02 - Gettysburg July 1-1863 Union Army of The Potomac

GETTYSBURG
JULY
A
UNI0N:THE ARMY
OF T H E POTOMAC
JAMES ARNOLD
AND ROBEKM WIENER
are US-bornfmetanee
writers who haw cmtylbuted
to numerous mllkuy
publiEafiona. James spent
hls lormati- yema In
E u m p and amed the
sitae of historlc battlefields.

He has I S published books
to hls credif many of them
campalgns and the American

Clvll War. Roberta Wiener has
co-authored several woks
of history and dlted hlstory
and science books, lncludlng
a chlldrm'a encyclopaedia.
She a k o c;lwout a M i l
research on mllftilry
history toplcg.
S E R I E S EDITOR: JOHN M O O R E
GETTYSBURG
JULY 1 1863
UNION: THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC
JAMES ARNOLD AND ROBERTA WIENER

i
Flrst published in Gmat Britain In 1998 by Osprey Publishing, Elms Court.
Chapel W w B W , O h r d OX2 QLP United Mrgdorn
Email: inf@ospreypubllshlng.mm
O 1998 Rsvelln Llmlted

Series s t y l e
The style of presentation adopted In the Order of Balfla
provide quidtly the rnaxlmurn inlcrmahn for the re-
- Lcde
Exclusive publishing rights Osprey Publishing Lirnbd Order of Battle Unk Diagrams - All ' e m U n b in the O W t . W 5 L
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I
I snpaped at the time.
Osprey Series Ed'br: hJohnson
k m l h Serles Edttor: John Mccre
-arch Co-ordlnator: Dlane Moore
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OriginaUon by Valhwsn LM, I s l ~ r t h Unit&
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Battle Page Tlmellnes Each volume eonmrns the Order of Ba* br
Prlnted in China through Worldprint LM armies involved. Rarely are the forms available to a wmmandermrsa
Into actlon as per his ORBAT. To help the reader fdlow the s e q m d 4
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The tcp llne 4ar deflnss the a m a l time of the aclsobs being
kMIe section.
The Makatlng Manager, Osprey Dlrnet, PO Box 140. Welllngborough. Northanta.
NN8 4ZA United Klngdom
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The middb line shows fhe t l m period oovered by the whole W s
The b o t h line indicates the page numbers of the h e r , DAen

4
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Emall: Info@ospreydlW88,wm
Editor's note
Key to Mllltary Serles symbols
Whersver poaslbls primary swrcas have been uasd In m p n l n g th%
In thls vciume, Tohl caauaMen noted agalna wlmnte I n d W m
numbers kllled, wounded and mlsslraglcsptured during 1311 thm
Oeitysburg.
Order d Bank and detellsd atrenath data was used wlth

ReglmenY Strunfla and hxwa af GeMpbug (Hbhtutwn, N.J.:
Hwm, 1894) by Joho W Busey end David Q. Meltln.
CONTENTS
INVASION FROM THE SOUTH
I U.S. CORPS
Ist Division
2nd Dlvlslon
3rd Dlvlslon
I CORPS' BATTLES - The Iron Brigade ~ o e in

s
Throw Down Your Muskets'
The Defence of Seminary Ridge
I 1 CORPS
1st Dlvlsion
2nd Dlvlslon
3rd Dlvlslon
Ill U.S. CORPS
1st Dlvislon
2nd ~ i v i s i o n
V U.S. CORPS
1st Dlvlslon
2nd Dlvlsion
3rd Division
V I U.S. CORPS
Ist Division
2nd Division
3rd Division
XI U.S. CORPS
Ist Division
2nd Division
3rd Division
X I CORPS' BATTLES - Disaster at BloehePs Knoll

Flanked!
X1I U.S. CORPS

1st Division
2nd Division
THE CAVALRY CORPS

1st Dlvislon
2nd Dlvlslon
3rd Dlvlslon
Horse Artillery
THE CAVALRY BATTLE - Delaying Action
THE ARTILLERY ,RESERVE
WARGAMING GETTYSBURG - DAY I
BIBLIOGRAPHY
L
i THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC
Invasion from the South

