Liporada, Jay Anne Marie P.

FM1HX / 6:00-7:00

I. MUSIC

1. What is Music?

Music is an art concerned with combining vocal or instrumental

sounds for beauty of form or emotional expression, usually according to

cultural standards of rhythm, melody, and, in most Western

music, harmony. Music is an art that, in one guise or another, permeates

every human society. Modern music is heard in a bewildering profusion of

styles, many of them contemporary, others engendered in past eras. Music

is a protean art; it lends itself easily to alliances with words, as in song, and

with physical movement, as in dance. Throughout history, music has been

an important adjunct to ritual and drama and has been credited with the

capacity to reflect and influence human emotion. Popular culture has

consistently exploited these possibilities, most conspicuously today by

means of radio, film, television, musical theatre, and the Internet.

The implications of the uses of music in psychotherapy, geriatrics,

and advertising testify to a faith in its power to affect human behaviour.

Publications and recordings have effectively internationalized music in its

most significant, as well as its most trivial, manifestations. Beyond all this,

the teaching of music in primary and secondary schools has now attained

virtually worldwide acceptance.

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 2. What are the elements of music?

Dynamics - Dynamic signs are abbreviations used to signify

the volume (loudness or softness) of a piece of music; it also indicates

whether there is a change in volume (gradually louder or gradually softer).

Dynamics are the louds and softs in music; that is, the volume. Dynamics

(and the other Elements of Music) help give the music meaning. Dynamics

are used make the music more interesting and more meaningful.

Timbre - Also known as tone color; it refers to the quality of

sound that distinguishes one voice or instrument from another. Timbre may

range anywhere from dull to lush, from dark to bright. It is the unique and

distinctive sound that belongs to a specific instrument and helps the listener

to distinguish it from any other instrument or source of sound. Timbre is also

what makes broad categories of musical instruments sound similar, but it is

also what separates each instrument within those broad categories. For

instance, although guitars, violins, ukuleles, and harps are all members of

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the string family, each of these individual instruments still has its own

exclusive and defining sound.

Texture - is sometimes used loosely to mean the timbre of

multiple instruments playing together. This is a common usage in the world

of music production when discussing audio frequencies and effects. A more

specific definition of texture is used in music theory and harmonic analysis

which specifies the number of distinct voices present in the music and how

they relate to each other. Often each voice (meaning a part or a line) is

played by a different instrument, so there are close connections with the

looser definition of texture. The texture of music can fall into a number of

distinct categories, including:

Monophonic: This is an unaccompanied melody.

Homophonic: This means a melody which has an accompaniment.

Polyphonic: This is where there is more than one melody, each

basically independent of the others.

Pitch - The relative lowness or highness that we hear in a

sound. The pitch of a sound is based on the frequency of vibration and the

size of the vibrating object. The slower the vibration and the bigger the

vibrating object, the lower the pitch; the faster the vibration and the smaller

the vibrating object, the higher the pitch.

Rhythm - The word rhythm is believed to come from the

Greek word Rhein meaning to flow or stream. Rhythm is when things

happen in the flow of time. In music, rhythm is about when notes, chords,

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and other musical sounds begin and end. Rhythm is the essential ingredient

in all music. You can mix together any sounds you want, but if there is no

underlying rhythm to the sounds, there is no music. Rhythm is the key

element of music. Rhythm is important because it seems like most

instructional methods dont give it enough focus or emphasis.

3. Give 10 different music genres with a brief description.

Classical - Classical music is generally a classification

covering music composed and performed by professionally trained artists.

Classical music is a written tradition. In common usage, "classical music"

often refers to orchestral music in general.

Country - Country music is about tradition, yet its simple form

lends itself to endless variations on similar themes. Most of its songs are

built around three chords and a plain melody, but these forms are so basic,

they allow for many different styles, from the gritty sounds of honky tonk to

the jazzy improvisations of Western Swing.

R&B - Evolving out of jump blues in the late '40s, R&B laid the

groundwork for rock & roll. R&B kept the tempo and the drive of jump blues,

but its instrumentation was sparer and the emphasis was on the song, not

improvisation. During the '80s and '90s, the polished, less earthy sound of

urban and quiet storm ruled the airwaves.

Pop/Rock - Rock & Roll is often used as a generic term, but

its sound is rarely predictable. From the outset, when the early rockers

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merged country and blues, rock has been defined by its energy, rebellion

and catchy hooks, but as the genre aged, it began to shed those very

characteristics, placing equal emphasis on craftsmanship and pushing the

boundaries of the music.

Rap - Rap's germination is sometimes attributed to the

righteous street poetry of the Last Poets and the Watts Prophets, but it didn't

begin to take full shape. Rap's core components are beats and rhymes, but

that simplicity belies the wide range of sounds that have sprung from them.

Instrumentalists, a sampled breakbeat, or a drum machine can form the

backbone of a track, while an arrangement can be spaciously spare or

chaotically dense, and a chorus can range from atonal shouting to a sweet

melody.

