1. What are the minimum components of a laser?

R: A laser consists of at last three components: 1. A gain medium that on

amplify light that passes through it, 2. An energy pump source to create a
population inversion in the gain medium, 3. Two mirrors that form a
resonator cavity.

1. Care sunt componentele minime ale unui laser?

R: Un laser este format din cel putin trei componente: 1. Un mediu de ctig pe care
amplifica lumina care trece prin ea, 2. O pompa de sursa de energie pentru a crea o
inversare populaiei n mediul de ctig, 3. Dou oglinzi care formeaza o cavitate
rezonator.

2. What are the most commonly used two methods to obtain population
inversion?

R: Optical pumping and electrical pumping.

2. Care sunt cele mai frecvent utilizate dou metode de a obine inversarea
populaiei?
R: pompajul optic si pompajul electric.

3. In an electrical plasma exists three interaction phenomena between radiation

and matter. What are they?

R: Spontaneous emission, absorption, stimulated emission.

3. ntr-o plasm electrica exist trei fenomene de interaciune ntre radiaie i

materie. Ce sunt acestea?
R: emisia spontan, absorbia, emisia stimulata.

4. Electrical pumping of a gas usually occurs via one of two main processes.
What are they?

R: For a gas consisting of only species the excitation can only be produced by
electron impact e+xx*+e. For a gas consisting of two specifies the
excitation can also occur by: A*+BA+B* that is called a collision of second
Kind
4. Pomparea electric a gazului, de obicei, se produce prin una din cele dou
procese principale. Ce sunt acestea?
R: Pentru un gaz format din prima specie, excitarea pote fi produsa numai prin
impactul electronilor e + x x * + e. Pentru un gaz din a doua specie, excitaia
este: * A + B A + B * care este numita coliziune de tipul al doilea

5. How can we define an optical pumping system?

R: As a system that generates a light by a powerful incoherent lamp what is

conveyed, by a suitable optical system, to the active material.

5. Cum putem defini un sistem de pompaj optic?

R: Ca un sistem care genereaza o lumina de la o lamp puternica incoerenta si ceea
ce este transmis, printr-un sistem optic adecvat, catre materialul activ.

6. What is the most known active material in which the population inversion is
obtained mainly by collisions of second kind?

R: He-Ne plasma

6. Care este materialul activ cel mai cunoscut, n care inversia populaiei este
obtinuta n principal prin coliziuni de tipul al doilea?
R: El-Ne plasm

7. How can we define a passive optical resonator?

R: A passive optical resonator is a cavity consisting of reflecting surfaces and

containing a homogeneous, isotropic and passive dielectric medium.

7. Cum putem defini un rezonator optic pasiv?

R: un rezonator optic pasiv este o cavitate n format de suprafee reflectante i care
conin un mediu omogen, izotrop dielectrice i pasiv.

8. How can we define a resonator mode?

R: A resonator mode may be defined as a field distribution that reproduces

itself in spatial distribution and phase, though not in amplitude as the waves
travel between the reflectors of a cavity.

8. Cum putem defini un mod de rezonator?

R: Un mod de rezonator poate fi definit ca o distribuie domeniu care se reproduce
n distribuia spaial i faza, dei nu n amplitudine ca valurile de cltorie ntre
cele reflectoarele de o cavitate.

9. A laser mode of oscillation is designed by TEM mnq. What is the scheme of

TEM20q mode?

R: m is the number of nodes on X axis of the mirror

n is the number of nodes on Y axis of the mirror

q is the number of nodes between the mirror

9. Un mod de oscilaie cu laser este proiectat de TEMmnq. Care este sistemul de

modul de TEM20q?
R: m este numarul de noduri pe axa X a oglinzii
n este numrul de noduri pe axa Y a oglinzii
q este numrul de noduri ntre oglind

10.How can we calculate the number of nodes of a passive resonator?

R: N /2 = d N=2d/; Example: d=40cm, =633nm N=12,6 . 105

10. Cum putem calcula numrul de noduri ale unui rezonator pasiv?
R: N / 2 = d N = 2D / ; Exemplu: d = 40cm, = 633nm N = 12,6. 105

11.Define a hemispherical resonator.

