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Distribution Substations
Design Aspects
1
Objectives
Discussion of the substation bus
configuration
Discussion of substations reliability
concepts
Calculation of the substation rating
Derivation of the constant K factor
Introduction of the substation application
curves
Illustration of the discussed analytical
methods by some numerical examples
2
Outlines
Introduction.
Background.
Substation Bus Configuration Design.
Single (Radial) Bus Scheme.
Sectionalized Single (Radial) Bus Scheme.
Main-And-Transfer Bus Scheme.
Double Bus-Single Breaker Scheme.
Ring Bus Scheme.
Breaker-And-A-Half Scheme.
Double Bus-Double Breaker Scheme.
Substation Reliability Service .
The Constant K
Distribution Substation Rating.
Substation Application Curves.
Numerical examples.
3
Introduction.
Background.
Substation Bus Configuration Design.
Single (Radial) Bus Scheme.
Sectionalized Single (Radial) Bus Scheme.
Main-And-Transfer Bus Scheme.
Double Bus-Single Breaker Scheme.
Ring Bus Scheme.
Breaker-And-A-Half Scheme.
Double Bus-Double Breaker Scheme.
Substation Reliability Service .
The Constant K
Distribution Substation Rating.
Substation Application Curves.
Numerical examples.
4
Introduction
Selection of substation switchyard system schemes
represented in the substation buses and switches
configuration is based mainly on reliability and
economical aspects.
5
Introduction.
Background.
Substation Bus Configuration Design.
Single (Radial) Bus Scheme.
Sectionalized Single (Radial) Bus Scheme.
Main-And-Transfer Bus Scheme.
Double Bus-Single Breaker Scheme.
Ring Bus Scheme.
Breaker-And-A-Half Scheme.
Double Bus-Double Breaker Scheme.
Substation Reliability Service .
The Constant K
Distribution Substation Rating.
Substation Application Curves.
Numerical examples.
6
Background
Distribution substation main parts are:
The high side buswork and protection.
Low side buswork and protection.
Transformers.
The substation site.
From the construction point of view, there are three main types of
distribution substations.
Conventional outdoor (open terminal) substation in which busbars and
live parts can be seen.
SF6 gas insulated metal enclosed substation in which various equipment
is in metal enclosed form with SF6 gas providing internal insulation.
Such substation can be either indoor or outdoor.
Hybrid substation which is a combination of the above two. In the
hybrid substation some equipment are conventional open terminal type
and some equipment are metal enclosed SF6.
7
Background (Cont.)
There is no best or ideal substation voltage
Substation voltage rating will depend on substation location,
capacity, and service area.
9
Introduction.
Background.
Substation Bus Configuration Design.
Single (Radial) Bus Scheme.
Sectionalized Single (Radial) Bus Scheme.
Main-And-Transfer Bus Scheme.
Double Bus-Single Breaker Scheme.
Ring Bus Scheme.
Breaker-And-A-Half Scheme.
Double Bus-Double Breaker Scheme.
Substation Reliability Service .
The Constant K
Distribution Substation Rating.
Substation Application Curves.
Numerical examples.
10
Single (Radial) Bus Scheme
Incoming Line
CB
Bus
N.O. bypass
switch
Disconnecting switch
11
Single (Radial) Bus Scheme
12
Single (Radial) Bus Scheme
13
Sectionalized (Radial) Bus Scheme
CB Bus-Tie CB
CB
Bus 1 Bus 2
N.O. bypass
switch
Disconnecting
switch
14
Sectionalized (Radial) Bus Scheme
15
Main-And-Transfer Bus Scheme
Incoming line
Main bus
N.O.
Transfer
N.O.
CB
Transfer bus
16
Main-And-Transfer Bus Scheme
17
Double Bus-Single Breaker Scheme
Bus 1
N.O.
Bus
N.O. tie
breaker
N.O.
Bus 2 N.O.
Outgoing line
18
Double Bus-Single Breaker Scheme
This scheme is the modification of the
sectionalized single bus scheme where two
buses are connected through a tie breaker.
It has the same voltage range and location as
of the sectionalized single bus schemes.
Each circuit can be connected to one bus
through CB and disconnecting switches.
19
Ring Bus Scheme
Line Line
Line Line
20
Ring Bus Scheme
In this scheme several sectionalized single bus
schemes (named position) are connected in a
series as shown in Fig. 5.
It is limited to a maximum of eight positions. In
the case of occurrence of bus or circuit fault,
one position is disconnected through its CB.
In the case of CB operation failure two
positions are disconnected. Each line is
equipped by a disconnecting switch.