Reggae - Reggae is a music unique to Jamaica, but it

ironically has its roots in New Orleans R&B. Since then, reggae has proven

to be as versatile as the blues, as it lends itself to a number of

interpretations, from the melodic rock steady of Alton Ellis and the rock and

folk-influenced songwriting of Bob Marley to the trippy, near-psychedelic

soundscapes of dub artists like Lee "Scratch" Perry. It has crossed into the

mainstream through the bright, bouncy "reggae sunsplash" festivals and

pop-oriented bands like UB40, but more adventurous reggae artists, such

as Marley and Perry, have influenced countless reggae, folk, rock and

dance artists. Their contributions resonate throughout popular music.

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 Heavy Metal - (Also referred to as simply metal) A form of

music characterized by aggressive, driving rhythms and highly amplified

distorted guitars. Its origins lie in the hard rock bands who, between 1967

and 1974, took blues and rock and created a hybrid with a heavy, guitar-

and-drums-centered sound. Heavy metal had its peak popularity in the

1980s, during which many of the now existing subgenres first evolved.

Punk - Punk Rock is an anti-establishment music movement

that began about 1976. The term is also used to describe subsequent music

scenes that share key characteristics with those first-generation "punks".

The term is sometimes also applied to the fashions or the irreverent "DIY"

("do it yourself") attitude associated with this musical movement.

New Age - New Age music is a vaguely defined style of music

that is generally quite melodic and often primarily instrumental, frequently

relying on sustained pads or long sequencer-based runs. Very long songs,

up to 20 minutes and more, are not uncommon. Vocal arrangements and

usage of acoustic instruments is less common. Recordings of naturally

occurring sounds are sometimes used as an introduction to a track or

throughout the piece.

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 II. THEATER

1. What is Theater?

A theater or theatre (also a playhouse) is a structure where

theatrical works or plays are performed or other performances such as

musical concerts may be given. While a theater is not required for

performance (as in environmental theater or street theater), a theater serves

to define the acting and audience spaces and organize the theater space

as well as provide facilities for the performers, the technical crew and the

audience. There are as many types of theaters as there are types of

performance. Theaters maybe built specifically for a certain types of

productions, they may serve for more general performance needs or they

may be adapted or converted for use as a theater. They may range from

open-air amphitheaters to ornate, cathedral-like structures to simple,

undecorated rooms or black box theaters. Some theaters may have a fixed

acting area (in most theaters this is known as the stage), while some

theaters such as black box theaters, may not, allowing the director and

designers to construct an acting area suitable for the production.

2. The Basic Elements of Theatre

Script/Text, Scenario, Plan: This is the starting point of the

theatrical performance. The element most often considered as the domain

of the playwright in theatre. The playwrights script is the text by which

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theatre is created. The script, scenario, or plan is what the director uses as

a blue print to build a production from.

The Process: This is the coordination of the creative efforts

usually headed up in theatre by the director. It is the pure process by which

the playwrights work is brought to realization by the director, actors,

designers, technicians, dancers, musicians, and any other collaborators

that come together on the script, scenario, or plan. This is the works in

progress stage.

The Product: This is the end result of the process of work

involved. The final product that results from all of the labors coming together

to complete the finished work of script, scenario, and plan, in union with all

of the collaborators in the process to create the final product. This is what

the audience will witness as they sit in the theatre and view the work.

The Audience: Theatre requires an audience. For all of the

arts public is essential. The physical presence of an audience can change

a performance, inspire actors, and create expectations. Theatre is a living

breathing art form. The presence of live actors on the stage in front of live

audiences sets it apart from modern day films and television.

3. Give the description of the ff. and include pictures.

a. Proscenium stage: In a proscenium theatre, the stage is

located at one end of the auditorium and is physically separated from the

audience space by a proscenium wall. This is sometimes called a two-box

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arrangementthe auditorium and stage occupy two separate boxes or

rooms. The stage box (stage house) provides fly space and wings and

permits a wide variety of scenic and lighting effects. The auditorium box is

the audience chamber, which may take many formsfan shaped,

courtyard, lyric, etc. The opening between the auditorium and stage is called

the proscenium frame, proscenium opening, proscenium arch, or simply the

proscenium.

b. Thrust theatre: A thrust stage is one that extends into the

audience on three sides and is connected to the backstage area by

its upstage end. A thrust has the benefit of greater intimacy between the

audience and performers than a proscenium, while retaining the utility of a

backstage area. Entrances onto a thrust are most readily made from

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backstage, although some theatres provide for performers to enter through

the audience using vomitory entrances.

c. Booth Stage: Consisted of a platform raised to approximately

head height, with a room formed out of curtains suspended from a

framework of poles covering the rear half of the stage. The players used the

open front portion of the portion of the platform for their performance and

the rear room for storage and living quarters. Entrances and exits were

made through one of the openings in the curtain that separated the stage

from the booth behind.

d.