R1=; R2d

11. Definirea unui rezonator semisferic.

R1 = ; R2 d

12.Give examples of four-level lasers.

YAG:Nd laser, He-Ne laser

12. D exemple de patru la nivel de lasere.

YAG: Nd cu laser, El-Ne laser
 13.In Q-switching laser systems, the switching shutter is placed: a) Inside or b)
Outside laser resonator

R: a)

13. n Q-comutare sisteme laser, declanatorul de comutare este plasat: o Inside)

sau b) n afara rezonatorul laser
R: a)

14.A Q-switching laser system can generate a CW beam?

R: No

14. O Q-comutare sistem cu laser poate genera un fascicul de CW?

R: Nu

15.What is the color of the beam delivered by Ruby Laser and respectively Nd-
YAG Laser?

R: Ruby: red, Nd-YAG: IR

15. Care este culoarea fasciculului emis de Ruby i, respectiv, Laser Nd-YAG laser?
R: Ruby: rosu, Nd-YAG: IR

16.One of the two laser systems: Ruby and Nd:YAG can operate on pulse mode
but also in CW mode. Which?

R: Nd:YAG

16. Unul dintre cele dou sisteme laser: Ruby i Nd: YAG poate funciona n modul
puls, dar, de asemenea, n modul CW. Care?
R: Nd: YAG

17.What is the power of a laser operating in pulse regime if the pulse is 10 -12sec.
short and 1 Joule energy?

R: P=1012W=1TW

17. Care este puterea unui laser de funcionare n regim de impuls, dac pulsul este
de 10-12sec. scurt i 1 Joule de energie?
R: P = 1012W = 1TW
 18.Once the atom is an excited state it can decay to lower energy states,
including the ground state, by four different processes. What one they?

R: a) Collision between an electron and an excited atom, in which the atom

gives its energy to the electron (collision of the first Kind); b) Collision
between atoms, for a gas with more than one component; c) Collision
between the atom and the walls than one container; d) Spontaneous
emission

18. Odat ce atomul este o stare excitat poate dezintegra pentru a reduce statele
de energie, inclusiv de stat la sol, de ctre patru procese diferite. Ceea ce au?
R: o coliziune) ntre un electron i un atom excitat, n care atomul d energie pentru
electroni (coliziune din primul tip); b) Coliziunea dintre atomi, pentru un gaz cu mai
mult de o component; c) Coliziunea dintre atom i pereii mult de un container; d)
de emisie spontan

19.What is the resonance trapping of radiation?

R: A photon which is spontaneously emitted by an atom, instead of escaping

from the gas, can be absorbed by another atom which thereby ends up in the
existent state.

19. Care este vntoarea cu capcane de rezonan a radiaiilor?

R: Un foton, care este spontan emis de un atom, n loc de a scpa de gaz, poate fi
absorbit de un alt atom, care astfel se ncheie pn n stat existent.

20.In a gas laser to be operating in CW regime, there is a big cathode and a

small anode. Why three is which a difference?

R: Because the positive ions are much more heavy than electron

20. ntr-un laser de gaz pentru a fi de operare n regim de CW, exist o mare catod
i un anod mic. De ce trei, care este o diferen?
R: Deoarece ionii pozitivi sunt mult mai grele dect de electroni

21.What is an active medium?

R: A medium having for one or many levels, a population inversion.

21. Ce este un mediu activ?

R: Un mediu avand una sau mai multe nivele, o inversiune populaie.
 22.To have laser effect we say that we need an active medium. Why?

R: Because a quanta must meet more possible an atom excited on the upper
laser level than one atom excited on the lower laser level.

22. Pentru a avea efect laser, spunem c avem nevoie de un mediu activ. De ce?
R: Pentru ca o cuant trebuie s ndeplineasc mai mult posibil un atom excitat la
nivel superior cu laser mult de un atom excitat pe nivelul inferior cu laser.

23.How many upper levels there are a He-Ne active medium?

