to evaluate the
explanations they have, communicate and justify the proposed explanations with the
other students. In the course of having these interactions the teacher should see to it
that all misconceptions and alternative conceptions are ironed out to facilitate
meaningful conceptual understanding.
Most of the activities in this module are based on this learning approach. The
teacher may customize some of the activities based on the needs and preparedness of
his/her students.
49
Overview
In the previous science lessons, the students were introduced to the concept on
mass. This can be a good starting point to introduce the mole concept.
Mole concept is the foundation of stoichiometric calculations this is the very

reason why it is important for a student to fully understand this topic. This topic appears
to be very complex for the students, because of this consideration an extra effort must
be exerted in order to make sure that this concept is properly understood by the
learners.
In this module, the mole concept is strategically introduced banking on the prior
knowledge of the students. Activities were designed in such a way that the starting
activity make use of the concepts they already know, and through a series of activities
they are led to the attainment of the desired competencies they need to develop (from
counting and weighing, they will be able to apply mole concept in expressing the mass,
DRAFT
number of moles and particles of a given substance and compute for the percentage
composition) Realistic problems involving mole concept to daily life scenarios were also
provided for the learners to realize that this concept is not alien to them. Understanding
this topic will make them a wise consumer, good farmer, effective environmentalists,
and well informed individuals.
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How is the mole used to express the mass of a substance?
How is the percentage composition of a given compound determined?
Reminders:
See to it that you have assigned the materials for the different activities
ahead of time.
Try first all the activities before asking your student to perform it in the
class.
50
Suggestion for the Motivation
Have a bowl of marbles and ask the students to guess the number of marbles
and its approximate weight in the bowl. The student who can give the nearest answer
will be given a prize.
Relate this game with the first activity in this module. You may use coins,
buttons, and candies instead of marbles or if you have a better activity for the motivation
you are free to have it.
Lets Find Out!
DRAFT
March 31, 2014
Photograph Marbles in a Glass Bowl by Nancy Andersen on 500px from www.flickr.com
Now that you have set the mood of your students you may introduce Activity 1:
Counting by Weighing.
Activity
1 Counting by weighing!
This activity is given to the students for them to have a feel of how chemists
determine the number of particles based on the mass of the substance. The concept of
having an enormous number of particles in the things that surround them is hard to
comprehend by Junior High School (JHS) students that is why we need to give concrete
activities which will give them ideas on how it is being done in the scientific world. In
this activity, paper clip is used because the manufacturers set a standard mass for its
51
production. You may use other materials based on its availability in your community for
as long as there is a standard mass set for its reproduction. You may use nails, candies
or chocolates with the same sizes. In choosing the replacement for paper clips you
should consider the availability and cost of the materials and the students safety.
There are things you need to consider in supervising your students in performing
this activity. You need to remind them of the laboratory techniques in using the platform
balance. The skill of the students in measuring the mass of the materials is of utmost
concern because it will greatly affect the result of this activity.
The answer of the students in this table may vary depending on their skills in
measuring the mass of the paper clips and its kind.
DRAFT
To compute for the average mass using this formula:
Mass
Average Mass =
25
Q1. Is the number of paper clips in step 2 the same with as the number of paper clips in
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step 3? Why do you think so?
Yes, the number of paper clips computed in step 2 is the same with the
number of paper clips counted in step 3. In both steps, the number of paper clips
is the same because the average mass of the paper clips is used in the
computation and all paper clips in the box has the same mass.
Q2. Having an experience in counting by getting the mass, give some ways in which
you can apply this procedure in daily life situations?
Counting by weighing can be used in packaging volume of materials

instead of going through the tedious counting one by one. Knowing the average
mass of the products will make the monitoring in the production unit in the
industries easier with validity.
Counting by weighing also facilitates easy and valid estimation of the

needed materials.
In repacking goods to be sold in the sari-sari store this technique can be

useful.
52
Another interesting point of discussion is the origin of the mole concept. It would
be interesting to the learners if you will discuss trivia pertaining to the origin of the mole
concept. Knowing how this concept started will help the student understand how
information is being updated as time pass by, with the presence of competent people in
the field of science.
You may present the origin of mole concept as a storytelling activity or trivia if
your students do not have internet access or in areas with internet access you may give
this topic as an assignment.
In a storytelling way, you may discuss the following:
In 1865, August Wilhelm Hofmann, a German chemist introduced the word

molar (from the Latin word moles which means a large mass) to refer to any large
macroscopic mass in contrast with the word derived from moles with the Latin suffix
cula which means small or tiny. Thus, he made use of the word molar for big quantities
DRAFT
(macroscopic) and molecular for minute quantities (microscopic).
A German physical chemist, in the person on Wilhelm Ostwald gave a more

definite use of the term molar and its noun mole. More than a macroscopic sample, this
term was used by Wilhelm Ostwald to denote the mass in grams which represents the
mass of its fundamental molecules. This was mentioned in several of his textbooks
March 31, 2014

written around the turn of the 20th century though the way it was discussed is
connected to atomic molecular theory and his attempt to establish a macroscopic
alternative for the explanation of the laws of stoichiometry.
The clear inter-conversion of grams and moles as part of standard stoichiometry

problems does not appear to have been common before the 1950s.
(Source: Jensen, W. B. The Origin of Mole Concept. Journal of Chemical Education, 2004, 81
(10),p1409. Retrieved November 9, 2013, from
http://www.che.uc.edu/Jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/114.%20The%20Mole.pdf)
The following are just analogies for your students to visualize how much
Avogadros Number is. When we deal about Avogadro s number we always deal with
the number of atoms, ions, or molecules not to the whole objects.
53
Questions Answer
How many mongo seeds are equal to 3.50 2.11 x 10 24 mongo seeds
moles of mongo seeds?
How many bananas are equal to 7.50 moles of 4.52 x 10 24 bananas

bananas?
How many moles of rice grains are equal to 3.002 moles of rice grains
1.807 x 10 24 grains of rice?
23
How many moles of tomatoes are in 3.01 x 10 0.500 moles of tomatoes
tomatoes?
Sample computations:
DRAFT
6.02 x 10 23 mongo seeds
3.50 moles of mongo seeds x = 2.11 x 10 24 mongo seeds
1 mole of mongo seeds
1 mole of rice grains
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24
1.807 x 10 rice grains x = 3.002 moles of rice grains
23
6.02 x 10 rice grains
In processing this activity, it is important that the students grasp the idea that if the
material has standard mass, they can count it by weighing especially in cases that involves
voluminous quantities. You can also relate this experience in how scientists identify the number
of moles through weighing (for the advance students).
Activity
2 Total Count Vs. Mass
The focus of this activity is to make the students fully understand that even
though they have the same number of materials different types of materials have
different masses.
54
Table 2. Mass of the Materials
Mass (g) Mass (g) Mass (g) Number of pieces

in 25.00 g
Materials 5 pieces 1 piece 15 pieces
Plastic bottle cap 8.5 1.7 25.5 14
soft drink crown 5.0 1.0 15.0 25
10-centavo coin 10.5 2.1 31.5 12
DRAFT
Q1. Do the three different materials have the same masses? Explain your answer.
No, even though they have the same number of pieces, different materials have
different masses.
Q2. Was your expected number of pieces per material the same with the number pieces
equal to 25.00g?
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Yes, through the average mass, the same number of pieces was obtained
as expected.
Q3. What can you infer from this result?
The same number of materials of different kind has different masses.
In the course of discussion it is essential that the learners will understand the
concept that can be related to molar mass. In this way the students will discover the
relation of this activity to the next activity.
Activity
3 The Mass of One Mole of a Substance
It would be helpful for you if we are going to define some terminologies such as
atomic mass and molar mass. Atomic mass is the average of the masses of the
naturally occurring isotopes as an element weighted according to their abundance, its
unit is expressed in amu (atomic mass unit) which is exactly equal to 1/12 the mass of a
55
carbon-12 atom. In short, what you see in the periodic table is the atomic mass of the
elements in amu. Molar mass, on the other hand, is the mass of one mole of particles
(atoms, molecules, formula units) of a substance expressed in terms of g/mol. It would
be helpful to mention that the mass of one atom and the mass of one mole of the same
atom are numerically the same only the atomic mass of an element is expressed in amu
while the mass is expressed in g. This means that the atomic mass of calcium atom is
40.02 amu and the mass of one mole of calcium atom is 40.08g. Likewise, one atom of
potassium weighs 39.10amu and its molar mass is 39.10g.
Table 4-A: Molar Mass of Some Common Elements
Element Symbol Mass Molar Mass
(g) (g/mol)
DRAFT
Sulfur (Asupre) S 32.07 32.07
Lead (Tinga) Pb 207.20 207.20
Copper (Tanso) Cu 63.55 63.55
March 31, 2014

Table 4-B: Molar Mass of Some Common Compounds
Compound Chemical Mass Molar Mass

Formula
(g) (g/mol)
Water H2O 18.02 18.02
Table Salt NaCl 58.44 58.44
Table Sugar C12H22O11 342.34 342.34
Q1. Do you think that one mole of the different substances have the same amount?
No, because based on the answers in tables 4-A and B the mass of
different substances differs from one another.
Q2. What do you observe about the mass of the substances in Tables 4-A and 4-B?
The mass of the substances in tables 4-A and B differs from one another.
56
Q3. Using the Avogadros number, would 1.50 moles of H2O have the same number of
particles with 1.50 moles of any of the substances you weighed?
Yes, because one mole of any kind of substance has the same number of
particles which is equal to 6.02 x 10 23 (Avogadros number)
Q3. What can you infer about this activity?
One mole of different kind of substances has the same number of particles
but different masses.
You may give table 5 as exercises or take home activity for the learners to have
a practice in the computation of molar mass.
Table 5. Molar Mass
DRAFT
Chemical Name Chemical Formula Molar Mass (g/mol)
Iron (II) sulfate (ferrous sulfate) FeSO4 151.92
Ethyl alcohol C2H5OH 46.08
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Ammonia NH3 17.04
Citric acid C6H8O6 176.14
Aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3 78.01
Sample calculation:
Al(OH)3
3 x 1.01 g/mol = 3.03 g/mol
3 x 16.00g/mol =48.00g/mol
1 x 26.98g/mol = 26.98g/mol
78.01g/mol
As you can see in the number of atoms per element in the compound is
multiplied by the molar mass. The numerical value of the molar mass can be seen in the
periodic table.
57
DRAFT Just in case the students need additional activity on this topic, you may give this
March 31, 2014

to them to facilitate better understanding of the topic or you can use the following
activity to introduce molar mass to the learners.
Atomic Molar Atomic Molar Mass

Mass Mass of H in the
Substance Chem. No. of of C Mass of C No. of of H Compound Molar
Formula C in the H Mass
Atom (amu) Compound Atom (amu) (g/mol)
(g/mol
(g/mol) )
Methane CH4 1 12.01 12.01 4 1.01 4.04 16.05
Ethyne C2H2 2 12.01 24.02 2 1.01 2.02 26.04
butane C4H10 4 12.01 48.04 10 1.01 10.10 58.14
propene C3H6 3 12.01 36.03 6 1.01 6.06 42.09
ethane C2H6 2 12.01 24.02 6 1.01 6.06 30.08
octane C8H18 8 12.01 96.08 18 1.01 18.18 114.26
58
Activity
The Relationships among Number of Moles,
4 Mass, and Number of Particles
It is important that the students see the connections/relationships among the

mass, number of moles and number of particles for a good assimilation of the mole
concept. In this activity, they will realize that in a quantitative experiment, the use of
tablespoon and other measuring devices alike are not advisable because it will yield
undesirable results.
Table 6. Data on Molar Relationship
Substance Sulfur *Aluminum foil Sugar Salt
Mass (g) 5.3 1.8 7.8 11.0
DRAFT
No. of Moles 0.17 0.10 0.023 0.19
No. of Particles 1.0 x 1023 6.0 x 1022 1.4 x 1022 1.1 x 1023
*Cut into tiny pieces
March 31, 2014

Q1. List down the substances based on the following order:
a. Increasing mass (light to heaviest)

aluminum foil sulfur sugar salt
b. Increasing number of particles (small to highest amount)

sugar aluminum foil sulfur salt
c. Increasing number of moles (small to highest amount)

sugar aluminum foil sulfur salt
Q2. Is the number of particles in the sample directly related to the number of moles?
Why do you say so?
Yes, because as the number of moles increases the number of particles

also increases. This can be reflected in the formula used to compute for the
59
number of particles (number of particles = number of moles x Avogadros
number)
Q3. Is the mass of the sample related with the number of moles? Explain your answer.
Increase in mass of the different substances does not necessarily mean

increase in the number of mole because the number of moles is computed by
dividing the mass of the sample by its molar mass.
Q3. Explain why one tablespoon of different substances does not have the same mass
in grams (g), the same number of moles and the number of particles.
One tablespoon of different substances has different masses, number of

moles and particles because they have different molar masses.
DRAFT
Activity
5 The Chemists Mole
You may use the following diagram in explaining the computations about the
March 31, 2014

mole concept. This will further demonstrate the relationships among the mass, number
of particles and number of moles of the substances under study.
/molar mass No. of x Avogadros Number

Mole
x molar mass
/Avogadros no.
Mass No. of
/molar mass x Avogadros Number particles
/Avogadros Number x molar mass
60
Table 7. Molar Relationships
Substance Molar Mass Representative Mass Number of Number of

Moles Particles
(g/mol) Particle (g)
Carbon
Dioxide 44.01 molecule 110.03 2.5 1.505 x 1024
(CO2)
Gold (Au) 197.00 atom 197.00 1 6.02 x 10 23
Glucose
(C6H12O6)
DRAFT
180.18 molecule 360.36 2 1.204 x 1024
Calcium
fluoride 78.08 Formula unit 234.24 3 1.806 x 1024
(CaF2)
Nitrogen
March 31, 2014

28.02 molecule 140.10 5 3.010 x 1024
gas (N2)
Q1. When is a particle classified as an atom; a molecule or a formula unit?
A particle is called an atom when it represents an element, molecule when

it represents a molecular compound (CO2, CH4, H2O and other compounds alike)
and elements (N2, O2, H2, and other diatomic molecules) and formula unit for ionic
compounds (NaCl, CaF2, KCl)
Q2. Show how you will convert the mass of a given sample to number of moles and vice
versa.
Mass divided by the molar mass is equal to the number of mole.
Q3. Show how you will compute for the number of particles given the following:
61
a. Mass of the sample
number of moles x molar mass = mass
g
mole x = g
mole
number of particles divided by the Avogadros number x molar

mass equals mass
1 mole g
DRAFT
number of particles x x =g
23
6.02 x 10 particles 1 mole
b. Number of moles of the sample
Mass divided by the molar mass = number of moles
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g
= mol
g/mol
number of particles divided by Avogadros number =
number of moles
number of particles
= mole
23
6.02 x 10 particles/mole
Presenting the formula in the above cited manner will help the learners
understand how the cancellation of units takes place and how it is converted to
the other unit.
62
The following are the solutions to the problem exercises on mole concept:
1. A cancer patient needs to increase his ascorbic acid (C6H12O6) intake to fight cancer
cells. a) How many moles of ascorbic acid does he need to complete the doctors
prescription of 13.00g of intravenous ascorbic acid everyday for one month? b) How
many molecules of ascorbic acid does he need everyday to fight the cancer cells?
a. Compute for the molar mass of C6H12O6
molar mass of C6H12O6 = 180.18g/mole
Compute for the mass of ascorbic acid needed for 1 month
13.00g 30 days 390.0g

x =
1day 1month month
DRAFT
Solve for the number of moles of C6H12O6 using the molar mass
1mole C6H12O6
390.0g C6H12O6 x = 2.165 moles
180.18 g
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*the patient needs 2.165 moles of C6H12O6 in a month
b. To compute for the number of C6H12O6 molecules of needed by the

patient daily to fight cancer, multiply the number of moles by the
Avogadros number divided by the number of days in a month.
2.165 moles 6.02 x 1023 C6H12O6molecules 1month

X x =
month 1mole C6H12O6 30 days
4.344 x 10 22 C6H12O6 molecules/day
*43,440,000,000,000,000,000,000 molecules of ascorbic acid are fighting the

cancer cells daily
2. Aspartame (C14H18N2O5) is a synthetic table sugar substitute used in food and

drinks. If a food product needs 0.25 g of C14H18N2O5 to sweeten the Queenie cupcake,
and you ate this food product, how many molecules of aspartame have you eaten?
63
Compute for the molar mass. It will serve as the conversion factor to
compute for the number of moles.
Molar mass of C14H18N2O5 = 294.34g/mol
1 mole C14H18N2O5
0.25 g C14H18N2O5 x = 0.00085 mole C14H18N2O5
294.34 g C14H18N2O5
Calculate for the number of molecules using the Avogadros number.
6.02 x 1023molecules C14H18N2O5

0.00085 mole C14H18N2O5 x = 5.1 x 1020
1 mole C14H18N2O5 molecules
C14H18N2O5
*510,000,000,000,000,000,000 molecules of aspartame entered the body
3. During exercise, lactic acid (C3H6O3) forms in the muscle causing muscle cramp. If
DRAFT
5.0 g of lactic acid (C3H6O3) concentrate in your leg muscle, how many moles of lactic
acid (C3H6O3) is causing you pain?
Solve for the molar mass of C3H6O3
Molar mass of C3H6O3 = 90.09 g/mole
March 31, 2014

To solve for the number of moles of lactic acid causing the leg pain, divide
the mass of lactic acid by the molar mass.
1 mole C3H6O3
5.0 g C3H6O3 x = 0.056 mole C3H6O3 is causing leg pain
90.09 g C3H6O3
4. Paraffin (C22H46) is a wax used in candle making. During combustion, a 20.0 g

candle produces 1.42 moles of CO2. How many molecules of CO2 are released in the
atmosphere after using the candle?
To solve for the number of molecules of CO2 a 20.0 g candle emitted after
combustion, multiply the number of moles equal to 20.0g C22H46 by the
Avogadros number.
6.02 x 1023molecules
1.42 mole CO2 x = 8.55 x 1023 molecules CO2
1mole CO2
64
*855,000,000,000,000,000,000, 000 molecules of CO2 are released to the
environment after consuming a 20.0g candle
Activity
6 The Mole Map
This activity will give focus to the students attention on what to remember about
the mole concept on a conceptual level approach.
MATTER
DRAFT
is made up of
particles
which may be
March 31, 2014

atoms ions molecules
whose amount may be expressed in terms of
a mole whose mass g/mole

is expressed in
(molar mass)
equal to
Avogadros Number
Give emphasis on how they are going to differentiate the particles of matter. In module
2, they have learned the kinds of bonding, thus they can efficiently differentiate an atom,
a molecule and an ion from one another. You should also be mindful of the information
the learners need to process so that it will be transferred to their long-term memory. The
mole concept which tells us that one mole of a substance contains Avogadros number
of particles equal to 6.02 x 10 23 particles and 1 mole of different substances have
65
different masses must be processed efficiently with all the activities provided in this
module.
Percentage Composition
In answering the problems involving the percentage composition, you always

start with the computation of molar mass if it is not given in the problem. The following
problems were given for the students for them to realize the importance of
understanding this topic.
1. Soil that is already depleted with nutrients needs fertilizer. One of the nutrients
needed to replenish the soil is nitrogen. If you are an agricultural technician helping a
farmer, which among these fertilizers are you going to use. Show your computations to
convince the farmer of your choice.
a. ammonia (NH3)
DRAFT
b. ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4
c. ammonium nitrate NH4NO3
molar mass of ammonia, NH3
March 31, 2014

= (1N atom x 14.01g/mole) + (3 H atoms x 1.01g/mole)
= 17.04 g/mole
14.01g/mole
%N = x 100
17.04 g/mole
= 82.22 %
molar mass of ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4
= (2N atoms x 14.01 g/mole) + (8H atoms x 1.01 g/mole) +
(1S atom x 32.07 g/mole) + (4) atoms x 16.00 g/mole)
= 112.17g/mole
66
28.02 g/mole
%N = x 100
112.17 g/mole
= 24.98%
molar mass of ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3
= (2N atoms x 14.01g/mole) + (4H atoms x 1.01 g/mole) +
(3O atoms x 16.00 g/mole)
= 80.06 g/mole
DRAFT %N =
28.02 g/mole
80.06 g/mole
x 100
March 31, 2014

= 35.00%
2. Glucose (C6H12O6) is a six-carbon sugar (hexose) which is also known as the blood
sugar. It is an energy source that fuels our body. How many percent of carbon is
present in glucose?
molar mass of glucose (C6H12O6)
= (6C atoms x 12.01g/mole) + (12H atoms x 1.01 g/mole) +
(6O atoms x 16.00 g/mole)
= 180.18 g/mole
72.06 g/mole
%C = x 100
180.18 g/mole
= 39.99%
67
3. The fuel value of the hydrogen-containing fuels depends on the mass percentage of
hydrogen (H). Rank the following compounds in based on their fuel value with 1 as the
highest fuel value and 3 as the one with the lowest value:
a. ethane (C2H6)
b. propane (C3H8)
c. ethanol (C2H5OH)
molar mass of ethane (C2H6)
= (2C atoms x 12.01g/mole) + (6H atoms x 1.01 g/mole)
= 30.08g/mole
DRAFT
6.06 g/mole
%H = x 100
30.08 g/mole
= 20.15%
March 31, 2014

molar mass of propane (C3H8)
= (3C atoms x 12.01g/mole) + (8H atoms x 1.01 g/mole)
= 44.11g/mole
8.08 g/mole
%H = x 100
44.11 g/mole
= 18.32%
molar mass of ethanol (C2H5OH)
= (3C atoms x 12.01g/mole) + (6H atoms x 1.01 g/mole) +
(1O atom x 16.00g/mol)
= 46.08g/mole
68
6.06 g/mole
%H = x 100
46.08 g/mole
= 13.15%
Ranking of the substances based on their fuel value:
Rank Substance %H
1 ethane (C2H6) 20.15%
2 propane (C3H8) 18.32%
3 ethanol (C2H5OH) 13.15%
DRAFT
*Through this problem, you can make the learners realize that greater
number of atom of a certain element in a compound would not necessarily mean
that it will have higher percentage composition. In the case of the substances
cited above, propane has higher number of H atom than ethane but it has the
higher percentage H, thus it has the higher fuel value.
March 31, 2014

Activity
7
Its Grocery Time!
This is the final activity in this module. It is designed for the students
appreciation of the topics discussed in this module. Through this activity they will be able
to realize that chemistry concepts can be of great help in the usual activities they are
doing regularly specifically in choosing grocery products and monitoring the amount of
substance intake.
Q1. Based on this activity, what food do you regularly consume which give your body a
lot of carbon (C) atoms and sodium (Na) ions?
The answer of the leaners may vary depending on their food preferences.
Generally speaking the softdrinks, fruit juices in doy packs, cupcakes and other
food alike contains sugar that is reported as carbohydrates in the nutrition facts
69
and it will give them a lot of carbon atoms. On the other hand, grocery items such
as junk food such as crackers, potato chips, corn chips and other food alike and
canned goods contains salt that can provide sodium ions in their body.
Q2. Are these good for your body? Why? Research on how much of these types of food
are recommended for your age group.
Too much intake of those foods is not good for the body. The Food and
Nutrition Research Institute has a recommended value intake to individuals of
Junior High School (JHS) age.
Q3. In what other ways can you make use of the concept on percentage composition?
The concept on percentage composition can be used in the preparation of

food (baking and cooking), preservation of food, production of paste, paint, and
alloy to name a few. There is a wide variety of application for this topic.
DRAFT
Answer Key:
Pre-Assessment:
March 31, 2014

1. a. 75 g cream
2. d. The same number of materials of different kinds has different masses.
3. c. molecule
4. a. 80g
5. b. 6.02 x 1023 particles
6. d. Mole concept can be used in quantifying the amount of pollutant-

particles released in the atmosphere.
7. d. all of the above
8. b. 11.21%
9. c. mole
10. c. showcase of 1mole of different elements having different masses
70
1. a. 105 g cacao
2. d. formula unit
3. b. 6.02 x 1023
4. c. 6.14 x 10 22 molecules of C6H4Cl2
5. a. Ann
6. b. K2O
7. a. 1.20 x 1024
8. d. 50.05%
DRAFT
9. b. CH4< NH3< H2O< N2< Cl2
10. d. All of the above
11. a. 35.00%
12. c. 0.029 mole
March 31, 2014

13. a. 52.11%
14. d. 116.18 g/mole
15. b. 0.0225 mole
71
References:
Jensen, W. B. The Origin of Mole Concept. Journal of Chemical Education, 2004,