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 d. Arena Stage: A theatre in which the audience completely

surrounds the stage or playing area. Actor entrances to the playing area are

provided through vomitories or gaps in the seating arrangement. A central

stage surrounded by audience on all sides. The stage area is often raised

to improve sightlines.

e. Created and Found Spaces: A stage can also be

improvised where ever a suitable space can be found. Examples may

include staging a performance in a non-traditional space such as a

basement of a building, a side of a hill or, in the case of a busking troupe,

the street. In a similar manner, a makeshift stage can be created by

modifying an environment. For example, demarcating the boundaries of a

stage in an open space by laying a carpet and arranging seating before it.

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 III. Dance

1. What is Dance?

Dance, the movement of the body in a rhythmic way, usually to

music and within a given space, for the purpose of expressing an idea or

emotion, releasing energy, or simply taking delight in the movement itself.

Dance is a powerful impulse, but the art of dance is that impulse channeled

by skillful performers into something that becomes intensely expressive and

that may delight spectators who feel no wish to dance themselves. These

two concepts of the art of dancedance as a powerful impulse and dance

as a skillfully choreographed art practiced largely by a professional few

are the two most important connecting ideas running through any

consideration of the subject. In dance, the connection between the two

concepts is stronger than in some other arts, and neither can exist without

the other.

2. Give 10 different Filipino Traditional Dances and a brief

description, include pictures.

Cariosa (meaning the loving or

affectionate one) is a Philippine

dance of Hispanic origin from the

Maria Clara suite of Philippine folk

dances, where the fan or

handkerchief plays an instrumental

role as it places the couple in romance scenario. The dance was originated

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in the Panay Islands on the Visayan Islands and it was introduced by the

Spaniards during their colonization of the Philippines.

Pandanggo sa Ilaw pandanggo

comes from the Spanish dance

fandango characterized with lively

steps and clapping while following a

varying beat. Pandanggo

requires excellent balancing skill to

maintain the stability of three tinggoy, or oil lamps, placed on head and at

the back of each hand. This famous dance of grace and balance originated

from Lubang Island, Mindoro.

Maglalatik was originally

performed in Bian, Laguna as a

mock-war dance that demonstrates

a fight between the Moros and the

Christians over the prized latik or

coconut meat during the Spanish

rule, this dance is also shown to pay tribute to the towns patron saint, San

Isidro Labrador.

Balse was a popular dance in

Marikina, Rizal during the Spanish

times. Balse (valse in Spanish) means

waltz. This dance was performed after

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the lutrina (a religious procession) and the music that accompanied the

dancers was played by the musikong bungbong (musicians using

instruments made of bamboo).

Banga or pot dance is a

contemporary performance of

Kalinga of the Mountain Province in

the Philippines. This dance

illustrates the languid grace of a

tribe otherwise known as fierce warriors.

Tinikling means "bamboo dance"

in English. The dance imitates the

movement of the tikling birds as they

walk between grass stems, run over

tree branches, or dodge bamboo

traps set by rice farmers. Dancers imitate the tikling bird's legendary grace

and speed by skillfully maneuvering between large bamboo poles.

Kuratsa is highly favored by the Waray people

of the Eastern Visayan region in the Philippines.

Strictly speaking, The Kuratsa must be done the

amenudo; that is, only one couple dances it at a

time. the Kuratsa is however, very different in the

manner of execution to the Mexican counterpart.

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 Mazurka Boholana is a Spanish-

inspired ballroom dance from the

Bohol province of the Philippines.

Although the mazurka is the Polish

national dance, it was wildly popular

throughout Europe in the 19th century and even in colonized lands

overseas.

Singkil is in the repertory of all

Filipino dance troupes. In 1958 the

Bayanihan Dance troupe started

with a simple version and has since

developed it into a theatrical and

stylized spectacle to the point of its becoming the troupe's signature piece.

Itik-Itik is a dance from Surigao

del Norte, in which the movements

of a duck are imitated. An itik is a

species of duck.

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REFERENCES:

https://www.britannica.com/art/music

http://www.zarukin.com/homework/dynamics/terms.html

https://www.musical-u.com/learn/music-timbre-texture-tone/

http://cmc.music.columbia.edu/musicandcomputers/chapter1/01_03.php

https://www.studybass.com/lessons/rhythm/about-rhythm/

http://www.koop.org/library/genres-definitions

http://www.allmusic.com/genres

https://www.scribd.com/doc/23240267/Elements-of-Theater

http://homepage.smc.edu/adair-lynch_terrin/ta%205/elements.htm

http://www.ia470.com/primer/theatres.htm

http://theatreprojects.com/files/pdf/Resources_IdeasInfo_typesandformsoft

heatre.pdf

https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Stage%20(theatre)&item_type

=topic

http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-dance

http://philippinefolkdance30.blogspot.com/2011/04/heres-list-of-popular-

philippine-folk.html

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