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 8 uniondaily.net Vol.5, No.159, 18-6-2017, Sunday

Misunderstanding Myanmar's Ma Ba Tha

Many observers misapprehend the true nature of the Buddhist nationalist group and
its underlying popularity as a defender of the faith
Matthew J Walton
The last few weeks in
Myanmar have witnessed a
confusing flurry of activity
and news related to Bud-
dhist nationalist and activ-
ist groups, marked by offi-
cial bans, defiant public
meetings, the creation of
subsidiary groups and mul-
tiple re-brandings.
Yet, as has been the
case consistently over the
past few years, both domes-
tic and foreign media re-
ports continue to get basic
facts and dynamics of the
situation wrong, while
statements from Myanmar
public officials have often
been dismissive and mis-
guided. This matters not
only for journalistic integ-
rity but also for the policy
approaches that might be
adopted in response to the
country's persistent and ris-
ing inter-religious tensions
and violence.
A new approach to the
phenomenon of ''Buddhist
nationalism'' is needed in
Myanmar, put in scare
quotes here because, while
some groups openly ac-
knowledge the nationalist
aspects of their efforts, oth-
ers are more oriented to-
wards the protection of
Buddhist monks protest alongside activists against United Nations Secretary-Gen-
eral Ban Ki-Moon for using the term 'Rohingya' during the Asean summit in Yangon
November 29, 2014. Photo: Reuters/Soe Zeya Tun.
Buddhism, and at times we
need to be able to differen-
tiate between the two.
This new approach
should recognize nuance
and variation among Bud-
dhist and nationalist
groups, and acknowledge
that the sentiments that
have at times motivated
unacceptable anti-Muslim
violence and discrimination
are also connected to more
acceptable religious and
community-building activi-
ties.
A brief review of recent
events is in order. In April
and May, court cases
against some prominent lay
and monastic self-de-
scribed nationalists gener-
ated public protests that
seemed linked to vigilante
actions by Buddhist groups
and individuals in Yangon.
These included the
May 9 closure of allegedly
unsanctioned Islamic
schools in Thaketa Town-
ship on April 28 and tres-
passing in a private resi-
dence to search for 'illegal'
residents in Mingalar
Taung Nyunt Township.
After local authorities
took relatively swift action
against the perpetrators,
another protest took place
in the new capital of
Naypyitaw, calling for the
resignation of the Minister
of Religious Affairs, U
Aung Ko.
All of this took place in
the lead-up to the fourth
annual conference of Ma Ba
Tha, the Organization for
the Protection of Race and
Religion, scheduled to take
place on May 27-28. Before
Ma Ba Tha could hold its
conference, however, the
State Sangha Maha Nayaka
Committee-the country's
official Buddhist authority
that uses the Burmese ac-
ronym Ma Ha Na-issued an
official statement on May
23 directed at the group.
This statement has been
almost universally misun-
derstood and misreported
as a ''ban'' on Ma Ba Tha, in
a problematic pattern con-
sistent with other coverage
of the group and ''Buddhist
nationalism'' generally in
Myanmar. The statement
cites several sections of
both the Sangha Organiza-
tion Law and the Sangha
Organizational Procedures
in declaring that Ma Ba Tha
was not formed in accor-
dance with these directives.
It goes on to say that
neither the group nor indi-
viduals associated with it
can use the full Burmese
name it currently uses and
that all of the organization's
signboards across the coun-
try must be taken down by
July 15. It also provides for
the Buddhist authorities
and the Ministry of Home
Affairs to take action
against those who do not
comply with the directive.
The indirect_yet oddly
specific_wording through-
out the statement is consis-
tent with some of Ma Ha
Na's earlier directives, in-
cluding a September 2013
order banning the ''political
use'' of the 969 symbol and
its July 2016 statement clari-
fying that Ma Ba Tha was
not officially formed ac-
cording to Ma Ha Na poli-
cies. These were carefull
calculated statements that
sought the appearance of
disciplinary action without
direct confrontation.
None of these state-
ments, including the most
recent one, make any com-
ment on the aims, motiva-
tions or activities of the rel-
evant groups and, indeed,
always stop short of ban-
ning the groups outright.
Ma Ba Tha leadership
seems to understand the
game that is being played
here, as its two top officials
contritely signed the docu-
ment in the presence of Ma
Ha Na members. The group
quickly pivoted to re-brand
itself as the ''Buddha
Dhamma Parahita Founda-
tion'' at the conclusion of its
To be continued on P-9

they can contribute substantially education and development of

OPINION to development. If and only if the skills-the abilities to make them
capacity building for the local or- able to withstand the ever chang-