21
Ring Bus Scheme
22
Breaker-And-A-Half Scheme
Line Line
Bus 1
Tie
breaker
Bus 2
Line Line
23
Breaker-And-A-Half Scheme
In this scheme each circuit has its own CB and
shares one CB with another circuit (one and one-
half CB) as shown in Fig. 6.
A CB failure connecting a bus and circuit causes
this circuit to be out of service.
A CB operation failure between two circuits causes
these two circuits to be out of service. This scheme
is utilized for voltages greater than 230 kV and in
locations which require high reliability.
24
Double Bus-Double Breaker Scheme
Incoming Incoming
Line 1 Line 2
Bus 1
Bus 2
26
Comparison Between Different Bus Switching
Schemes
Bus switching Advantages Drawbacks
scheme
Single (radial) bus -Simplest to operate and to install -Least system reliability
protective relaying -Least system flexibility for
-Lowest cost and the least land operation and maintenance
area requirement -Complete substation outages in
case of bus fault or CB failure
-Requires complete substation
shutdown for bus extension
-Used to supply non-critical
loads or in case of other supply
existence.
Sectionalized single -A CB (other than tie CB) failure -More complex in operation and
(radial) bus causes an outage only in its protection. More expensive than
scheme sectionalized section the radial scheme
- Low required land area
-More reliable, flexible and easier
to expand than the radial scheme
27
Comparison Between Different Bus Switching
Schemes (Cont.)
Bus switching Advantages Drawbacks
scheme
Main-and-transfer bus -Small land area requirement -Higher cost as it requires a bus
scheme -Easier for expansion transfer CB
-More flexible in operation and -Increased complexity of
maintenance requirement operation and protection
-Low cost especially in a CB maintenance
-CB can be easily removed for situation
maintenance -No reliability improvement
-Complete substation shutdown
in case of bus or any CB failure
Double bus-single -Loads can be connected on either -Switching circuits between
breaker scheme bus to balance the load and source buses is manual and not
-All loads can be connected to one automatic
bus in case of outage or -More expensive (One tie
maintenance on the other bus breaker and four disconnecting
-Critical loads can be separated switches per circuit)
-Flexible operation with two buses -More complex protection model
than that of the sectionalized
single bus scheme
-A complete substation outage
occurs in case of tie breaker
failure
28
Comparison Between Different Bus Switching
Schemes (Cont.)
Bus switching Advantages Drawbacks
scheme
Ring bus -Low cost -More complex protection
-High reliability and flexible CB relaying
maintenance and operation -The ring is separated into two
-Any CB can be disconnected for sections in case of CB failure
maintenance without circuit outage during another CBs maintenance
-Easily expandable
-Each circuit is fed through two CBs
Beaker-and-a-half -Any CB can be removed for -Large required land area
scheme maintenance without any circuit outage -High cost (one and half CB is
-Either bus can be out for maintenance required per circuit)
without affecting the operation - Complex protection relaying
-Bus failure does not cause a circuit
outage
-Most reliable and flexible operation
-Ease for expansion
Double bus-double -Flexibility in operation and -The most expensive
breaker scheme maintenance -For a CB failure a loss of half the
-Higher reliability circuit could occur if circuits are
not connected to both buses
29
Bus Schemes and Their Applied Voltage
Ring bus X X X X X X X
Beaker-and-a-half scheme X X X X X X
30
Introduction.
Background.
Substation Bus Configuration Design.
Single (Radial) Bus Scheme.
Sectionalized Single (Radial) Bus Scheme.
Main-And-Transfer Bus Scheme.
Double Bus-Single Breaker Scheme.
Ring Bus Scheme.
Breaker-And-A-Half Scheme.
Double Bus-Double Breaker Scheme.
Substation Reliability Service .
The Constant K
Distribution Substation Rating.
Substation Application Curves.
Numerical examples.
31
Substation Reliability Service
High reliability service for the distribution substation is
insured by implementing many design and operation
practice in the construction of these substations.
32
High Side- Transformer- Low Side
Connections For Distribution Substations [7]
33
Two Case Studies For Reliability Analysis
For Distribution Substation
Case 1 Case 2
115 kV/25 kV, 31 MVA peak 115 kV/13 kV, 35 MVA peak
Situation Ave. 16 mile exposure on both Ave. 2.3 mile exposure on both
incoming transmission routes incoming transmission routes
8,300 customers. 9,100 customers.
Configuration Cost Voltage Freq. Duration Cost Voltage Freq. Duration
34
Introduction.
Background.
Substation Bus Configuration Design.
Single (Radial) Bus Scheme.
Sectionalized Single (Radial) Bus Scheme.
Main-And-Transfer Bus Scheme.
Double Bus-Single Breaker Scheme.
Ring Bus Scheme.
Breaker-And-A-Half Scheme.