81 (10),p1409. Retrieved November 9, 2013, from
http://www.che.uc.edu/Jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/114.%20The%20Mole.pdf
)
LeMay, E.H. Jr., Robblee, K.M., Brower, H., Douglas C.(1996). Chemistry
Connections to Our Changing World. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc.
Magno, M., et. al. (2001). Parctical Work in High School Chemistry Sourcebook
for Teachers. Quezon City: UP National Institute for Science & Mathematics Education
Development
Department of Education,.Culture and Sports.1992 Teaching Resource Package:

S&T-Chemistry. PASMEP, AIDAB,UP-ISMED, DECS. Pasig: Author.
Silberberg, M. (1996). Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change.
DRAFT
St. Louis: Mosby
Wilbraham, A.C., Staley, D. D., Matta, M. (1997). Chemistry ( 4thed) New York:
Addison-Wesley Pub.
Wilbraham, A.C., Staley, D.D., Matta, M.S. & Waterman, E.L. (2007). Chemistry,
March 31, 2014

Teachers Ed. Boston, Massachusetts:Pearson, Prentice Hall, Inc.
72
Unit 3
MODULE 1 VOLCANOES

The Learner demonstrates The Learner participates in activities that
understanding of volcanoes found in the reduce risks and lessen effects of natural
Philippines. phenomenon such as volcanic eruption.
DRAFT
I. Overview
The spiralling of concepts in geology starts from the Learners awareness of

his immediate surroundings to the processes within the Earths interior. In the lower
grades, we have taken up the following so far: landforms and bodies of water,
importance of soil and water in the community, weathering and erosion, effects of
March 31, 2014

earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, the Philippine environment and models of
earthquakes. In this grade level, we are focusing on one of the most spectacular but
Earths surface-transforming event: volcanism.
Many people are aware that we are located along the Ring of Fire. But not
everyone understands about the process of volcanism. We are impressed with the
scenic beauty of the volcano but we are not so aware of what have caused the
formation of volcanic cone and the fiery emission of volcanic materials.
There are five activities in this module: a) Volcano concept map; b)

Volcanoes in the Philippines; c) Under pressure; d) Viscosity race; and e) In and out
After the activity, a performance task is provided. Actually, this task is very
important for us to know how this natural phenomenon happens and how to reduce
the risks and effects it may cause.
1
II. Learning Competencies/Objectives
In this module, the Learners should be able to:

1. differentiate active and inactive volcanoes;
2. describe the different types of volcanoes;
3. explain what happens when volcanoes erupt; and,
4. illustrate how energy from volcanoes may be tapped for human use.
III. Pre-/Diagnostic Assessment
A. Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Which characteristic of magma mainly determines its explosiveness?
a. color
b. amount
c. temperature
DRAFT
d. silica content
Answer: d
2. Which of the following characteristics of a volcano depends on its magma

emission? a. age
b. size
March 31, 2014

c. shape
d. location
Answer: c
3. Which of the following factors associated with huge volcanic eruptions may cause
the decrease in the Earths average temperature for a few years?
a. heat
b. light
c. acid rain
d. volcanic ash
Answer: d
4. A thick layer of volcanic ash can be heavy enough to collapse the roofs of
buildings because ash ________.
a. is solid.
b. cannot be blown by winds.
c. becomes heavier as it cools.
d. consists of tiny fragments of rocks that become heavy as they pile up.
Answer: d
2
5. Which of the following is an active volcano in the Philippines?
a. Apo in Davao
b.Bud Datu in Sulu
c.Isarog in Camarines Sur
d.Kanlaon in Negros Oriental
Answer: b
B. Answer the following questions briefly.
6. Aside from Mayon Volcano, name another volcano that has erupted
recently.Answer: Answers may vary.
7. What causes a shield volcano to be shaped like a broad dome?

Answer: A shield volcano is formed from lava emission. Since lava is a fluid, it flows
easily and travels far resulting in a wide base with a shallow slope.
8. By what process can a volcanic eruption affect temperatures around the world?
DRAFT
Answer: When a volcano ejects so much sulfur dioxide and ash, they prevent the
sunlight from reaching the Earths surface. It results in a decrease in temperature,
not only within the volcanic area, but also around the world as winds carry the
volcanic materials as they circulate.
9. Give one positive effect and one negative effect of volcanic eruptions.
Answer: Positive effects Makes soil fertile, volcanic materials provide clue about
March 31, 2014

the Earths internal structure, formation of minerals. (Answers may vary.)
Negative effects Destruction of properties and lives; Death of organisms
(Answers may vary.)
10. How is energy from volcanoes tapped as source of electricity?

Answer: The heat from inside the Earth is collected in a geothermal power plant by
drilling a hole in the ground at great depth. The heat is used to boil water to produce
a steam that turns the turbine. The mechanical energy from the turbine is transferred
to the generator which in turn, transforms the mechanical energy to electrical energy.
IV. Reading Resources and Instructional Activities
What is a volcano?
Prior to activity 1, group the students according to their hometowns. If they

came from the same region, divide them into three groups, namely: Luzon, Visayas,
and Mindanao. Assign them to conduct a research on the volcanoes found in their
respective or assigned region.
First, the students prior knowledge of the volcano is very crucial to the
understanding of the details of volcanism. This is a springboard for further learning of
the concept. It is for this reason that we must be very careful in assessing the
3
concept maps given by the students. All the descriptions given by the students must
be solely based from the pictures in Figure 1.
Activity 1. Volcano concept map
Q1. Based on the picture, give five descriptions of a volcano. Present your answer in
a concept map as shown below.
Answer: These are the possible answers:

- A volcano is cone-shaped.
- It has an opening at the top (or in some case, on the sides)
- Hot thick cloud of gas, molten rocks, ash forming a cauliflower shaped-
cloud comes out of its opening.
DRAFT
cone-
shaped
gives off
has crater
hot gases
March 31, 2014

VOLCANO
emits hot has

rocks opening on
top
Fig. 2. Concept map in volcano
In giving points to student responses, consider the following:
5 points: if the concept map is completely filled in with unique and correct ideas
4 points: if the concept map is completely filled in with correct but not unique ideas
3 points: if one part of the concept map is not filled in but the supplied ideas are
correct
2 points: if two parts of the concept map is not completely filled in and some of the
supplied ideas are incorrect
0 point: no effort exerted
4
Classification of volcanoes
The students may tell you that there are other classifications of volcano aside
from active and inactive. While it is true there may be other ways, emphasize to the
students that the classification of PHIVOLCS will be used for consistency and ease.
Before the start of Activity 2, check the understanding of the students on
locating places using the latitude and longitude that they have learned in grade 7 and
even reinforced in grade 8. If some students fail to plot the location, practice
exercises must be given to the students.
Activity 2. Volcanoes in the Philippines
Answers to questions:
Plotting the volcanoes in their location is found on the next page.
DRAFT
Q1. Are all the volcanoes found in the same location?
Answer: No. They are found in different places in the Philippines.
Q2. Which of the volcanoes had the most number of eruptions? least number of
eruptions? no record of eruption?
March 31, 2014

Answer: Mayon volcano has the most number of eruptions while Iraya volcano has
the least number of eruptions. The following volcanoes have no record of eruption:
Cabaluyan, Cocoro, Pulung, Tamburok and Urot.
Q3. How will you classify the volcanoes that have records of eruptions within 10,000
years?
Answer: Active volcanoes
Q4. How will you classify volcanoes with no record of eruption?

Answer: Inactive volcanoes
Q5. In your own words, differentiate an active volcano from an inactive one.
Answer: Active volcanoes are those that have records of eruption or have erupted
recently while inactive volcanoes are those that show no record of eruption.
When the students have classified the given volcanoes correctly as active or
inactive, we can ask them to make a research for classification of other volcanoes in
the Philippines. They can share their research work in the class.
5
DRAFT
March 31, 2014
Fig. 3. Map of the Philippines (Source: Gr 8 LM, UPNISMED)
Legend:
= volcano that has no record of eruption

= volcano that has erupted 1 to 5 times
= volcano that has erupted 6 to 10 times
= volcano that has erupted more than 10 times
6
Activity 3. Under pressure
For the definition of viscosity, the student may be asked to compare their
definitions and observations with their classmates.
Lavas differ in their rate of flow due to their viscosity. More viscous lava flows
slower than the less viscous ones.
Bubbles move slowly in a more viscous liquid such as in syrup. Relating this
observation with magma it can be said that magma with a large amount of gas is less
viscous than that of magma with less amount of gas.
Activity 4. Viscosity race
This activity can be done through teachers demonstration or by the students

themselves. Remind the students to be observant.
DRAFT
Q1. What did you observe in each bottle?

Answer: A fizzing sound was heard followed by the rushing out of bubbles from the
bottle dipped in hot water. There was also a sound heard in the bottle placed in cold
water but not as much as in bottle A.
March 31, 2014

Q2. Explain your observation.
Answer: There was accumulated gas inside the bottle.
Q3. What is the role of hot water in the setup?

Answer: The hot water increases the temperature of the soda drink inside the bottle.
As the temperature increases, more gas is accumulated inside the bottle. This
causes the fizzing sound.
Q4. Do you have the same observation as in the soda drinks?

Answer: The observation in the bottle of cooking oil is not the same as in the soda
drinks.
Q5. Explain your answer.

Answer: There was not much gas released in the bottled cooking oil because of its
composition. Soda drink is carbonated. The high temperature released the gas from
the soda drinks.
In the activity, we have seen the effect of temperature on the amount of gas
that can be produced in a liquid. What is the role of pressure in the setup?
The accumulated gas inside the bottle has increased the pressure causing
the liquid to rush out of the bottle.
7
Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Introduce this topic by showing pictures of volcanoes with different shapes.

We should show the students the different parts of the volcano namely: slope, crater,
and summit. We must also point out the difference between a crater and a caldera.
We can also show some video clips showing the different types of volcanic
eruptions. If there is no available video clip, the pictures shown in the learners
material can be used.
To show viscosity, use syrup or cooking oil and water. Let the students
observe how each liquid flows. The concept that we would like to point out here is
that, the more viscous the fluid is, the harder it flows.
We can discuss the different factors that affect the viscosity of magma using
Figure 5. The primary factors that affect the viscosity of magma are: magmas
temperature, its chemical composition, and the amount of dissolved gases it
contains. To varying degrees these factors affect the magmas viscosity.
DRAFT
Activity 5. In and out
In doing this activity, we have to emphasize to the students that the pebbles
to be used must be rounded or sub-rounded with a size of approximately 1-2 cm, as
shown in Figure 4, for the pebbles to pile up.
March 31, 2014

Fig. 4. Pebble forvolcano model
8
1. Make a data table like the one shown below.(Data may vary)
Table 2. Volcano model and slope
Cone Drawing of cone Slope (in degrees)
A 1-5
DRAFT
B
30-40
(with wide crater)
March 31, 2014

C
Any answer between angles
of cones A and B
Q1. Compare the appearances of the cones.
Answer: Cone A was almost flat, cone Ctallest while cone B was in-between the two
cones.
Q2. Which volcano has the greatest slope? Which has the least slope?
Answer: Cone B has the greatest slope while cone A has the least slope.
9
Q3. Explain how the type of material extruded from a volcano affects the shape of its
cone.
Answer: Cone A was almost flat because it was formed from la fluid .Fluid flows
freely, forming a very wide base.
Q4. In what way does the formation of a volcanic cone model differ from a real
volcano?
Answer: In real life, the emissions come from within while,in the model, the cone is
from the materials that are poured from outside.
How will you describe the slope of Pinatubo Volcano? Infer the type of
materials from which it was formed.
Pinatubo volcano is a stratovolcano. In other words, it came from alternate

solidification of lava and cinders.
In discussing the volcanic cones, always relate it to the type of material
DRAFT
emissions. We have to provide pictures and examples as the one shown below. It
would also help if the model of volcanoes will be shown to the students after
processing the activity. We can use clay for the model, but it should be a cross
section to show the layers of materials that led to the formation of the cone.
March 31, 2014

Energy from the volcano
In teaching this source of energy, we must introduce the topic by calling it as

the energy flowing from inside the Earth. Use picture or video clip to explain the
topic. If possible, show pictures of geothermal power plants in the Philippines.
Point out to the students that geothermal power plants are built in an area
that has a lot of hot springs, geysers, or volcanic activity. Some students often have
a misconception that a magma chamber can be drilled as source of electricity. At a
geothermal power plant, wells are drilled deep into the Earth to pump steam or hot
water to the surface. Hot water is pumped from deep underground through a well
under high pressure.
Q1. Use a flowchart to describe how energy is transformed to generate electricity in

a geothermal power plant.
Answer: thermal energy from inside the Earth mechanical energy in a turbine
mechanical energy of a generator electrical energy
10
Performance task
Prior to this topic, we should ask our students to research on disaster

preparedness specifically on what to do before, during, and after volcanic eruptions.
Although the students can choose their own groupmates, we can also assign
them their groups if there are some concerns that arise as they choose their own
group.
Before the activity, the objective and the criteria for rating must be clear to the
students. We may consider the rubrics below.
Excellent Proficient Adequate Limited

Criteria
4 3 2 1
Has included at Has included 4 Has included 3 Has included
least 5 things to things to things to only 2 things to
Details and remember remember remember remember
Information before, during, before, during, before, during, before, during,
DRAFT
and after a and after a and after a and after a
volcanic volcanic volcanic volcanic
eruption eruption eruption eruption
Presentation is Presentation is Presentation is Presentation is
Method of easy to uniquebut not not unique but not unique and
presentation understand, organized organized not organized
unique, and
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exemplary.
Well-prepared Well-prepared Variety ofprops Limited props
with a variety of but limitedprops or materials or materials
props or or materials used used to create
materials used used to create an an image which
to create a to create an adequate image minimally
Techniques / powerful image interesting moderately appeals to or is
creativity about what to image suitable about not suitable
do before, about what to what to do about what to
during, and do before, before, during, do before,
after a volcanic during, and and after a during, and
eruption after a volcanic volcanic after a volcanic
eruption eruption eruption
Information Information Information Information
contains contains minor contains errors contains many
essentially no errors, none of which errors which
Accuracy errors which which interfere somewhat limit
interfere with with clarity of interferes with the clarity of
clarity of communication clarity of communication
communication communication
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V. Summative Assessment
Answer the following questions:
For numbers 1 to 3, choose from the illustration below. (pls re-draw without the
labels hidden under the squares)
Which among the following volcanoes is formed from:

a
1. cinders and ash?
Answer: a b
2. mostly lava?
Answer: c c
3. alternate solidification of lava and cinders?
Answer: b
DRAFT
4. Which of the following are active volcanoes?
I. Mayon in Albay
II.Taal in Batangas
III. Vulcan in Camiguin
IV. Kanlaon in Negros Oriental
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a. I and II only
b. II and III only
c. I, II and III only
d. I, II and IV only
Answer: d
5. Which of the following characteristics of magma mainly affect the explosiveness of

a volcanic eruption?
a. color
b. amount
c. temperature
d. silica content
Answer: d
6. How does the eruption of a volcano lower the atmospheric temperature?

Answer: Sulfur dioxide and ash fall are carried by wind during volcanic eruption. As
it circulates, it may block the sunlight causing a decrease in the Earths temperature.
7. Give one positive effect and one negative effect of volcanic eruption.
Answer: May include the following positive: makes the soil fertile;
negative: destruction of properties and loss of lives
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8. Describe the shape of the volcanic cone formed from the following type of volcanic
emission:
a. high temperature magma wide base and almost flat slope
b. low amount of gas magma wide base and almost flat slope
c. high silica content magma stratovolcano
9. Give three things that a person should do during volcanic eruption in order to
avoid getting hurt. Answers may vary
10. Complete the chart below to show how the heat from the Earth is tapped as
source of electricity in a power plant.
heat from heat causes Steam causes generator changes

inside the the water to the turbine to the mechanical
energy to electrical
Earth turn into steam turn
energy
DRAFT
VI. Summary/Synthesis/Feedback
A volcano is a natural opening in the surface of the Earth where molten rocks,
hot gases, smoke, and ash are ejected.
Volcanoes are classified according to

a. record of eruption as active or inactive
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b. shape of volcanic cone as shield, cinder, or composite
The shape of volcanic cone depends on three factors, namely:

a. composition of magma
b. temperature of magma
c. amount of gas
The heat flowing from inside the Earth is tapped as source of electricity in the
geothermal power plant.
Glossary of terms
active volcano a volcano that has erupted within the last 600 years and are
documented by man or those that erupted 10, 000 years ago based on analyses of
datable materials.
ash fragments of rocks; fine-grained lava
caldera a volcanic crater that formed when a part of the wall of the crater collapses
following an explosive eruption
cinder loose fragments of solidified lava
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cinder cone characterized by narrow base and steep slope
crater- a funnel-shaped depression at the top of a volcano formed as a result of
explosive eruptions
composite cone formed from alternate solidification of lava and cinders

characterized by large and symmetrical slope.
geothermal heat coming from inside the Earth
inactive volcano a volcano that has no record of eruption
lava magma that has been ejected out of a volcano
magma molten rock inside the Earth
shield cone - formed by accumulation of lava resulting in a broad, slightly domed

structure that resembles a warriors shield
DRAFT
silica a compound of silicon (SiO2)
slope degree of slant; inclination
summit peak or highest point
viscosity the resistance to flow
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volcano an opening in the Earths surface where molten rocks, smoke, gases, and
ashes are erupted.
References and links
Department of Education, Bureau of Secondary Education. Project EASE Integrated

Science 1, Module 12: Inside the Earth.
Department of Education, Bureau of Secondary Education (2013). Science - Grade 8

Learners Module. Vibal Publishing House, Inc.
McDougal Littell (2005). Science: Integrated Course 3. Houghton Mifflin Company.
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) Department of

Science and Technology (DOST) (2008). School Teachers Seminar-Training on
Natural Hazards Awareness and Preparedness: Focus on Earthquakes and
Volcanoes (Training Module).
Tarbuck, E.J. et. al. (2009). Earth Science 12th ed. Pearson Education Suth Asia Pte
Ltd.
14
http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/ accessed September 30, 2013
http://www.epa.gov/climatestudents/index.html accessed September 30, 2013
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/ accessed October 01. 2013
https://www.google.com.ph/url/mt-pinatubo-things-that-matter accessed November

06, 2013
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hazards/lahar/rain.php accessed November 08, 2013
DRAFT
March 31, 2014
15
Suggested Time Allotment: 8 to 9 hours
Unit 3
Module
2 Climate _________________
The learners demonstrate understanding of the The learners should participate in activities that
factors that affect climate, the effects of reduce risks and lessen the harmful effects of
changing climate, and how to adapt to climate climate change.
change.
DRAFT
In grade 8, students learned how typhoons develop, how typhoons are affected by
landforms and bodies of water, and why typhoons follow certain paths as they move within the
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Philippine Area of Responsibility. In this module, students will explore how different factors
affect the climate of a certain place. The learners will also learn to distinguish climate from
weather. Students are also expected to understand the impacts of climate change to people,
animals, and society. Furthermore, students are expected to make a strategic plan to mitigate and
to adapt tothe impacts of climate change.
At the end of this module, students should be able to:
1. explain how different factors affect the climate of an area
2. describe certain climatic phenomena that occur on a global level
3. make a strategic plan to help mitigate and adapt to the effects of climate change

What are the factors that affect climate? How does each factor affect climate?
What is climate change? What are the negative effects of climate change? How
can we lessen the bad effects of global warming?
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Pre-/Diagnostic Assessment
1. How does the windward side differ from the leeward side of a high land?
a. The windward receives more precipitation than the leeward.
b. The leeward side has more vegetation than the windward side.
c. The windwardside receives more heat than the leeward side.
d. The leeward side receives more precipitation than the windwardside.
Answer: a
2. What happens to the temperature of air when altitude increases?

a. remains the same c. decreases
b. increases d. varies
Answer: c
3. Which of the following BEST describes climate?

a. The weather that occurs in the atmosphere within a day.
DRAFT
b. The pattern of weather that occurs in a region over a long period of time.
c. The pattern of weather that occurs in a region over a short period of time.
d. The disturbance in the atmosphere that happens in a long period of time.
Answer: b
4. Why are the coldest places on earth found at the poles?
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a. great amount of gaseous particles trap heat from the surface
b. great amount of thermal radiation is received by these areas
c. less amount of thermal radiation is received by these areas
d. less amount of gaseous particles trap heat from the surface
Answer:c
5. What will happen when the rates of evaporation and condensation are equal?
a. Clouds form. c. The humidity increases.
b. The dew point is reached. d. Precipitation occurs.
Answer: d
6. Which of the following can cause global warming?

a. volcanic eruptions
b. theincrease of the amount of rainfall
c. the rising of warm air into the atmosphere
d. increase of the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere
Answer: d
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7. When does greenhouse effect happen?
a. Greenhouse gases on the surface absorb heat from the atmosphere.
b. Greenhouse gases on the surface absorb heat from the earths interior.
c. Greenhouse gases in the upper atmosphere absorb heat from the outer space.
d. Greenhouse gases in the lower atmosphere absorb heat from the earths surface.
Answer: d
8. Which activity does not contribute to global warming?

a. reforestation c. mining activities
b. illegal fishing d. incineration of garbage
Answer: a
9. City A is surrounded by bodies of water and has a moderate climate. It is located near the
equator. What will most likely affect the climate of the city?
a. latitude c. topography
b. altitude d. all of these
Answer: d
10. Which of following is an indication of global warming?
DRAFT
a. rising of sea level c. coastal erosion
b. decrease of global temperature d. land and water pollution
Answer: a
II. Answer the following questions.
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1. What are the factors that affect climate?
Answer: The factors that affect climate are latitude, altitude, topography, and distance from the
ocean.
2. How can you lessen the harmful effects of climate change?

Answer: By reforestation, construction of houses that can sustain strong winds, make clothes that
can protect us against extreme temperature, construct improvised boat in preparation for flooding
3. Explain how greenhouse effect happens.

Answer: Greenhouse effect happens when greenhouse gases allow solar radiation to enter the
Earths atmosphere and prevent heat from escaping.
4. How is a rain shadow formed?

Answer: It is formed when the other side of the mountain does not experience precipitation.
5. What are some impacts of climate change to people and animals?