ay 7, 1863 found the Army of the Potomac ARMY HEADQUARTERS
safely on the north side of the Rapidan River. 50 Staff and Field Ofiicers
Safe, but deeply demoralised. It had just lost
some 17,000 men at the Battle of Chancellorsville. It Orderlies and Escort
I Co. Oneida New York Cavalry
Major-General George Captain Daniel P. Mann
Gordon Meade, an 42 troops present for duty equipped
elderly 47, was a West
Point graduate who Provost Marshal General
never expected to be Brigadier-General Marsena R. Patrick
given an army to 8 Staff and Field Offleers
command. The gentle-
manly Pennsylvanian 93rd Regiment New York State
was a cool and Volunteers (Northern Sharpshooters)
fearless battlefield Colonel John S. Crocker
leader but had a 148 troops present for duty equipped
hot-temper in the face (not present at Gettysburg)
of his subordinate's 4 Cos.
incompetence.
8th United States Infantry Regiment
had been a humiIiating defeat. The rank and file Iooked Captain Edwin W.H. Read
at themselves and could only wonder why. When given 401 troops present for duty equipped
a fighting chance, they had performed bravely. Yet (not present at Gettysburg)
once again they had been bested by Lee's seemingly Cos. A thru G and I.
invincible men.
In addition, the army was haemorrhegingtrained men 2nd Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment
as the terms of enlistment of those who had volun- Colonel Richard Butler Price
teered for two years came to an end. Between the end 489 troops present for duty equipped
of April and the middle of June, some 23,000 veterans Cos. A thru M.
left the army. This 20% reduction was in addition to the
12% loss caused by the Battle of Chancellorsville itself. 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment
The departure of so many trained soldiers necessitat- Captain James Sfarr
489 troops present for duty equipped
Flag of Company I, Cos. E and I.
9th Pennsylvania
Cavalry Regiment, Unlted States Regular Cavalry
one of the units 15 troops present for duty equipped
which provided an
escort for the Army of Detachments from Ist, Znd, 5th and 6th Cavalry
the Potomac's Regiments.
headquarters.
USA Organisation at Gettysburg
hgineers INFANTRY
(not present at Gettysburg)
Brigadier-General Henry W. Benham
4 Staff and Field Officers CORPS
(20,800-26,700 men)
15th New York State Volunteer 3 Infantry Divisions
Engineer Regiment + Corps Reserve Artillery
Major Walter L. Cassin DIVISION
126 troops present for duty equipped (5,400-7,300 men)
. Cos. A, B and C. 3-4 Infantry Brigades
+ Divisional Artillery Brigade
50th New York State V o l u n t e e ~ BRIGADE
Engineer Rogiment (3,470-5,250 men)
Colonel William H. Pettes 3-6 Infantry RegimentslBattalions
479 troops present for duty equipped REGIMENT
f
Cos. A thru K. (135-660 men)
Normally 10-12 Companies
Jnited States Enalneer Battalion COMPANY
-
Captain ~ e o rH.~ Mende
i (3540 men)
337 troops present for duty equlppea
Cos. A thru D.
When the rebel army began moving north, Hooker
acquitted himself very well. He interposed his army
between Lee and Washington and kept it fairly mn-
1 45 Staff and Signallers centrated, ready for battle. However his performanee
did not alter Lincoln's loss of faith. When Hooker gave
him an opportunity, the President decided to replace
Flag of the 15th New him with Major-General George Meade.
York State Volunteer Meade was far from the army's brightest star. He
Engineer Regiment. began his Civil War service as a Brigadier-General of
This unit was part of
the organisation of the USA Organisation at Gettysburg
Army of the Potomac
but no Engineer units CAVALRY
were present at -
Gettysburg.
DIVISION
: HI considerable internal reorganisation. The bonds of (6,400 men)
: friendship within units, and efficient cooperation among 6 Brigades
the combat elements were degraded by the exodus of + I Horse Artillery Battalion
I veteran soldierr. + 1 Independent Command
1 After Chancellorsville, President Abraham Lincoln BRIGADE
j summoned Major-GeneralJohn Reynolds to the White (900-1,900 men)
i House for a conference. Lincoln offered Reynolds -
2 6 Cavalry RegimentslBattalions
i command of the army. Reynolds replied that he would REGIMENT
I accept only on the condition that he not be fettered by
1 (200-600 men)
orders from Washington. This was far too radical. It Normally 10 ComganieslTroops
1 would totally disrupt Lincoln's high command. COMPANYRROOP
Reluctantly, the President decided to retain Hooker for (60 men)
the time being.
-
THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC INFANTRY -GETITSBURG July 1 -
XXXX
MEADE
I I I I
a Howard
Waduorth Robinson Doubledy Wainwriihf
II I
Osbom
Caldwell Gibbon Hays Hazzard Wrlght Howe Newfon Tompkins 1

