What Should You Know for Test #1?

-What are the 4Is? How does a scientist use the 4Is?
Imagine, Investigate, Invent, and Inform. Imagine means to have an idea
you want to come true. Investigate is when you look for ways to make
what you want by researching and more. Then Invent is when you try make
your idea come true. Inform is when you tell someone about what you did
and how then what you learned from it so they learn something new.

-(Investigate) What is the difference between heat and temperature? How

are they related?
Heat is when its hot and warm, temperature depends on if its cold or
hot. They are related because they both differ on whether or not the
amount of heat needed to raise the temperature.

-(Inform) What are three surprising things that you learned about antibiotic
resistance?
Medicine that specifically inhibits the growth of bacteria!
That bacteria only gets stronger!
That animals can get superbugs that are in most humans!

THE ATOM
-Describe how the atomic model has changed. The more information you can
include the better (for instance the person who contributed to the change
and how they changed the model). We didnt go super into depth about this,
so you only need brief descriptions for each change to the model.
The first model of the atom was developed by JJ Thomson in 1904,
who thought that atoms were composed purely of negatively charged
electrons.

-Rutherfords Gold Foil Experiment: how was the experiment set-up? What
did the experiment tell us about the atom?
He had a foil of gold and he throwed little positive charged particles
and he found that atoms where dence and were mostly space and there
was positive charge in the center where we call a nucleus.
-What are electrons, protons and neutrons? Where are they located? What
function do they each serve?
Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge, Neutrons
have a neutral charge. Protons and the neutrons are in the center of the
atom, making up the nucleus. Electrons are on the rings.

-What does it mean for an atom to be neutral? What does it mean to be a

positive ion (cation) or negative ion (negative)?
For an atom to be neutral charge is one where the number of electrons is
equal to the atomic number. Positive ion which is created by electron loss
and is attracted to the cathode in electrolysis, or as an anion (negative ion)
which is created by an electron gain and is attracted to the anode

-What is an isotope? How do isotopes create the decimal values in the atomic
mass.
An isotope are atoms that have the same number of protons but
different number of neutrons.

-Be able to calculate the atomic mass knowing the isotopes of an element
and their percent abundance for each one.
To calculate the average mass, you have to multiply the fraction by
the mass number for each isotope the add them.

-Quantum Model of the Atom: In general, what is different about the quantum
model than the more simplified orbit model? What can we say about each
electron and where it is located (use the address metaphor if you would
like)?
There are four different types of addresses ( state, city,street name, and
house number.
- State: is the Energy Level of the electron
- City: is the type of orbital shape the electron is in (s, p, d, or f )
- Street Name: is the actual orbital the electron is in (px, py,or pz for
ex)
- House Number: is the electron spinning clockwise or counterclockwise
-Challenge Question: How is the octet rule still valid even when some electron
levels can hold up to 18 or 32 electrons?
Didn't want to do it

THE PERIODIC TABLE

-How is the periodic table arranged?
They are arranged in order of the atomic number.

-Why are the vertical columns called families?

Periodic table organizes the elements in horizontal rows, or periods, by
order of increasing atomic number , which equals the number of protons in
the atomic nucleus of each element.

-What does the atomic number tell us?

It identifies a chemical element. The atomic number is closely related to
the mass number which is the number of protons and neutrons.

-How can I tell how many protons and electrons an atom has using the
periodic table?
You can find out how many by the atomic number.

-What are valence electrons? How is the periodic table arranged using
valence electrons?
A valence electrons is an electron that is associated with an atom, and that
can participate in the formation of a chemical bond.

-Approx. how much of the periodic table is made up of metals? Non-metals?

84 metal elements on the periodic table of elements. 17 non-metals
COVALENT & IONIC BONDING (and a little Metallic Bonding)
-What is the definition of a covalent bond v. ionic bond? Are metals and/or
non-metals involved?
The formation of an ionic bond is the result of the transfer of one or
more electrons from a metal onto a non-metal , Covalent bonding is bonding
between non-metals consists of two electrons shared between two atoms.

-How is the octet rule important in bonding?

Because the outer ring of the atom is unhappy until the ring has
maxed out and filled but most atoms share electrons to reach their happy
point but some just give it away. Hydrogen is an exception since its happy in
lots of forms.

-How is electronegativity useful in determining what kind of bond you will

have?
It is useful because the electrons control the atom so it has the
power to attract other atoms by its nucleus to attract the electrons to
itself.

-What is a polar covalent bond? What is happening to the electrons in a bond

like this?
A polar covalent bond, the electrons shared by atoms spend a greater
amount of time, on the average, closer to the oxygen nucleus than the
hydrogen nucleus.

-Which bond is stronger and why? *note, different resources have

different information on this. As long as you can justify your answer, there
may be differences in what people could say on this question.
Ionic bonds are stronger than covalent bond . Ionic bonds are formed by
transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another..
-What does it mean for a covalent bond to have a double or triple bond?
Covalent bonding occurs when electrons are shared between atoms.
Double and triple covalent bonds occur when four or six electrons are
shared between two atoms.

-Be able to draw very simple diagrams to show two atoms either covalently,
polar covalently or ionically bonded and what that means for their electrons.

Ionic Bond
Example

-What is the difference between an inter- and intra- molecular force?

Intramolecular forces are forces that hold atoms together within a
molecule. Intermolecular forces are forces that exist between molecules.

-What kind of bond is a Hydrogen Bond? Why do Hydrogen Bonds occur?

What are some results (in the real world) of Hydrogen Bonding?
A hydrogen bond is the electromagnetic attraction between polar molecules
in which hydrogen is bond to a larger atom such as oxygen and nitrogen. A
hydrogen bond occurs when a charged part of a molecule having polar
covalent bonds forms an electrostatic interaction with a substance of
opposite charge.
Hydrogen bonding real world examples
- water molecules
- Human DNA
- Alcohol