Answer: Some of the impacts are the following: strong typhoons, extinction of some animals,
loss of lives, and destruction of agricultural crops.
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Activity 1When the Suns Rays Strike
In this activity, students should recall their knowledge about latitude and longitude.
1. Students will identify latitude and longitude using a globe or a map.They will also locate the
Tropical Region, Temperate Region, and Polar Region.
2. Students will give examples of places that are found in Tropical regions, Temperate regions
and Polar regions. Ask the students, why does earth have different climate zones?
3. Introduce Activity 1 When the Suns Rays Strike a paper-and-pen activity using the diagram
(see Figure 1 of the LM).
4. When the students finished the activity, let them emphasize the relationship of climate and
DRAFT
latitude. They should explain that when an area is farther from the equator, the air temperature is
lower resulting in a cold climate. When the place is closer to the equator, the air temperature is
higher which results in a warm climate. As the latitude increases, the greater the angle the suns
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rays strike.
Q1. 23.50
Q2. Equator
Q3. It is due to the tilting of the earths axis and the shape of the earth.
Q4. They receive less amount of heat.
Q5. Due to the tilting of the earths axis, places near the equator receive more heat making the air
temperature higher.
Q6. When the area is farther from the equator, the air temperature is lower resulting in a cold
climate. When the place is closer to the equator, the air temperature is higher which results in a
warm climate.
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Activity 2 The Higher, the Colder
This activity will show how altitude affects climate.
1. Start the lesson by posing the following questions:
a. Where dopeople usually go during summer vacations? Elicit answers from the
students. B. Why do they go there? Elicit answers from the students.
c. Why is it cold there? Elicit the answers of the students.
2. Present the Activity 2, The Higher, the Colder. Tellthe students that this activity could help
answer the third question.
DRAFT
3. After the students have finished the activity, emphasize the relationship of altitude and
climate. Students will explain how altitude affects climate based on the result of the activity.
4. Cite some examples to explain the relationship between altitude and climate. Let the students
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explain why the peak of Mt. Kilimanjaro is covered with snow although it is located near the
equator (refer to Figure 2 of the LM). You may also raise these questions: Why do many people
visit Baguio City (see Figure 2.2 of the LM))? Why do mountaineers wear thick clothes when
they go up a mountain (refer Figure 2.3 of the LM)?
Key concepts:
- The air temperature decreases as the altitude increases. Places with higher elevations have cold
climates.
- For every 1000 m, there is a drop of 6.50C. The decrease in air temperature is due to the
decrease in air pressure.
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Q1. Baguio
Q2. Manila
Note: Emphasize that there are other factors that contribute why Metro Manila has the
highest temperature. These factors include pollution, overpopulation, a lot of factories, and many
vehicles.
Q3. Temperature (y) vs Elevation
Temperature vs Elevation
35
DRAFT
30
Temeperature( 0C)
25
20
15
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10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Elevation (m)
As the altitude increases, the temperature decreases.
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Activity 3 Which cools and heats faster?
This activity is similar to the activity performed by the students when they were in Grade
7. By doing this activity again, learners will show their scientific skills that they acquired when
they performed this activity.
1. You should try this activity ahead of time for you to know the right amount of water and sand
or soil to be used. The amount of soil/sand and water may affect the rate of absorption of heat.
Since this activity requires sunlight, this should be performed on a sunny day. If the weather does
not permit, use lamps. Lamps can simulate the radiation effect of sunlight. If electricity is not
available, use alcohol lamps. But emphasize to the students that heat coming from alcohol lamps
DRAFT
do not simulate the radiation effect of sunlight. It simulates only the absorption of heat by
sand/soil and water from the alcohol lamps.
2. You must carry out first the Preactivity. Remind the learners of the Dos and Donts regarding
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the activity such as: they have to be careful in getting the data. They should follow the procedure
carefully to get reliable data. Point out also that the bulb of the thermometer must not be allowed
to touch the bottom of the container.
3. Post the questions on the board: Which heats faster: water or soil? Which cools faster: water
or soil? Tell the students that they will be performing an activity to answer these questions.
4. After the activity, the students must emphasize the effect of the distance of bodies of water.
Use Figure 3.1 of the LM to help students understand the effect of bodies of water on a certain
area. Students will revisit the effects of land breeze and sea breeze.
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Key Concepts
- The soil absorbs heat faster than water. At the same time, the soil releases heat faster compared
to water.
- During daytime, the air above the sea is colder than the air above the land. The warm air flows
from land to sea. Thus, the rise of temperature on land would be moderated.
- During nighttime, warm air would flow from sea to land, making the temperature on land
higher.
Q1. Answers may vary.
DRAFT
Q2. Answers may vary.
Q3. Over the same time interval, temperature of soil rise faster..
Q4. The temperature decreases or becomes lower.
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Q5. Soil cools faster.
Q6. A body of water circulates the warm air and cold air. It absorbs more heat and can slowly
release heat making the change in temperature of a country moderate.
Q7. Because there no bodies of water that will moderate the change in temperature in the
location.
Activity 4Which should I choose, Windward or Leeward?
This activity will help learners explain how topography affects climate. By using the
diagram, learners will help deepen their understanding of the effects of topographic features on
climate.
24
1. The students will study Figure 4.1 of the LM before they answer the questions.
2. After they finished the activity, explain how topography affects the climate. Explain that rain
shadow is seldom found here in the Philippines because our country is surrounded by bodies of
water. Another reason is that the Philippines has two local wind systems such as Amihan and
Habagat. These local winds bring precipitation in every part of the Philippines.
3. You may opt to use this video link (as of November 7, 2013):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tmv_8j_UnTs to deepen the understanding of the students.
Key Concepts
- Moist wind coming from the sea flow up the mountain. Because temperature falls with
DRAFT
altitude, water vapor eventually condenses and there is precipitation. Since this is the side of the
mountain facing the wind, it is called the windward side.
- Formation of the clouds in the windward side of the mountain is caused by the condensation of
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water vapor.
- Since precipitation occured on the windward side, the wind often loses its moisture content by
the time it reaches the peak. The wind flowing down the other side, called the leeward side, is
dry. Since it barely rains on this side, the mountain is said to form a rainshadow on the leeward
side. Without rain to cool it down, this side of the mountain also has higher temperature.
Q1. It condenses to form clouds.
Q2. The windward side.
Q3. The leeward side.
Q4. It rises up the atmosphere.
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Q5. Rain shadow
Q6. Moist wind coming from the sea flow up the mountain. Because temperature falls with
altitude, water vapor eventually condenses and there is precipitation.
Activity 5 Temperatures of Different Cities around the World
This activity will serve as follow-up for the previous lessons. It focuses on the three
factors that affect climate such as latitude, altitude, and distance from the ocean. The learners
DRAFT
will be using map or globe in locating the latitude of different cities.
1. Post a big world map on the board. The students will locate some major cities in the world(e.g.
Tokyo, Beijing, Moscow, and Warsaw). (Note: This activity is just a conditioning process in
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finding the location of major cities that are included in the activity. )
2. Group the students by minimum of three and maximum of five members in each group in
performing Activity # 5. Each group must have a world map.
3. After the activity, the students should emphasize the effects of latitude, altitude, and distance
from bodies of water. The learners should relate the result of the activity to their explanation.
4. You may use this video link http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E7DLLxrrBV8 as an
enrichment activity. (as of October 11, 2013)
Key Concepts
- When a place is closer to the equator,the temperature is likely to be higher. When a place is
farther from the equator,the temperaturetends to be lower.

26
- Places that have high elevations have lower air temperature.
- The closer a region is to a body of water, the temperature range is smaller. Places far from
bodies of water tend to have larger temperarture range.
Q1. Manila
Q2. It is the altitude and the closeness to the equator.
Q3. Vienna
Q4. The distanceto the equator affects its climate.The farther the place from the equator the
lower the air temperature.
DRAFT
Q5. The distance from the body of water affects the moderate climate of Tokyo. The closer a
region to the bodies of water, themoderate the climate is. The farther from bodies of water, the
colder the climate or the warmer the climate.
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Q6. Paris has a lower elevation. A place with low altitude tends to have higher air temperature.
Activity 6 Ocean Currents
This activity will help learners to explain how ocean currents affect climate. By using the
map, learners will be able to identify the different ocean currents in the world.
1. Ask the students to look for a partner. One student will make a straight line on a bond
paper/cardboard. As one student makes straight line, the other partner will slowly spin the paper.
2. Let the students observe the result of the activity. Raise these questions to the students: What
shape was formed? Why is that so?
27
3. Ask the students to look at the picture of Figure 6.1. Let them study the map that shows the
different ocean currents in the world. Have them identify the different ocean currents in the
world.
4. Let the students perform Activity 6.
5. At the end of the activity, students must explain how ocean currents affect the climate of a
certain region. Students should emphasize that ocean currents will either warm or cool the air
above them. When ocean currents that bring cold water move towards a coastal region, the
temperature of that area decreases as warmer air from the land flows to the sea, resulting in a
cold climate. When warm ocean currents that take along warm water go to a land mass, the
temperature of that place increases as warmer air above the water flows inland, resulting in a
DRAFT
warm climate.
Q1. Kuroshio Current, Gulf Stream, Agulhas Current, North Equatorial Current
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Q2. Labrador Current, Kamchatka Current, East Australian Current, Greenland Current
Q3. Cold air because it carries cold water from the pole towards the equator.
Q4. Kamchatka Current brings cold water to the northeastern part of Japan making the
temperature lower. Kuroshio Current brings warm water towards southern part of Japan making
the temperature higher.
Q5. Ocean currents either warm or cool the air above them. When ocean currents that bring cold
water move towards a coastal region, the temperature of that area decreases. When the ocean
currents that take along warm air go to a land mass, the temperature of that place rises.
28
Activity 7Getting Ready!
This activity is an introduction to climate change. This will help to assess learners prior
knowledge and misconceptions about climate change. Through this activity, the teacher could
identify the weaknesses and strengths of the learners about climate change.
1. In doing this activity, you have to give out the instructions very well. Let two to three students
repeat the instructions.
2. You should emphasize that whoever could finish the activity first with all correct answers will
be declared winner. (If you have the capacity to provide the prize, please do so.)
3. Remind the students that they have to minimize their voices in performing this activity.
DRAFT
4. Stop the activity if somebody has submitted the Bingo Card with complete answers. Check
the answers if they are all correct. Call out the name of the students who answered the questions
in the Bingo Card one by one. Let them answer the questions or the statement they chose.
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5. You must emphasize that this is an assessment of their prior knowledge. Give feedbacks to the
outcome of the activity.
Student will say it. Recycle chlorofluorocarbons Student will say it. Bus or tricycle
Student will say it. Methane Thomas Edison Ilocos Norte Yes or no
Carbon dioxide Yes Hydroelectric energy Yes or No
Yes Reduce, Reuse, Yes Hydroelectric power Anyone

Recycle plant
Climate Paper, plastic, cans 1. Turn off appliance Solar Energy Paper bag
when not in use.
2. Clean up
fluorescent lamp or
bulbs.
3. Use low wattage
electric appliance.
29
Activity 8Itsgettin hot in here!
This activity simulates how greenhouse gases trap heat. It helps to explain how the
atmosphere prevents heat from escaping the surface. This is a group activity.
1. Start the lesson by instructing the students to read the opening statement indicated above the
activity. Tell the students that they will be helping Jen to explain her situation.
2. During the pre-activity, emphasize the proper positioning of the thermometer. The
thermometer should be placed in a way that the students could easily read the markings. You
should emphasize that the temperature they will get is that of the air that surrounds the
thermometer. It is notthe suns heat. The thermometer should not be hit directly by the sunlight
DRAFT
to avoid getting the wrong data. You have to point out that being a researcher or a scientist,
he/she must obtain the correct data to give correct information.
3. During the activity, you have to check if the students placed the thermometer properly inside
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the aquarium or glass or shoebox. You have to check also if the thermometers are not hit directly
by the sunlight.
4. In the post-activity, explain that this is just a simulation of the role of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere. The walls of the aquarium or glass do not represent the role of greenhouse gases.
You should emphasize this so that students will not be misinformed about this concept.
5. Use Figure 8.2 of the LM to help the students understand how greenhouse gases absorb heat
instead of letting it flow out of the atmosphere. (Try this video link:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5zLuqSYF68E) (as of October 8, 2013)
30
Key Concepts
- Greenhouse gases absorb heat, preventing them from flowing out ofthe earth. Naturally,
greenhouse gases play an important role in keeping the earth warm. The Earth would be very
cold if there were no greenhouse gases that absorb heat.
- Global temperature increases when the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
increases.
- Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane (CH4), chloroflurocarbons (CFCs), and
nitrous oxide (N2O)
- Greenhouse effect happens when there there is too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
DRAFT
Q1. Thethermometer inside the aquarium
Q2. The heat is trapped inside the aquarium.
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Q3. The wall of the aquarium prevents heat from flowing out of the aquarium. In the same
manner, the greenhouse gases absorbs heat and keep it from flowing out of the atmosphere.
Q4. The greenhouse gases.
Activity 9 CO2 is the reason!
This activity will help students toexplain the relationship between carbon dioxide and
global temperature.
Day 1
1. Use this activity as a spring board for the next lesson. It should take only for five to eight
minutes.
31
2. Let the students emphasize the relationship of carbon dioxide and global temperature. As the
carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the more heat is absorbed resulting to the increase of
global temperature. The increase of global temperature will lead to global warming.
3. After the discussion, introduce the next activity.
1. 1.30F
2. increased by 100 ppmv
3. They are directly proportional. As the amount of carbon dioxide increases, the global
temperature increases too.
DRAFT
4. It was highest in 2007 and lowest in 1909
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Acitivity 10. Am I a Climate Hero or a Climate Culprit?
This activity is a continuation of Activity 9. It helps students todetermine whether they
are heroes or culprits of climate change.
1. Before carrying out this activity, the teacher should try first the carbon footprint calculator. To
get this,download it from
http://wwf.org.ph/wwf3/search.php?search=carbon+footprint+calculator. (as of October 9,
2013). But, if you opt to use the ecological footprint checklist, instruct the students very well on
how to utilize the checklist (see Activity 10, Table 10.1 of the LM.)
2. Post this question on the board: Am I a climate hero or a climate culprit? Instruct the
students to perform this activity to answer the question.
32
3. Tell the students to calculate their ecological footprint by adding the corresponding points to
each statement. After the activity, each group must present their output in class.
4. Tell the students that the data they got will be used for the next day.
Day 2
4. Instruct the students that each member of the group should choose the top three sources of
carbon emission. Then, they shouldmake a strategic plan to lessen their carbon emission (see the
example below).
Example:
Name of the Member: John Tugade
DRAFT
My Top Three Sources of Carbon
1. Waste
2. Transportation
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3. Electricity
Sample Strategic Plan.
Put a check if you had done this strategy every week, otherwise put an X.
Month: November
Strategy Plan Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4
A. Waste
1. I still use the back of the used

paper as a scratch paper.
2. I put left over foods, vegetables

peelings in a compost pit.
B. Transportation
33
1. I will just walk if the place I will
go to is near.
C. Electricity
1. I will turn off electric appliances

when not in use.
2. I will limit my time in watching

t.v or listening to the radio
My Carbon/Ecological Footprint:
5.Students will make a bar graph to represent the result of the Carbon/Ecological Footprint of all
the members in the group.
DRAFT
Sample Result
The Carbon Emission of Group 1 Month: October
100
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80
60
carbon emission
40
20
0
Jen Omar Teddy Digna Dave Hernan
6. The members of the group will monitor their carbon emission within the third quarter. The
group leader will gather the result and place it in a portfolio.
7. The students will report the result in the class. They will give recommendations/advice to their
classmates on how to lessen their carbon emission.
Q1. The answer may vary.

34
Impacts of Climate Change
This a performance task of the students. This activity shows the impacts of climate
change and how to mitigate and adapt them. This is a group activity.
1. You should give a situation that the school is observing like a Science Month Celebration with
DRAFT
a theme: Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation. They must come up with a
presentation that can disseminate to and educate their fellow students about the impacts of
climate change and on how to reduce the effects.You may refer from the different suggested
March 31, 2014

tasks below.
Group 1 A comic sketch Group 3 - Newscasting
Group 2 A jingle or song Group 4 Poster and slogan
Group 5 Poem
2. Instruct students that they may use the reading materials provided in the module about the
Impact of Climate Change and El Nio and La Nia as their references for the tasked
assigned. Students may also try this video link as their reference:
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjnV8-oo12A, if the internet is available. (As of October 11,
2013)
3. This performance task must be given at the start of the third grading period.
4. This should be presented at the end of the chapter.
35
5. Teacher must set a date when to present this performance task.
To measure the output of the students you may refer from this prepared rubric.
4 3 2 1 Score
Purpose The presentation had a The presentation had The presentation had The presentations
clear topic, purpose, and a topic, but its a topic, but its topic was not clear
theme. All the parts of the purpose and theme purpose and theme and its theme and and
presentation contributed were only somewhat were not clearly purpose were not at
to the clear and interesting clear. All the parts of conveyed. Most of all presented. Many
presentation of topic, the presentation said the parts of the parts of the
purpose, and theme. something rather presentation said presentation needed
important about the something vaguely improvement because
topic and appropriate important about the they did not
to the topic, purpose, topic, purpose, and contribute to the
and theme. theme. making of a clear
presentation
Creativity The presentation was made The presentation The presentation There was nothing
DRAFT
up of unique, imaginative, included some included a few unique, imaginative,
and surprising features and unique, imaginative, unique, imaginative, or surprising about the
components which elicited and surprising and surprising presentation and did
a high degree of interest features which features which not impart any clear
and excitement from the elicited a moderate elicited a degree of information about the
audience, and loaded the degree of interest interest and topic.
presentation with a lot of and excitement from excitement from the
information. the audience, and audience. However,
March 31, 2014

loaded the these features gave
presentation with very little information
just enough about the toipc.
information about
the topic.
Organization The presentation introduced The presentation The presentation simply The presentation
the topic in an interesting way, introduced the topic in introduced the topic, did inadequately introduced
built up the theme in a logical an interesting way, but not build up a clear the topic and was so
manner, and ended with a slide built up the theme in a theme, and ended with a disorganized that the
presentation that left the somewhat confusing slide presentation that audience did not
audience with a clear purpose manner, and ended with did not state the understand what was its
to think about and act on it. a slide presentation that purpose of the theme and purpose.
left the audience with a presentation for the
rather unclear purpose audience to think about.
to think and talk about.
Oral Presentation The reporter spoke clearly, with the The reporter spoke clearly, The reporter sometimes did The reporter did not speak
right modulation, and in an engaging with the right modulation, not speak clearly and, at clearly and too softly for the
manner. but in a not so engaging times, too softly. He was greater part of the
manner. oftentimes looking up at the presentation. Nothing of what
ceiling or over the audiences he/she said caught the
head and did not at all elicit audiences interest in the least
the audiences interest. bit.
36
Post-test/ Summative Test
Encircle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.
1. Why do mountain climbers bring thick jackets when they go up the mountain?
a. The temperature increases as the altitude increases.
b. The temperature decreases as the altitude increases.
c. The altitude increases as the temperature increases.
d. The altitude decreases as the temperature increases.
Answer:b
2. What will happen if there is too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
a. Greenhouse effect occurs. c. Water vapor condenses.
b. Temperature increases. d. Climate changes.
Answer:a
3. Why does cloud formation disappear as the air moves slowly towards the leeward side of a
mountain?
DRAFT
a. The air condenses as it moves to the leeward side.
b. The amount of water vapor is not enough.
c. The temperature becomes lower.
d. There is too much water vapor.
Answer:b
March 31, 2014

4. Which condition happens during La Nia phenomenon?
a. Air pressure in the western Pacific increases
b. Air pressure in the eastern Pacific decreases
c. Upwelling of cold water is blocked
d. Trade wind becomes stronger
Answer:d
5. It refers to the atmospheric condition of a place over a long period of time.

a. climate c. weather
b. monsoon d. topography
Answer:a
6. Which side of the mountain often receives the most precipitation?

a. leeward side c. rain shadow
b. windward side d. peak
Answer:b
7. Which is the best practice to reduce the effect of climate change?

a. livestock raising c. organic farming
b. burning fossil fuel d. car manufacturing
Answer:c
37
8. Which of the following shows the effect of climate change?
a. rising of sea level
b. deforestation of the forest
c. coastal erosion in some places
d. siltation of bodies of water
Answer:a
9. During summer, many people visit Baguio because of the cold weather. What do you think
makes Baguio cold?
a. The latitude c. The altitude
b. The topography d. The distance from the ocean
Answer:c
10. Why do places at the same latitude but different altitudes have different climate?
a. Amount of heat received varies.
DRAFT
b. Amount of precipitation differs.
c. Higher altitudes have lower temperature.
d. Higher altitudes have higher temperature.
Answer:c
March 31, 2014

References and Links
Dizpezio, Michael, et al.(1999). Science Insights Exploring Earth and Space. First Lok Yang
Road, Singapore: Pearson Education (Asia) Pte Ltd.
Tillery, Bill W.(2007). Physical Science (7th ed.). 1221 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY
10020: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Cowan, A.G. Ocean Currents and Climate. Retrieved from

http://education.nationalgeographic.com/ accessed November 4, 2013
http://mapcarta.comaccessed as of October 1, 2013

http://dateandtime.info/citycoordinates.php?id=2988507 accessed October 2, 2013
http://wwf.panda.org/ accessed October 2, 2013
http://www.messagetoeagle.com/accessed October 2, 2013
http://www.cruse.org.uk/children accessed as of October 4, 2013
http://www.powayusd.com/accessed October 8, 2013
http://www.helpteaching.com/ accessed October 8, 2013
http://www.dailywhat.org.uk/ accessed October 9, 2013
http://www.science.org.au/reports/climatechange2010.pdf accessed October 9, 2013
http://www.elnino.noaa.gov/lanina_new_faq.htmlaccessed November 5, 2013
http://www.dfg.ca.gov/ accessed November 5, 2013
38
Unit 3
MODULE
3 CONSTELLATIONS
I. Introduction
In this part of the module, you will learn about the characteristics of stars. You will
DRAFT
also learn about the patterns that form from groups of stars. These patterns in the
night sky appear to move in the course of the night because of Earths rotation.
Different star patterns are seen at different times of the year because of Earths
movement around the Sun.
II. Learning Competencies/Objectives
March 31, 2014

In this module, the Learner should be able to:
1. Infer the characteristics of stars based on the characteristics of the Sun

2. infer that the arrangement of stars in a group (constellation) does not change
3. observe that the position of a constellation changes in the course of a night
4. use models that show which constellations may be observed at different times
of the year
III. Pre/Diagnostic Assessment
A. Choose the letter of the best answer.

For number 1 to 3, use the table below that presents information about stars A, B, C,
and D.
Star Color
A Red
B Yellow
C White
D Blue
1
1. Which star is the hottest?
A. D
2. Which star is very similar to our Sun?

B. B
3. How do stars appear to move in the night sky?

A. From East to West
4. Stars appear to move in the sky because

A. Earth is rotating on its axis.
5. If you are located at the North Pole, where will you see the Polaris?
A. Overhead
DRAFT
6. Which constellation is prominently seen in the sky during summer?
C.Virgo
March 31, 2014

IV. Reading Resources and Instructional Activities
Characteristics of Stars
2
Rigel
DRAFT Sirius
March 31, 2014

Figure 1.The Night Sky. Are the stars same in size? Are the stars same in color?
Are the stars equally bright?
When we look at the night sky, we see thousands of stars. In reality, there is infinite
number of stars scattered in the sky. A person can see only about 3,000 stars on the
average.
These stars differ in many ways. We see stars of different sizes, brightness and
color.
Using Figure 1, which star is bigger, Sirius or Rigel? Can you really tell the size of
the star by just looking at it?
Figure 2 shows the size of the Sun, the closest star to Earth, as compared to other
stars that we see at night. As we can see, the Sun is so small compared to other
nearby stars. Also, Sirius, which appear bigger than Rigel is actually very small
compared to Rigel.
3
DRAFT
Photo Credit: Quantrek, Inc.
http://www.quantrek.org/size_comparison/size_comparison.htm
Figure 2. The size of the Sun compared to other stars.
March 31, 2014

What does the color of a star mean? Why do stars differ in brightness? Do the
following activities to find out.
Activity 1
Characteristics of Stars
Objectives:
Materials:
2 flashlights (small and big), incandescent light, light dimmer,
Procedure:
Part A. Color
4
1. Plug the incandescent lamp to a light dimmer switch.
2. Darken the room and turn on the lamp.
3. Adjust the dimmer switch slowly until the bulb becomes dim.
4. Observe and note the color of the glowing filament.
5. Adjust the dimmer switch slowly until the bulb becomes brighter and brighter.
6. Observe and note the color of the glowing filament.
Q1. What is the color of the filament as you dim the bulb?
A1. The color of the filament is red.
Q2. What is the color of the filament as you turn the switch at full power?
A2. It becomes blue.
DRAFT
Q3. What happens to the temperature of the filament as the bulb becomes
brighter and brighter?
A3. The temperature increases.
March 31, 2014
5
(please redraw) Activity set-up
Star color ranges from red to blue. The color of the star indicates its surface
temperature. The table below shows the surface temperature and color of different
nearby stars, including the Sun.
Table 1. Color and Temperature of Selected Stars
Temperature in
Star Color
degrees Celsius
Sun Yellow 5,700

Proxima
Red 2,300
Centuari
DRAFT
Epsilon Iridani Orange 4,600
Vega White 9,900
Sirius White 10,000
Alnilam Blue 27,000
March 31, 2014

Part B. Brightness
1. Place the two dentical small flashlights on a table or chair near the front of the
room.
2. Darken the room and turn on the two flashlights. Compare the brightness of
the two flashlights.
3. Place one flashlight on a table or chair at the back of the room. Darken the
room and turn on the two flashlights.
4. Observe the two flashlights from the front of the room. Compare the
brightness of the two flashlights. Which flashlight appears to be brighter?
6
5. Replace the small flashlight at the back of the room with a bigger flashlight.
Compare the apparent brightness of the two flashlights. Which flashlight
appears to be brighter?
6.
7.
8.
DRAFT
March 31, 2014

