(ENGINEERING AND OPERATIONS)

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Mr M.F HUSSAIN NITIN NEGI

SITV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would first and foremost like to express my gratitude to Mr R. S CHAUHAN for
providing me with such an opportunity.I would also like to thank mr M.F
Hussain. I will always be grateful to you for providing me this valuable
opportunity to have worked in your Sahara family, and for your
guidance, constructive criticism, patience to guide me through my
research and most of all your friendship. Ithas been excellent
opportunity for me and I have learned a lot from you. You are my
inspiration, not only in the academic and research fields, but also in
your leadership and entrepreneurship. Hopefully one day we can
continue our collaboration in any ways. I really wish I could express my sincere
thanks to you in Sahara .

TABLE OF CONTENTS:
 1. ABOUT THE CHANNEL
2. NEWS CHANNEL AUTOMATION
3. INGEST
4. LEAS LINE
5. V-SAT
6. ENPS
7. EDITING SYSTEM
8. NEWS CHANNEL AUTOMATION
9. VIZRT
10. PCR
11. MCR
12. VIDEO SERVER
13. FINAL TRANSMISSION
14. TELEPORT

ABOUT SAHARA CHANNEL

 Type Public
Industry Conglomerate
Founded Gorakhpur, India (1978)
Founder(s) Subrata Roy
Headquarters Lucknow, India
Key people Subrata Roy (Chairman)
Finance
Real Estate
Products Media & Entertainment
Tourism & Hospitality
Services & Trading
Website Sahara. in

Sahara India Pariwar is an Indian multi-business conglomerate with diversified

business interests that include financial services, housing finance, mutual funds, life
insurance, city development, real estate activities, print and television media, film
production, sports, information technology, health care, tourism, hospitality and
consumer products. It owns the New IPL team Sahara Pune Warriors and also sponsors
the Indian Cricket and Hockey Sahara Launched in 2003, Sahara Samay , a Hindi news
channel, is a part of the group of six free-to-air 24-hours news channels belonging to
Sahara India Pariwar. People’s Voice being the key highlights of this channel, it employs
more than thousand journalists.
Sahara India Parivar has been founded by Subrata Roy with its headquarters in Lucknow.
The company made its foray into the field of electronic media with Sahara Samay
Network. This was a news network that offered five regional news channels. Besides the
regional news channels for the states of Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Bihar, Jharkhand,
Delhi and Maharashtra, the network also comprises Sahara Samay. This is a 24 hour
national news channel that is available in more that 66 countries. Besides Lucknow,
Sahara Media and Entertainment Network have its offices in Mumbai and New Delhi.

In the year 2006, Sahara Samay won the `Broadcast Engineering Excellence Award`
for its network newsroom technology.Sahara newsroom is a fine example of
convergence wherein IT converges with Graphics, Audio-Video, editing and
broadcasting. In fact, Star News and Sahara Samay National have gained significant
viewership with both Aaj Tak and Zee News fighting hard to retain their strong hold.

Sahara Samay presents an array of news to its viewers. These range from entertainment,
politics, health, current affairs, business and others. Apart from airing the headlines, there
are regular news bulletins that keep a track on these headlines and present updated news
as well.

SAHARA INDIA TV NETWORK

 NEWS CHANNEL AUTOMATION

1. Electronic news production system (ENPS) Version 4.0..

2. VIDEO SERVERS: LEITCH NX4000.

3. EDITING SYSTEM: NEWS FLASH & VELOCITYQ.

4. AUTOMATION SYSTEM: OMNIBUS.

5. GRAPHICS AUTOMATION: VIZRT

INGEST FLOW:

The ingest department records the raw feeds from various sources.
There are various sources through which news is gathered.

