Bishwajit Mazumder

Nursing Instructor
Dhaka Nursing College, Dhaka
Education

Etymological Meaning of Education

In English the term, Education has been derived from two Latin words Educare
(Educere) and Educatum. Educare means to train or mould. It again means to bring up or to
lead out or to draw out, propulsion from inward to outward. The term Educatum denotes
the act of teaching. It throws light on the principles and practice of teaching. The term
Educare or Educere mainly indicates development of the latent faculties of the child. But
child does not know these possibilities. It is the educator or the teacher who can know these
and take appropriate methods to develop those powers.
In Hindi, the term Siksha has come from the Sanskrit word Shash. Shash means
to discipline, to control, to order, to direct, to rule etc. Education in the traditional sense
means controlling or disciplining the behavior of an individual. In Sanskrit Shiksha is a
particular branch of the Sutra literature, which has six branches Shiksh, Chhanda,
Byakarana, Nirukta, Jyotisha and Kalpa. The Sutra literature was designed to learn the Vedas.
Siksha denotes rules of pronunciation. There is another term in Sanskrit, which throws light
on the nature of education. It is Vidya which means knowledge. The term Vidya has
originated from Bid meaning knowledge.

Definition of education
According to Aristotle Education is the creation of sound mind in a sound body. It
develops mans faculty specially his mind so that he may be able to enjoy the contemplation
of supreme truth, goodness and beauty.
According to Prof. Drever Education is a process in which and by which
knowledge, character and behavior of the young are shaped and molded.
A definition for starters Education is the wise, hopeful and respectful cultivation
of learning undertaken in the belief that all should have the chance to share in life.

Aims of education
1. Vocational efficiency: Education should be preparing the student to earn his livelihood
and makes his himself sufficient economically and socially.
2. Knowledge: It is essential for intellectual growth, good interpersonal relationship, healthy
adjustment in life, self awareness and for social growth. Knowledge is power; attainment of
knowledge is an important aim of education.
3. Competent living: Education acquaints the person with activities of complete living e.g.
self preservation, performance of social and political responsibilities.
4. Harmonious personality development: Harmonious cultivation of the physical
intellectual, emotional, mental, moral character, spiritual aspects of human development will
take place with education.
5. Self-realization: Education should help a person based on his potentialities what he is
going to become.
6. Cultural development: Every individual has to become cultured and civilized through
education. And it gives refinement, aesthetic sense, concern and respect for others and their
culture.
7. Citizenship: The child has to be educated to become a good citizen of his country. He
should be beneficial to the society.
8. Development of leadership: Education should train the youth to assume leadership
responsibilities in various field like social, political, industrial and cultural field.
9. Education for increased productivity: Education should help to satisfy this need through
production of manpower i.e. people who are equipped with advanced scientific knowledge.
10. Education for modernization: Education should produce the people who are able to
think and judge independently and effectively, intellectually efficient and technically
competent persons must be prepared.

Factors determining educational aims

1. Philosophy of life: Education is the best means for propagation of philosophy. Philosophy
and educations are two side of a coin.
2. Elements of human nature: e.g. unfolding if divine in man.
3. Religious factors: e.g. Buddha preached ahimsa and truth are the two weapons which have
to be prevailed in educational system.
4. Political ideologies.
5. Socioeconomic factors and problems of the country.
6. Cultural factors: Education has to preserve and transmit the cultural heritage and traditions
from one generation to another.
7. Exploration of knowledge.