Human capital capacity building ganizations can be better inte-

grated into the ongoing programs,
the development assistance pro-
grams will be more effective and
indispensable for national efficient.
It is also important to note that
capacity building is not income
ing environment.
In a nutshell, the concept of
human capacity building in-
volves, in general, a policy action
geared towards providing of the
skills and abilities of the key play-
ers in organizations. Imporvement

economic growth and development support as many people might

Academicians and research
fellows have unanimously agreed
on the fact that the quality of hu-
man capital is indispensable for
national economic growth and
development. Additionally, good
governance and strong institu-
tions are required to be able to
effectuate the development of a
nation. Again, the efficiency and
effectiveness of the public insti-
tutions rely, in turn, upon the
mechanisms to deliver service as
well as upon a framework support-
ive of rules and regulations that
make the bureaucracy able to
discahrge their duties in a citizen-
centered and responsive fashion.
And this requires highly commit-
ted, devoted, dedicated and ef-
fective human capital capable of
implementing the government's
policies and programs.
In this juncture, what is worth
remembering is that health and
education sectors have been
given priority by the successive
governments. As there two sec-
tors are indispensable for national
development, the governments
lay special emphasis upon devel-
opment of them. In fact, there is
no nation that has achieved sus-
tainable development without
marked investment is health and
education.
In this regard, assistance pro-
grams of the international commu-
nity are needed to be supportive
of the capacity building for local
organizations for acceleration of
the development momentum. The
Civil Society Organizations
(CSOs) must be granted with the
rights and the freedom to orga-
nize, secure resources, express
opinion, take part in the setting of
agenda, operate effectively and
lend a hand in holding account-
able the state institutions for de-
velopment results in order that
think. It is, in fact, the effort di-
rected towards achievement of
long-term growth and develop-
ment. It is relevant here to quote a
Myanmar old adage, ''Telling
someone where to fish is better
than giving fish for a meal as a
present''. Nevertheless, it is of ut-
most importance to strike a proper
balance between the short-term
and long-term development strat-
egies without bias to either side.
The development of human capi-
tal is the chief type of capacity
building and should be consid-
ered the fundamental theme of the
social policies and programs. As
for the societies and organiza-
tions, capacity building includes
in skills and abilities can be at-
tained via training and education
programs, continued professional
development programs, seminars
and giving exposure of the good
organizational practices to the or-
ganizations. The key aspects of
human capital capacity building
involve organizational develop-
ment, human resource develop-
ment and legal and regulation de-
velopment. These aspects are all
interrelated for achievement in ca-
pacity building. And only through
achievement in capacity building
of the human capital will the eco-
nomic growth and development of
the nation be achieved.
- Khin Maung Aye
Vol.5, No.159, 18-6-2017, Sunday
Continued from P-8
rescheduled conference.
Ma Ha Na, Myanmar's
official Buddhist authority,
is often misunderstood.
While some of its 47 mem-
ber monks are well-re-
spected for their scholar-
ship or preaching, popular
perception of the body is of
a rubber stamp for former
military governments.
It is probably more ap-
propriate to see Ma Ha Na
as an arm of the govern-
ment more generally, mean-
ing that it is a conservative
group that is strongly con-
strained and pressured by
whoever is in power and
has generally been guided
more by an interest in main-
taining a stable status quo
rather than supporting
authoritarianism.
Beyond this, its main
interest is in protecting the
image of Buddhism writ
large, and it is through this
lens that we can understand
its recent actions to sepa-
rate itself from the negative
press associated with Ma
Ba Tha.
Ma Ha Na is also con-
strained in several ways
from acting more directly
against a group like Ma Ba
Tha. First, it must be very
careful at taking any action
that could be seen as caus-
ing a schism in the
monkhood, as this was
strictly forbidden by the
Buddha.
But more importantly
(and problematically), Ma
Ha Na simply doesn't have
the popular support to
overtly challenge Ma Ba
Tha in a way that would
threaten its continued exist-
ence.
Not only does Ma Ba
Tha continue to enjoy wide-
spread support but its lead-
ing figures are near-univer-
sally beloved monks like the
Insein Ywama Sayadaw,
who commands much more
respect among the popula-
tion than most of the Ma Ha