9. Move the two flashlights back and forth until they appear to have the same
brightness.
Q1. What causes the difference in brightness of the two flashlights?
A1. The absolute brightness of the source and the distance from the
source affect the brightness of the flashlight.
The brightness of a star as seen from the Earth depends on two factors - distance
and the actual brightness (or absolute brightness) of the star. The stars brightness
as seen from Earth is its apparent brightness. Based on the activity, apparent
brightness depends on how far away a star is from Earth.
Lets take Sirius and Rigel (refer to Figure 1) to illustrate the effect of distance to
apparent brightness. In terms of apparent brightness, Sirius is about twice as bright
as Rigel. In terms of distance from the Earth, Rigel is almost 100 times further away
than Sirius. Compared to the Sun, Sirius is about 27 times as powerful as the Sun,
but Rigel has the power of many thousands of Suns. Sirius looks very bright when
viewed from Earth because it is closer to Earth.
7
Astronomers consider the stars absolute brightness when comparing stars. A
stars absolute brightness is the brightness the star would have if all stars were the
same standard distance form Earth.
What is a Constellation?
When you look at the sky, what do you see? Do you see images of animals or
people?
Observers in ancient times also imagined group of stars that form pictures of animals
and people. Today, these imaginary groups of stars are called constellations.
DRAFT
Activity 2
Patterns in the Sky
Objective:
March 31, 2014

After performing this activity, you should be able to:
Infer that stars are fixed and can be grouped together
Materials Needed:
markers
Procedure
Given a plain map of stars, draw any pattern, name and tell a story about your
constellation.
8
DRAFT
March 31, 2014
Please redraw without the lines, labels and other markings.
Many of these constellations have names that can be traced back to early
Babylonians and Greek civilizations, but nearly all cultures had different names for
the constellations. For example, the large constellation Orion, which is prominent in
the night sky all over the world during winter, is named the Hunter by the Greeks.
Early Filipinos visualized the same group of stars as Balatik, a trap used in hunting
wild pigs. Christian Filipinos named the three stars (Orions belt) Tatlong Maria or
Tres Marias.
9
Activity 3
Apparent Movement of the Stars through the Night
Objectives:
describe the apparent motion of stars at night.
Materials Needed:
Photographs of the night sky (Manila) at 6 p.m., 8 p.m., 11 p.m. and 1 a.m.
Procedure:
DRAFT
1. On a clear night sky, look at the stars from 7 pm to 11 pm.
2. Focus on one or two constellations like the Auriga and Orion which are best
seen on the month of December.
3. Look at the stars clearly every hour of the night starting from 7 pm to 11 pm.
March 31, 2014

Q1. Compare the position of the stars in the sky. What do you notice?
A1. The constellations move from right to left as the night deepens.
Q2. Are the stars visible at 7 pm still visible at 11 pm in their original position? Why
A2. No, because they move.
Q3. How do the stars move? Describe the movement of the stars in the night sky.
A3. Stars seem to move from East to West.
Q4. How is motion of stars similar to the motion of the Sun?
A4.Like the sun, stars move from east to west during the course of the
day (for the sun) and night (for the stars).
10
By observing Suns movement and position in the sky, we can tell what time of the
day it is. When it rises in the east, it is morning, when it is above us, it is noon and
when it sets in the west, it is afternoon. Just like the Sun, stars also seem to move
from East to West.
The Polaris
Polaris, commonly known as North Star, is the brightest star in

the constellation Ursa Minor (Little Dipper). It is very close to the north celestial pole,
making it the current northern pole star. Because it lies nearly in a direct line with the
axis of the Earth's rotation "above" the North Pole, Polaris stands almost motionless
in the sky, and all the stars of the Northern sky appear to rotate around it. In Figure
3, the Polaris and the star trail are seen. Star trail is a type of photograph that utilizes long-
exposure times to capture the apparent motion of stars in the night sky due to the rotation of
the Earth.
DRAFT
March 31, 2014
11
DRAFT
March 31, 2014
Photo Credit: Norman P. Aquino
http://www.flickr.com/photos/landscapist
Figure 3. Polaris and the Star Trail over Mt. Pulag
In Metro Manila, when you face North, the Polaris which is 11.3o from the
horizon, is seen at around 15 due to atmospheric refraction. In some parts of the
country (i.e. Southern Philippines), it would be very difficult to locate the Polaris since
starlights near the horizon washed out by lights lit by men, and /or obstructed by
man-made or topographical structures and/or tress.
12
DRAFT Photo Credit: Anthony Urbano
http://nightskyinfocus.com/2012/02/03/how-to-find-polaris-the-north-star/
Figure 4. Polaris as viewed from the Philippines (Quezon City). To locate the
March 31, 2014

Polaris, face North and locate the Big Dipper. Two stars (Merak and Dubhe) in the
Big Dipper are called pointer stars because they seem to point to Polaris.
Why are some constellations only visible at particular months? Do the next activity
to answer this question.
Activity 4
Different Star Patterns through the Year
Objectives:

13
Explain why some constellations are not seen at certain months
Materials Needed:
Photographs of the night sky at different months (Manila), Print-out (or

drawings) of Constellations, globe, small toy figure , lamp
Procedure:
1. Look at the series of photographs below. This is how you see the night
sky in Manila (while facing North) at different months.
Q1. Compare the photographs. What do you notice?
DRAFT
A1. Different patterns are formed in different months.
Q2. Why do stars visible in March not visible in September?
A2. This is due to earths revolution.
March 31, 2014

NOTE: The teacher could present a multimedia presentation showing constellation
for a given month. In so doing, the students can easily visualize the patterns made
by constellations.
14
DRAFT
Figure 5a. March Night Sky (9 p.m.)
March 31, 2014

Figure 5b. June Night Sky (9 p.m.)
15
DRAFT
Figure 5c. September Night Sky (9 p.m.)
March 31, 2014

Figure 5d. December Night Sky (9 p.m.)
While the rotation of the Earth on its axis causes the nightly movement of the stars
across the sky, the revolution is responsible for the fact that we can see different
parts of the sky at different parts of the year.
16
2. Position the printed constellations as shown in Figure 6.
3. Look for the Philippines in the globe and glue a small figure (e.g., toy soldier)
within its vicinity. The small figure will represent an observer on Earth (in the
Philippines).
4. Turn on the lamp. Always focus the lamp on the globe. What does the (a) lighted
and (a) unlighted parts of the globe represent?
5.Move the globe around the lamp (counterclockwise, from A to D). Make sure the
globe maintains its tilt or orientation as you move it around (Figure 7).
Q4. What constellations are prominent during winter? Fall? Summer? Spring?
A4. Canis Major, Cetus, Eridanus, Gemini, Persues, Taurus and Orion are seen
during winter or cold season. Aquila, Cygnus, Hercules, Lyra, Ophiuchus,
Sagittarius and Scorpius are prominent on summer. During spring, Bootes,
DRAFT
Cancer, Crater, Hydra, Leo and Virgo are seen. At autumn, Andromeda,
Aquarius, Capricornus, Pegasus and Pisces are prominent.
Bootes, Cancer, Crates,

Hydra, Leo, Virgo
March 31, 2014

B
Saggitarius, Aquila,
Lamp
Cygnus, Hercules, globe Orion, Cetus,
(sun)
Lyra Ophiuchus, Eridanus, Gemini,
C A
Scorpius Perseus, Taurus,
Canis Major
Pegasus, Andromeda,
Aquarus, Capricornus,
Pisces
Figure 6. Top View of the Set up
17
B
C A
Figure 7. Orientation of the globe as it moves around the lamp (Sun). The globe
moves counterclockwise (from A-D) around the lamp.
DRAFT
March 31, 2014
Figure 8. Prominent constellations during different seasons.
An observer from Earth will be able to see the stars that are in the opposite side of
the Sun. The stars behind the Sun are not visible during the day because Sun is so
bright that the light coming from other stars become faint and unnoticeable.
18
During summer, the constellations of Orion and Taurus are not visible at night. They
will be visible again as the cold season begins. During this time, however, Scorpius
will not be seen in the night sky.
As the Earth revolves around its orbit, the stars that were concealed by the bright
light of the Sun in the previous months will appear in the night sky.
How Early People Used the Constellations
While the first use of constellations was religious in nature, they also have practical
uses. Before the calendars, people had no way of determining when to sow or
harvest except by looking at these patterns in the sky. Ancient people developed a
way to remember the patterns by giving these patterns names and stories. For
example, in the northern hemisphere, the constellation Orion indicates the coming of
cold season. The stars allowed farmers to plan ahead. The constellations made it
DRAFT
easier for them to recognize and interpret patterns in the sky. For example, Gemini is
seen in the Philippines during the months of April and May. Farmers interpreted the
appearance of Gemini as the end of planting season and it signified rich harvest.
The table below shows how Matigsalug Manobo of Bukidnon used the stars and
constellations in relation to their agriculture.
March 31, 2014

Baha
Table 2: Stars and Constellations Used by Matigsalug Manobo of Bukidnon
Local Name
Pandarawa
Month of Appearance
December to February
January
Related Agricultural
Activity
Clearing of forest
start of planning what
Western Equivalent
Tauus
Pleiades
kind of crops to be
planted and how wide
is the area to be
planted
Balatik February start of planting and Orionss Belt
setting of traps to
protect the crops from
animals
Malihe March planting of rice, corn or
vegetables
Gibbang April and May end of planting Gemini
season; signifies rich
harvest
Malara May stop planting Canis Minor
Lepu Late May time to clean or clear Aquila
19
the fields while waiting
for harvest time
Buwaya June start of the rainy
season
Other Uses
Another use of constellations was in navigation. The Polaris is widely used in

navigation because it does not change its position at any time of the night or year.
Also, one can figure out his/her latitude just by looking at how high Polaris appears in
the night sky. This allowed sailors to find their way as they sail across the seas.
DRAFT
V. Summative Assessment
Answer the following questions.
1. The star Algol is estimated to have approximately as bright as the star

Aldebaran and approximately the same temperature as the star Rigel. Which
March 31, 2014

of the following statement is correct?
C. Algol and Rigel have the same brightness and color.
2. The constellation below represents the constellation Cygnus.
Which statement best explains why Cygnus is visible to an observer in Manila

in September but not visible in March?
20
B.Earth orbits the Sun.
3. The constellation Pisces changes position during a night, as shown in the

diagram below.
Which motion is mainly responsible for this change in position?

B.Rotation of Earth on its axis
DRAFT
4. At which location could an observer not see Polaris in the night sky at any
time during the year?
March 31, 2014

5. B
References and links
UP Science Education Center. Earth Science: The Philippines in Focus
21
Curious About Astronomy http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=340
What are Constellations?

http://www.astro.wisc.edu/~dolan/constellations/extra/
Ambrosio, D. 2009. Balatik and Moroporo Stars of Philippine Skies. Retrieved from
http://philippinehistory.ph/?p=32
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-
sZSEoaDBrV0/UIjJGVmE9OI/AAAAAAAABvg/s0Sn_ObaHCc/s1600/DSC_0871.jpg
DRAFT
March 31, 2014
22
Unit 4
MODULE 1 FORCES AND MOTION

The learners demonstrate Propose ways to enhance sports
understanding of uniformly accelerated related to projectile motion.
motion, motion in two-dimensions using
projectile motion as example, impulse
and momentum, and conservation of
DRAFT
linear momentum.
Overview
After describing and quantifying non-uniform motion through basic

mathematical approach, the students will now explore a comprehensive uniform
March 31, 2014

motion. They will now scrutinize the horizontal and vertical dimensions of
Uniformly Accelerated Motion (UAM) using basic algebra. They will also solve
problems dealing with two-dimensional motion as in Projectile Motion. They will
also relate Impulse and Momentum to real life situations.
At the end of module 1, the students will be able to answer the following
questions:
1. How will you describe Uniformly Accelerated Motion (UAM)

qualitatively and quantitatively?
2. How will you describe the horizontal and vertical motions of a
projectile?
3. What are the factors that determine the projectiles flight?
4. What do you think are other factors that may affect the
motion of objects?
5. What is the total momentum before and after collision?
1
Uniformly Accelerated Motion: Horizontal Dimension
Start the module by reviewing students prior knowledge in speed, velocity

and acceleration since they were able to learn these concepts in their previous
years. The following questions may be asked:
What is speed? velocity?

What is the difference between speed and velocity?
What is acceleration?
A drill may be conducted by completing the table showingvelocity,

displacement and time to elicit their prior knowledge in velocity since they learned
the concept when they were in Grade 7.
To introduce Uniformly Accelerated Motion (UAM) in horizontal dimension let

the students imagine the motion of an airplane starting to takeoff. The following
DRAFT
questions may be asked:
What do you think should be the motion of an airplane preparing for

takeoff?
How will you describe the speed of the plane from rest until it takes
off?
March 31, 2014

Using a schematic diagram, let them plot on the board the possible position
of the airplane for every second.
ACTIVITY
1
Roll, roll, and away!
In this activity, the studentsare tasked to determine the accelerationof a

rolling object by recording the time to travel different distances on an inclined plane.
The students should form a group of five members. Everybody

should have a part in the activity.
2
o Student 1 holds the timing device and accurately starts and
stops the timing device (stopwatch or cellphone with
stopwatch application).
o Student 2 records the time in the table provided for the activity.
o Student 3, 4, and 5 releases the tin can in each marked
position.
Instruct the students to plot in the graph d vs.t and then d vs. t2.
Instruct each group to do repeat the experiment on different angles of

inclination.
During the post activity discussion, students can be asked to recall

what they learned in the previous grade level about non-uniform
motion. They may be asked to state and enumerate the formula they
learned from velocity and acceleration.
DRAFT
Q1. The d vs. t graph is a curve line or the d vs .t graph is a curved line. The d vs. t2
graph is a straight line inclined to the right.
Q2. The relationship is quadratic.
March 31, 2014

Q3. The slope will be solved using the formula (d2 d1)/(t22 t12). The slope of d t2
graph represents the acceleration. (This can be seen in the unit which is m/s2)
Q4. The d t and d t2graphs tell that the tin can is accelerating uniformly. It tells
that velocity increases over time. It means that for a regular time interval,
distance is increasing quadratically.
Derivation of Formula
For the students to fully understand the concept of UAM, they need to solve
word problems related to real life situations. But before solving problems, they need
to derive the basic formula needed to solve such problems. To start the derivation,
ask them the formula they learned in Grades 7 and 8 about velocity, average
velocity, and acceleration, and label the formula into:

Equation A =

+
Equation B =
2

Equation C =

3
Guide the STUDENTS to use the three equations to derive the following
equations:
Equation D
+
= ( )
2
Equation E 2
= +
2
Equation F vf2 = vi2 + 2ad
Try solving this(Answer)
DRAFT
A train accelerates to a speed of 20 m/s over a distance of 150 m. Determine
the acceleration (assume uniform) of the train.
Given:
vi = 0 m/s (assume the train starts from rest)
March 31, 2014

vf = 20 m/s
d = 150 m
Find:
a=?
vf2 = vi2 + 2ad
(20m/s)2 = (0 m/s)2 + 2(a)(150 m)
400 m2/s2 = 0 m2/s2 + (300 m)a
400 m2/s2 = (300 m)a
(400 m2/s2)/ (300 m) = a
a = 1.3 m/s
4
Uniformly Accelerated Motion: Vertical Dimension
Introduce the concept of Uniformly Accelerated Motion (UAM) in vertical

dimension by eliciting the students knowledge about free-fall. From their learning in
Grade 8, ask them the following:
What is gravity?
What is the acceleration due to gravity on earth?
Is the rate of gravity (acceleration) the same for all objects on earth?
Note that they already learned free fall from the concept of the second law of
motion, which is the Law of Acceleration, so they should be able to answer this
correctly.
DRAFT
ACTIVITY
2
March 31, 2014 Drop me!
In this activity, the students will apply the derived formula of the Uniform
Accelerated Motion by calculating the height of the building.
If the school does not have tall building, find one outside the school
and ask permission from the owner. Observe proper precautionary
measures.
If available, use sepaktakrawinstead of other balls since it will not

bounce as much. This is to avoid having the students chase the ball,
to prevent accidents accidents.
As much as possible, instruct students to drop the ball by just

releasing it without applying force. Thetimershould accurately record
the time by coordinating with the student who will release the ball.Ask
5
them to come up with ways to synchronize release of objects and
starting the watch.
From the derived formula of the Uniformly Accelerated Motion (UAM),

students determine the height of the building
Q1. The velocity of the ball just before it hits the ground will be solved usingvf2 =
2agh since vi = 0 (The value of h depends on the data on the table)
Q2. The actual height should be almost the same with the result of our
experiment.
Q3. (Answers may vary)
DRAFT
/ /
= x 100%

ACTIVITY
March 31, 2014

3
You raise me up!
In this activity, the students will determine the initial velocity and the
maximum height of reach by the ball thrown upward.
If available, use sepaktakraw ball instead of other balls since if it is

thrown upward, there will be lesser bouncing effect. This is to avoid
having the students chase the ball to prevent accidents accidents.
As much as possible, instruct students that the ball be thrown

vertically upward and the timer records the time accurately.
6
Q1. The ball stops momentarily at its maximum height.
Q2. The velocity increases as it falls further below the point of release.
Explain the comparison of formulae between horizontal and vertical formulae

from the table below. Show that the corresponding displacement (d) and
acceleration (a) for vertical dimension is height (h) and acceleration due to gravity
(ag) respectively.
Try solving this (Answer)
DRAFT
The acceleration of gravity on the moon is 1.62 m/s2. If a ball is dropped on
the moon from a height of 1.50 m. Determine the time for the ball to fall to the
surface of the moon.
Given:
a = 1.62 m/s2
March 31, 2014

vi = 0 m/s
h = 1.50 m
Find:
t=?
h = -d = -(vit + agt2)
1.50 m = - (0 m/s)(t) - (-1.62 m/s2)(t)2
1.50 m = 0+ (0.81 m/s2)(t)2
1.50 m/0.81 m/s2 = t2
1.85 s2 = t2
t = 1.36 s
Motion in Two Dimensions
7
This lesson discusses a type motion in two-dimensions using projectile
motion as an example. It focuses on the idea that two-dimension motions can be
described and predicted using kinematics and dynamics. It also defines true
projectiles that follow a parabolic path due to the downward pull of gravity only. The
activities show that the uniform horizontal motion (non-accelerated) is independent
from the non-uniform (uniformly accelerated) vertical motion.
When in projectile motion, objects follow a curved trajectory which is

parabolic. The initial launch force gives a projectile the needed initial velocity at any
angle. This initial force no longer acts on the projectile. Only the force of gravity
remains acting on the projectile. Thus, as the projectile moves horizontally at a
constant rate, it accelerates toward the earths center at 9.8 m/s2, thus the curved path.
During the first two quarters of Grade 9 MAPEH, the students officiated team
sporting events such as volleyball, basketball, sepaktakraw and badminton games.
Currently they are learning trigonometry in Math classes. A solid understanding of
DRAFT
the key concepts in projectile motion will greatly enhance theirlittlesporting
experiences and skills?
Related Preconceptions:
March 31, 2014

Some existing force and projectile preconceptions that are wrong
1. The launch force keeps on acting on the object after it was thrown.
2. The projectile maintains its motion due to the acquired launch force.
3. At the top of the projectiles flight there is no gravity thats why projectiles start to
fall.
Prepare to show the 4-min video clip entitled PALARONG PAMBANSA 2013
The faces of our future sports heroes or some video on youth sports events.
Let the students observe the different kinds of motion demonstrated and give them a
minute or two to write on the I Notice! I Wonder!record sheet what theynotice and
what theywonder about two-dimensional motions.
Pool quickly the most common wonderings of the students and resolve to
address these when appropriate during the week. Point out that projectile motion will
serve as example of motion in two-dimensions.
In the following activities, the students will investigate more on the motion of
projectiles and not on the forces acting on it in real environment.
If available, you may also show a brief interactive simulation on projectile

motion laboratory activities just to show that this type of motion can be analyzed
quantitatively with the use of video trackers, games or cameras. One example is a
game Angry Birds.
8
ACTIVITY
4
Curve me on an incline
In this activity, students willcapturea full trajectory of projectile motion on an

inclined surface.
Preparation
DRAFT
Prepare a retractable ballpen attached withpopsicle stick launch pads. Have
ready printouts also of the 1-cm interval grid on dark construction paper (preferably
green). Each group may need at least 4 pieces. Also have a rag ready for cleaning
the boards after tracing trajectories.
March 31, 2014

Materials Needed:
Marble about 10 mmin diameter (or jackstone

fine powder (e.g.face powder, cassava starch)for coating projectiles
illustration board or sturdy long green folder (matte/not glossy)
enlarged half-protractor printed template
4 sheets of 1-cm interval grid printed on slightly dark construction papers
3-4 books of the same thickness to prop board or folder
weights to prevent board from sliding off the table
press-down type of pen attached with 2 popsicle wooden sticks
masking tape
table top
stop watch
horizontal sticky barrier on x-axis e.g. sticky tape, clay
I. Linear horizontal motion
9
v a
t t
Graph 1.velocity time graphfor Graph 2.acceleration time graphfor

objects rolling horizontally objects rolling down an incline
Complete the sentence. A ball rolling horizontally has a velocity that is

constant and an acceleration that is zero.
II. Linear motion down an incline
DRAFT v
t
a
March 31, 2014

Graph 3.velocity time graphfor
objects rolling straight down an incline
Graph 4.acceleration time graphfor
objects rolling straight down an incline
Complete the sentence. A ball rolling straight down an incline has a

velocity that is increasing as the object moves downward, and an
acceleration that isconstant and downward.
III. Two-dimensional motion along an incline
Tips on the activity.
1. Hold the retractable pen with the push clip facing you. Press the top end and
then tape the first popsicle stick to the side of the pen without covering the
clip and without going beyond the push button. Tape the second stick to the
first stick with about a 2 cm length extending past the pushed-button. This
will serve as the launching pad for the marble.
2. As the marble slides down the incline it leaves a trail of white powder.
Emphasize that this is the trajectory the students should trace.
Q1. The trajectory is a half open-down parabola. Other students may answer curve
down, concave down
10
Q2. All the trajectories are full open-down parabolas. In addition, some students
may also state something about different maximum heights, etc.
Q3. The trajectories do not have the same locations of peaks and heights.
Q4. The trajectories have different horizontal distances (range) reached, some range
are quite close.
Q5. The trajectory fired at 450 covered the greatest range?
Q6. The trajectory with the greatest launching angle (750) recorded the highest
peak.
Q7. Trajectories at 150and 750 have a close ranges while trajectories at 300
and 600 also have the close ranges although these are longer than the
common range for 150and 750.
DRAFT
Q8. The hang time is greatest at 750 where the peak is highest, and smallest at 150.
Teachers notes:
All projectiles regardless of its path will always follow these principles:
1. Projectiles always maintain a constant horizontal velocity (neglecting air
resistance).
March 31, 2014

2. Projectiles always experience a constant vertical acceleration of 9.8 m/s2,
downward (neglecting air resistance).
3. The horizontal and vertical motions are completely independent of each
other. Therefore the velocity of a projectile can be separated into the
horizontal and vertical components.
4. For a projectile beginning and ending at the same height, the time it takes a
projectile to rise to its highest point equals the time it takes to fall from the
highest point back to its original position.
The activities for motion in two dimensions using the marble on an inclined
board were done to capture trajectories. So when interactive simulations on
projectiles can be done in class, the students will recognized that what they captured
is a trajectory for two-dimensional motion not necessarily of a true projectile where
only the force of gravity influences the flight.
Because of other forces aside from gravity are acting on the projectile
marble, the trajectories are a result of a constant velocity across the board. The
acceleration down the incline is 9.8 m/s2 sin , where is the angle of inclination.
ACTIVITY
5
11
Curve a Like
In this activity, students willmatch a balls trajectory to pre-drawn parabolas,

showing that projectile motion characteristics can be predicted or anticipated.
With the manila paper posted vertically, instruct the students to give the ball
an initial velocity resulting to a path parallel to the paper. Emphasize that the ball
should not touch the paper anytime during the flight. With the proper start, students
match the balls path (trajectory A) to the first parabola.
Q1. The ball was thrown horizontally from the top
Q2. The balls path is curved downwards similar to the drawn graph. At the start, it
moved horizontally forward but as it moved forward, it also moved downward.
DRAFT
Q3. (Depends on the throwers skills.)
Q4. (Depends on the throwers skills, predictably lesser trials than before because of
the visual goal.)
Q5. Aiming at imaginary goals or visuals makes practice easier and results to better
March 31, 2014

approximations of flight.
Q6. The ball was thrown upward from the bottom left at an angle from horizontal.
Q7. The ball moved up in a curved path until it reached a maximum height andthen it
moved downward still following the curved path.
Q8. It is best to have an imaginary target at the top of the curve rather thananywhere
else along the parabola.
Q9. In both throws the balls always end up on a lower elevation. It is not possible
that the ball will end at a higher elevation than its starting level.
Q10. The initial push from the throw.
Q11. The force of gravity acted at all times on the ball.
Q12.The spacing between horizontal lines is equal unlike the spacing

betweenvertical lines which increases by the square of a span/unit.
Q13. The increasing distance between vertical lines indicate that the vertical motion
is accelerated due to gravity.
Teachers Notes:
12
The displacement, d and velocity, v are vector quantities. The displacement
and velocity of the balls at each instant is a tangent (a line that touches the curve at
one point only) to the parabolic path.
Please redraw the figure
Figure 1.Sketch of components of a velocity vector
DRAFT
Recall that vectors are quantities with magnitude and direction. And any
vector can be represented by a vector arrow, the length of which corresponds to the
magnitude, while the arrow point in the direction of the vector quantity.
March 31, 2014