XXX
sic- Slocurn
XXX I
sykes
I I pq 1.
Me
Williams
Randolph Barnes Ayres Crawbrd Martln

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General Meade and his Staff: General George B. months. The majority of the army knew little about
Meade was suddenly thrust into command of the Meade. His modesty made him an undistinguished,
Army of the Potomac when he replaced General drab figure among the rank and file. "Who is he?" was
Hooker three days before the battle of Gettysburg. the response of more than one soldier upon learning
The fate of the Union hung in the balance. that Meade was now in command. They did not know
him as did his friend and staff officer Colonel Theodore
Volunteers at the head of a division raised in his home Lyman. Lyman called Meade a "thorough soldier, and
state of Pennsylvania. He served in the Peninsula a mighty clear-headed man."
Campaign and received a wound at White Oak Meade's strategic instructions included the para-
Swamp. In the army's subsequent battles he acquired mount necessity of defending the nation's capital.
increasing distinction as a competent leader. Notably, Federal manpower in the East was at its lowest ebb.
his division was the only unit to achieve any success at The Army's 'Chief of Staff', Major-General Henry
the Battle of Fredericksburg. Halleck had stripped the Washington defences to rein-
Elevated to corps command, he participated in the force the field army. Meade would have to manoeuvre
Chancellorsville Campaign. At first impressed by cautiously to ensure Washington's safety and to
Hooker's fine flank manoeuvre, he railed against defend Baltimore. Halleck wrote, "Should General Lee
Hooker's decision to halt his advance and go on the move upon either of these places, it is expected that
defensive. you will either anticipate him or arrive with him so as to
Meade did not think he had any chance for the top give him a battle." Outside of the considerable restraint
job. Unlike other officers in this highly politicised army, of defending these two cities, Meade was "free to act"
he lacked friends in high places. He was a modest as he saw fit.
man. In a letter written shortly before his elevation, he The most significant command authority that Meade
stated, "I have not the vanity to think my capacity so acquired was the power to promote officers which he
pre-eminent" as to have a chance at the highest com- considered worthy without having to clear his decisions
mand. Consequently, when a staff officer awakened with the authorities in Washington.
him at 0300 hours on June 28, and said he was the By June 30, Meade could reflect that he had already
bearer of 'trouble', Meade groggily figured he must be achieved some important results. He wrote, "All is
under arrest for some error or about to be relieved of going on well. I think I have relieved Harrisburg and
command. Instead, two days before what has widely Philadelphia, and that Lee has now come to the con-
been considered as the war's decisive battle, George clusion that he must attend to other matters."
Meade learned that he was in command of the Army of And General Lee would do just that as the two armies
the Potomac. marched north toward the small Pennsylvania town of
It was the army's fourth command change in eight Gettysburg. I 7
U
lIS
10 20 30 40 50 miles
E
o
10 20 30 40 50 kilometres
o
a.
CII Meade's March North in Search of
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... the Army of Northern Virginia

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oCt
CII PENNSYLVANIA
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........ -;-; .....
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:/;r' Rap~a"I' ~
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Spotsylvania Court
!
\.
8 '/"/) w.~,'"o~ House ..

THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC
I u.s. ARMY CORPS
was the' creation of Major-General George I CORPS HEADQUARTERS