Importance of education
1. Awareness of rights.
2. Develop morals and ethics.
3. Learn to Socialism.
4. Develop leadership qualities.
5. Knowledge.
6. Makes creative.
7. Improves confidence.
8. Be up-to-date with technology.
9. Ability to crisis management.
10. Improve position in society.
11. Eliminating superstitions.
12. Rational thinking.
14. Education helps in evolution.
15. Independent decision making

Purposes of education
1. It is a continuous process.
2. It is knowledge or experience.
3. It is development of particular aspects of human personality or a harmonious integrated
growth.
4. It is conducive for the good of the individual or the welfare of the society.
5. It is a liberal discipline or a vocational course.
6. It is stabilizer of social order, conservator of culture, an instrument of change and social
reconstruction.
7. It makes person well adjusted and adapted with existing values and expectations.
8. Develop him/her morally high so that he /she can acquire more capacities to mould their
self when needed.
9. It gives technical and advanced education.
10. To make attitudes and ideas more rational and logical, so that person can learn self
control.

Principles of education
According to the Academys web site (www.processeducation.org), the Academy drives
transformational change in education by generating, disseminating, and archiving research
based on Process Education principles through:
1. The advancement of scholarship in teaching and learning.
2. Advocacy on key educational issues.
3. Building an academy research program.
4. The professional development of educators.
4. Coaching and mentoring [Furthermore], the Academy engages, supports, and collaborates
with a community of educators by:
a. Delivering an annual conference.
b. Producing a selective, peer-reviewed journal
c. Developing and endorsing position papers
d. Modeling key elements of Process Education
e. Facilitating the member's participation in other professional venues.

Types of education
There are three types of education. These are as follows-
1. Formal Education
2. Non formal education and
3. Informal Education
Formal Education: Formal education refers to instruction given in formalized structures like
schools and day care centers. In this form of education, the students in charge of a school
decide what is to be taught and then they study those things under the direction of teachers.
Highlights:
1. Planned with a particular end in view.
2. Limited to a specific period.
3. Well-defined and systematic curriculum.
4. Given by specially qualified teachers.
5. Includes activities outside the classroom.
6. Observes strict discipline.
Informal Education: Informal education, on the other hand, involves people learning while
they go about their daily lives.
1. Incidental and spontaneous.
2. Not-pre-planned.
3. Not imparted by any specialized agency.
4. No prescribed time-table or curriculum.
5. May be negative also
Non-Formal Education: Non-formal education belongs somewhere between the formal and
informal types. As in formal education, people using non-formal methods adopt planned and
organized camps.
Highlights:
1. Derived from the expression 'formal education.
2. Outside the realm of formal education.
3. Conscious and deliberate.
4. To be organized for a homogeneous group.
5. Serving the need of the identified group.

Benefits of education
These are benefit of education-
1. Acquisition of information about the past and present: includes traditional disciplines such
as literature, history, science, mathematics, etc.
2. Formation of healthy social and/or formal relationships among and between students,
teachers, others.
3. Capacity/ability to evaluate information and to predict future outcomes (decision-making).
4. Capacity/ability to seek out alternative solutions and evaluate them (problem solving).
5. Development of mental and physical skills: motor, thinking, communication, social,
aesthetic.
6. Knowledge of moral practices and ethical standards acceptable by society/ culture.
7. Capacity/ability to recognize and evaluate different points of view.
8. Respect: giving and receiving recognition as human beings.
9. Indoctrination into the culture.
10. Capacity/ability to live a fulfilling life.
11. Capacity/ability to earn a living: career education.
12. Sense of well-being: mental and physical health.
13. Capacity/ability to be a good citizen.
14. Capacity/ability to think creatively.
15. Cultural appreciation: art, music, humanities.
16. Understanding of human relations and motivations.
17. Acquisition/clarification of values related to the physical environment.
18. Acquisition/clarification of personal values.
19. Self-realization/self-reflection: awareness of ones abilities and goals.
20. Self-esteem/self-efficacy