They are:
1. From Tape
2. From VSAT
3. From Lease Line
4. from FTP
 INGEST

Graphics VTR Lease line Live TV VSAT

 EQUIPMENTS PRESENT IN INGEST DEPARTMENT

1. Digital processing synchronizer/Frame synchronizer(DPS/FS)

2. IRD’S/DECODERS/ENCODERS.
3. ROUTERS(NETWORK AND VIDEO)
4. SERIAL ENGINE.
5. VTR’S
6. MONITORS
7. DAMACHASSIS.
 LEASE LINE

VIDEO
MONITOR

TAPE/ SUB
ENCODER ROUTER HUB
CAMERA AREA

SAN OUI FS DECODER AREA

Definition: A leased line connects two locations for private voice

and/or data telecommunication service. Not a dedicated cable, a
leased line is actually a reserved circuit between two points. Leased
lines can span short or long distances. They maintain a single open
circuit at all times, as opposed to traditional telephone services that
reuse the same lines for many different conversations through a
process called "switching."
 VSAT
(VERY SMALL APERTURE TERMINAL)

A Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT), is small earth station which is a

part of satellite communication. ground station or a stabilized maritime Vsat
antenna with a dish antenna that is smaller than 3 meters. Data rates typically
range from 56 Kbit/s up to 4 Mbit/s. VSATs access satellites in

geosynchronous orbit to relay data from small remote earth stations

(terminals) to other terminals (inmesh configurations) or master earth station
"hubs" (in star configurations).
VSATs are most commonly used to transmitnarrowband data (point of sale
transactions such as credit card, polling orRFID data; orSC AD A), or
broadband data (for the provision of Satellite Internet access to remote
locations,VoIP or video). VSATs are also used for transportable, on-the-move
(utilising phased array antennas) or mobilemaritime communications
WHY VSAT networks are used:

i. Rapid, reliable satellite transmission of data, voice and video and an ability to allocate
resources (bandwidth and amplification power) to different users over the coverage
region as needed.

ii. VSAT industry is offering fixed network solutions that can provide a full
suite of services at reasonable price. eg: a toll quality voice channel via
VSAT is available between 3-15 cents/minute today.

iii. Easy to provide point-to-multipoint (broadcast), multipoint-to-point (data

collection), point-to-point communications and broadband multimedia
services.

iv. VSATs are serviced not only in cases where the land areas are difficult to install, say in
the case of remote locations, water areas, and large volumes of air space.

v. An ability to have direct access to users and user premises

-
C-BAND
The C band is a name given to certain portions of the electromagnetic
spectrum, as well as a range of wavelengths of microwaves that are used for
long-distance radio telecommunications. The IEEE C-band - and its slight
variations - contains frequency ranges that are used for many satellite
communications transmissions; by some Wi-Fi devices; by some cordless
telephones; and by some weather radar systems. For satellite communications,
the microwave frequencies of the C-band perform better in comparison with Ku
band (11.2 GHz to 14.5 GHz) microwave frequencies, under adverse weather
conditions, which are used by another large set of communication satellites.[1]
The adverse weather conditions all have to do with moisture in the air, such as
during rainfalls, thunderstorms, sleet storms, and snowstorms.

EXTENDED C BAND
Extended C-Band Tx5.850–6.425, Rx 3.625–4.200
Ku-BAND

Communications satellites send and receive electromagnetic Ku-band signals, which are
in the super high-frequency range. Microwave phone signals, which are relayed between
tall towers, are in this same frequency range. However, satellite Ku-band signals is
usually not susceptible to interference from these towers.

KA BAND
(Pronounced: "Kay-A Band") covers the frequencies of 26.5-40GHz[1]. The Ka
band is part of the K band of themicrowave band of theelectromagnetic
spectrum. This symbol refers to "K-above" — in other words, the band directly
above the K-band. The so-called 30/20 GHz band is used incommunications
satellites, uplink in either the 27.5 GHz and 31 GHz bands[2], and high-

resolution, close-range targetingradars aboard military airplanes. Some frequencies in this

radio band are used for vehicle speed detection by law enforcement

LIST OF FREQUENCY

BAND TX FREQUENCY GHz RX FREQUENCY GHz

KU BAND 14-14.5 11.7-12.2
S BAND 1.7-2.5 3-3.5
EXTENDED C 5.850-6.425 3.625-4.200
C BAND 5.9-6.4 3.7-4.2

SPECIFICATION
VSAT is a term widely used in the satellite industry to describe an earth station that is
installed on the ground to receive communications from a satellite or to communicate
with other ground stations by transmitting to and receiving from satellite spacecraft. The
ground station may be used only for reception, but is typically capable of both receiving
and transmitting. Major components of a VSAT are generally grouped in two categories,
ODU (outdoor unit) and IDU (indoor unit).