ForMcClellan.
better andHeforcreated
worse, the
the army
Army corps
of the structure.
Potomac 14 Staff and Field Officers
I Corps was originally commanded by Major-General
Irvin McDowell and did not serve with the Army of the Escort
Potomac. Rather, during the time that the army cam- Company L
1st Maine Cavalry
Major-General John Captain Constantine Taylor
Fulton Reynolds, a tall 57 troops present for duty equipped
42-year-old of soldierly
bearing, had the
universal respect of command became III Corps, not to be confused with
his peers. A another III Corps that was with the Army of the
Pennsylvania-born Potomac. McDowell's III Corps contained many of the
West Point graduate leaders and regiments that were to serve in I Corps at
and career soldier, he Gettysburg.
returned to West Point During the Second Bull Run Campaign, the Corps'
in 1860 as Command- 2nd Division fought at Cedar Mountain. On August 28,
ant of Cadets. 1862, the Corps' 1st Division fought against Stonewall
Jackson's men, including the vaunted Stonewall
Brigade, at the Battle of Groveton. This bloody, indeci-
paigned on the Peninsula, I Corps, with a strength of sive battle featured the first action of the Division's 4th
nearly 40,000 men, defended the Rappahannock River Brigade, composed of green Midwestern soldiers.
line around Fredericksburg. Here they earned the title of "The Iron Brigade."
In the summer of 1862, Major-General John Pope Notable among the officers in III Corps at this time
created the short-lived Army of Virginia. McDowell's were Brigadier-General Abner Doubleday and
Brigadier-General John Reynolds. At the badly bun-
I CORPS gled Battle of Second Bull Run, III Corps shared in the
Major-General John Fulton Reynolds! futile frontal assault against Jackson's impregnable
Major-General Abner Doubleday defensive line.
Then, with the army in danger of collapse when
First Division Longstreet delivered his punishing flank assault,
Brigadier-General James Samuel Wadsworth Reynolds marched his brigades to Henry Hill for a last
Second Division stand. He personally seized the colours of a
Brigadier-General John Cleveland Robinson Pennsylvania regiment and shouted, "Now boys, give
Third Division them the steel, charge bayonets, double quick!" The
Major General Abner Doubleday! ensuing counter-attack purchased precious time for
Brigadier-General Thomas Algeo Rowley Pope's defeated army to retire. Reynolds then
I Corps Artillery grabbed another flag and rode the lines to rally his
Colonel Charles S. Wainwright men. His sterling, front-line leadership put the rank and
file who witnessed his deeds in awe of him. I 9
I U.S. ARMY CORPS - GETTYSBURG - July 1
REYNOLDS
I
~1Me
Wadsworth Robinson
I
8 x
Wainwright
Baxter
IZJ 149 Pa
When McClellan merged the Army of Virginia with the orders literally himself, and expects all under him to do
Army of the Potomac, McDowell's old III Corps the same." A tall, handsome man and a superb rider,
became I Corps under the command of Major-General he looked very much the part of a superior, fighting
Joseph Hooker. The Corps fought at South Mountain general. Fredericksburg was yet another bungled bat-
on September 14, 1862 and then opened the Battle of tle. The only Federal success occurred when the
Antietam, three days later, with its famous attack Corps' 3rd Division, led by Major-General George
through the Cornfield. In straight up, frontal fighting, Meade, briefly penetrated the Confederate line.
the Corps suffered severe losses. However, on this During the Chancellorsville Campaign the Corps was
field it burnished the reputation it had earned at barely engaged, losing about 300 men. Army com-
Second Bull Run as an aggressive combat formation. mander Hooker's failure to commit all of his men badly
At the Battle of Fredericksburg, the Corps fought frustrated aggressive Federal gene~als. After being
under the command of newly-promoted Major-General drubbed by Jackson's flank attack, Hooker summoned
Reynolds for the first time. By this time, Reynolds was a council of war to decide what to do. Reynolds and
one of the army's most respected officers. The Corps' Meade were two of the three generals who voted for
Chief of Artillery said of him, "General Reynolds obeys offensive action.
Indicative of Hooker's trust in Reynolds was his
I US Corps Casualties appointment on June 25 to command the advanced
at Gettysburg wing of the army as it moved to counter Lee's invasion
1 July 1863 of Pennsylvania. I Corps crossed the Potomac that day
and marched about 18 miles the next. June 29 saw the
Killed 611 Corps march a hard 20 to 25 miles to Emmitsburg. On
Wounded 2,757 June 30 it marched to Marsh Run, just south of Gettys-
Missing/Captured 2,162 burg. It was therefore the nearest Federal infantry to
10 the town on the first day of July.
c
o
I U.S. Army Corps - 1st Division 'Iii
'S:
is
tinction. This was particularly true of the 1st 1st DIVISION

TheDivision,
first of1st
anything carries
Corps of with of
the Army it the
a certain dis-
Potomac. Brigadier-General James Samuel Wadsworth
It considered itself a cut above the rest. When under 11 Staff and Field Officers
the command of Brigadier-General Rufus King, the
Division's 1st Brigade had earned immortal fame at its 1st Brigade 1,829
2nd Brigade 2,017
Brigadier-GenJral
James Samuel
Wadsworth, age 56,
had spent two years at
Harvard and returned
to New York to run the
family estate. Despite
his military inexperi-
ence, his men liked
him because he looked
after their wellbeing.
baptism by fire in the Battle of Groveton on August 28,