For a horizontally projected object, the displacement and velocity vector has
both magnitude and direction that you can separate into
dH
horizontal components Eq. 1 d H d x vt , Eq. 2 vH v x
t
1 2
and vertical components Eq. 3 dV d y gt , Eq. 4 vV v y gt
2
Table 1. Kinematic Equations for Projectile Motion

__________________________________________________________________
Horizontal Motion Vertical Motion
To the editor: Pls change all
ax = 0, vx = constant the formulae into ay = -ag = constant
v fx vix mathematical format. In the v fy viy a g t
succeeding
x f xi vixt 1
formulae.Pls.change vx0 y f yi viyt a g t 2
withviy,vy0 with viy, x0 with xi, 2
y0 with yi, g with ag. Use the
v fy viy 2ag ( y f yi )
2 2
formulae in this table for your
reference
13
__________________________________________________________________
If y is taken positive downward, the minus (-) signs in front of ag becomes a

positive (+) sign.
Projectiles Launched Horizontally
A projectile launched horizontally has no

initial vertical velocity. Thus, its vertical motion is
identical to that of a dropped object. The
downward velocity increases uniformly due to
gravity as shown by the vector arrows of
increasing lengths. The horizontal velocity is
uniform as shown by the identical horizontal vector
arrows.
The dashed black line represents the path
of the object. The velocity vector v at each point is
DRAFT
in the direction of motion and thus is tangent to the
path. The velocity vectors are solid arrows, and
velocity components are dashed. (A vertically
falling object starting at the same point is shown at
the left for comparison; vy is the same for the Pls. redraw the figure and incorporate the
falling object and the projectile.) necessary symbols to make it consistent
with formulae in the tale 1.
March 31, 2014

Figure 2. Velocity component vector diagram for
horizontally-fired projectile.
Example Problem 1
A marble is thrown horizontally from a table top with a velocity of 1.50 m/s.
The marble falls 0.70 m away from the tables edge.
a) How high is the lab table?

b) What is its velocity just before it hits the floor?
Before you can find the height of the lab table, you must determine first how
long the marble is in mid-air. For the horizontal distance traveled, this equation
x x0 vx0t will be used.
Given: x 0.70 m ; vx 1.50 m / s , v y 0 0 Unknown: t ? ; a) y ? ; b) v y ?
a) Solve t x / v 0.70m /1.50m / s 0.47 s total time of marble in air
Now that you know the time it took marble to reach the ground, you can find
the vertical distance it travelled in the same time.
14
1 1
y gt 2 y y0 v y 0t gt 2
Use 2 from the equation 2 where v y 0 0
1
y 9.8m / s 2 (0.47 s ) 2 1.08 m 1.08 m below table top; table is 1.08 m high.
2
b) To determine the magnitude of the resultant velocity, find first the two velocity
components and then solve for the resultant using the Pythagorean Theorem
equation v 2 v 2 x v 2 y
The horizontal velocity is uniform at 1.50 m/s while the vertical velocity is
uniformly accelerated at v y v y 0 gt where v y 0 0 .
v y v y 0 gt 0 9.8m / s 2 (0.47 ) 4.606 m / s 4.61m / s
Solve downward
So the magnitude of the resultant velocity is
DRAFT
v 2 v 2 x v 2 y (1.50 m / s ) 2 ( 4.61m / s ) 2
v (1.50 m / s ) 2 (4.61m / s ) 2
v 2.25 21 .25 m 2 / s 2
v 23 .5m 2 / s 2
March 31, 2014

v 4.85 m / s
To solve for the direction of the resultant velocity, use the tangent
trigonometric function.
vy
tan
vx
4.61m / s
tan 1
1.50 m / s
71 .976 deg rees
72 .0 deg rees clockwise from the floor
In some projectile problems, there is also a need to find for the magnitudes of
the motion components. You can find their lengths by using simple trigonometry as
shown below
Equations for:
horizontal velocity component:
vx v cos
vertical velocity component:
v y v cos
magnitude of resultant vector:
v v2 x v2 y
direction of resultant vector:
15
vy
tan 1
vx
Figure 3. Finding the components of a vector
using trigonometric functions.
Projectiles Launched At an Angle
When a projectile is launched upward at an angle, its velocity has two

components:
DRAFT
1) a constant horizontal velocity that moves in the same direction as the launch, the
acceleration of which is zero; and
2) an upward positive vertical velocity component that is decreasing in magnitude

until it becomes zero at the top of the trajectory (therefore it can no longer go up any
further). But because gravity makes it accelerates downward at a rate of 9.8 m/s per
second or 9.8 m/s2, (therefore it can also not stay at rest on top for long) it will start to
March 31, 2014

descend with an increasing negative vertical velocity until it is stopped by something.
So as the projectile moves forward horizontally with uniform velocity, its

vertical velocity is also accelerated creating a trajectory that is a parabola.
Pls. redraw the figure and incorporate the necessary symbols to make it
consistent with formulae in the tale 7.
Figure 4. Path of a projectile fired with initial velocity v0 at angle to the horizontal. The trajectory is
shown in black dash, the velocity vectors are in solid arrows, and velocity components are dashed.
16
Example Problem 2
A soccer ball is kicked at ground level with a speed of 20 m/s at an angle of

450 to the horizontal. How much later does it hit the ground?
Choose the kicking point as the origin. When the soccer ball reaches the
ground again, the change in vertical displacement y is 0. To simplify, determine
first the initial horizontal component vx0 = (20.0 cos 450) m/s = 14.1 m/s; and the
initial vertical component vy0 = (20.0 sin 450) m/s = -14.1 m/s.
And because the final vertical position y is at the same elevation as the initial
y, the final vertical component vy is -14.1 m/s but will be at 450 below the x axis which
is perpendicular to the initial direction.
Using the concept of acceleration, you can solve for total time using the equation
vy vy0 14 .1m / s 14 .1m / s
t 2 .9 s
g 9.8 m / s 2
DRAFT
Concept Check: Tossed at an Angle
A ball tossed upward at 0has an initial vertical velocity component of 20 m/s,

and a horizontal velocity component of 2 m/s. The location of the ball is shown at 1-
March 31, 2014

second intervals. Consider air resistance to be negligible and g = 10 m/s2 downward.
Use the sign convention positive v y for upward motion and negative v y for
downward motion.
Exercises to students:
Give the students some exercises on drawing components of vectors and a

chance to use the techniques for solving projectile motion problems like the ones
below:
1. Sketch a diagram and choose an origin and a coordinate system.

2. Decide on the time interval; this is the same in both directions, and includes
only the time the object is moving with constant acceleration g.
3. Examine the x and y motions separately.
4. List known and unknown quantities. Remember that vx never changes, and
that vy = 0 at the highest point.
5. Plan how you will proceed. Use the appropriate equations; you may have to
combine some of them.
A. Write the magnitude and sign for the velocities and accelerations of the ball in
the box below:
17
Position vx (m/s) vy (m/s) vnet (m/s) ax (m/s2) ay (m/s2) anet, (m/s2)
1 2 +20 20.1 0 -9.8 -9.8
2 2 +10 10.2 0 -9.8 -9.8
3 2 0 2.00 0 -9.8 -9.8
4 2 -10 -10.2 0 -9.8 -9.8
5 2 -20 -20.1 0 -9.8 -9.8
B. Complete each sentence.
1. The net acceleration of the ball is a constant at -9.8 m/s2.

2. The horizontal acceleration of the ball is zero at all times.
3. The vertical acceleration of the ball during ascent is always directed downward.
4. The vertical acceleration of the ball during descent is always directed downward.
5. The net velocity of the ball is least at the peak or at maximum height.
6. The net velocity of the ball is zero nowhere.
7. The net velocity of the ball is the same as the horizontal velocity at the peak.
8. The horizontal velocity is constant in all locations.
9. The vertical velocity is zero in location _3_.
DRAFT
10. The vertical speeds are identical in locations 1 and 5; and in 2 and 4.
11. At the same elevation, vertical velocities are equal but opposite in direction.
12. The time in going up the peak from an elevation is as long as the time in going
down from the peak back to the same elevation.
Projectile motion problems launched at an angle from the ground can be

made mathematically simpler when the release point (at t = 0) is taken to be the
March 31, 2014

origin then x0 = y0 = 0.
The teacher can also simplify analysis by determining right away the
magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical components of velocity ready for use in the
Kinematic Equations for Projectile Motion listed in Table 1.
Impulse and Momentum
Start the module by showing pictures of two vehicles moving at the same
velocity but having different masses.
What affects motion?
Ask the question: If the two vehicles suddenly lose their breaks and crash
against the brick wall, which do you think would be more damaging? Accept all
answers of the students. This would be further explained later after the activity.
ACTIVITY
6
18
Investigating Momentum
In this activity, the students will investigate which factors would affect
momentum. Based on their data, the students should be able to observe that the big
toy truck displaces the block of wood farther. This implies that the heavier vehicle
has more momentum than lighter vehicle.
Q1. The stopping distance for the heavy toy truck is longer than the stopping
distance for the small toy car.
Q2. No. The heavier toy car dragged the block of wood along a longer stopping
distance than the lighter car did.
Q3. The big toy truck had a greater stopping distance. The stopping distance
DRAFT
increases as the point of release increases.
Q4. The big toy truck had a greater momentum.
Answers to Exercises:
Object Mass (kg) Velocity (m/s) Momentum (kg-m/s)

Bird 0.03 18 0.54
March 31, 2014

Basketball player 100 5 500
Bullet .004 600 2.40
Baseball .14 30 4.20
Frog .9 12 10.80
Answers to Check-up Questions:
1. A small toy cart that is moving
2. Twice
3. Greater
Answers to the problems
1. 10 kg m/s
2. 2 kg
19
3. 20 m/s
What causes changes in momentum?
It is important to impress on the students that changes in momentum happen

every time. Installing safety devices like air bags and seat belts are therefore
necessary to ensure safety to both passengers and vehicles. Use this as an
introductory discussion to impulse.
ACTIVITY
7
DRAFT
Playing Egg Volleyball
March 31, 2014

This activity needs to be performed outside of the classroom. It is suggested that
the mechanics of the game be explained thoroughly to the students before going out
to perform the activity. The activity is intended to introduce the concept of impulse to
students.
Q1. Yes. The egg did not break when the handkerchief was used to toss and
catch it.
Q2. Yes, the egg broke immediately.
Q3. The handkerchief increased the time of action therefore lessening the impact
of force on the egg. This prevented the egg from breaking.
Conservation of Momentum
Teaching Tips
20
You can use the Newtons Cradle (executive toy) to catch the attention of the
students.
Ask, If you raise one ball and let it collide with the other four balls, what
happens? Let them predict what happens when 1 ball is made to collide with
other four balls. Then follow up with 2 balls.
In this short demonstration, it is the momentum of the first ball is transferred
to last ball, through the other three balls. When the word transfer is heard,
you may ask them, How is momentum transferred?
ACTIVITY
8
DRAFT
Balloon Rocket
In this activity, the students will be able to describe how a balloon rocket
works and explain how momentum is conserved. At the start, our system, which
consists of the balloon and the air inside it are stationary so the total momentum of
March 31, 2014

the system is zero. The balloon moves when we let the air inside the balloon out.
The force that causes the balloon to move comes from the air that is pushed out of it.
There is no external force involved. Thus, the total momentum of the system is
conserved and must remain zero. If the balloon has momentum in one direction, the
air must have an equal and opposite momentum for the total momentum to remain
zero.
Change in momentum = 0
Total Initial Momentum = Total Final Momentum
0 = pballoon + pair
pballoon = pair
(mv)balloon = (mv)air
Since the mass of the balloon is greater than the mass of air, the velocity of
the air must be greater than the velocity of the balloon.
Concept Check:
Take note that we should consider Earth and the people on it to be part of system for
the total momentum to be conserved. The Earth also moves in the opposite direction.
The change in momentum of the Earth is equal to that of the people but opposite in
direction. Because of Earths large inertial mass, however, there is no perceptible
change in motion.
Can you identify which type of collision is shown in each situation?

(a) elastic
21
(b) elastic
(c) inelastic
Q1. The momenta are the same in magnitude
Q2. The velocity of the air is greater than that of the balloon.
ACTIVITY
9
DRAFT
Bouncy Balls
In this activity, students will classify and select a collision as perfectly

elastic, slightly inelastic, moderately inelastic, highly inelastic, or perfectly
March 31, 2014

inelastic.
Case Bounce Elastic/

(m) Inelastic?
1 Ball 1
2 ______________
3
4 Ball 2
5 ______________
6
7 Ball 3
8 ______________
9
Q. Answers may vary (e.g., the collision of basketball with the floor is
moderately elastic)
Diagnostic Assessment (Answers)
1. A
22
2. F
3. D
4. D
5. D
6. B
7. D
8. A
9. B
10. C
11. C
12. A
13. B
14. A
15. C
16. B
17. A
18. A
19. C
DRAFT
20. A
Summative Assessment (Answers)
1. B
2. D
March 31, 2014

3. B
4. D
5. A
6. C
7. B
8. D
9. C
10. C
11. A
12. C
13. C
14. A
15. B
16. B
17. A
18. A
19. C
20. A
23
Beginning to Problem Solve with I Notice/I Wonder. Retrieved

from:http://www.mathforum.org/workshops/universal/documents/notice_wo
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Mathematics and Science, Quezon City: NISMED UP Diliman and DOST-
SEI.
Bouncing Balls: Hands on Activity. Retrived
from:http://www.teachengineering.org/view_activity.php?url=collection/cub_
/activities/cub_energy/cub_energy_lesson03_activity3.xml
Christian, Wolfgang. "Tabletop Projectile Model." Version 1.0. Retrieved
from:http://www.compadre.org/Repository/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=113
45&DocID=2332 (accessed 1 October 2013).
Cox, A, W. Christian, and M. Belloni. "Ejs Intro 2DMotionLab Model." Retrieved
DRAFT
Determining Momentum and Energy Loss of Balls Colliding Against Different
Surfaces. Retrieved from:http://mypages.iit.edu/~smile/ph8709.html
Free Fall and the Acceleration of Gravity. Retrieved
from:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/1dkin/u1l5a.cfm
Hewitt, P.G. (2002). Conceptual physics. USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Saddle River, New
Jersey.
Hwang, Fu-Kwun. "Free fall and projectile motion." Retrieved
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Kinematic Equations and Problem Solving. Retrieved from:
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/1dkin/u1l6d.cfm#sol1
Padua, A.L. & Crisostomo, R. M. (2003) Practical and Explorational Physics Modular
Approach. Vibal Publishing House, Inc. Quezon City.
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http://www.cpo.com/pdf/Physics%20First/SKILL%20AND%20PRACTICE.p
df
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New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc.
Saltz, Austen, Basketball Physics.Retrieved
from:http://www.sciencefriday.com/blogs/01/22/2010/basketball-
physics.html?audience=1&series=8
Shipman, J.T., Wilson, J.D., & Higgins, C.A. (2013). An Introduction to Physical
Science.
Sport! Science: Thats the Way the Ball Bounces. Retrieved
from:http://www.exploratorium.edu/sports/ball_bounces/
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Test on Momentum, Impulse and Momentum Change. Retrieved
from:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/curriculum/momentum/momentum.
pdf
The Physics of Basketball. Retrieved from:http://www.real-world-physics-
problems.com/physics-of-basketball.html
The Physics of Volleyball. Retrieved from: http://www.real-world-physics-
problems.com/physics-of-volleyball.html
Understanding Car Crashes: Its Basic Physics. Retrieved from:
http://web.cvcaroyals.org/~rheckathorn/documents/physicsofcarcrashestea
chersguide.pdf
University of the Philippines National Institute for Science and Mathematics
Education Development. (2002). Practical work on high school physics:
Sourcebook for teachers. Quezon City: Author.
Wee, L, C. Chew, G. Goh, S. Tan, and T. Lee. "Using Tracker as a pedagogical tool
for understanding projectile motion." Phys. Educ. 47, no. 4, (July 1, 2012):
9, Retrieved from:http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/47/4/448 (accessed
1 October 2013).
Why do Balls Bounce Differently? Retrieved
DRAFT
from:http://www.livestrong.com/article/147292-why-do-balls-bounce-
differently/
Young, H. D., Freedman, R. A., Ford, A. L. (2012), Sears and Zemanskys University
Physics with Modern Physics 13th Ed., San Francisco: Addison-Wesley
Pearson Education, Inc.
March 31, 2014
25
Suggested time allotment: 6-7 hours
Unit 4
MODULE
2 WORK, POWER, AND

ENERGY

The Learners demonstrate an The Learners create a device that show
understanding of the conservation conservation of mechanical energy
DRAFT
of mechanical energy
In the previous two years, the students learned that energy transfers may
cause changes in the properties of the object. They related the energy changes of
March 31, 2014

particles to the observable changes in the temperature, electric current, and the
sound amplitude. They also demonstrated an understanding of mechanical work
using constant force, and related work done to the general types of mechanical
energy and power.
This year, the focus of study will be on the energy changes and its
conservation with emphasis on mechanical energy. The students need to
demonstrate their understanding of mechanical energy and its conservation by
performing activities showing mechanical work. They also need to identify and
analyze the accompanying energy transformations that will take place. Ultimately,
they should be able to recognize that in every natural or human-powered process,
the total mechanical energy remains constant.
If in Module 1 the students learned that moving objects possess momentum

and mechanical energy. Now, in this module, they will learn through Activity 1 that
the working mechanisms of objects involve energy transformations and conservation.
This principle will be studied contextually using common events and man-made
devices or structures with emphases on practical and safe applications.
This module is good for six to seven sessions. The activities were made
simple or broken into parts so that students will be able to finish them and still have
time to discuss the results, the process or the products made and collaborate with
others on the conduct of the next part or the pursuit of enrichment activities.
1
Specifically, at the end of Module 2, the students should be able to answer
the following key questions below and use the learning objectives as guide:
What are the changes in the forms of mechanical energy?
How is mechanical energy conserved during transfers and transformations?
Learning Competencies / Objectives
1. Trace and explain the energy transformations in various activities.

2. Perform activities to demonstrate conservation of mechanical energy.
DRAFT
3. Ascertain that the total mechanical energy remains the same during any
process.
Pre Assessment / Diagnostic Assessment
Directions. Choose the letter of the best answer.
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1. What is the energy of a motorcycle moving slowly at the top of a hill?
A. entirely kinetic
B. entirely potential
C. entirely gravitational
D. both kinetic and potential
2. Which event is explained in the sequence of energy changes shown in the

diagram below?
Chemical Energy Heat Mechanical Energy (with wasted heat)
A. a headlight is on
B. a turbine spins
C. electric current powers a flat iron
D. gasoline burns to run a jeepney
3. In the Agus VI Hydroelectric Power (HEP) Plant, which energy transformation

takes place?
A. electrical energy mechanical energy electrical energy.
B. gravitational potential energy kinetic energy electrical energy
C. heat mechanical energy electrical energy.
D. nuclear energy heat electrical energy
2
4. Which event does NOT describe potential energy being changed into kinetic
energy?
A. A box sliding down a ramp.
B. A mango falling from a crate.
C. A pen spring being compressed.
D. A stretched rubber band got loosened.
5. Which event illustrates the direct transformation of potential to kinetic energy?

A. A basketball player catches a flying ball.
B. A Kalesa moves from rest.
C. Kathys arrow is released from its bow.
D. The spring mechanism of a toy is rotated until it locked.
6. Which sequence of energy transformation best describes what happens when

you switch on your battery-run radio?
A. Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy Sound Energy
B. Mechanical Energy Chemical Energy Sound Energy
C. Chemical Energy Electrical Energy Sound Energy
DRAFT
D. Chemical Energy Mechanical Energy Sound Energy
7. Which among the forms of energy is considered a potential energy?

A. chemical energy
B. radiant energy
C. sound energy
D. thermal energy
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8. Which of the following happens to the coconut that falls freely?
A. Loses potential energy and gains kinetic energy.
B. Loses both potential energy and kinetic energy.
C. Gains potential energy and loses kinetic energy.
D. Gains both potential energy and kinetic energy.
9. A torchlight fell from a watch tower. The potential energy of the torchlight at the
highest point compared to its kinetic energy at the lowest point is _______
A. lesser.
B. equal.
C. greater.
D. not related.
10. The potential energy of a 1-kg object on top of a hill is 18 J. What is its velocity
in m/s just before it hits the bottom of the hill?
A. 36
B. 18
C. 6
D. 3
3
11. The total mechanical energy of a swinging bungee jumper
A. is equally divided between kinetic energy and potential energy.
B. at any one instant, is either all kinetic energy or all potential energy.
C. can never be negative.
D. is constant, if only conservative forces act.
12. A bag drops some distance and gains 90 J of kinetic energy. Considering air
resistance, how much gravitational potential energy did the bag lose?
A. more than 90 J
B. exactly 90 J
C. less than 90 J
D. cannot be determined from the information given
13. The wind-up toy that is fully wound and at rest possesses
A. kinetic but no potential energy
B. potential but no kinetic energy
C. both potential and kinetic energy in equal amounts
D. neither potential nor kinetic energy
DRAFT
14. In which case is there a decrease in gravitational potential energy?
A. Amada stretches horizontally a rubber band.
B. A car ascends a steep parking ramp.
C. Pamelas puppy jumps down the chair.
D. Water is forced upward through a pipe.
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15. A picture frame falls off the wall. Considering the presence of air, how does the
kinetic energy (K) just before striking the floor compare to the potential energy (P) at
its hanging point?
A. K is equal to P.
B. K is greater than P.
C. K is less than P.
D. It is impossible to tell.
Mechanical Energy Forms and Transformations
Table 1 summarizes the various forms of energies categorized as either

kinetic or potential mechanical energy, while Table 2 gives a quick review of the
potential and kinetic energy equations needed for mechanical energy conservation
computations.
Ask students to discuss why each form of energy is categorized as such. For
example, some students might prefer to categorize electrical energy under kinetic
energy due to their more common understanding of macroscopic electricity as
movement of electrons in a conductor as compared to their understanding of
microscopic electricity as a result of the electric potential energy used to move
charges.
4
ACTIVITY
1 Little Shop of Toys
In this activity, students can work with each available toy or object in
any order they want as long as they can identify the transfers and
transformations of the different energy forms present in the use of the toys or
objects.
Teaching Tips
1. Figures 1 to 4 serve as specific examples of tracing changes in energy forms.

Help the students identify the energy storage system where energy is
processed, before tracing where the energy source is coming from and where
DRAFT
it is going into as used and unused energy outputs.
2. The energy forms and the processes involved in making each available toy
work or move can be somewhat open-ended. A brief focused group
discussion after the activity will help the students process and finalize their
exploration on energy transformations.
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Review briefly the operational definition of mechanical work and remind the
students that this is different from the common term work (umandar or
gumana in Filipino) used when referring to the functional operation of things.
Although most toys can do mechanical work, not all necessarily does
mechanical work when in operation.
Note: This is one instance when using Filipino to teach the physics could be
less confusing.
3. Showing tricks or using toys for other purposes may be fun for students and
can be used as springboard for the activity. See to it that the students will
have enough time analyzing these after exploring the available toys or
selected objects. A minute-to-explore it activity mode may be used to
ensure completion of tasks on time.
4. Students may trace energy input from the chemical energies of their hands
converted into mechanical energy as their hands work to operate toys and
objects.
5
A. YOYO
Pls. redraw
Q1. What does the toy or object do?
A1. The yoyo can unroll down and roll up. (Some
yoyos may also light up or make sounds when in
use. Some also use strings that tend to behave
elastically.)
Q2. What energy changes take place as this toy

or object operates?
A2. The elevated yoyo initially stores gravitational
potential energy. When flicked down, it unrolls
changing its gravitational potential energy into
linear and rotational kinetic energies until it fully
unrolls and stops or sleeps (rotating uniformly at
the looped end). When tugged back by the finger, Figure 1. Energy in a Yoyo
DRAFT
it rolls up again changing its kinetic energy back
into potential energy.
Q3. What form does the stored energy start out in?
A3. The yoyo started with stored gravitational potential energy.
Q4. What form does the stored energy turn into?
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A4. The yoyo ended with kinetic energy at the bottom of the drop.
Q5. What form is the output energy in when it stops?

