Using Key Terms

CHAPTER 2

1. A Sumerian stepped tower is called a ziggurat.()

2. In a Mesopotamia society, women have fewer privileges and

rights than men.

3. The Sumerians invented a system of writing called cuneiform.

4. The Persian ruler Darius divided his empire into provinces called satrapies
, which were ruled by governors/satraps.

5. The basic units of Sumerian civilization were city-states.

6. If ruling power is passed from one generation to the next, the government of a
country could be called a dynasty.

7. The belief in one god, rather than many gods, is called monotheistic.

8. If citizens believe their city is ruled by gods, they might call their government a
theocracy.

9. To preserve the physical body after death, the Egyptians used a process called
mummification.

10. A vizier was a government official directly responsible to the Pharaoh.

11. Hieratic script was used for business transactions and record keeping.

12. An administrative organization with officials and regular procedures is known as a

government bureaucracy.

CHAPTER 3

1. Aryan leaders known as rajas (princes) fought other Aryan chieftains and seized
their property.
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2. The major divisions of the Indian classes of people were called castes in English.

3. The belief that the individual soul is reborn in a different form after death is
Reincarnation.

4. Yoga is a method of training designed to lead to a union with Brahman.

5. In Buddhism, reaching nirvana(), or ultimate reality, is the end of the self

and a reunion with the Great World Soul.

6. The Kushan kingdom prospered from trade that passed through their along the
Silk Road.

7. According to Confucius, the key to proper behavior was to behave in accordance

with Dao (way).

8. The Qin bureaucracy had civil and military divisions and a censorate.()

CHAPTER 4

1. Some Greek city-states were committed to government by the many, called

democracy, while others ruled by oligarchy(), which means rule by the
few.

2. The upper fortified part of a city, the acropolis(), was a place of refuge
during an attack.

3. Hoplites() were a heavily armed military order of infantrymen or foot

soldiers.

4. Marching shoulder to shoulder in a rectangular formation was known as a

phalanx().

5. Athenians devised the practice of ostracism() to protect themselves

against overly ambitious politicians.

6. In order to know the will of the gods, the Greek consulted an oracle(), a
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 sacred shrine dedicated to a god or goddess.

7. According to the Greek philosophy of Epicureanism(), humans

are free to follow self-interest as a basic motivating force.

8. Greek citizens assembled in an open area called an agora() that also served
as a market.

9. The term philosophy comes from the Greek word that means love of wisdom.

10. Greek Tragedies were presented as a set of three plays.

11. The Socratic method of teaching uses a question-and-answer format to lead

pupils to understand ideas for themselves.

CHAPTER 6

1. Kaaba() are Muslim houses of worship.

2. The leader of the Seljuk Turks was called a sultan(), or holder of power.

3. A crucial part of every Muslim city or town was the covered market, called the
bazaar().

4. The journey of Muhammad from Makkah to Madinah is known in history as the

Hijrah().

5. The sacred book of Islam() is called the Quran.

6. According to the Quran, jihad() means struggle in the way of God.

7. One of the Five Pillars of Islam is making a pilgrimage, called the Hajj(), to
Makkah.

8. Islamic geometric designs entwined with natural plants, Arabic letters, and
abstract figures are known as arabesques().

9. Islamic scholars and theologians organized Islamic moral rules into the

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 Shariah(), or code of law.

10. During the Abbasid dynasty, the council that advised the caliph was led by a prime
minister known as a vizier().

CHAPTER 9

1. Monasticism refers to the practice of living the life of a monk.

2. The feudal contract determined the relationship between a lord and his vassals.

3. Under the influence of the Church, noblemen followed a code of behavior called
chivalry.()

4. Wergild was the amount paid by a wrongdoer to the family of an injured person.

5. A Christian bishop headed an area called a bishopric.()

6. A series of Christian military expeditions were called the Crusades.()

7. A schism/separation developed between the Catholic Church and the Eastern

Orthodox Church in 1054.