R: two levels: 3s2 and 2s2

23. Cte nivele superioare, exist un mediu El Ne-activ?

R: dou niveluri: 3s2 2s2 i

24.How many laser lines can be obtained in oscillation in He-Ne?

R: 27 lines

24. Ct de multe linii cu laser poate fi obinut n oscilaie n El-Ne?

R: 27 de linii

25.We say that there is a competition between laser resolutions 632,8 nm

(3s22p4) and 3,39 m (3s23p4). Why?

R: Because both have the same upper laser level.

25. Noi spunem c exist o concuren ntre rezoluii cu laser 632,8 nm (3s2 2p4)
i 3,39 microni (3s2 3p4 ). De ce?
R: Pentru c ambele au acelai nivel cu laser superior.

26.Specify at least two methods used to obtain an advantageous operation on

632,8 nm line against 3,39 m one?

R: a) A methane cell placed inside the laser cavity

b) A dispersing prism placed inside the laser cavity

c) A set of permanent magnets placed along the laser tube

26. Specificai cel puin dou metode utilizate pentru a obine o operaiune
avantajoasa pe linia 632,8 nm, fa de 3,39 microni unul?
R: a) O celul de metan plasate n interiorul cavitii cu laser
b) o prism de dispersie plasate n interiorul cavitii cu laser
c) Un set de magnei permaneni plasat de-a lungul tubului cu laser

27.Specify wavelength and the transition for the orange line that you saw in
laboratory.

R: =612 nm (3s22p6)

27. Specificai lungime de und i de tranziie pentru linia portocalie pe care ai

vzut n laborator.
R: = 612 nm (3s2 2p6 )

28.How can we calculate the frequency by which modes are separated?

N./2=d; =c.T=c/ =c.N/(2d)

=N- N-1=c/(2d)

28. Cum putem calcula frecvena cu care modurile sunt separate?

N. / 2 = d; = c.T = C / = c.N / (2d)
= N-N-1 = C / (2d)

29.Supposing that the active medium produces radiation and gain over a limited
frequency range , how can we calculate the number of oscillating
frequencies?

R: N=/

Examples: for He=Ne (=633nm) Doppler width is = 1500MHz if d=40cm

=380MHz N=1500MHz/380MHz4

29. Presupunand ca mediu activ produce radiaii i de ctig ntr-o limitat gama
de frecvene, cum putem calcula numrul de frecvene oscilante?
R: N = /
Exemple: pentru a = Ne ( = 633nm) limea Doppler este = 1500 MHz n cazul
n care d = 40cm = 380MHz N = 1500MHz/380MHz 4
 30.The behavior of the laser radiation 632.8 nm is as the winner takes all.
What do you mean by that?

R: If 633 nm oscillates, the other laser radiation, on the other visible lines,
cannot do.

30. Comportamentul de radiaii laser 632.8 nm este la fel de "ctigtorul ia totul".

Ce vrei s spui cu asta?
R: Dac 633 nm oscileaz, radiaii laser de alt parte, pe alte linii vizibile, nu se
poate face.

31.Define the small signal amplification coefficient g 0!

R: The amplification coefficient when the laser radiation beam through the
active medium is very small (about zero)

31. Definirea mic coeficientul de amplificare a semnalului G0!

R: Coeficientul de amplificare atunci cnd fasciculul de radiatii laser prin mediul
activ este foarte mic (la zero)

32.What do you mean by atomic laser?

R: That the laser transition appears between two energy levels of the atom of
the specified element

32. Ce vrei sa spui cu "laser atomic"?

R: Asta cu laser apare tranziia ntre nivelele de energie de dou atom de elementul
specificat

33.Specify the main mechanism appearing in He-Ne plasma which determines

the population of 3s2 levels to grow?

Energy transfer by second Kind collision He* + Ne He + Ne* + E

33. Specificai principalul mecanism care figureaz n El-Ne plasm, care determin
populaia de niveluri 3s2 sa creasca?
Transferul de energie de coliziune al doilea tip A + * Ne A + + * Ne E
 34.The shortest wavelength of laser transitions generated by a gas active
medium is =325 nm and it appears by radiative transition between two
energy levels of a metal ion. Specify the metal!