A5. When the yoyo stopped, all its potential and kinetic energies are converted into
thermal energy.
B. FRICTION TOY CAR
A1. The toy car can move forward. Pls. redraw with hand on top pulling
back, indicate motion (hand & toy)
A2. As the car is pushed down and pulled
backwards (action force), the forward
frictional force between the wheels and
the running surface (reaction force) stored
elastic potential energy in the car, as a
spring is tightly wound during this process.
When the car was released, the spring
extends, and the elastic potential energy
is converted into kinetic energy of the
moving car. All through these processes,
friction is at work, and some of the
potential and kinetic energies are
converted to heat and sound energy. Figure 2. Energy Forms in a Friction Toy Car
6
A3. The toy car started with elastic potential energy when pulled back before
release.
A4. The toy car moved with kinetic and sound energy.
A5. Some of the stored energy went into moving the car (non-conservative work)
and some of it turned into heat due to friction causing the car to eventually stop.
C. DEFLATED BALLOON
A1. The balloon when inflated and then

released, on its own, can fly off randomly. The
balloon may also be inflated, tied, attached to
an object, and then pricked to pop, causing
the object unto which it is attached to move.
DRAFT
Figure 3. Inflated balloon when released
A2. The balloon when pumped or blown with air stretches and expands storing
elastic potential energy. The enclosed air particles also possess potential and kinetic
energies. When released on its own and the balloon deflates, air flows out the
opening changing some of the stored energy into kinetic energy of the rushing air
and some into mechanical work on the balloon that is moving in the other direction.
March 31, 2014

A3. The balloon started with elastic potential energy when inflated.
A4. The balloon deflated and moved randomly forward with kinetic and sound
energy as air rushes backward through the opening at the back.
A5. Part of the stored energy went into moving the balloon and part of it turned into
heat because of friction causing the balloon to eventually stop.
Q6. In summary, what made each object begin moving and what made each object
stop?
The energy that is received or given off by an object can change into different forms
as it is transferred or used when work is done and accompanied mostly by heat
dissipated into the air or other forms of energy such as light, sound. The input
energy coming from the energy source, is stored in an object and when used can be
transferred or transformed into a used (work) and unused (heat) energy output.
7
ACTIVITY
2 HEP HEP HOORAY!
In this activity, students work by group in constructing a) a simple turbine out

of glued plastic materials to be used as a water wheel; and b) a water storage model.
Each group will then use these devices to assemble a hydroelectric power (HEP) unit
to demonstrate mechanical energy transformations in harnessing hydropower.
Teaching Tips
A. Construction of the Turbine Model
1. Prepare in advance to show simple water wheels made up of plastic spoons

or cut plastic bottle sides attached to a cork centered on a stick or straw.
DRAFT
Prepare also the turbine model they will be making.
2. Remind students that glue may burn, bond skin or release gas that may
irritate the eye. Too much glue takes a longer time to set. Remind students
to trim or smoothen the cut plastic bottle to avoid scratches and cuts.
3. The turbine model should be light but strong enough for use in the next
activities. Melted hot glue may hold blades more securely than ordinary
super glue. If students prefer to use cork for inserting the blades securely
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before fixing with glue, then suggest that they trim the cork to a cylindrical
shape for a better blade assembly.
B. Construction of the Water Reservoir Model
1. Prepare in advance the sample water reservoir. Marked lines may be made
using thin strips of masking tape then labeled. It is best to fill the bottle first
with water up to the different levels so the marks will follow the water lines.
2. The holes made from the push pin are wide enough for water to be projected
out the bottles side. The water projections will also have enough force to
rotate the blades at an adequate speed.
C. Mechanical Energy in Hydropower
1. In a real hydroelectric power plant, the tail water level is fixed at the bottom of
a water channel or penstock with openings to control the volume and flow
rate of water that leaves the dam and enters the power plant containing the
turbine and generating units. The water that rotates the turbines returns to
the body of water below the dam.
2. Some groups may opt to modify the activity by using only the hole on the 5-
cm level for the different heads of flow due to different head water levels.
This way the elevation of the exit openings relative to the turbine is constant
8
for different flow heads. This models more closely realistic water storage
levels that differ over a period of time.
Q1. Using the turbine model, what are some ways you can do to lift the hanging
paper clips? Cite at least three methods.
A1. rotating the straw by hand or by other means like blowing on blades,
directing hot air e.g. from a hair dryer or boiling water, dropping grain/sand on
the blades, dripping water, etc.
Q2. For each method, what forms of energy will be involved in the process? Trace
the transformations of energy.
A2. rotating the straw by hand or blowing on blades means doing work powered
by chemical energy from body. Moving air, heat, steam, grain, sand, water, and
other objects push on the blades, rotate the straw and winds up the string
DRAFT
bringing with it the paper clips. From chemical, mechanical, thermal or potential
energy as input energy, the rotating turbine stores (i.e. when designed to lift a
load), redirects and/or releases energy into kinetic and potential energies.
Q3. In lifting the paper clips, how will you quantify and relate the work that you will do
to the energy transformations involved?
March 31, 2014

A3. The work input in lifting the paper clips can be quantified by equating it to
the decrease of potential energy of the falling grains, sand or water using the
equation = . This means that the total mass it took to completely lift,
and the total height fallen by the objects causing the rotation be measured.
Moreover, the work input should be comparably greater than the work output
which is equated to the small increase in potential energy of the lifted paper
clips plus the greater part of unused energy due to friction of moving parts plus
the surplus kinetic energy of the water flowing past the turbine. The total mass
of the paper clips lifted and the height of lift need also be measured.
Q4. If you are to investigate the relationship between the stored waters head of flow
(the height of the stored water above the exit point) and the projected waters range
(the horizontal distance), what would your problem be?
A4. Problem : How does the projected waters range depend on the stored
waters head of flow?
Q5. What quantities will serve as the (a) independent variable, (b) dependent variable,
and (c) parameter?
A5. (a) independent variable head of flow, (b) dependent variable range of
projection, and (c) parameter head water level
9
Q6. What mechanical energy transformations took place when water got projected
out of the holes?
A6. The gravitational potential energy of the stored water transformed into the
kinetic energy of the water rushing out of the openings. As the falling water hits
the turbine, some of the kinetic energy is transferred to the rotating turbine
appearing as rotational kinetic energy. The runoff water keeps the remaining
kinetic energy which again increases as the water continues to fall into the
container, as gravitational potential energy further transforms to kinetic energy.
Q7. What was the effect of the stored waters head of flow to its range?
A7. The greater the stored waters head of flow, the longer the range of water
projection.
DRAFT
March 31, 2014
Figure 4. Sample water projections for (left image) water head flow of 20 and 15 cm (right image)
Figure 5. Sample water projections for (left

image) water head flow of 10 and 5 cm (right
image)
10
Q8. How would you explain this effect in terms of energy transformation?
A8. The greater the stored waters head of flow, the higher the drop. Higher
drop leads to greater decrease in gravitational potential energy equivalent to
the increase in kinetic energy of moving water. This results to faster flow rate
and force, powering the water to travel a longer horizontal distance or range.
Q9. In Question 4, you formulated your hypothesis regarding the effect of the stored
waters height to the waters range. What was your hypothesis?
A9. The projected waters range is directly proportional to the stored waters
head of flow.
Q10. Was the hypothesis you made correct? Why or why not?
A10. Tabulated data shows that the waters range is longer for greater head of
flow suggesting that the hypothesis is correct.
DRAFT
Q11. The data collected showed the effect of the head of flow on the flow range and
not on the waters force that powers the blades to rotate. How would you relate the
range to the waters force?
A11. By observation, the biggest head of flow resulted to the longest water
range that actually caused the turbine to move the fastest. This fastest rotation
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indicates that the force of the moving water is at its greatest power.
Q12. In the activity, the hydropower was to do mechanical work by rotating the
blades. What can be done to make good use of the waters power?
A12. The turbines rotation can be used to power something and convert its
mechanical work into a useful energy output like connecting the turbine to an
electric energy generator such as a dynamo working in reverse principle.
Connecting the turbines straw to the shaft of a dynamo enables the turbine to
rotate the motor of the dynamo within the magnetic field of permanent magnets
inside the dynamo. This relative movement between the motors coil of wire
and magnetic field induces magnetic forces that move charges and generating
electrical energy.
Q13. In a typical actual Hydroelectric Power (HEP) Plant, the turbines are fixed and
so the tail water level is constant. Only the head water level from the reservoir varies
depending on the availability of water for storage. How would you modify this activity
to model a real working HEP plant?
A13. Use only one opening like the hole at the 5-cm mark that gives the
greatest head of flow. Then vary the head water level to still investigate its
effect on the waters range. An electrical energy generating unit may also be
attached to the turbine, the electrical output of which can be measured and
recorded in terms of voltage read from a voltmeter.
11
Problem with varying range is that you have to move the turbine to catch the
water. Use a slide or tube instead. Range is only a proxy measure of water
speed as it squirts out of the bottle. What really matters is the rotation speed. If
you direct the water through a slide or tube, the turbine can stay in one place,
and you can relate rotation rate with head of flow directly.
Sample Data on Activity 2 C.

Table 1. Effect of the Waters Head of Flow on the Water Range
head water tail water Stored Water's Range, R (cm) Average
level, hw level, ht Height or Head Trial Trial Trial Range,
(cm) (cm) of Flow, H (cm) 1 2 3 Rave (cm)
Equation: H = hw ht
25.0 5.0 20.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 18.0
25.0 10.0 15.0 11.5 12.0 12.0 11.8
25.0 15.0 10.0 9.0 9.5 8.5 9.0
25.0 20.0 5.0 4.5 3.5 3.0 3.7
DRAFT
For advanced students, graphing of the average range against the head of flow can
be done for quantitative analysis of the hypothesis. The data can be used as
extension or application activity in conservation of mechanical energy problems.
Typical hydropower plants have energy transformation efficiency about 90%. For
March 31, 2014

this model, it is expected that greater energy will be wasted as water passes through
small openings and the projected water spreads out resulting to experimental errors
in estimating the exact location to measure the range. For purposes of measuring
range more accurately, students may remove the turbine and lay out the ruler right
under the projected waters path.
___________________________________________________________________
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
The students already have prior knowledge in transformation of energy so

start the module by reviewing them by asking the following questions:
What is potential energy? Kinetic energy?

What are examples of energy transformation?
To introduce conservation of mechanical energy, a demonstration may be

done using a marble and a mini roller coaster. Using the marble, students
demonstrate the transformation of energy.
How will you describe the energy transformation in the

demonstration?
Can we measure the amount of energy being transformed in the
marble from one kind into another?
12
ACTIVITY
3 Can you hit me?
In this activity, the students will analyze the energy of a swinging ball.
Safety Precautions
The heavy bowling ball may injure the feet or cause damage to the floor when
dropped. Use a durable mesh sack or net to hold the bowling ball. Make sure the
mesh sack holding the bowling ball is tied securely to the ceiling and that the ceiling
can support the weight of the swinging bowling ball. Remind the student to keep his
or her head still once the bowling ball is released. Do not push the ball when
DRAFT
releasing. Even a small push may injure the students nose. Do not let other
students to stand near the swinging ball or touch, interrupt the swinging ball.
A shot put may be welded to a strong cable instead of the bowling ball.
Moreover, the door jamb is also one sturdy place to hang the giant pendulum. Make
sure the hallway is clear of students. Students already done with the activity may be
tasked to advise and redirect passersby.
March 31, 2014

Preparation
If your school does not have a bowling ball, a basketball is a good

substitute
Find a secure, rigid area in the ceiling where you can tie the rope.
You might have to find some place outside the room where you can
hang the ball if the ceiling cannot support the swinging ball.
The ball should hang 1 2 feet above the floor.
Make sure that the ceiling can support the weight of the ball
(especially if a bowling ball is used)
Practice the swing to make sure that the ball swings smoothly and the
path is clear of obstacles.
Tips
To make the demonstration more dramatic, use a high-swinging, fast-
moving pendulum. Make the volunteer lean on the wall so that his
head is placed against the wall. This will prevent him/her to move
his/her head forward or backward and give impression that (s)he has
nowhere to go.
13
As a teacher, be prepared to demonstrate first the activity before
throwing the challenge to the students. Students should not be put to
risk and made to feel in danger.
A1. No. The ball will not reach the tip of the nose of the student and will not exceed
its original height.
A2. The kinetic energy of the ball is highest at the lowest point in its swing.
A3. The gravitational energy of the ball is highest at highest point in its swing.
ACTIVITY
4 Bouncy Balls, Revisited!
DRAFTThis activity is related to the activity in the previous section about Bouncing
Balls. This activity will verify that the total kinetic energy is not conserved in an
inelastic collision.
March 31, 2014

If possible, form groups with 3 members. Have each member take the
following roles:
o Student 1 observe, measure and record the height of the bounce;

o Student 2 holds the meter stick in place and gives the signal;
o Student 3 drops the ball when signal has been given;
The activity may be done inside or outside the classroom provided

they have enough space (if inside the room); and they will not disturb
other classes (if outside the room).
14
A1. We may use the Kinematics Equation, 2 = 2 + 2 or the Conservation of

Total Mechanical Energy equations with the assumption that air friction is negligible.
Change
Initial Final Initial Rebound
Mass Initial Rebound in
Height, Height, Kinetic Kinetic
Ball of Ball, Velocity, Velocity, Kinetic
hi hf Energy, Energy,
m (kg) vi (m/s) vf (m/s) Energy,
(m) (m) KEi (J) KEf (J)
KEf (J)
0.50 4.43 3.13 0.39 0.20 0.19

1
0.04
3DRAFT 1.0
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Where vi = velocity of the ball just before it hits the ground
Vf = Rebound velocity of the ball right after it hits the ground
KEi = Kinetic Energy of the ball just after it hits the ground
KEf = Kinetic Energy of the ball right after it hits the ground
To get the velocity of the ball just before it hits the ground use
(1) 2 = 2 + 2 or (2) + = +
Remember the sign conventions for vector quantities (Ex: downward displacement is
negative, g = -9.8m/s2)
Example:
If the ball is dropped from a height of 1.0 m, Using equation (1),
2 = 2 + 2
2 = 0 + 2(9.8)(1.0)
15
= 19.6 = 4.4 /
Using equation (2),

+ = +
1
+ 0 = 0 + 2
2
2 = 2
2 = = 19.6 = 4.4 /
To get the velocity of the ball just after it hits the ground use
(1) 2 = 2 + 2 or (2) + = +
DRAFT
where y is the observed bounce height (final height ).
For example, if = is 0.5m,

using equation (1),
2 = 2 + 2
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0 = 2 + 2
= 2(9.8)(0.5) = 3.1 /
using equation (2),
+ = +
1
0 + 2 = + 0
2
2 = 2
2 = = 9.8 = 3.1 /
A2. The ball loses kinetic energy after the collision with the floor. Kinetic energy is
converted to other forms of energy (i.e., heat and sound) Recall that in an inelastic
collision, kinetic energy is not conserved.
Key Learning Ideas
1. The Law of Conservation of Energy states that the energy can neither be
created nor destroyed; it is merely converted from one form to another. In
16
terms of mechanical energy, the sum of the potential and kinetic energies of
an object remains constant.
ME1 = ME2 = ME3 =
PE1 + KE1 = PE2 + KE2 = PE3 + KE3 =
2. For a freely falling body released from rest, the vertical distance traveled from
the top is h = 1/2agt2, since v1 = 0.
3. The velocity at any point is given by: vf = agt, since v1 = 0, where t = time
elapsed from release.
__________________________________________________________________
.
Directions. A. Choose the letter of the best answer.
DRAFT
1. What is the energy of a motorcycle going fast midway down a hill?
A. entirely kinetic
B. entirely potential
C. entirely gravitational
D. both kinetic and potential
2. Which event is explained in the sequence of energy changes shown in the
March 31, 2014

diagram below?
Chemical Energy Heat Mechanical Energy (with wasted heat)
A. a blue spotlight is on
B. a runner doing stretches
C. an electric fan rotates
D. the battery-powered toy car runs forward
3. In the Agus VI Hydroelectric Power (HEP) Plant, which energy transformation

takes place?
A. electrical energy mechanical energy electrical energy.
B. gravitational potential energy kinetic energy electrical energy
C. heat mechanical energy electrical energy.
D. nuclear energy heat electrical energy
4. Which events does NOT describe potential energy being changed into kinetic
energy?
A. A cart rolling down a hill.
B. A rubber foam being compressed.
C. A student lets go a stretched slinky.
D. A twig falling from a branch.
5. Which event illustrates the direct transformation of potential to kinetic energy?
17
A. A volleyball player blocks an incoming ball.
B. A sleeping cow stirs awake.
C. The wide-open spring door closes slowly.
D. The spring of a broken toy shoots up.
6. Which sequence of energy transformation best describes what happens when

you prepare scrambled egg using an egg beater?
A. Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy Sound Energy
B. Mechanical Energy Chemical Energy + Sound Energy
C. Chemical Energy Mechanical Energy Sound Energy
D. Chemical Energy Mechanical Energy + Sound Energy
7. Which among the objects is considered as having potential energy?

A. ambulance siren
B. candle flame
C. hot plate
D. milk
8. Which of the following happens to raindrops?
DRAFT
A. Loses potential energy and gains kinetic energy.
B. Loses both potential energy and kinetic energy.
C. Gains potential energy and loses kinetic energy.
D. Gains both potential energy and kinetic energy.
9. A runner jumps over a hurdle. Neglecting friction, the potential energy of the
March 31, 2014

runner at the highest point compared to his kinetic energy at the lowest point is
_______
A. lesser.
B. equal.
C. greater.
D. not related.
10. The potential energy of a 4-kg object on top of a hill is 72 J. What is its velocity
in m/s just before it hits the ground?
A. 36
B. 18
C. 6
D. 3
11. The total mechanical energy of a yoyo

A. is equally divided between kinetic energy and potential energy.
B. at any one instant, is either all kinetic energy or all potential energy.
C. can never be negative.
D. is constant, if only conservative forces act.
12. A stone rolls down some distance and gains 45 J of kinetic energy. Considering
air resistance, how much gravitational potential energy did the bag lose?
A. more than 45 J
B. exactly 45 J
C. less than 45 J
18
D. cannot be determined from the information given
13. A fully spring-wound toy fan that is about to rotate possesses

A. kinetic but no potential energy
B. potential but no kinetic energy
C. both potential and kinetic energy in equal amounts
D. neither potential nor kinetic energy
14. In which case is there an increase in gravitational potential energy?

A. Alex stretches horizontally a rubber band.
B. A car ascends a car wash ramp.
C. The monkey-eating eagle swoops down from a tree.
D. Water flows out a horizontal pipe.
15. A decorative stone fell off the fence. Considering the presence of air, how does
the kinetic energy (K) of the stone just before striking the ground compare to its
DRAFT
potential energy (U) on the fence?
A. K is equal to U.
B. K is greater than U.
C. K is less than U.
D. It is impossible to tell.
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B. Solve the following problems.
1. A 2-kg toy car moves along a frictionless surface with a uniform speed of 6 m/s.
What is its kinetic energy?
Given mass, m = 2 kg
A. 3.6 J speed, v = 6 m/s
B. 36 J
1 1
C. 366 J = 2 = (2)(6/)2 =
2 2
D. 3660 J
2. Budoy, a junior high school student, lifts a 3-kg book from the floor into a cabinet
2.0 m high. With reference to the floor, how much potential energy does the book
acquire?
Given mass, m = 3 kg
A. 5.88 J height, h = 2 m
B. 58.88 J

C. 588.88 J = = (3) (9.8 2 ) (2) = .

D. 5888.88 J
To wrap up the module and encourage the students to do accounting of

energy conservation, ask students to conduct and document an energy audit of real-
life tasks that is of personal interest to them such as a skill or hobby, a favorite
amusement park-ride experience, or a sporting event.
19
Glossary
Dam - barrier of a water storage structure that is used

to control the stored water level and the release
of the stored water
Head of water flow - difference of the head water level and the tail
water level
Head water level - surface height of the stored water in the
reservoir
Hydroelectric Power (HEP) - A power plant that generates electrical energy
Plant using the energy from flowing water
Mechanical energy - energy acquired by objects upon which work is
done
Penstock - close pipe or channel where the water flows
DRAFT
from the water reservoir up to the water
turbines location
Tail water level - exit height of the water in the dams penstock
or the height where the turbines are located
Turbine - a rotating device with appropriately shaped
blades used to convert the kinetic energy of
moving fluids into mechanical power for energy
March 31, 2014

generators
Hewitt, Paul G., (2006) Conceptual Physics, (10th ed). Addison Wesley Publishing Inc.
(2007) Practical Work in High School Physics - A Sourcebook for Teachers, 2nd ed.
Diliman, Quezon City: UP-NISMED
Integrated Science IV. (2nd Ed). Physics
SEDP Series Textbook, Physics. 159-161.
http://sprott.physics.wisc.edu/demobook/chapter1.htm
http://msp.ehe.osu.edu/wiki/index.php/MSP:MiddleSchoolPortal/Energy_Transfers_and_
Transformations:_Sparking_Student_Interest
http://www.aplusphysics.com/courses/regents/WEP/regents-Conservation-Energy.html
http://www.education.com/science-fair/article/build-toy-throw-ball-target/
http://www.need.org/needpdf/Science%20of%20Energy.pdf
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/energy/U5L1d.cfm
20
http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/phy03.sci.phys.matter.zmill/
http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/2004/4/04.04.06.x.html
DRAFT
March 31, 2014
21
Teachers Guide- Module 3, grade 9
UNIT 4 Module 3 Heat, Work and Energy
Unit 4
MODULE 3
HEAT, WORK and ENERGY

Note: All revisions are in blue ink. The red ink as answers to
the tests and activities should not be printed in LM, instead
they should be printed in TG. Thanks.
DRAFT
Overview:
Have you tried to heat a pot of tap water on a hot burner of a stove? It is
observed that the water temperature increases. In this situation, heat flows from hot
burner to the cold water. When two objects at different temperatures are put in contact,
heat spontaneously flows from an object of high temperature to the object of low
March 31, 2014

temperature. The natural flow of heat is always in the direction tending to equalize the
temperature. If the two objects are kept in contact long enough for their temperatures to
become equal, the two bodies are said to be in thermal equilibrium, and there is no
further heat flow between them. Let us take for example, when you have a fever. You
will use fever thermometer in your armpit in able to monitor your temperature. Heat is
flowing from your armpit to the thermometer; when the temperature reading stops
increasing, the thermometer is then in equilibrium with your armpit, and they are at the
same temperature.
How can we describe the internal energy of your body and the thermometer as
their temperature becomes equal? How much heat a body has or a system has?
Actually, everything in our earth release heat and is governed by heat. Heat is present
in any system where work is applied. Heat is energy in transit. Whenever work is done
on a body, energy is transformed. For every energy transformation, it is associated by
heat: it could be heat gain or heat loss.
After completing this module, you will be able to:
1. demonstrate that heat can be turned to work;

2. infer that doing work releases heat;
3. explain why machines are never 100% efficient; and (objective is from
curriculum guide)
4. explain how heat transfer energy
These are frequent questions when studying heat and work:
How is heat converted to work?
How is work related to work?
How is work related to energy?
DRAFT
These are frequent questions when studying heat and work:
- How to differentiate spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes?