Out Door Unit

The ODU, so named because the components reside outdoors, includes;

the antenna (typically ranging in size from 3.8 meters down to as small as
0.6m in diameter), equipped with a feed system capable of receiving and
transmitting, a microwave radio, also known as a HPA High Power
Amplifier, and an LNA (low noise amplifier) used to convert the signal
gathered by the feed.

Frequency Bands are available for use in C, Ku, or Ka frequency bands

and are sold by wattage capability. A complicated calculation called a
"Link Budget" is performed by the satellite operator to determine both the
size of the antenna and how much power (wattage) will be required to
complete the transmission link between the ground station and the
satellite. Frequency Bands are sometimes combined with the LNA's
which are used as part of the receiving operation. The resulting
combination is called a "transceiver" and saves some integration time
during the installation process.
The ODU or antenna includes the dish, or reflector, and the feed arm, which holds the
active elements (transmitter and receiver). These are pictured above

The Dish or Reflector

The older dish, shown on the left with the TV attachment, is made of
fiberglass, with an embedded wire mesh. It measures 0.74 meter in
surface area (39" x 23"). The newer Raven dish is still .74 meter, but is
rounder (34 1/4" x 28 1/2") and it is made of a lightweight metal. Often,
when only referring to the dish, without the feed arm, the term reflector is
used. The latest Prodelin dish was shown earlier.

The Feed Arm

Located on the fully assembled VSAT dish assembly, the Rx-Tx feed arm
is normally removed and safely stored, as part of the process for moving
to a new location. The feed arm consists of the feed support arm and the
outdoor electronics.

All of the active outdoor components connect to the support arm, which
also adds strength (and weight) to the completely assembled antenna. The
outdoor electronics consist of the LNB, which receives outroute (from the
NOC) Ku-band signals from the satellite, and the transmitter, which
transmits inbound (to the NOC) Ku-band signals to the satellite.

LNB

The Low-Noise Block down-converter (LNB) is used to amplify and

frequency convert out route signals received by the antenna, for input into
the modem via the Sat-In cable.

The antenna receives the outbound signal in the Ku-band frequency, for
input to the wave guide end of the LNB. The LNB first amplifies the
input Ku-band signals. It then uses a local oscillator (LO), to frequency
translate input signals to L-band frequencies, which are used on the
coaxial cables.

The signal noise value is an electrical specification for the LNB, which is
critical to out route signal (your received signal) quality performance.
The lower the noise figure, the better the signal quality performance will
be.
The LNB is powered from the modem, via a DC power supply coupled
on the coaxial RF input connector, which connects to the receive IFL
cable

LNB

The Low-Noise Block down-converter (LNB) is used to amplify and

frequency convert out route signals received by the antenna, for input into
the modem via the Sat-In cable.

The antenna receives the outbound signal in the Ku-band frequency, for
input to the wave guide end of the LNB. The LNB first amplifies the
input Ku-band signals. It then uses a local oscillator (LO), to frequency
translate input signals to L-band frequencies, which are used on the
coaxial cables.

The signal noise value is an electrical specification for the LNB, which is
critical to out route signal (your received signal) quality performance.
The lower the noise figure, the better the signal quality performance will

be.

The LNB is powered from the modem, via a DC power supply coupled
on the coaxial RF input connector, which connects to the receive IFL
cable

Typical Universal LNB specifications are:

•
Local Oscillator (LO): 9.75 GHz /10, 11.30 GHz
•
Frequency: 10.7 GHz-12.75 GHz
•
Noise Figure (NF): 0.7 dB
•
Polarization: Linear
Standard DBS LNB example:
•
Local Oscillator (LO): 11.25 GHz
•
Frequency: 12.2 GHz-12.7 GHz
•
Noise Figure (NF): 0.7 dB
•
Polarization: Circular
Typical North American C-band LNB specs:
•
Local Oscillator (LO): 5.15 GH

VSAT TOPOLOGY
Star

The hub station controls and monitors can communicate with a large number of dispersed
VSATs. Generally, the Data Terminal Equipment and 3 hub antenna is in the range of 6-
11m in diameter. Since all VSATs communicate with the central hub station only, this
network is more suitable for centralized data applications.