1863. Four of the six regiments composing its 2nd
Brigade had also served in King's Division at Second
Bull Run. King's Division became part of Major-
General Joseph Hooker's I Corps after McClellan reor- killed and 40 wounded.
ganised the army following the Second Bull Run For the Chancellorsville Campaign the Division was
Campaign. It fought at the Battles of South Mountain led by the officer who was to command it at
and Antietam in the fall of 1862. Gettysburg, Brigadier-General James Wadsworth.
Brigadier-General Abner Doubleday superseded Although the Division was only lightly engaged at that
King in time for the Fredericksburg Campaign. The battle, the troops quickly grew to like and admire
Division retained its four-brigade structure. The two Wadsworth. He was a wealthy man who had left his
brigades that were to compose the 1st Division at comfortable life to serve in the army without pay.
Gettysburg were fairly lightly engaged at Wadsworth was a good administrator who cared for
Fredericksburg with the 2nd Brigade suffering five his men's needs but was an inexperienced combat
killed and 21 wounded and the Iron Brigade losing nine division commander.
I Corps - 1st Division - 1st Brigade
FIRST BRIGADE
Potomac than the 1st Division's "Iron Brigade." (The Iron Brigade)
There
At its was
core no more
were famous
four veteranunitwestern
in the Army of the
regiments. Brigadier-General Solomon Meredithl
Its leader in the spring of 1862, Brigadier-General John Colonel William Wallace Robinson
Gibbon, emphasised drill, discipline, and appearance. 4 Staff and Field Officers
He ordered the men to don a regular army uniform 11 Band
comprising a dark blue frock coat and a black felt 11
Brigadier-General who received promotion because of political connec-
Solomon Meredith, 53, tions rather than demonstrated competence. The 496
born poor in North men of the 24th Michigan were new to the Brigade and
Carolina, became a had never seen combat.
farmer and politician in
Indiana. He was 19th Regiment Indiana
c
o inexperienced and iII- Volunteer Infantry
'iij Colonel Samuel J. Williams
suited to command.
'S;
is- 308 troops present for duty equipped
Coso A thru K .
(II
..
Hardee hat. The distinctive hats and the fact that they 24th Regiment Michigan Volunteer
composed the army's only western brigade set the Infantry
Brigade apart from everyone else. Colonel Henry Andrew Morrowl
The introduction to combat for most of the Brigade Captain Albert Marshall Edwards
came at the Battle at Brawner Farm (Groveton) on 496 troops present for duty equipped
August 28, 1862. Here the Brigade faced a surprise COSoA thru K.
flank assault by Stonewall Jackson's veterans.
Although outnumbered, the Brigade held its ground 2nd Wisconsin Infantry Regiment
during a two-hour fight. It suffered staggering losses: Colonel Lucius Fairchildl
133 dead, 539 wounded, and 79 missing, a total in Major John Mansfield
excess of 33% of the Brigade's strength. The "black- 302 troops present for duty equipped
hatted fellows", as rebel prisoners labelled them, had Coso A thru K.
extracted a huge cost from the Confederates.
At the Battle of South Mountain on September 14, 6th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment
1862, the Brigade gave another gallant performance Lieutenant-Colonel Rufus R. Dawes
and lost some 25% of its men. Following that battle, I 344 troops present for duty equipped
Corps' commander General Hooker called the west- Coso A thru K.
erners his "iron brigade." It was a name and a reputa-
tion that endured. The Brigade again fought hard at 7th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment
Antietam, losing yet another 25% of its strength. Colonel William Wallace Robinsonl
On the eve of Gettysburg the Brigade had two ques- Major Mark Finnicum
tion marks. Its commander was the former colonel of 364 troops present for duty equipped
the 19th Indiana, Brigadier-General Solomon Meredith, COSoA thru K.
12
I Corps - 1st Division - 2nd Brigade
ations held sway and Cutler would not become the