Na monks.
Media coverage or other
analysis that sloppily
equates Ma Ba Tha with the
firebrand monk U Wirathu
in the public's perception is
simply wrong, and one rea-
son why observers con-
tinue to misapprehend the
nature of the group.
This does not mean that
some of these leading lay
and monastic figures do
not express problematic,
exclusionary anti-Muslim
views, but this isn't the lens
through which many Ma Ba
Tha supporters view the
group.
Since Ma Ba Tha's
founding, it and similar
groups have regularly been
the subjects of erroneous
and misleading media re-
porting. One cause of this
seems to be an overwhelm-
ing desire on the part of jour-
nalists and other (mostly
urban local or international)
commentators for the em-
pirical reality of Ma Ba Tha's
existence and popularity to
be different than it actually
is.
The breathless enthusi-
asm with which the media
greets very minor develop-
ment that might be viewed
as a setback for Ma Ba Tha
or ''Buddhist nationalists''
reflects an inability or un-
willingness to really under-
stand the dynamics of this
phenomenon.
Simply put, a large pro-
portion of Buddhists in
Myanmar continue to be
genuinely worried about
the fate of their religion.
This anxiety has been prob-
lematically and inaccurately
directed towards Islam and
Muslims, often through
misinformation.
Yet it is also necessary
to better understand what
animates these fears that
continue to drive the popu-
larity of Ma Ba Tha and
other groups, and to en-
courage monks and other
Buddhist leaders to articu-
late peaceful and inclusive
narratives about the protec-
tion of Buddhism. The in-
discriminate and blanket
use of incendiary descrip-
tors such as ''extremist'' or
''ultranationalist'' only
serves to obscure a compli-
cated set of motivations
and actions.
Thinking beyond sup-
port motivated by fear,
analysis of Ma Ba Tha con-
tinues to ignore what is
probably the most impor-
tant aspect of the group's
existence. Alongside a nar-
rative of external threats to
Buddhism exists a senti-
ment among many Buddhist
leaders that weaknesses in
Buddhist belief and practice
have also rendered the reli-
gion vulnerable.
As has often occurred
in the country in the past,
this has prompted a range
of prescriptions that look
internally to strengthen and
deepen Buddhist faith and
institutions. While the in-
ternational community sees
the group through the lens
of its attention-grabbing,
hate-spewing proxies such
as U Wirathu, many (per-
haps most)people across
Myanmar understand Ma
Ba Tha through the lens of
its local activities and affili-
ates.
As anti-Rohingya pro-
uniondaily.net
tests and campaigns in fa-
vor of the four ''Race and
Religion'' laws have domi-
nated Ma Ba Tha-related
English language news
over the past few years, the
organization has built up its
base of support through
aligning with Buddhist
Sunday Schools, volunteer
groups, legal clinics, relief
campaigns, donation drives
and other community-ori-
ented activities.
In many cases, these
aren't necessarily official
Ma Ba Tha activities, but
rather they are organized
locally and feed back into
Ma Ba Tha's broader brand-
ing and agenda of protect-
ing and propagating Bud-
dhism. Not only are many
of these activities welcome
in the eyes of Myanmar
Buddhists, they are the
kinds of things that any
social service-oriented
group ought to be encour-
aged to do.
Sadly, some of Myan-
mar's political elites persist
in believing that support for
Ma Ba Tha comes through
nefarious nationalist lead-
er's manipulation of igno-
rant, self-interested rural
pawns. In response to the
May 20 protest organized
against him in Naypyitaw
by a collection of national-
ist groups, religious affairs
minister U Aung Ko said
dismissively, ''Money is the
only motivation for people_
especially at a grassroots
level_to participate in such
a demonstration.''
If this is the attitude of
Myanmar's leadership, no
wonder the current govern-
ment has yet to find an ef-
fective way to respond to
this phenomenon. The swift
action taken by Yangon
police to arrest people con-
nected with the vigilante
actions in May was a wel-
come change.
But broader policy re-
sponses must aslo find a
way to engage productive-
ly with those groups inter-
ested in the protection and
propagation of Buddhism
while making clear that cer-
tain violent, discriminatory
or lawless actions will not
be tolerated.
And it does seem that
navigating a path through
the thicket of distinct yet
overlapping nationalist
groups is absolutely essen-
tial to dealing effectively
with these persistent ten-
sions. Ma Ba Tha's leader-
ship appears to have taken
the message from the pub-
lic rebuke it received indi-
rectly through the Novem-
ber 2015 election.
Even though at the time
9
Extracts from the speech delivered by U Than Htay,
chairman of the Union Solidarity and Development Party,
during the meeting with party members from the
Union Territory (16-06-2017)