Hybrid Network

In practice usually using hybrid networks, where a part of the network

operates on a star topology while some sites operate on a mesh topology,
thereby accruing benefits of both topologies
The VSAT services are primarily based on one of two technologies:
i. Single-carrier per channel (SCPC) and

ii. Time-division multiple access (TDMA).

SCPC (Single-Carrier Per Channel)

SCPC-based design provides a point-to-point technology, making it the

VSAT equivalent to conventional leased lines

TDMA (Time-division multiple access)

With TDMA networks, numerous remote sites communicate with one
central hub – a design that is similar to packet-switched networks. As a
leased-line equivalent, SCPC can deliver dedicated bandwidth of up to 2
Mbit/s. Remote sites in a TDMA network compete with one another for
access to the central hub, restricting the maximum band-.4 – DE width in
most cases to 19.2 kbit/s. Almost all international VSAT services in Asia-
Pacific are based on SCPC. Most domestic offerings are based on TDMA,
although some domestic operators offer point-to-point SCPC links as well.
Here, we will discuss briefly TDMA, pre-assigned or demand-assigned
FDMA, CDMA and other accessing techniques featuring merits and
demerits of these schemes.
In a TDMA network, all VSATs share satellite resource on a time-slot basis.
Remote VSATs use TDMA channels or inroutes for communicating with the
hub. There could be several inroutes associated with one outroute. Several
VSATs share one inroute hence sharing the bandwidth. Typical inroutes
operate at 64 or 128 Kbit/s. Generally systems with star topology use a
TDMA transmission technique. Critical to all TDMA schemes is the
function of clock synchronization what is Page 24 of 40

performed by the TDMA hub or master earth station. The VSATs may also
access the inroute on a fixed assigned TDMA mode, wherein each VSAT is
allocated a specific time slot or slots
HOW VSAT WORK
i. The size of a VSAT antenna varies. The feed-horn directs the transmitted
power towards the antenna dish or collects the received power from it.
ii. It consists of an array of microwave passive components. Antenna size is
used to describe the ability of the antenna to amplify the signal strength.
iii. The Radio Frequency Terminal (RFT) is mounted on the antenna frame
and interconnected to the feed-horn (outdoor electronics) includes Low
Noise Amplifiers (LNA) and down-converters for amplification and down
conversion of the received signal respectively.
iv. LNAs are designed to minimize the noise added to the signal during this
first stage of the converter as the noise performance of this stage determines
the overall noise performance of the converter unit. The noise temperature is
the parameter used to describe the performance of an LNA.
v. Up- converters and High Powered Amplifiers (HPA) are also part of the
RFT and are used for up converting and amplifying the signal before
transmitting to the feed-horn. The Up/Down converters convert frequencies
between intermediate frequency (IF level 70 MHz) and radio frequency.
vi. Extended C band, the down converter receives the signal at 4.500 to
4.800 GHz and the up converter converts it to 6.725 to 7.025 GHz. The HPA
ratings for VSATs range between 1 to 40 watts.

vii. The outdoor unit (ODU) is connected through a low-loss coaxial cable to
the indoor unit (IDU). The typical limit of an (Interfacility Link) IFL cable is
about 300 feet. The IDU consists of modulators that superimpose the user
traffic signal on a carrier signal. This is then sent to the RFT for up
conversion, amplification and transmission.
Page36 of40
DSNG(OB VAN)
(DIGITAL SATELLITE NEWS GATHERING)
Eng became a catch-all term for various elements of the electronic news
gathering process, including the use of point-to-point terrestrial
microwave signals to backhaul the remote signal to the studio. In modern news
operations, however, it also includes sng (satellite news gathering) and dsng
(digital satellite news gathering). Eng field operations are usually done with a
specially modified truck or van. Terrestrial microwave vehicles can usually be
identified by their masts which can be extended up to 50 feet (15 m) in the air
(to allow line-of-sight with the station's receiver antennas), while satellite trucks
normally use a dish that points skywards towards one of
the geostationary communications satellites. New phased array satellite
antennas are, as of 2010, being adapted from military and aircraft applications
for news gathering by networks and local stations. These systems will allow
broadcast live from moving vehicles.