2nd Brigade was a veteran combat unit led by commander of the Division's 2nd Brigade until the
c
o
Although overshadowed
an experienced by its sister
and capable officer.brigade,
Two ofthe
its spring of 1863. 'iij
'>
:egiments, the 76th New York and the 56th
is
.?ennsylvania, had filled a gap in the Iron Brigade's line 7th Regiment Indiana Volunteer ..
III
:;:l the August 28, 1862 Battle of Groveton. In this com- Infantry "I""
::'at they suffered heavily, losing 236 men. Yet their Colonel Ira Glanton Grover
:ontribution was .forgotten amidst the glory of the Iron
3rigade's baptism by fire. Coso A thru K.
Brigadier-General Lysander Cutler commanded the
'mn Brigade's 6th Wisconsin at Groveton where he 76th Regiment New York State
received a dangerous wound. When Brigadier-General Volunteers (Cortland Regiment)
John Gibbon departed the Iron Brigade, he wanted the Major Andrew Jackson Groverl
Jattle-proven Cutler to succeed him. Cutler had exhib- Captain John Elihu Cook
ited tenacity and courage. However, political consider- 375 troops present for duty equipped
Coso A thru K.
Brigadier-General
Lysander Cutler was a 84th Regiment New York State
businessman undaunt- Volunteers (14th Brooklyn Militia)
ed by being twice Colonel Edward Brush Fowler
ruined financially. His 318 troops present for duty equipped
men loathed the 56- Coso A thru K.
year-old for his
difficult personality. 95th Regiment New York State
Volunteers {Warren Rifles)
SECOND BRIGADE Colonel George H. Biddle!
Brigadier-General Lysander Cutler Major Edward Pye
2 Staff and Field Officers 241 troops present for duty equipped
15 Band Coso A thru K.
13
c During the Antietam Campaign, the four-regiment
o
'in 147th Regiment New York State Brigade - the 84th New York was serving in a different
'S;
Q
Volunteers (Oswego Regiment) brigade in Wadsworth's Division - fought at South
Lieutenant-Colonel Francis Charles Millerl Mountain where it lost three killed, 52 wounded, and
"CI
C Major George Harney four missing but saw limited combat at the Battle of
('II
380 troops present for duty equipped Antietam itself.
Coso A thru K. Likewise, the Brigade had been only lightly engaged
at Fredericksburg. Cutler's debut as brigade comman-
56th Regiment Pennsylvania der at Chancellorsville also did not feature much
Volunteer Infantry action. Here it lost three killed, 25 wounded, and five
Colonel John William Hoffman
missing.
Although, from experience, the Brigade knew him
to be a hard fighter, Gettysburg would be the first
COSoA thru D and F thru K. time Cutler would show his abilities as brigade
commander.
I U.S. Army Corps - 2nd Division

o
General James Rickett's 2nd Division at 2nd DIVISION
ManySecondof the
Bull regiments
Run. They served in Stonewall
assaulted Brigadier- Brigadier-General John Cleveland Robinson
Jackson's left flank and made a brief penetration. 3 Staff and Field Officers
Unsupported, they were driven back at heavy loss.
Later the Division helped cover the army's retreat. 1st Brigade 1,537
During the Second Bull Run Campaign, the Division 2nd Brigade 1,452
lost 1,858 men.
The Division was again heavily engaged at the
Battles of South Mountain and Antietam. At this latter Brigadier-General
engagement, it gallantly assaulted through the John Cleveland
Cornfield and once more endured staggering losses. A Robinson became a
total of 1,180 men were reported as casualties. career soldier despite
The Division participated in the futile assaults at his expulsion from
Fredericksburg in December 1862. Under the West Point. The 46-
year-old had turned in
some excellent battle-
field performances in
the past and would
continue to do so until
his death.
command of Brigadier-General John Gibbon, the

Division conducted an assault against A.P. Hill's
Division on the Confederate right. Here they confront-
ed brigades commanded by Pender and Thomas,
soldiers they would meet again at Gettysburg. At
14 Fredericksburg the Division lost 1,249 men.
The Division received a new leader, Brigadier- This engagement seemed to be Robinson's high-
General John Robinson on December 30, 1862. water mark. Thereafter, his only serious tactical chal-
Kobinson had particularly distinguished himself while lenge came at Second Bull Run. Here he seemed inde-
:ommanding a brigade at the Battle of Glendale cisive, failing to get all of his regiments into the fight.
:uring the Seven Days' Battles. One of the army's The Division fought its first battle under Robinson's
5ghting generals, Phil Kearny, praised Robinson: command at Chancellorsville. But like the rest of I
c
"To him this day is due, above all others in this Corps, it saw only light combat in which its infantry o
'Uj
jivision, the honors of this battle. The attack was on his suffered 43 casualties.
'S;
wing. Everywhere present, by personal supervision The 2nd Division was composed of veteran regi- is
2nd noble example he secured for us the honor of ments. It marched to Gettysburg under the command "CI
C
victory." of a leader untested at this command level. N
I Corps;.. 2nd Division - 1st Brigade
muskets. The 16th Maine organised the following year.

