Dr. P.P.

Paily
CVEN 3100: Fluid Mechanics FLUID PROPERTIES

1. DENSITY ( ): 3. BULK MODULUS (EV):

m p p
1. = incompressible fluid: = constant) 1. Ev = = + (compression)
V V /V /
p 2. for gases Ev depends on compression process
for gases: = [ R = CP CV = ]
RT MW
pressure-density relationships for unit
universal gas constant, = 8314 J/kg-K mass of a gas based on compression process:
= 49700 ft-lb/slug-oR p
1 (1) polytropic process: pvSn = = constant
2. specific volume, vS = n
combine ideal gas law and polytropic
W process relation to obtain
3. specific weight, = = g
T2 p
n 1
V = ( 2) n
T1 p1
4. specific gravity, SG = =
WATER WATER (2) when n = 1 (isothermal process):
2. VISCOSITY ( ): p
pvS = = constant

for all fluids: = (T) (3) when n = k = CP/CV (adiabatic process):
p
Newtonian fluids: = constant; pvSk = = constant
ideal fluids have no viscosity ( = 0) k
real fluids have viscosity for gases: EV = n p
(n = 1: isothermal,

1. kinematic viscosity, = n = k: adiabatic)

Ev
du 3. speed of sound (celerity), c =
2. shear stress, = [u = linear velocity]
dy
d np
= r [ = angular velocity] c = = n RT
dr
V
3. shear force, FS = A
dA 4. Mach number, M =
c
FS = A when is constant over area A 4. VAPOR PRESSURE (pV):
V l
4. Reynolds number (flowing fluids), R = 1. pV = pV(T)
2. at cavitation inception, flow pressure = pV
5. SURFACE TENSION ( ):

1. surface tension force, F = L

2. for liquid sphere of radius, r, excess

Pressure across interface:
2 4
pC = (droplet) pC = (bubble)
r r
3. in cylindrical tube of radius, r:
2 cos
capillary height, hC =
r
2 cos
capillary pressure, pC =
r
4. wetting angle, = 0o [water/air/glass tube]
= 130o [mercury/air/glass tube]