Processes of education
The process of educations is as follows:
1. Every learner can learn to learn better, regardless of current level of achievement; ones
potential is not limited by current ability.
2. Although everyone requires help with learning at times, the goal is to become a capable,
self-sufficient, lifelong learner.
3. An empowered learner is one who uses learning processes and self-assessment to improve
future performance.
4. Educators should assess students regularly by measuring accomplishments, modeling
assessment processes, providing timely feedback, and helping students improve their self-
assessment skills.
5. Faculty must accept fully the responsibility for facilitating student success.
6. Develop expertise in a discipline, a learner must develop a specific knowledge base in that
field, but also acquire generic, lifelong learning skills that relate to all disciplines.
7. In a quality learning environment, facilitators of learning (teachers) focus on improving
specific learning skills through timely, appropriate, and constructive interventions.
8. Mentors use specific methodologies that model the steps or activities they expect students
to use in achieving their own learning goals.
9. An educational institution can continually improve its effectiveness in producing stronger
learning outcomes in several ways:
a. By aligning institutional, course, and program objectives;
b. By investing in faculty development, curricular innovation, and design of
performance measures;
c. By embracing an assessment culture
10. A process educator can continuously improve the concepts, processes, and tools used by
doing active observation and research in the classroom

Meaning of training: Training is an undertaken in the hopes of gaining specific skills.

Generally this skill will make more employable. These skills can be manual.
Meaning of instruction: Instruction means to impart knowledge of specific subjects through
teaching. Instruction is related to intellectual development.

Differences among education, training, & instruction

Bases of Education Training Instruction

difference
Aim All round development. Development of one or Instruction cares only
more specific skills. for the development of
Development of selected intellect and affects the
area skill like training in cognitive domain for
Nursing, medical, one's behavior.
engineering etc.
Period Continuous and Limited to prescribed Limited
lifelong. period. It may be for few
days. a few month, or
few years.
Process It can be gain in formal Face to face interaction Face to face interaction
or informal way. Face is necessary. is not necessary. The
to face interaction is teacher can be replaced
essential for formal way by the programmed
and it can also be material, computer,
achieved without face teaching machine,
to face interaction. radio, television, video,
and tape recorder.
Bases of Education Training Instruction
difference
Place Home school, religious At selected areas school, Can be done at main
places, social centre, colleges, hospital, areas or at sub areas of
cultural center, and so industries, etc. training for example, in
on. hospital instruction in
ICU, OT, Ward etc.
Aspect Both theoretical as well Most emphasis is placed Both theoretical and
as practical. on practical aspect. practical.
Approach Does not follow rigid It is given in rigid and Rigid and systematic
and systematic systematic manner. It approach.
approach. has contain rules and
regulation.
Curriculum Curriculum of Curriculum of training is Narrow and fixed and
education is broad and usually fixed or modify according to
indefinite as in informal determined in need and demand.
education. conformity with the skill
to be learnt.
Teacher There is flexibility in There are fixed teachers Area wise instructors
provision of teachers. or instructors. are appointed and
There are no teachers in deliver instruction.
informal education. They are professionally
trained.
Evaluation Both directed and in Proficiency or skill Done through
directed means are used tested. Certificate or improvement of skills
 certificates or degree is degree is given on the and performance,
given in formal successful completion of through auditing,
education but not in training. performance appraisal,
informal education. etc.
Inspiration Many sources of Economic aspect in the Economic aspect.
inspiration in source of inspiration in Quality improvements
education. training. in area, increasing
personal capabilities,
etc. are some examples
of inspiration.

Educational process
Education is a complex process. Various views about education:
Philosophers: Looks at the purposes and the essential nature of education.
Psychologists: Looks at the individual learner and the teaching and learning process.
Sociologists: Looks at the social system and at the interaction of learners in groups.