R: Cd

34. Cea mai scurt lungime de und de tranziii laser, generate de un mediu de gaz
activ este = 325 nm i se pare de tranziie radiativ ntre nivelele de energie dou
de un ion metalic. Specificai de metal!
R: Cd

35.He-Se+ laser oscillates on many lines simultaneously very easy. Why do you
think that happens?

R: Because it has many upper laser levels.

35. El a-Se + oscileaz cu laser de pe mai multe linii simultan foarte uor. De ce
crezi c se ntmpl?
R: Pentru ca are mai multe niveluri superioare cu laser.

36.What is the meaning of term: atomic laser and ionic laser?

36. Care este sensul termenului de: "cu laser atomic" i "cu laser ionic"?

37.The term laser has two different meanings. What are they?

R: Apparatus and phenomenon, respectively.

37. Termenul "laser" are dou sensuri diferite. Ce sunt acestea?

R: Aparatur i fenomen, respectiv.

38.The laser phenomenon appeared when the first laser device was realized or
existed before?

38. "Laser", fenomenul a aprut atunci cnd aparatul a fost realizat primul laser sau
a existat nainte?
 39.In a plasma what is not laser active medium, the density of atoms excited on
different levels can be calculated using the formula of Boltzmann. Write it,
please!

R: Ni=Nj e-E/(kT) E=Ei-Ej

39. ntr-o plasm ceea ce nu este mediu activ cu laser, densitatea de atomi de
entuziasmat pe nivele diferite pot fi calculate folosind formula de Boltzmann. Scrie-l,
te rog!
R: Ni = Nj de e-E / (kT), E = EI-Ej

40.The intensity of electromagnetic radiation spontaneously emitted is

proportional with: a) upper level density, b) lower level density, c) the density
of both levels: upper and lower, d) none of them?

40. Intensitatea radiaiei electromagnetice emise n mod spontan este proporional

cu: a) o densitate nivel superior, b), densitatea de nivel inferior, c) densitatea de
ambele niveluri: superior i inferior, d) nici una dintre ele?

41.What species contains the position column of He-Ne plasma?

R: e-, He, Ne, He*, Ne*, h=E

41. Ce specii conine coloana poziia de a-Ne plasma?

R: e-, El, NE, El *, * Ne, h = E

42.In laser technology, the final gas mixture is about 20% higher than the
optimum. The maximum value of power will be obtained after thousands of
hours of operation. Justify, please!

42. n tehnologia cu laser, amestecul de gaze final este de aproximativ 20% mai
mare dect cea optim. Valoarea maxim a puterii va fi obinut dup mii de ore de
funcionare. Justifica, v rog!

43.Describe the phenomena responsible for gas disappearance.

43. Descriei fenomene responsabile pentru dispariia gaz.

44.The He-Ne laser tube, has a cathode much larger than the anode. Why?
44. El-Ne tub cu laser, are un catod mult mai mare dect anod. De ce?

45.Write the mathematical formula what permit us to design a He-Ne laser

having a given value for power. Specify the terms of formula P nt = t Ps[2gol/
(a+t)-1].

45. Scriei formula matematic ce ne permite de a proiecta un laser He-Ne avnd o

anumit valoare pentru putere. Precizai condiiile de formula PN = t Ps [2gol / (a
+ t) -1].

46.Explain and define the terms: small signal gain and saturation power.

46. Explica i de a defini termenii: "ctig de semnal mic" i saturaie de putere.

47.Write the stability condition for resonators!

R: 0(1-d/R1)(1-d/R2)1

47. Scrie "condiia de stabilitate" pentru rezonatori!

R: 0 (1-d/R1) (1-d/R2) 1

48.In He-Ne laser active medium there is a very high gain laser radiation (super
radiant). Specify it as wavelength and as transition.

48. n El-Ne mediu activ laser, exist un foarte mare ctig radiaii laser (super-
radiant). Specificai o lungime de und ca i n tranziie.

49.Specify a remarkable application of laser.

49. Specificai o cerere remarcabil de laser.

50.Specify the most used laser type today!

50. Specificai tipul de laser, cel mai folosit astzi!