The interior of DSNG, satellite trucks and microwave vans resemble small
control rooms on wheels. With digital evolution, bulky tape editing systems are
being replaced with single computers using multiple monitors or the computer's
screen. An edit suite, which used to weigh over one hundred pounds, can now
be replaced by a laptop computer. This is made possible by the fact that digital
video is easier to transport (inside and outside an edit system), because it takes
less bandwidth. There are many other qualities available through digital video
that were previously unavailable or only through systems costing hundreds of
thousands of dollars. In its essence, digital video allows the manipulation of
video scenes more easily because all of the scene is translated into computer
language, thus making it accessible to the computer instead of a fixed video
frame.

The DSNG system consists of programme video and two audio channels,
digitally multiplexed and compressed together via the encode

sahara vsat links

 ENPS

ENPS in the 24-hour newswheel model, which is prototyped by US-based Time Warner
Cable. ENPS running orders are automatically created everyday. After journalists create
and name stories in ENPS production running order, the system requests a clip
placeholder of the same name in the automation system. Then the MOS (media object
server) pointer is automatically placed in the script. After that, presenter lead-in and the
clip go into the placeholder “as live”. Finally, the finished story is dragged from ENPS to
the “air” running order, and the chained play out is automatically handled by the
automation system with no manual intervention.

MOS, meanwhile, is considered central to the ENPS development strategy. It is written

into core software and clips are published to ENPS as MOS pointers, which are indexed
and therefore searchable. The MOS Protocol is managed in the public domain by the
MOS Protocol Working Group and is supported by over 30 manufacturers. Designed to
address the gulf between increasingly functional hardware and limited protocols, MOS
facilitates integration across a wide range of broadcast equipment, said Mr Prangley. One
can have a multiple MOS scenario, single MOS scenario and integration.

One of the major features of the MOS Protocol is that it moves pointers, not objects. In
that context, Mr Prangley says that moving pointers is much more efficient than moving
objects themselves. Pointers could be to any external object, crew assignments, satellite
coordinates and vision mixer settings. “It also allows metadata to be pushed to wireless
devices in the field and attached to pictures at source,” he says, adding that “potential of
MOS protocol is just beginning to be exploited”. Metadata can be defined as “data about
data,” but the term is normally understood to mean structured data about digital (and non-
digital) resources that can be used to help support a wide range of operations.

Basically, ENPS can ask MOS to create “placeholder” complete with “metadata” in
anticipation of a “clip”. It even allows metadata to be recorded at source. Also, the
metadata can be pushed back to the ENPS newsroom ahead of the feed itself. And, “MOS
Redirection” allows ENPS users to move media between servers via drag and drop of
pointer.

ENPS’ core functions include anything from newsgathering, newswire management,

script creation, editing, running order creation, control of broadcast equipment and
archiving. The industry standards for ENPS are Intel-based hardware, Microsoft
Windows, TCP/IP networking and MOS Protocol communication.

Launched in 1996, ENPS is used at over 400 sites. The broadcasters using it include
Sahara TV, Nine, Ten Networks, HK Cable, SPH, MediaCorp, CBS, ESPN, Fox Sport,
ABC, Time Warner Cable and BBC.

Accessibility and scalability are what make ENPS special. For instance, the redundant
server configuration provides continuous operation in the event of a server failure,
explains Mr Prangley. Also, the system is found handy for remote access and offline
operations for mobile and small bureau users. In terms of scalability, ENPS can manage
high volumes of news traffic, it is optimised for distributed enterprises, it supports
multiple newsrooms, etc.