Double Bus-Double Breaker Scheme.
Substation Reliability Service .
The Constant K
Distribution Substation Rating.
Substation Application Curves.
Numerical examples.
35
The Constant K
36
Constant K Derivation
1
S3 s (r cos x sin ) ( 1000)
VD pu 3 pu. V
Vb Vr
VD pu s K S3 s K S n pu. V
1
(r cos x sin ) ( 1000)
& K= 3 VDpu/kVAmi
Vb Vr
f (conductor size, spacing, cos and Vb )
1
s l for uniform distributed load along the feeder.
2
2
s l for linearly increasing distributed load along the feeder.
3
37
Introduction.
Background.
Substation Bus Configuration Design.
Single (Radial) Bus Scheme.
Sectionalized Single (Radial) Bus Scheme.
Main-And-Transfer Bus Scheme.
Double Bus-Single Breaker Scheme.
Ring Bus Scheme.
Breaker-And-A-Half Scheme.
Double Bus-Double Breaker Scheme.
Substation Reliability Service .
The Constant K
Distribution Substation Rating.
Substation Application Curves.
Numerical examples.
38
Distribution Substation Rating
Distribution system engineers can satisfy the load
increase by the following two options; which can be
implemented separately or combined:
Expanding an existing.
Building new substations.
The simplest and the most commonly used technique is
that based on the geometrical shape of the substation
service area [4, 5].
The output of this technique will be:
Substation rating,
Number of out-going primary, and
Maximum voltage drops on the feeder.
The input of this technique is:
Geometrical shape of the service area,
Electric loading, and
Substation operating voltage.
39
Distribution Substation Rating (Cont.)
40
Step # 1
Assume A Square Substation Service Area
A4
Distribution transformer
41
Step # 1 (Cont.)
2
%VD4,main L4 K S4
3
S4 A4 D L24 D
42
Step # 2
Assume Hexagonal Shape Service Area
A6
Distribution transformer
43
Step # 2 (Cont.)
2
%VD6,main L6 K S6 0.385 K D L36
3
44
Step # 3
Assume A General Case of Geometrical Shape
Service Area
dA
m Feeder main
t
y
x dx
L6
45
Step # 3 (Cont.)
2 360
%VDn,main K D Ln tan
3
n 3
3 2n
Where: n represents the number of feeders
Where: n 2 360 n 3
46
Comparison Between Four And Six Feeders
Service Area Characteristics
n=4 n=6
47
Introduction.
Background.
Substation Bus Configuration Design.
Single (Radial) Bus Scheme.
Sectionalized Single (Radial) Bus Scheme.
Main-And-Transfer Bus Scheme.
Double Bus-Single Breaker Scheme.
Ring Bus Scheme.
Breaker-And-A-Half Scheme.
Double Bus-Double Breaker Scheme.
Substation Reliability Service .
The Constant K
Distribution Substation Rating.
Substation Application Curves.
Numerical examples.
48
Substation Application Curves
Example
49
Introduction.
Background.
Substation Bus Configuration Design.
Single (Radial) Bus Scheme.
Sectionalized Single (Radial) Bus Scheme.
Main-And-Transfer Bus Scheme.
Double Bus-Single Breaker Scheme.
Ring Bus Scheme.
Breaker-And-A-Half Scheme.
Double Bus-Double Breaker Scheme.
Substation Reliability Service .
The Constant K
Distribution Substation Rating.
Substation Application Curves.
Numerical examples.
50
Numerical Examples
Example #1
A three-phase 4.16 kV wye-grounded feeder,
Determine the constant K of the main feeder:
By applying the equation.
By using the K constant curves.
I P, Q
kVL-L = 4.16
Load
Z = R + jX Pr, Qr = 500 kVA, 0.9 pf lag
Vs Vr
s = l = 1 mi
#4 copper, Dm = 37"
51
Solution
1
(r cos x sin ) ( 1000)
K 3 pu
Vb Vr
1
(1.503 0.9 0.7456 0.4359) ( 1000)
= 3
2400 2400
0.0001 VDpu/(kVAmi) = 0.01 %VD/(kVAmi)
52
Solution
By using the K constant curves.
K = 0.01 %VD/(kVAmi)
54
Substation voltage 13.2/22.9 kV
3 % voltage drop
A load density (D) of 500 kVA/mi2
Solution Substation rating (TS) of 40MVA
56
References
[1]T. Gnen, Electric Power Distribution System Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1986.
[3]Van Warme, F.C.: Some Aspects of Distribution Load Area Geometry, AIEE
Trans., December 1954, pp. 1343-1349.
[7]H.L. Willis, Power distribution reference book, Marcel Dekker, INC, 1997.
57