Component of educational process

Component of educational processes are as follows:
1. Substantive dimension (the curriculum): The curriculum includes all the content
(knowledge, values, skills) and the learning activities planned and directed by a faculty for a
specific group of students, for a particular purposes.
The nursing curriculum is concerned with providing opportunities for acquiring the essential
knowledge, attitude, skills that will prepare the student to assumes the role responsibilities
and functions of nursing at the level for which is being prepared.
2. Procedural dimension: The teacher helps the students to learn, it includes: the learner,
groups of learners, and teacher. The teacher has to provide the most effective learning
opportunities to achieve the desired goals and will most likely led to the learner to assume
responsibilities.
3. Environmental dimension: The physical and the social factors in the teaching learning
situation constitute the environmental dimension.
The physical environment:
Classroom
Lab setting
Hospital
Community
Health agency
Home
Lighting and ventilation
 Equipment
Group climate
Organization pattern
Administrative policies
Leadership
The school environment
Nursing services status
Environmental dimension brings a definite personality pattern, a set of aims, values, social
habits, self image, and concept of each one's sense of identity.
4. Human relation dimension:
Human relation dimension are as follows:
The learner
The teacher
The administrator
The group of learners
The patient
Nursing service personnel
Allied health personnel and their interactions.
The interaction of human relations of these individuals both in the school and in the
educational settings outside the school exerts an important influence on the effectiveness of
the educative process.

Characteristics of a nurse educator

Characteristics of a nurse educator are as follows:
Patient: Student nurses need a patient, guiding hand whether in the classroom or in
clinical. Good nurse educators are patient with the questions and problems that their students
present, and they answer in a way that makes the student feel like they are not a bother.
Clear: Clarity is important for any nurse, but it is a vital characteristic of someone who is
teaching nurses. A nurse educator should make the concepts and the objectives of the nursing
curriculum clear, easy to understand, and free of convoluted tangents.
Knowledgeable: Teachers need to know their stuff, and this should be evident in how they
present nursing materials. They dont need to be scholars, but they need to understand what
they are teaching and convey that information to the students in a way that can be understood.
Funny: Not everyone is funny, and thats okay. However, an educator with a sense of humor
or at least a laid back persona can make the class time and the clinical times easier to
endure, and possibly make a student more willing to learn.
Compassionate: All nurses need compassion, but educators have to extend that compassion
to their students who are trying their hardest to become nurses. Compassion means that the
teacher understands what the student is going through and takes steps to help them in their
goal to become nurses.
Up to Date: Nursing is an ever changing profession, and nurse educators need to stay up to
date on the current practices in the field.
Experienced: A nurse educator who never worked as a staff nurse is a bit of a red flag. To
properly teach nurses, an educator needs to know how the flow of the floor works, what it
takes to get through a shift, and the common issues that all floor nurses face.
Organized: All nurses need to be organized, and this extends to nurse educators as well.
They should have well-presented Power Points, nicely typed handouts, and a definite plan in
mind to reach the objectives that are important for each student to learn.
Connected: It helps to have a nurse educator who is connected to nurses that work in
facilities because this offers students the benefits of finding a mentor, getting a job, and
learning from other nurses.
Scholarly: Scholarly is not the same as knowledgeable because knowledge is something
merely learned and scholarship connotes a sense of research. Nurse educators should be
researching into evidence based practices or at least know the latest research that is important
to practice in the real world of the floor nurse.

References
1. Sharma, M. C. (2013). Text book of Nursing Education for B.Sc & Post Basic Nursing
Students, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher(P) Ltd, New Delhi, India
2. Neeraja, K. P. (2003). Text book of Nursing Education, Jaypee Brothers Medical
Publisher(P) Ltd, New Delhi, India
3. Apple, Daniel, Lawrence, Betty (1994). Education as a process, Proceedings of the 1994
ICTCM Conference. New York: Addison-Wesley.
4. Callaway, R. (1979) Teachers Beliefs Concerning Values and the Functions and Purposes
of Schooling, Eric Document Reproduction Service No. ED 177 110
5. Frankena, W. K. (1971). Philosophy of education: Overview. The encyclopedia of
education, New York: Macmillan.
6. Wong, H. K., and Wong, R. T. (1998). How to be an effective teacher: The first days of
school. Mountain View, CA: Harry K. Wong Publications, Inc.
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education-in-our-life#ixzz4GsWEmJm1
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http://www.mightynurse.com/