That’s not all. Among the new features of ENPS are integrated Web and WAP publishing
ability, improved forward planning and newsgathering, easier to create events on future
dates, sorting of events in grid, new gallery view of rundown and script, browse view of
wires, and more efficient database structure

ENPS (Essential News Production System) is a software application for producing,

editing, timing, organizing and running news broadcasts. The system is scalable and
flexible enough to handle anything from the local news at a small-market station to large
organizations spanning remote bureaus in multiple countries.

The basic organization of each news broadcast is called a "rundown" (US) or "running
order" (UK). The run-down is a grid listing scripts, video, audio, character generator data,
teleprompter control, director notations, camera operator cues, and timing estimates for
each section of the broadcast.

ENPS integrates scripts, wire feeds, device control, and production information in a
server/client environment. On the server side, ENPS runs an identical mirror server
(called a "buddy") at all times as a fail-safe. If the primary server fails, all users are
redirected to the buddy server until such time as the primary comes back on-line. All
document changes are queued on the buddy and copied back to the primary automatically
when it returns to production.

EDITING SYSTEM

Editing can be done in two ways

• Online editing.
• Offline editing.
In SAHARA we use two software or applications. One is
NEWSFLASH and the second one is VELOCITYQ.
Velocity ESX™

On-SAN Editor

Velocity ESX™ is a full-featured HD/SD high-resolution news, sports and

production
editing system for the NEXIO® shared storage system. The editor operates
directly on
shared storage, utilizing the robust NEXIO architecture and a powerful user
interface.
Velocity ESX can start editing HD and SD media the moment ingest begins
while Harris®
Edit and Media ID technology deliver the industry’s quickest way to
minimize time and
re-rendering between content access and air.
Format flexibility allows use of all common file types in their native form as
well as
intelligent import to the NEXIO SAN environment. Output to the web and
mobile devices
in a variety of formats is intuitively integrated as part of the high resolution
output. The
system also integrates fully with newsroom computer systems such as AP
ENPS® and
Avid iNEWS® — enabling a truly collaborative newsroom.
FEATURES
▪ Access to all shared storage material on the SAN via the NEXIO®
MediaBase™ content
management system
▪ Create and modify MediaBase metadata; filter search and sort by
metadata
▪ Software-only or hardware-based turnkey options
▪ NRCS integration with AP ENPS, Avid iNEWS, Octopus®, OpenMedia®,
and QNews®
▪ Hardware ingest and in-server editing
▪ DV and HDV I/O via FireWire™
▪ Integrated codecs and viewers for Panasonic®P2, DVCPRO HD and AVC-
Intra, Sony®XDCAM,
XDCAM HD, XDCAM HD422, and XDCAM EX formats
▪ Import and export of EDL, AAF, OMF, BXF and Apple® Final Cut Pro®
XML files
▪ Import and export of common audio, video, and graphic file formats

AUTOMATION SYSTEM:

OMNIBUS is used for news automation system.It is used for

playing and recording of videos.

OMNIBUS:

OmniBus Systems delivers comprehensive master control,

automation, playout and media content management solutions to
broadcast, cable, satellite and telecom operators across the globe.
The company's transmission, newsroom, content management and
workflow solutions address every area of television, mobile TV
and IPTV related operations. OmniBus Systems was launched
in 1994, with BBC Television Centre studios representing the
company’s first U.K.-based client. Using OmniBus
automation, the studios were the first in the world to acquire
totally automated control of their own transmissions. Over
the following six years, the OmniBus Systems product
portfolio grew to incorporate integrated media management,
news automation and archive management, with solutions
delivered to MTV Europe, TV4 (Sweden), HTV, BBC News
24 and ITN (U.K.), NRK (Norway) and NOB (Netherlands).