8. The patriarch is Byzantine counterpart to the pope in Rome.

9. Bishops of Rome became known as popesof the Catholic Church.

10. A fief was the grant of land from the lord to a vassal in return for military service.

CHAPTER 10

1. Governments that attempted to reestablish centralized power were called the new
monarchies.

2. Theology is the study of religion.

3. Craftspeople began to organize themselves into business organizations called

guilds()in the twelfth century.

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4. Serfswere peasants tied to the land.

5. A relics was an object that provided a link between the earthly world and God.

6. The taille() was an annual direct French tax on land or property.

7. The religious court whose job it was to find and try heretics was called the
Inquisition/Holy Office.

8. The school of thought that tried to reconcile faith and reason is called
scholasticism.

9. The language of a particular region is called the vernacular.()

10. A Spanish priest founded the Dominicans to defend Church teachings from
heresy.

CHAPTER 12

1. Soldiers who sell their services to the highest bidder are called mercenaries.(
)

2. The study of grammar, rhetoric, moral philosophy, and history was the basis of the
intellectual movement called humanism.

3. A movement whose major goal was the reform of Christendom was called
Christian humanism/Northern Renaissance.

4. John Calvin emphasized predestination, the belief that God chose who would be
saved and who would be dammed.

5. A Renaissance society places less emphasis on religion and more emphasis on a

worldly spirit.

6. An urban society is one in which a great many people live in cities.

7. The money and goods given by the wifes family at the time of marriage is called
a dowry.
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8. A remission, after death, from all or part of the punishment due to sin is called a
indulgence.

9. An image painted on fresh, wet plaster is called a fresco.

CHAPTER 16

1. Military units called banners were strategically placed throughout China as the
chief fighting force of the Manchu Empire.

2. Trade and manufacturing in China did not develop into commercial

capitalism() as it did in Europe.

3. Chinese pottery makers were famous for their blue and white porcelain.

4. Heads of noble Japanese families, Daimyo(), controlled their own lands.

5. The shogunate controlled the daimyo by what has been called a hostage
system(), forcing the daimyo lords to leave their families in their Edo
residence when the daimyo lords were away.

6. Japan was divided into 250 separate territories called hans/domains, each ruled
by a daimyo lord.

7. During the Tokugawa Era, Japans class system became rigid with four classes
and an underclass of outcasts, called the eta.

CHAPTER 17

1. The scientific method is a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing.

2. The idea that Earth is at the center of the universe is called a geocentric or
Ptolemaic system.

3. In the Americas, the offspring of European and American native peoples were
called mestizos(/).

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4. A new type of monarchy called enlightened absolutism was influenced by
reform-minded philosophes.

5. In the federal system, power is shared between the national government and the
state government.

6. When scientists proceed from the particular to the generally they are using
inductive reasoning().

7. The belief that the Sun is at the center of the universe is called a heliocentric
theory.

8. The intellects, or thinkers, of the Enlightenment, were generally called

philosophe.

9. Descartes is known as the father of modern rationalism.

10. The doctrine that maintains that the state should not intervene in economics is
called laissez-faire().

CHAPTER 19

1. Abolitionism was the movement to send slavery in the United States.

2. At the Congress of Vienna in 1814, the principle of legitimacy became the

guiding political principle for the great powers.

3. Universal male suffrage means that all adult men have the right to vote.

4. The process invented by Henry Cort to produce high quality iron is called
puddling.

5. The basic idea of Charles Darwins book, On the Origin of Species, was the
principle of organic evolution.

6. Obedience to political authority, emphasis on organized religion to maintain the

social order, and resistance to the ideas of individual rights and representative
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 government are characteristic of conservatism.()

7. Before the Industrial Revolution, goods were often produced by individuals

working in their own homes, a method known as cottage industry.()

8. Louis-Napoleon became president when 97 percent of the plebiscite()

responded with a yes vote.

9. A system in which society and not individuals owns the means of production is
called socialism.

10. The romantics emphasized feeling, emotion, and imagination as sources of

knowing.