* It is the time now to lay special emphasis upon the national cause and
national interest as well as to protect, preserve and promote them.
* National interest is so broad as to involve education, health, social,
cultural and religious faiths.
* Deterioration and decline are being witnessed in the aforesaid sectors
within one year or so with uncertainty for future being faced.
* Likewise, national solidarity and the strong union spirit, the most impor-
tant requirement for a union, are being challenged dramatically.
* Our party has consistently laid stress upon the national interest.
* Each and every party members are important to keep an eye on the
above-mentioned causes and protect, preserve and promote them.
* It is necessary to sing the national anthem and pay salute to the national
flag at the ceremonies to be ethical, to value the state and its territory to
further consolidate amity and unity among the national races and to
cherish and value sovereignty.
* National cause must be protected and promoted by all means.
its official spokespeople Ma Ba Tha in broad ''ultra- make general superficial
were careful to avoid explic- nationalist'' brushstrokes statements regarding peace.
itly endorsing candidates or and automatically associat- And if jornalists and other
parties, the statements of ing every anti-Muslim ac- commentators want to play
prominent affiliated monks tion in Myanmar with the a productive role, they need
were enough to dampen group, politicians, journal- to honestly seek to under-
some people's support for ists and analysts are miss- stand the dynamics of this
Ma Ba Tha as an appropri- ing an opportunity to hold phenomenon, even as they
ate vehicle for the protec- Ma Ba Tha's leadership ac- preserve space for critical
tion of Buddhism, even as countable to its own claims investigation.
they continued to endorse of being an organization This article is not an at-
its broader aims. committed to peace and to tempt to defend Ma Ba Tha,
The recent creation of protecting the religious be- its actions or the rhetoric
the Dhamma Wunthanu liefs of all of its citizens. and actions of those monks
Rakita organization, as a lay If that may seem like a associated with it. Instead,
ally of Ma Ba Tha (that will naive prospect, it is the only it is a call to recoginze My-
take on tasks seen as inap- way to make progress on anmar's ''Buddhist national-
propriate for monks, such the very real and troubling ist'' movement as complicat-
as filing lawsuits), and the violence faced by religious ed, dynamic and populated
subsequent formation of minorities in Myanmar to- by multi-faceted individuals
the 135 United Patriots Par- day. and groups operating in
ty, demonstrate a further The current govern- opaque environment that
disaggregation and special- ment is hesitantly and in- blurs religious and political
ization on the part of a move- consistently taking steps to motivations.
ment that emerged in a rela- try to change the enabling Vulnerable religious mi-
tively undifferentiated reli- environment that the previ- norities must be defended
gio-political landscape but ous government created for vigorously, but reporting,
has been adapting effec- consequence-free anti- analysis and policy-making
tively to changes in Myan- Muslim violence, but it must also acknowledge the
mar's political opportunity needs to sincerely engage nuances of this phenome-
structures. with these complex feelings non, or risk further alienat-
There is an aspect of Ma of Buddhist vulnerability ing Buddhists who already
Ba Tha's official position on (without sanctioning vio- see their religion as under
its members' and affiliates' lence or discrimination) if it siege. Myanmar's religio-
statements and actions that hopes to facilitate reconcil- political situation needs to
is disingenuous. That is, iation and peace. be better understood if ef-
the group wants to claim for Similarly, if Ma Ba Tha's forts to curtail religious vi-
its own any monks or lay- leadership wants its group olence and discrimination
people who are working to be seen as distinct from are to succeed.
''sincerely'' for the protec- the more radical statements Matthew J Walton is
tion of race and religion. and actions of the Patriotic the Aung San Suu Kyi Se-
Yet when members and Monks Union, or even U nior Research Fellow in
affiliates go too far, as in the Wirathu, then it must do Modern Burmese Studies at
vigilante attacks several more than just claim not to St Anthony's College, Ox-
weeks ago, Ma Ba Tha is have been involved. ford University. His book
quick to try to distance it- It must condemn partic- Buddhism, Politics and
self from their words or ac- ular instances of hate Political Thought in Myan-
tions. It can't have its cake speech, violence and law- mar was recently pub-
and eat it too. less actions (especially by lished by Cambridge Uni-
But in blithely painting its members), and not just versity Press.
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