INDIA’S SAHARA TV SELECTS OMNIBUS TO

AUTOMATE
SEVEN DIGITAL NEWS CHANNELS
LEADING commercial broadcaster Sahara TV has chosen
OmniBus Systems solutions to help it
construct one of India’s most sophisticated broadcast news
operations.
It will use Columbus, an integrated module within the overall
OmniBus Systems, to automate the
production and transmission of its new six-channel
newsroom in Delhi and a single channel news
operation in Bombay.
Sahara TV intends to launch the new channels in Oct/Nov
2002 and it plans to transform all seven into 24-hour
continuous news operations as quickly as
possible.
The broadcaster was attracted by OmniBus’ robust
architecture and track record of successful
installations at major broadcasters worldwide. In addition, it
was confident that Columbus would
be flexible enough to deal with the unpredictable nature of
news and yet offer the scalability to
support multiple channels now and manage additional ones
in the future.
Sahara TV will use the OmniBus system to co-ordinate the
operation of a wide range of
equipment at both newsrooms including on-air graphics
solutions, Leitch video servers and AP’s
Electronic News Production System (ENPS).
The ENPS system will deliver the news play-lists to
Columbus via a MOS (Media Object Server)
gateway. Columbus will check the media, cue devices,
prepare material for transmission and then
automate its play-out.
In addition, OmniBus browse and media asset management
technology will allow journalists at
both facilities to browse video clips and create complete
stories on their desktops.
“The news environment is constantly changing and so for us
a key benefit of the OmniBus
system is its flexibility,” says RS Chauhan, Vice President,
Engineering & Operations, Sahara
TV.
“Its browse and editing functionality enables it to handle
regular updates with ease, a critical
consideration in a busy newsroom. In addition, Columbus
allows us to make alterations to the
playlist right up until a bulletin goes to air if necessary.”
 VIDEO SERVERS-LEITCH NX4000

In the TV broadcast industry, a server is a device used to store broadcast quality images
and allows several users to edit stories using the images they contain simultaneously.

The video server can be used in a number of contexts, some of which include:

• News: providing short news video clips as part of a news broadcast as seen on
networks
• Production: enhance live events with instant replays and slow motion and
highlights.

• Instruction: delivering course material in video format.

• Public Access: delivering city specific information to residents over a cable

system.
• Surveillance: deliver real-time video images of protected sites.
• Entertainment: deliver film trailers or music videos.

Here in sahara news channel we have

1. Five video servers for recording and playing of video.

2. Eight News Flashes for editing which is used for playing, editing, and recording
of video.
3. Total 530 hrs SAN Space.
4. One IOL for every channel.
 SERVER ROOM

EQUIPMENT:
o Central switch (cisco-6513) switch cum router
outer layer – SWITCH
lnner- ROUTER

o Video server -5 in each channel (20 ports)

o News flash server - 8 in each channel, used for online
editing and velocity queue for offline editing.
o IOL(instant online) server- 1 in each loop(channel)
o ENPS server(3+3)- for main and 3for backup 2
channel are configured on each server.
o MOS gateway server -3
2 channels are configured on each server
7. Ticker server -6
1 for each loop (channel)
8. Antivirus server -3
1 for internet and 2for automation
9. Data server -1+1
1 for main and 1 backup
server is common for all channel

Other equipment:

1. SAN(storage area network) - 6

1 for each channel
1 is on older loop and 5 are for upgraded loops
2. Fiber switches- 12
2 in each channel
 3. Switches – they are both manageable and non –
manageable
4. LAN(local area network)-13
Each modulater have 48 ports
(approx = 650 terminals)
5. VLAN (virtual local area network)- 3
(a) ENPS- Class c network
(b) OMNIBUS and HARRIS – class c network
(C) VIZ-RT – class b network
6. Separate SAN for OMNIBUS automation
This consists of following application:
(a) sharer
(b) filling assistant
(c) system manager
(d) port member

7. Application used:

(a).LLM- low level mode( used for newsflash)

(b). NXOS- (used for video server)
(c).VRDCS-( application from OMNIBUS for video server)

8.Offline editing machine – 13

There is velocity queue for working offline with some
added features.
9.some other important equipment are:
(a)video server
(b) logo inserter
©. Mux and Demux cards
(d).video cable
PCR (PRODUCTION CONTROL ROOM)
 NT VIZ
MUX PVW PGM RENDER ENGINE

CONTENT TELE
ENPS OUI COLUMBUS VIDEO MIXER
PILOT PROMTER

VIDEO
GFX
TEXT

AUDIO MIXER
 EQUIPMENTS PRESENT IN PCR

1. ENPS
2. COLUMBUS.
3. OUI (OMNIBUS USER INTERFACE).
4. CONTENT PILOT.
5. SWITCHER
6. TELEPROMPTER.
7. VIZ ENGINE(FULLY GRAPHIC).