- How heat is converted into work?
- How work is related into heat?
How heat flows from colder temperature to higher temperature?
March 31, 2014

-
- What is the function of heat pump and heat engines in reversing the flow of
energy?
- What environmental implications brought about by heat pump and heat engine?
Note that there are no wrong or correct answers yet this time. Just take note of
their answers and go back to some of them after they have finished the module.
After learning the difference between heat and temperature, the teacher is ready
to discuss how energy is converted into work.
Heat and Work
I. Introduction:
This module focuses on heat and work. It aims to explain how heat can be
turned into work and how doing work releases heat. It discusses on the spontaneous
processes where heat flows from an object of higher temperature to an object of lower
temperature. Furthermore, how heat engines functions, specifically, cars engine is
given emphasis. It tackles also how heat pump operates. Efficiency of heat engines is
discussed through some worded problems and its effects to the environment. Thermal
pollution is explained as a result of exhausted gases from the engine. Being aware of
the disadvantages of less efficient heat engines, we could design ways and means to
lessen its effects.
In your grade 7, it is learned that heat is related to temperature. Whenever

work is done in the system, heat flows. This process may change ones temperature or
ones phase. This change in temperature, either a decrease or an increase means that
there is an energy transfer in the form of heat. On the other hand, phase change means
that there is a change in bodys internal energy.
II. Learning Competency
The learners should demonstrate that heat can be turned into work.
III. Pre/ Diagnostic Assessment:
DRAFT
Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Francis stretched a rubber band five times. After that, he observed that the rubber
band felt warmth. Did the rubber band gain heat? B.
March 31, 2014

B. Yes, the felt warmth means it gained heat.
I. Introduction:
lessen its effects.

We will be focusing only on the adiabatic or no heat enters or leaves the
system.
DRAFT
A. No, it is not evident.
B. Yes, the felt warmth means it gained heat
C. Yes, the felt warmth means it loss heat.
March 31, 2014

D. No, temperature is not related to a gain or loss of heat.
I. Introduction:
lessen its effects.

We will be focusing only on the adiabatic or no heat enters or leaves the

system.
DRAFT
B. Yes, the felt warmth means it gained heat
March 31, 2014

For nos.2-4
. ( to the artist, please provide 4 beakers with water, the 1st two with half-filled water; the
2nd two full with water)
Label them as beaker I, half-filled with water on hot plate for 2.5 minutes
Beaker II, half-filled with water on hot plate for 10minutes
Beaker III, full of water on hot plate for 5 minutes
Beaker IV, full of water on hot plate for 2.5 minutes
Four identical beakers, I,II,III,IV are placed on a large electrical hotplate. I and II are
half-full and III and IV are full of tap water at the same initial temperature. I and IV are
placed on the hot plate for 2.5 minutes, III is left on for 5 minutes, and II is left on 10
minutes. The water does not boil in any of the beakers.
Four identical beakers, I,II,III,IV are placed on a large electrical hotplate. I and II are
half-full and III and IV are full of tap water at the same initial temperature. I and IV are
placed on the hot plate for 2.5minutes, III is left on for 5minutes, and II is left on
10minutes. At the end of these periods, the particular beaker is removed from the
hotplate. The water does not boil in any of the beakers.
2. Which one of the beakers of water will receive the most heat?.B. II
3.Which one of the beakers of water will have the lowest temperature immediately after
being heated? D.IV
4.Which two beakers of water will have almost the same final temperature after being
heated? B. I and III
5.What is commonly used as refrigerant for most of the refrigerators?
DRAFT
C. Gas that is easy to liquefy.
Modified True or False. Study each statement. Write True if it is correct and if not,
change the underline word/s to make it true.
March 31, 2014

6.Heat engine is any device that converts thermal energy into mechanical work. TRUE
7.Combustion of fuel takes place inside the engine chamber in external combustion
engine. OUTSIDE
8.In every heat engine, all of the heat can be converted into work. ONLY SOME
9.Mechanical work takes place in the piston of a gasoline engine. TRUE
10.There is no ideal heat engine, making some heat exhaust in the environment. TRUE
11. Thermal pollution is brought about by the accumulated exhaustion of heat from
diesel, gasoline and industrial engines. TRUE
III. Reading Resources
The concept of the conservation of energy states that: Energy cannot be created
or destroyed. The first law of thermodynamics is actually based on this concept. It states
that: The change in internal energy of a system equals the difference between the heat
taken in by the system and the work done by the system. Internal energy of a
substance is the sum of molecular kinetic energy (due to the random motion of the
molecules), the molecular potential energy (due to forces that act between the atoms of
a molecule and between the molecules), and other kinds of molecular energy.
When heat flows in instances where the work done is negligible, the internal
energy of the hot substance decreases and the internal energy of the cold substance
increases. While heat may originate in the internal energy supply of a substance, it is
not correct to say that a substance contains heat. The substance has internal energy,
not heat. The word heat is used only when referring to the energy actually in transit
from hot to cold.
The law is expressed as
U = Q-W
Where Q = the amount of heat flowing into a system during a given process
W = the net work done by the system
DRAFT
U = the change in the systems internal energy
This is derived from the conservation of energy given as
Q= W + U
March 31, 2014

We will use Joule (J) as our SI unit for energy.
The first law tells that a systems internal energy can be changed by transferring
energy by either work, heat or a combination of the two.
Find out how heat is converted into work or work is converted into heat. The next
activity is a simple activity to test that applying work on a substance increases its
thermal energy. The change in temperature indicates that there is also an increase in
thermal energy.
Activity 1
Heat and Internal Energy
I.Objective:
The learners will demonstrate how heat causes the internal energy of the
water increase..
I. Materials:
Pot
Thermometer
500ml of water
stove
II. Procedures:
1. Put 500ml of water into a pot.
2. Place a pot of water into a stove. Measure the temperature of water.
3. Let it boil. Measure its temperature while boiling and after boiling.
Note: Be extra cautious in handling hot substances, thermometer and hot stove.
Temperature before boiling Temperature while boiling Temperature while after
DRAFT
(C) (C) boiling (C)
March 31, 2014

III. Guide Questions:
Q1.Compare the temperature of water before it is boiled, while it is boiling, and after it
has boiled.
A1. The temperature is lower than 100 C before it is boiled, 100 C when it was
boiling and after it has boiled.
.
Q2.What does the increase in temperature indicate?
A2.It means an increase in internal energy of the water.
Now that you have seen that heat can cause the internal energy of the water increase,
let us study a sample problem below:
Sample problem:
If 150J of energy is added to a system that does not applied external work, by how
much the thermal energy of the system raised?
Given: Q= 150J
W= 0
Find: U
Solution:
U= Q- W
= 150J- 0
= 150 J
Try this:
A 120J of energy is added to a system that does 40J of external work, by how much
thermal energy of the system is raised?
Answer:
Given: Q= 120J
W= 40J
Find: U
Solution: U= Q-W
= 120J-40J
DRAFT
= 80J
Note: The teacher may add some more worded-problem as needed by the
learners.
Summary:
March 31, 2014

1. The increase in the internal energy of a system is equal to the amount of heat
added to a system minus the work done by the system.
2. Adiabatic process is a process without gain or loss of heat.
3. Internal/ thermal energy is the sum of all kinetic and potential energies of the
atoms/ molecules in the system.
Activity 2
Where do I belong?
In this activity, students are asked to identify spontaneous and non-
spontaneous processes. They are to distinguish these processes. Since, the activity is
very simple and practical, it could be done individually. The teacher may add some
more processes not listed on the module.
Though this activity is quite simple , the teacher should point out that whatever
object involved in a given example has heat, this could be in lower or in higher
temperature. Emphasize on the terms such as internal energy, thermal and heat.
During the post activity discussion, the given guide questions should be answered.
Possible answers to the table
Spontaneous Non-spontaneous Needs work to reverse the

Process Process process
Drying of leaves Breakage of egg Drying of leaves
Spoilage of food Making ice Spoilage of food
Water falls Rice cooking Water falls
Possible answer to the guide questions:
DRAFT
Q4.Which of them are spontaneous processes?
A5.Drying of leaves, spoilage of food and water falls are just some of the examples of
spontaneous process.
Q5.How can we reverse the process for each of the following:

a. Drying of leaves to making them fresh again
By using plant press
March 31, 2014

b. Fixing an egg to make it whole
By putting them together using scotch tape
c. Keeping the food fresh from spoilage
By using refrigerator.
d. Heating of water
By using stove
e. Flowing the water back to the top
By using water pump or motor
f. Uncook the rice after it is cooked
By using specialized oven to uncook the rice
Q5.What is needed to reverse the process?
A5.An application of work or using motor or a heat pump
Now that it is known that every non-spontaneous process needs work or

mechanical energy in able to reverse the process, it is about time to find out how
heat pump functions.
Heat Pump
1. To introduce the concept of heat pump, the teacher should differentiate

spontaneous and non-spontaneous process.
Ask students to enumerate some spontaneous and non-spontaneous

processes present in their immediate environment or experienced by them.
2. From this, the teacher will identify whether the given process can occur naturally.
If not, an external force should be done, which will lead to the application of work
or mechanical energy.
3. It is important to define and differentiate the following terms:
Internal/ Thermal energy- is the sum of potential and kinetic energy of the
bodies.
Heat- is the thermal energy that flows from a substance of higher temperature to
a substance of lower temperature.
DRAFT
Activity 3
The Reverse of It
March 31, 2014

Objectives:
The learners should be able to discuss how heat pumps (refrigerator and air
conditioner) work.
Materials:
Illustrations of refrigeration and air conditioning cycle
Refrigeration cooling cycle
DRAFT
Figure 2. Refrigeration cooling cycle
Illustration of a refrigeration cooling cycle ( to the artist, please redraw the ff. figure)
March 31, 2014

Figure 3. Refrigeration Cycle
Procedure:
1. Study the illustrations and their parts.
Guide Questions:
Q6.Make a flowchart to explain how
A6. A)the refrigerator works
compressor------_________________ -------
compressor condenser Expansion valve
------
evaporator
Q7.Describe a compressor. How does it work? What gas is inside the compressor
which has low boiling point?
A7.A compressor is a motor which compresses a gas known as freon to a pressure of
several atmospheres.
Note: Freon is a refrigerant with relatively low boiling point.
Q8.What happened to the hot gas produced by compression?

A8.The hot gas produced by the compressor runs through a condenser.
Q9.How condenser functions?

A9.The condenser turned the cooled gas to near room temperature which then
condenses into liquid. This cool liquid which has high pressure flows through a narrow
tube connected to the evaporator.
DRAFT
Q10.What happens to the pressure and heat in the evaporator?
A10.The liquid evaporates due to its low pressure. At the same time, it absorbs heat
from the contents of the refrigerator.
Q11.When does the cycle repeat?
March 31, 2014

A11.The gas produced that has already absorbed heat goes back to the compressor
and then the cycle repeats.
Q12.Discuss the complete cycle of how refrigerator works.

A12.The refrigerator cooling cycle follows the following mechanisms:
a. The compressor compresses the freon into a pressure of several
atmospheres.
b. The gas is cooled to near room temperature which then
condenses into liquid of high pressure.
c. The liquid evaporates due to its low pressure and heat is absorbed
from the contents of the refrigerator.
d. The gas produced that has already absorbed heat goes back to
the compressor and then the cycle repeats.
b)How the air conditioner works?

DRAFT
March 31, 2014 Figure 4. An air conditioning cooling cycle
Q13.What is the function of an air conditioning unit?

A13.An air conditioning unit is a heat pump used for home heating and cooling.
Q14.How air conditioning unit works during summer?

A14.It cools the inside of the house and heats the outside.
Q15.What is the function of the air conditioner during cold days?

A15.It takes heat from the air outside to warm the inside.
Q16.What is needed to transfer heat in this device?

A16.Mechanical energy is needed to transfer heat from a cold object to a warmer one.
VI. Summary/Synthesis/Feedback
1. Heat flows normally from higher temperature to lower temperature which is
spontaneous process. It does not require any external energy to occur.
2. Non-spontaneous process happens when heat flows from lower temperature to
higher temperature. It needs mechanical energy to occur.
3. The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that Heat will never of itself flow from
a cold temperature to a hot temperature object. Hence, heat pump is used.
4. A heat pump is a device that reverses the direction of the heat flow: from a cold
reservoir to a warmer one. Refrigerator and air conditioning unit are examples of
heat pump.
Heat Engines
Content /Standard
The learners explains why machines are never 100% efficient.
Lesson/ Module: 3 Number of Sessions (Time Allotment): 1 session (60min)
DRAFT
I.Introduction:
Work can be easily transformed into heat. It is very evident when doing work. All
the work we do in overcoming friction is completely changed to heat. Example, eating
(which is a method of work due to tearing and chewing food particles) can be
completely converted into heat (which is the product of mechanical and chemical
March 31, 2014

combustion and absorption of nutrients occurred in the digestive system). Reversing the
process is impossible such as changing heat completely into works. To make it
possible, we have to convert some heat to mechanical work. This would happen only
using heat engines. Heat engine is a device that changes thermal energy into
mechanical work. How does it happen? What implication this will bring to the
environment?
II.Learning Competencies/ Objectives:

The learners explain why machines are never 100% efficient.
IV.Reading Resources and Instructional Activities
A device that changes thermal energy into mechanical work is a heat engine.
There are two kinds of heat engines; internal and external combustion engine. They are
classified according to where the combustion takes place. If the fuel is combusted inside
the engine chamber, it is an internal combustion engine. When the fuel combustion
takes place outside the engine, it is an external combustion engine. Gasoline, diesel
engine and our human body are examples of internal combustion engine while steam,
piston engine and the atmosphere are examples of external combustion engine.
To find out the four cycle- stroke of a gasoline engine, the activity below is
suggested.
Note: The teacher should assigned the learners to research on heat engine and
the four cycle-stroke of a gasoline engine prior to this activity.Or the teacher will
provide the text materials for the students.
Activity 4
Start the Engine
This activity discusses the four-cycle stroke of a gasoline engine.
DRAFT
Studying the illustrations, here are the expected answer
March 31, 2014

1. Fill-in the table like this.
Cycle-Stroke Movement of the
Piston
Behavior of the
Gas Mixture
Conversion
happened
Intake
Compression
Power
Exhaust
Figure 5. The four cycle-stroke of gasoline engine ( to the artist, please redraw)
2. Fill in the table like this.

Cycle stroke Movement of the What happened to
piston mixture of gases?
Intake Moves down Filled in the cylinder
Compression Moves upward Compressed into
fractional amount
Power Moves down Ignited by the spark plug
Exhaust Moves up Expelled out by the
exhaust pipe
Q17.How the piston behaves during intake stroke? What happens to the gas mixture?
A17.The piston moves down, the inlet valve opens and the mixture of gas and fuel
enters into it.
Q18.What happens to the piston and the gases during compression stroke?
A18.The piston moves up. The mixture of gases is compressed into fractional amount.
Q19.What is the function of the spark plug? What is its effect to the mixtures
temperature?
A19.The spark plug ignites the mixture. This will increase the temperature of the mixture
.
Q20.Describe the piston and the gases during power stroke.
A20.The piston moves down. No heat enters or leaves the system.
Q21.In exhaust stroke, what happens to the piston and the mixture of gases?
A21.The piston moves down, the exhaust valve opens and the burned gas expelled out
DRAFT
through the exhaust valve.
Q22.What do you think is the effect of this exhaust gas into the environment?
A22.This gas will constitute to the air pollution. Eventually, it causes thermal pollution.
Q23.Can we consider heat engine 100% efficient? Why?
March 31, 2014

A23.No, a heat engine could not be 100% efficient because some of the gases are
exhausted into the environment.
Q24.As a student, how can you help to minimize the effects of thermal pollution?
A24.I will inform the vehicles operators to always clean their muffler. I will inform the
general public the bad effects of this exhaust gases to ones health and to the
environment. I will encourage them to use unleaded gasoline. I will advocate to plant
trees so that carbon monoxide and halogens will be absorbed by them.
In our activity, it is shown that there are four cycle-stroke in a gasoline

engine. In the intake stroke, the inlet valve opens, the piston moves down as the
fuel-air mixture fills in the cylinder. In compression stroke, the piston moves up
and compresses the mixture---adiabatically, since no heat transfer happens. The
spark plug ignites the mixture making its temperature high. Adiabatic process
tends to push the piston down, thus it is called power stroke. In exhaust stroke,
the burned gases are pushed out of the exhaust valve. The intake valve once
again opens and the cycle repeats.
The exhaust gases such as carbon dioxide and halogens constitute as

air pollutants. These may cause thermal pollution.
The learners will answer this summative items to assess their learning.
Multiple Choice: Write the letter of the best answer.
1.Why a can of soft drink remains at a constant cool temperature inside a refrigerator?
A. Because the amount of heat flowing into the can is exactly equal to the heat flowing
out..
2.The internal energy of a system is initially 35J. The system does 34J of work. What is
the systems final internal energy when a total of 46J of energy is added to the system
by heat? C.37J
Given: Ui= 35J Find: Uf Uf = 37J
Q= 46J Solution: Uf = ( Q-W) + Ui
W= 34J = (46J -34J) + 35J
DRAFT
3.A block of wood and a block of metal is on a table for a long time. The block of metals
feels colder to the touch than the block of wood. Does this mean that the metal is
actually at a lower temperature than the wood?
C. No, because the heat flow more readily from your hand than for wood.
March 31, 2014

4.While a gas does 400J of work on its surroundings, 900J of heat is added to the gas.
What is the change in the internal energy of the gas?A. 500J
Given: W = 400J
Q = 900J
Find: U
U = Q W
= 900J-400J
= 500J
5.If 500calories of heat are added to a gas, and the gas expands doing 500J of work on
its surroundings, what is the change in the internal energy of the gas?D.1595J
Given: Q = 500cal U = 2095J-500J
W = 500J = 1595J
Find: U
Convert 500cal into Joules
Q = (500cal) (4.19 J/cal)
= 2095J
For numbers 5-7, consider this situation:

A beaker containing 400g of water has 1200J of work done on it by stirring and 200cal
of heat added to it from a hot plate.
6.What is the change in the internal energy of the water in joules?A.2038J
Given: UI= 1200J U= Q+ Ui
Q = 200 cal = 1200J +838
Find: U = 2038J
Convert 200cal into Joules
Q = (200cal) (4.19J/cal)
= 838J
7.Determine the change in the internal energy of the water in calories?B.486calories

Given: U= 2038J
Find: U in cal
Solution: U= 2038J/ 4.19J/cal
= 486 cal
DRAFT
8.What is the temperature change of the water?A.1.2C
Given: m=400g T = Q/ mc
c = 1cal/gC = 486cal/ 400g( 1 cal/gC)
Q = 486cal = 1.2C
Find: T
March 31, 2014

Solution: Q = mcT
9.An ideal gas is compressed without allowing any heat to flow into or out of the
gas.What will happen to the temperature of the gas in this process?
A.The temperature increases since no heat flows during the process.
10.Is it possible to change the temperature of a glass of water by stirring the water,
even though the glass is insulated from its surroundings?
C. Yes, stirring the water increases its internal energy causing the increase of its
temperature.
11 .Mang Fermin, a carpenter, is planning a piece of wood with his planar . After how
many minutes, he observed that it is hot. Do the wood gained heat? B. Yes, hotness
means there is an increase in the temperature
12.Renzo observes the waterfalls used in hydroelectric power plant. He found out that it
flows naturally that makes the turbine rotates. What makes this so?
A. Spontaneous process occurs naturally.
B.Spontaneous process needs heat pump to exist.
A. Spontaneous process requires work to make it possible.
B. Spontaneous process tends the heat to flow from lower temperature to
cooler temperature.
13.How does water from the deep well move upward?

A. It occurs naturally.
A. It uses heat pump.
C. It is a spontaneous process.
D. It flows from higher temperature to cooler temperature.
14.Chef Mariel left a plate of chopped apple, a plate of lettuce and a cup of pineapple in
the table to answer a phone call. When she comes back, she found out that the fruit and
vegetable discoloured into brown. What phenomena explain this?
A. The browning of the fruit and the vegetable is a spontaneous process.
B. The browning of the fruit and the vegetable is due to the food color added into
it?
C. The browning of fruit and vegetable is unexplainable.
DRAFT
D. The browning of fruit and vegetable is due to the tarnishing of the knife used
in chopping.
15.Given the following mechanisms, which best describes correct sequence of the
refrigeration cycle?
1. compression 3.expansion
March 31, 2014

2. condensation 4. Evaporation
A. 1,2,3,4 B. 2,3,4,1 C. 3,4,1,2 D.4, 3,1,2
16. How air conditioning unit functions as heater during cold days and cooler during hot
days?
1. It cools the inside of the house and heats the outside.
2. It takes heat from the air outside to warm the inside.
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 1 and 2 only D. None of them
17.What is the function of a heat engine?

A. It converts chemical energy to mechanical energy.
B. It converts thermal energy to mechanical energy.
C. It converts mechanical energy to chemical energy.
D. It converts thermal energy into chemical energy.
18..What is the process of compression and expansion of gas so that no heat enters or
leaves a system?
A. Adiabatic B. Isothermic C. Isobaric D. Thermal expansion
9.What is the correct sequence of four cycle-stroke of gasoline engine?
1. Intake 3. Exhaust
2. Power 4. Compression
A. 1,2,3,4 B. 1,4,2,3 C.2,3,4,1 D.1, 3,4,2
19..Of the methods by which heat may be converted into work, which is the least
practical?
A.the bicycle C. burning gases
B.the steam engine D. Atomic reactor
20.What runs the engines?

A.steam C. fuel
B.gas D. Any of the above
20.What is the correct sequence of four cycle-stroke of gasoline engine?

3. Intake 3. Exhaust
4. Power 4. Compression
B. 1,2,3,4 B. 1,4,2,3 C.2,3,4,1 D.1, 3,4,2
21.Of the methods by which heat may be converted into work,

which is the least practical?
A.the bicycle C. burning gases
DRAFT
B.the steam engine D. Atomic reactor
22.Why is heat engine not 100% efficient?

A.All mixture of gases is converted into work.
B.Some of the gases is exhausted in the surroundings.
C.All of the gases are used up by the engine.
March 31, 2014

D. Some of the gases is taken up in the piston.
23.Why is colder in the countryside than in the cities?

A.There is less smog in the countryside than in the cities.
B. There is more smog in the countryside than in the cities.
C. Both of them have the same amount of smog.
D. Smog is cannot be measured in both of them.
24.Study the statements below.

1.Heat engines which are less efficient constitutes in thermal pollution.
2. Heat engines which are less efficient exhaust much heat in the environment.
3.Heat engines which are efficient are environment-friendly.
4. Heat engines which are efficient can convert more of thermal energy into work.
A. 1, 2, 3 and 4 C. 3,4,1 and 2
B. 2, 1, 4 and 3 D 1,3,4, and 1
25..What causes thermal pollution?

A. Exhaust of different vehicles.
B. Exhaust from different industrial engines.
C.People cutting off trees.
D. All of them
21.Why is heat engine not 100% efficient?
A.All mixture of gases is converted into work.
B.Some of the gases is exhausted in the surroundings.
C.All of the gases are used up by the engine.
D. Some of the gases is taken up in the piston.
22.Why is colder in the countryside than in the cities?

A.There is less smog in the countryside than in the cities.
B. There is more smog in the countryside than in the cities.
C. Both of them have the same amount of smog.
D. Smog is cannot be measured in both of them.
23.Study the statements below.