OPERATION:

The production control room is the place in a news channel

where the composition of the outgoing program takes place.
ENPS publishes the rundown. VIZRT application fires the
graphics .Super slugs are fired by content pilot.
Switcher edits the frames and switches to different sources.
 ABOUT VIZRT

It is used for graphics Automation.

Vizrt

Vizrt is the world's leading provider of high-

definition (HD) and standard-definition (SD)
real-time 2D and true 3D broadcast graphics.

Vizrt enables creative blends of live

feeds and 3D graphics for newscasts.

The challenge is to offer a complete graphics solution including:

• Character generation
• Content management and newsroom integration
• 3D tickers
• Virtual studio
• 3D weather application with data integration
• Software map creation tools
• Virtual sports analysis
• Information display
• Virtual effects

Vizrt's unique technology centers on real-time graphics, mostly 3D, and consists of three
important software components: design, management and rendering (playout). Of the
three, it is real-time 3D rendering that has made Vizrt unique. Vizrt uses NVIDIA®
graphics technology along with NVIDIA® PureVideo™ technology to provide ease in
integration of real-time 2D and 3D rendering for broadcasting or video editing
environments. NVIDIA and Vizrt deliver the ultimate in speed to generate a vast amount
of graphical elements used for live events. Broadcast television customers including:
CNN, CBS, BBC, Sky, ITN, ZDF, Star TV, TV Today, and NHK (New York and
London stock exchange studios, Lehman Brothers), and many others can experience the
ease of use and exceptional benefits of using Vizrt and NVIDIA technology for
broadcasting. These broadcasters pass the ultimate visual entertainment experience
directly to end users.

ABOUT TELEPROMTER

A teleprompter (also known as an autocue) is a display device that prompts the

person speaking with an electronic visual text of a speech or script. Using a
teleprompter is similar to the practice of using cue cards. The screen is in front of
and usually below the lens of the camera, and the words on the screen are reflected
to the eyes of the performer using a sheet of clear glass or specially prepared beam
splitter. Light from the performer passes through the front side of the glass into the
lens, while a shroud surrounding the lens and the back side of the glass prevents
unwanted light from reflecting into the lens

As the speaker does not need to look down to consult written notes, he or she appears to
have memorized the speech or be speaking spontaneously, and will look directly into the
camera lens. Cue cards, on the other hand, will always be placed away from the lens axis,
making the speaker look at a point beside the camera, which leaves a "distracted"
impression.
MCR (MASTER CONTROL ROOM)

OPERATIONs
The master control room(MCR) transmits commercials, promos or recorded
bulletins on air. Master control is generally staffed with one or two operators
around-the-clock, every day to ensure continuous operation. Master control
operators are responsible for monitoring the quality and accuracy of the on-air
product, ensuring the transmission meets government regulations,
troubleshooting equipment malfunctions, and preparing programs for future
playback.

COMMUNICATION BETWEEN TWO BUREAUS

 FINAL TRANSMISSION

SERVER ROOM TO FINAL TRANSMISSION ON

AIR FROM TELEPORT-

PCR/WHEEL OXTEL LOGO INSERTEN IN

ASM card

TRANSMISSION
TELE PORT

Fig:-Working of VSAT ( hpa-high power amplifier, cpe-customer premises

equipment, lna-low noise amplifier, pstn-public switched telephone network)

References
1. http://www.marketinfo4me.com/Satellite%20Evolution%202003/
Section_1/s1_Binariang. htm, Binariang Satellite System – Measat, Satellite
Evolution Asia, 2003
2. Presentation on Telekom Malaysia, Satellite Network, August 2001

3. Sahara official websites