1.Heat engines which are less efficient constitutes in thermal pollution.
DRAFT
2. Heat engines which are less efficient exhaust much heat in the environment.
3.Heat engines which are efficient are environment-friendly.
4. Heat engines which are efficient can convert more of thermal energy into work.
A. 1, 2, 3 and 4 C. 3,4,1 and 2
B. 2, 1, 4 and 3 D 1,3,4, and 1
March 31, 2014

24.What causes thermal pollution?
A. Exhaust of different vehicles.
B. Exhaust from different industrial engines.
C.People cutting off trees.
D. All of them.
Thermal Efficiency
It was thought before the full understanding of the second law of

thermodynamics that at very low friction heat engine could convert nearly all the
input energy into useful work. It was then that Sadi Carnot carefully studied the
compression and expansion cycles. It is found out that the upper fraction of heat
that can be converted to useful work, even under the ideal conditions.
How well a machine operates is the ratio of the useful work done to the
heat provided is the thermal efficiency. In equation, it is expressed in
.
Efficiency = Wnet x 100%

QH
= QH QC x 100%
QH
Efficiency = 1- QC x 100%
QH
Or Efficiency= 1- energy removed by heat x 100%

energy added by heat
If we have ideal engine, it would be
DRAFT
Maximum Efficiency = 1= TC
TH
Where
March 31, 2014

QC = energy removed by heat/energy in cold reservoir
QH = energy added by heat/energy in hot reservoir
TC = absolute temperature in cold reservoir
TH = absolute temperature in hot reservoir
Note: The temperatures are the absolute temperatures on the Kelvin scale.
Studying our equation, we can only have a 100% efficiency if there is no
energy transferred away from the engine by heat. But in reality, there is no 100%
efficient engine. In addition, the equation tells us that by increasing the amount of
energy added to the system by heat or by reducing the amount of energy given up
by the system.
Sample Problem 1
What is the efficiency of a gasoline engines that receives 192.75J of energy from
combustion and lose 125.25 J by heat to exhaust during one cycle?
Given: QC= 125.25 J
QH = 192.75 J
Find: Efficiency
Solution:
Efficiency = 1- QC x 100%
QH
= 1- 125.25 J x 100%
195.75 J
Efficiency = 0.36 or 36%
Sample problem 2
Suppose a steam engine receives steam at 600K. The engine uses part of this
thermal energy for work. It exhausts the rest to a condenser at a temperature of 350K.
DRAFT
What is the maximum efficiency of this steam engine?
Given: TC = 350K
TH = 600K
Find: Efficiency
Solution: Efficiency = 1- TC x 100%
TH
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= 1- 350K x 100%
600K
Efficiency= 41.67%
Activity 5
Fill me in
This activity will verify that machine is not 100% efficient. The teacher as well as the
learners need a calculator.
1. Supply the table with the final answer obtained from the computation to show the
relationship existing among thermal efficiency, temperature/energy in hot
reservoir and temperature/ energy in cold reservoir.
Temperature/ energy in Temperature/ energy in Thermal efficiency
cold reservoir hot elevation
250K 500K 50%
230K 700K 33%
287.5K 575K 50%
650J 1054J 38%
259J 677J 62%
30C 88C 16%
56C 92C 10%
47C 56C 3%
77C 93C 4%
65C 85C 6%
The answers on the table are based on these computations
1.Given:TC=250K
TH=500K
DRAFT
Find: Thermal Efficiency
Solution:
Eff: = 1-TC x 100%
TH
= 1-250K X 100%
March 31, 2014

500K
= 50%
For other items, follow the sample above, since they will be substituted directly
the given.
For problems given the temperature in C, add them in 273 to make it absolute
temperature before proceeding to the equation.
Given: TC= 30C+ 273= 303K

TH= 88C+273= 361K
Find: Efficiency
Solution:
Eff.= 1-TC x 100%
TH
= 1-303K x 100%
361K
= 16%
These are the answers to the guide questions:

Q25.How work input/ temperature in the cold reservoir is related to thermal efficiency?
A25.The lesser the work input/ temperature in the cold reservoir, the greater the
efficiency of the heat engine.
Q26.How work output/ temperature in the hot reservoir is related to thermal efficiency?
A26.The greater the work output in the hot reservoir the lesser the efficiency of the heat
engine.
Q27.How work input/ temperature in cold reservoir affects work output/ temperature in
hot reservoir?
A27.The ratio of the work input with the work output determines how efficient is the
engine.
DRAFT
Summary/ Synthesis/ Feedback
1. The total kinetic and potential energy of all its particles is the internal energy
of a body.
March 31, 2014

2. The internal energy of a body increases when a) its temperature increases and
b) it changes from solid to liquid or from liquid to gas.
3. Heat is the energy transferred from one body to another as a result of a
temperature difference.
4. Heating is the process in which heat is transferred from one body to another as a
result of a temperature difference.
5. By doing work or by heating, internal energy can be increased.
6. Joule (J) is the unit to express internal energy.
7. Heat engine is a device that changes thermal energy into mechanical work.
8 Internal combustion engines are engines that combustion takes place inside
the engine chamber. Examples are gasoline, diesel engine and our human body.
External combustion engines are engines where the fuel combustion takes
place outside the engine. Steam, piston engine and the atmosphere are
examples of external combustion engine.
9.Thermal Pollution refers to the harmful effects on the environment of the heat
exhausted by heat engines and refrigerators into the environment (through the air or
in rivers and lakes). The heat exhausted by engines and refrigerators is a
consequence of low thermal efficiencies of these machines.
REFERENCES:
Australian Item Bank Program-Science Item Bank (Physics and Astronomy)1978.

Australian Council for Educational Research
Conceptual Physical Science by Hewitt, Paul G., et al 1994 Harper Collins College
Publishers New York
Conceptual Physics, 3rd ed. By Paul Hewitt. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.1997.

California
Cordero-Navaza, Delia. Physics . 230 239
DRAFT
http://oberon.ark.com/~airekool/rb2.htm
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hyperphysics.phy-astr.edu/h.base/enecon.html
Physics at work 1, 2nd ed. P.K. Tao 1999.Oxford University Press.Hong Kong
Physics, 4th ed. By John d. Cutnell and Kenneth W. Johnson 1998. John Wiley and
Sons, Inc. USA
Physics, 5th ed. By Douglas C. Giancoli 2000. Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd. 317
Alexandra Road # 04-01 IKEA Building Singapore 159965
Practical and Explorational Physics ( Modular Approach)by Alicia L. Padua and Ricardo
M. Crisostomo. Vibal Publishing House, Inc. Quezon City, Cebu City and Davao City
2003
Science and Technology IV Textbook and Teachers Manual.
Science and Technology IV by Julieta D. Dela Pena and Arsenia V. Ferrer. Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc. Quezon City. 1999
The Physics of Everyday Phenomena- A conceptual Introduction to Physics, 6th ed. By
Griffith,W.Thomas and Brosing, Juliet W.2007. Mc Graw Hill
UPNISMED Teachers Guide
DRAFT
March 31, 2014
Unit 4
MODULE
4 ELECTRICITY
AND MAGNETISM
Overview
In Grade 8, the students learned about the three basic electrical quantities
current, voltage and resistance and how they are related by Ohms Law. The
DRAFT
activities focused on identifying simple electric circuit components, constructing
series and parallel connections and explaining the functions of safety devices in a
circuit.
In Grade 9, the focus will be on how electrical energy is generated, transmitted

and distributed. The students shall be led to discover various energy sources
March 31, 2014

solar, wind, hydro, nuclear, sea waves, geothermal - in their community in the hope
of promoting sustainable development. They shall be able to identify the similarities
and differences in the methods of power generation among the different energy
sources utilized in the Philippines. At the end, they shall be able to understand that
although the sources differ, the basic mechanism of electrical generation is basically
the same.
The students will be further tasked to trace the path of electricity as it is

generated from the power plants, transmitted to the substations, and distributed in
the households. They shall be able to compare step-up from step-down transformers
operationally. Finally, they will be taught how to compute for their electrical energy
consumption and suggest ways on how to conserve electrical energy at home.
Specifically, at the end of module 4, the students should be able to answer the
following questions:
1
1. How is electricity generated in power plants?
2. How is electricity transmitted in cables / wires?
3. How is electricity distributed in houses in order to supply
power to appliances?
4. How is the cost of electrical energy consumption
computed?
5. How does magnetism produce electricity?
Learning Competencies/ Objectives
DRAFT
1. Describe energy transformation in electrical power plants.
2. Describe the energy transformation in electrical energy from a power station
to the community.
3. Describe how electric power is measured.
4. Calculate the electrical energy usage.
5. Explain how electricity is produced from magnetism.
March 31, 2014

Diagnostic Assessment
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. In which of the following units is electrical consumption measured by

electric companies four our household consumption in our homes?
a. kilowatt
b. volt
c. megawatt
d. kilowatt hour
2. In power stations generating electricity, power is measured in _________.
a. joule
b. kilojoule
c. kilowatt
d. megawatt
3. Why do power stations generate AC, and not DC?
a. It is easier to generate, safer and more economical to transmit AC than
DC.
b. Transformers work with AC.
c. AC is used in mobile devices and gadgets.
d. AC is more efficient and economical.
4. Transformers are used to raise the voltage along substations and lower it
for residential consumption. What kind of transformers is used to raise the
voltage?
2
a. Step-up
b. Step-down
c. Neither of the two.
d. Both.
5. Shayne turned on a lamp switch in her room. Which of the following is the
correct path of electrical power that can be traced back to the source?
a. power plant transmission substations distribution substations
residences
b. transmission substations power plants residences
distribution substations
c. residences distribution substations power plants
transmission substations
d. distribution substations transmission substations power plants
residences
6. Who among the following scientists discovered the relationship between electricity
and magnetism?
a. Andrei Marie Ampere c. Hans Christian Oersted
b. Michael Faraday d. Alessandro Volta
DRAFT
7. You made an electric motor in school. When you tested it in using 4 dry
cells, the armature turned very fast. What should you do to make it turn slower?
a. use a bigger magnet
b. remove one of the dry cells
c. increase the number of turns in the coil of wire
d. decrease the distance between the magnetic poles
8. What energy transformation takes place in a generator?
March 31, 2014

a. electrical to mechanical c. mechanical to electrical
b. heat to mechanical d. chemical to mechanical
9. In which case will electric current be induced in a coil of wire?
a. when it is connected to a galvanometer
b. when a magnet is held stationary inside the coil
c. when a magnet is rapidly inserted into and out of the coil
d. when a magnetic compass is held beside it
10. If a 100 W light bulb is lit for 8 hours each day for 20 days in a month. How many
kilowatt-hours will the bulb consume?
a. 16 b. 160 c. 1600 d.16000
Diagnostic Assessment Answers:

1. D
2. D
3. A
4. A
5. A
6. B
7. B
8. C
9. C
10. A
3
How is electricity produced?
Prior to the class meeting, you may want to assign students to research on the
different sources of energy and how each one differs from one another. You may want
to start a teacher-led discussion on this and summarize the concepts using a graphic
organizer. You may want to ask questions similar to these for concept formation:
Identify the form(s) of energy at each labeled point in the diagram.
- Answers may vary.
Describe the energy transformations that take place in each of the major
components of the power plant.
- Answers may vary.
How is a hydropower plant different from a coal-fired plant?
DRAFT
A hydropower plant runs by passing the falling water directly through the turbines
which are connected to a generator to produce electricity. A coal-fired plant uses
the coal as fuel to heat and boil water to produce steam. The steam is directed to
the turbines which are connected to a generator to produce electricity.
Activity 1
March 31, 2014

Its more Power in the Philippines
Start by asking the students if they could trace back the path of electricity when an
electric appliance is switched on. Let the students identify the source of energy and
differentiate it from other power plants. The students shall locate the Region in which
the power plant is found. Encourage students to add to the list giving examples from
their own communities. Let the student identify the location of the power plant in the
map.
Answers to Activity 1:
4
Name Type Source Location Operational? Region
Agus 1 Hydro Water Maria Cristina Falls, Yes X
Iligan City
Calaca Thermal Coal Calaca, Batangas Yes IV-A
Thermal
Plant
Tiwi Plant Geothermal Earths Tiwi, Albay Yes V
Interior
Bohol Diesel-Power Fossil Fuel Dampas, Tagbilaran Yes VII
Diesel Plant City
Bataan Nuclear Nuclear Bataan No III
Plant Fuel
DRAFT
Note: The students are expected to provide additional information on the blank
space.
March 31, 2014
Agus 1 Hydroelectric Plant
5
Calaca Coal-Fired Plant
DRAFT
Tiwi Geothermal Plant
March 31, 2014

Bohol Diesel Powered Plant
Bataan Nuclear Power Plant

Photo : http://www.napocor.gov.ph/
6
How is electricity transmitted and distributed?
Let students perform the activity on Tracing Power taking into consideration the
different components of power transmission and distribution. Guide the students in
making a perfect match among the pictures and descriptions. Reward the group who
finishes ahead of the class. Let the students post their answers on the board and
encourage them to explain their answers.
Activity 2
Tracing Power
DRAFT
March 31, 2014
7
The steam powers a turbine
Answers to the Activity: which spins a huge magnet
inside a copper wire. Heat
energy converts to mechanical
Steam is generated at the electricity plant
energy which then converts to
by the burning of fossil fuels or at a
electrical energy in the
nuclear or geothermal plant.
generator.
The electric current

then runs through
the power lines to
the substation
DRAFT
transformer where
voltage is lowered to
Electricity flows from
between 2000 and
the power plant
13000 volts
through wires to the
step up transformer.
March 31, 2014

The transformer raises
the voltage so it can
travel long distances it
is raised as high as
756,000 volts
Electricity is then taken through the

lines to a pole transformer or a
transformer box if underground and
voltage is lowered again to 120 or 220 From here electricity
or 240 volts. comes into your home
through a service box,
where your meter is
located to measure how
much you use. Wires take
electricity around your
home powering your
lights and all your other
appliances.
8
Q1. What are the different stations in the transmission of energy?
Electricity is produced in the power plants, transmitted at high current and voltage in
transmission substations, passed the distribution substations, then finally distributed to
business and residential areas.
Q2. What did you observe with the size of the transmission lines as it reaches the
consumers?
Transmission lines have a greater cross-sectional area to allow a large amount of

current to pass through. Having a large cross section also reduces the resistance,
lessening transmission loss. The residential wirings have much smaller cross sectional
area.
Q3. Does the size of wires and cables used matter in energy transmission?
Yes, it ensures safety in the entire network system and reduces transmission losses.
DRAFT
Q4. What happens to the voltage that travels from the source to the consumers?
The voltage is stepped-up for transmission and stepped-down before being distributed
to households.
Q5. What are step-up transformers? Step-down transformers?
March 31, 2014

Step-up transformers increase the voltage while step-down transformers decrease the
voltage to be consumed at safe levels.
Performance Task: Diorama Making

A diorama is a three-dimensional miniature or life-size scene in which figures, stuffed
wildlife, or other objects are arranged in a naturalistic setting against a painted
background (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/diorama).
As a group, design and build a diorama that would show the path of electric power
from generation, transmission and distribution. Apply what you have learned in the
previous activity and stay as factual as possible. Use materials that can be easily
obtained from your home and in your communtity. You may also use recycled
materials. Pay attention to details and make your representations drawn to scale. Your
teacher will give you the exact dimensions you will need for your project. Happy project
making!
If you need additional information on how to create a diorama, you may want to refer to
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_DJKyM3JIAI.
9
To the Artist: Please look for or draw a similar photo
showing diorama with transmission lines, houses,
generating stations, etc.
DRAFT
March 31, 2014
10
Criteria for rating Diorama
Diorama Rubric
Category 4 3 2 1
Appearance of The projects The projects The projects The projects
the Project appearance is appearance is appearance is appearance is
(15%) professional and quite somewhat quite poor. Many
polished without professional and poor. Some distractive
distractive elements. polished few distractive elements.
distractive elements.
elements.
Content Facts The project content is The project The project The project
(20%) exemplary and suggests content is good content is content is poor
the student has and suggests the fair/poor and and suggests the
discovered the student has suggests the student has not
important ideas of his / discovered student has not done sufficient
DRAFT
her topic. most of the discovered research.
important most of the
facts of his/her important facts.
topic.
Images & All images or models All images or Some images or Too few images
Models are effective. models are models are or models are
March 31, 2014

(15%) effective, but effective. used to be an
there appear to effective
be too few or presentation.
too many.
Style & Display is interesting Display is Some parts of Display is
Organization and attractive. interesting and the display are uninteresting,
(10%) Materials are complete attractive. interesting, not not tidy.
and organized to Materials are tidy. Some Materials are
present the ideas well. complete and materials are incomplete and
well organized. complete and not organized.
Presentation has organized. Presentation has
sequence and Presentation no sequence or
plan evident. has some plan evident.
sequence and
plan evident.
Creativity & Project is excellently Good creative Some attempt Little attempt to
Appearance presented reflecting effort. Project is made to add add color or
(10%) creativity and a lot of neat and shows color and originality.
thought. evidence of time originality. Project has
spent on it. Project is neat. sloppy
appearance.
11
Knowledge The diorama The diorama The diorama The diorama
(30%) demonstrates a demonstrates demonstrates demonstrates
thorough knowledge of good knowledge some very little
the subject of the subject knowledge of knowledge of the
investigated. investigated. the subject subject
investigated. investigated.
Adapted from:
http://www.lausd.k12.ca.us/Allesandro_EL/docs%20and%20temps/Diorama%20rubric.pdf
How is the cost of electrical energy consumption computed?
After learning how electricity is generated, transmitted and distributed, the students
would be taught how to compute for their electrical energy consumption. You may want
to emphasize that generation charge is computed separately from the distribution
charge. This further relates to the basic concepts of generation, transmission and
distribution. The learners material is designed to teach students how to read their
DRAFT
electric meter, analyse their electric bill and eventually come up with ways on how to
conserve electricity. The concept of systems loss may also be introduced after
analysing their electric bills. Ask them, Why are we being billed for system loss?
Take Home Task:
March 31, 2014

This task is suggested to be assigned to students as an enrichment activity to further
substantiate the understanding of the topic:
Can you think of some ways on how we can save on electrical energy consumption?
List down at least 3 energy-saving tips for each appliance:
a. Washing machine
b. Refrigerator
c. Clothes Iron
d. Lights and lamps
e. Electric Fans
f. Television
Students Possible Answers:
Lighting
Use natural light whenever possible. It is the best source of light and will help
you save kilowatt hours. Strategically arrange your household in such a way
that you can use natural light. Place reading tables near windows and put
skylights in other working areas.
12
Use lamps that provide direct lighting over desks, beds, and other work areas.
This method saves more energy compared to the higher wattage lighting
needed to illuminate the whole room.
Use low wattage light bulbs in areas that do not need strong lighting such as
hallways, foyers and doorways.
Washing Machine
Do not over-wash clothes. Different types of clothes require different wash
cycles. Delicate clothes do not take as long as dirty work clothes.
Presoak soiled garments to avoid using additional wash cycles.
When using your spinner, make sure that water is drained from the cylinder and
clothes are squeezed to effectively spin-dry clothes.
Clothes Iron
Iron large batches of clothing at one time to avoid wasting energy and reheating
the iron several times.
Dampen clothes moderately. Excessively moistened clothes take longer to iron.
Do not overheat the iron. Set the temperature appropriately for the type of
DRAFT
clothes to avoid scorching and wasting energy.
Electric Fan
Turn off your electric fan when not in use.
Perform regular maintenance to keep your electric fan running more efficiently,
and save up to 30% of fan energy.
Clean your electric fans regularly, to keep them running efficiently. Remove the
March 31, 2014

dust accumulated at the fan blades, motor housings, and grills as it reduces the
air current generated by the fan. Cobwebs, dust and other forms of impurities
piling up at the motor's cover prevent air to naturally provide the cooling needed
by the motor or heat produced by the motor to be released. This causes
additional heating of the motor's windings, which leads to more consumption of
energy.
Television
Switch off your TV set when no one is watching. If you are using a transformer,
unplug it because it consumes electricity.
Don't use the standby mode because this uses 10% to as much as 60% of the
electricity that would be used by your TV set if it were switched on.
Too much television viewing and playing of video games of kids can be
substituted by educational board games and teaching them light sports to
lessen television electricity consumption.
Replace old TV tube sets with solid-state TV sets because these types use
significantly less energy.
How does magnetism produce electricity?
The material is designed to teach the concept of electricity generation and

transmission through magnetism. By performing the simple activity, the students shall
see that electricity can be generated even without the usual dry cell or a voltage
13
source. By allowing the compact disc with magnets to rotate on its axis, current is
induced on the coils of copper wire enabling the LEDs to glow. The changing magnetic
field induces current in the copper coils therefore producing electricity.
Teachers need to encourage students to continue with or modify their
experiment in case students are not successful in performing their activity at
once. You may suggest using a stronger disc magnet or inverting the magnets
to ensure that the polarity is the same. This creates a stronger magnetic field
around the coil of wire.
Teachers need to simplify the explanation to this concept by limiting the
discussion to the direct effect of magnetism to the production of electricity. A
more detailed discussion on this would be taken up in Grade 10.
Q1. Why did the LED light up when the magnet cd was made to turn around the
axis?
Current was induced in the coils of copper wire due to the changing magnetic
DRAFT
field.
Q2. Why was it possible to produce electricity without an energy source?
A changing magnetic field induces current in coils of wire. This is also known as
electromagnetic induction.
March 31, 2014

Q3. In electric power plants, turbines are actually connected to generators
which are composed of magnets and coils. How are turbines used to produce
electricity?
Turbines are connected to generators consisting of large magnets and

conductors. Turbines are rotated either mechanically or by means of steam
from boiling water which is heated by the fuel source. Turbines produce a
changing magnetic field inside the generator which in turn produces electricity.
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Last month, Ms. Alcantaras electric meter reads 8765 kWh. How much will
she pay for power generation if the charge of electric company per kWh is 6.88
pesos and her electric meter reads 9975 this month?
A. 8765.00
B. 8324.80
C. 1210.00
D. 3457.42
14
2. Jaypeth paid 1250.00 for electric bill. How much energy (in kWh) is
consumed if the electric company charges 6.88/kWh?
A. 186.81
B. 181.69
C. 188.61
D. 181.86
3. In buying an appliance, which of the following efficiency guide would you

consider? Why
198 292 346 589
A
DRAFT B C D
March 31, 2014

4. How is the energy efficiency ratio (EEF) related to the operating cost?
a. the higher the EEF, the higher the operating cost
b. the higher the EEF, the lower the operating cost
c. the lower the EEF, the higher the operating cost
d. the lower the EEF, the lower the operating cost
5. Gemma wanted to improve the lighting condition of her room by buying a lamp.
What suggestions can you give her and why?
a. Buy an incandescent bulb because it gives off more light.
b. Buy a compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) or LED lamp because it is more
energy efficient.
c. Buy a fluorescent lamp because it is brighter than an incandescent bulb.
d. Buy an incandescent bulb because it is cheaper.
6. A 60 watt bulb is connected to 120V plug. What is the current in the lighted bulb?
a. 0.25 A b. 0.5 A c. 2 A d. 4 A
7. To reduce your electric bill

a. make use of limited appliances
b. put off appliances when not in use
c. put off main switch during the day
d. connect appliances in series
15
8. What is produced if the magnet and the conductor move relative to each
other?
a. voltage b. magnetic field c. resistance d. current
9. When there is a change in the magnetic field in a closed loop of wire,

a. a voltage is induced in the wire.
b. current is made to flow in the loop of wire.
c. electromagnetic induction occurs.
d. all of these
10. All of the following power plants use steam to drive the turbines to produce
electricity except
a. hydropower b. geothermal c. coal-fired d. nuclear
Summative Assessment Answers:
1. B
2. B
DRAFT
3. D
4. B
5. B
6. B
7. B
8. D
9. D
March 31, 2014

10. A
Pople, Stephen (1996) Coordinated Science Physics. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 2nd ed.
Renuga (2011). Lower Secondary Physics Secondary 1 & 2 Science. Fairfield Book Publishers,
Singapore.
McDougall Littell (2005) Science. Houghton Mifflin Company. Evanston.IL.
http://www.ilo.org/oshenc/part-xi/power-generation-and-distribution/item/616-electric-
power-generation-transmission-and-distribution-safety-a-us-example
http://www.lausd.k12.ca.us/Allesandro_EL/docs%20and%20temps/Diorama%20rubric.pdf
http://www.meralco.com.ph/brightideas/index.html#top3
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/diorama
16
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_DJKyM3JIAI
DRAFT
March 31, 2014
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1

UNIT 1: Living Things and Their Environment

March 31, 2014

There are four modules in this quarter, namely:

Module 1: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems Working Together

Module 2: Heredity: Inheritance and Variation

Module 3: Biodiversity and Evolution

Module 4: Ecosystem: Life Energy

Use these modules to effectively facilitate learning. Guide the students in

Suggested time allotment: 8 to 10 hours

March 31, 2014

Content Standards Performance Standard

how the different structures of the conduct an information

March 31, 2014

Before starting off an activity, it is useful to get an idea of the students'

Skills I expect to use:

This typically ignites an active discussion, as students enjoy displaying their

The Human Breathing System

March 31, 2014

Answers to the Activity

Bronchi - also called bronchial Nasal passages serve as

March 31, 2014

Alveoli - also called airsacs;

Figure 2. The human respiratory system

Answers to the Questions

main stem = trachea

KEY CONCEPTS TO EMPHASIZE:

March 31, 2014

Answer: The two balloons expand

Q6. What happens as you push up the balloon?

Q8. What might happen if you prick the balloon?

March 31, 2014

Answers to the Questions

Q9. How do the heart and the lungs work together?

Q11. What does blood deliver to every part of the body?

March 31, 2014

Q12. Why is oxygen important to your body?

KEY CONCEPTS TO EMPHASIZE:

2. Blood vessel carries the blood throughout the body

March 31, 2014

Movement of blood from the

Movement of blood through

Movement of blood from the

Answers: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

March 31, 2014

Pumps the blood

Carries the blood

Carries the materials

Arteries Veins Capillaries

Pulmonary Circulation Systemic Circulation

The Human Heart

Ask the students how big their heart is. Tell

Figure 7. Photo of an actual human heart

March 31, 2014

Q14. Explain how the heart works.

Q15. Evaluate how the heart can be compared to a

All of the muscle tissues of the heart do not

Home Science Tools -

1. Assign the materials to be brought by the students beforehand so there is time

March 31, 2014

Answers to the Questions

Q16. What does the water inside the jar represent?

Q18. How does the heart function as a pump?

Learning Module No._ Number of Sessions (Time Allotment)