Brigade were combat veterans. The New York The Brigade suffered a succession of costly battles
The regiments
regiments had composing
been raisedthein 2nd Division's
upstate 1st
New York from Second Bull Run on. With the exception of the
:n 1861. The 13th Massachusetts and 107th Penn- missing 13th Massachusetts, the Brigade entered the
sylvania also formed in 1861. The latter regiment had Chancellorsville Campaign with the organisation it was
~le misfortune to be still partially armed with Austrian to take to Gettysburg.
The Brigade marched to Gettysburg under the lead-
Brigadier General ership of an officer who had barely seen combat in the
Gabriel Rene Paul was war to date. Brigadier-General Gabriel Paul owed his
a 50-year-old West
Point graduate and an FIRST BRIGADE
undistinguished career Brigadier-General Gabriel Rene Paull
soldier. He had little Colonel Samuel Haven Leonard!
combat experience. Colonel Adrian Rowe Rootl
Colonel Richard Coulter!
Colonel Peter Lyle
3 Staff and Field Officers
Paul
III III III III III
~'6M' ~13M'," ~WNY ~'WNY ~'07P'

I I I I I
~~~~~
15
Q) rank to long army service and the eloquence of his wife
"CI
CIS
r:n
16th Regiment Maine who convinced President Lincoln to promote him.
';: Volunteer Infantry The Brigade's march north was hard and fast, with
= Colonel Charles William Tilden the 16th Maine reporting that it traversed 40 miles
"CI
C 298 troops present for duty equipped between 1600 hours on June 28 and 1800 hours on
N
COSoA thru K. June 29. The 13th Massachusetts marched 26 miles
c on June 29, most of which was over poor, muddy
o
'Ui 13th Regiment Massachusetts roads.
':;
is Volunteer Infantry
Colonel Samuel Haven LeonardI 104th Regiment New York State
"CI
C Lieutenant-Colonel Nathaniel Walter Batchelder Volunteers (Wadsworth Guards)
N
284 troops present for duty equipped Colonel Gilbert G. Prey
Coso A thru K. 286 troops present for duty equipped
Coso A thru K.
94th Regiment New York State
Volunteers 107th Regiment Pennsylvania
(Sacket's Harbor Regiment) Volunteer Infantry
Colonel Adrian Rowe Rootl Lieutenant-Colonel James McLeanThompsonl
Major Samuel A. Moffett Captain Emanuel D. Roath
411 troops present for duty equipped 255 troops present for duty equipped
Coso A thru K. Coso A thru K.
I Corps - 2nd Division - 2nd Brigade
SECOND BRIGADE
an combat units led by an untested commander. Brigadier-General Henry Baxter
The 2ndof Division's
Four 2nd Brigade
the Brigade's comprised
six regiments veter-
mustered 4 Staff and Field Officers
into service in 1861. The 97th New York and 111th
Pennsylvania organised in the winter of 1862. The
Brigade's commander, Brigadier-General Henry
16
3axter, had enjoyed a meteoric, albeit painful, rise in many of the boys had the privilege of being home
;ank. He began the war as a captain in the 7th again."
:,iichigan. While leading his company during the Seven
Jays' Battles he received a severe wound. Promoted
:0 Lieutenant-Colonel, he was with the regiment at 12th Regiment Massachusetts
.-\ntietam where he was again badly wounded. He Volunteer Infantry
Colonel James Lawrence Batesl c
,9covered in time for the Fredericksburg Campaign. o
He led the regiment in its amphibious assault into Lieutenant-Colonel David Allen, Jr. '(jj
'S;
Fredericksburg during Federal efforts to bridge the 261 troops present for duty equipped
is
~appahannock River. For the third time Baxter was hit. "CI
C
Returning to his unit in the spring of 1863, Baxter Cas. A thru K. N
jumped from Lieutenant-Colonel to Brigadier-General
and took over the c.ommand of the 2nd Brigade. 83rd Regiment New York State
The Brigade followed Baxter into the Chancellorsville Volunteers (9th NY Militia)
Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph Anton Moesch
Brigadier-General 199 troops present for duty equipped
Henry Baxter,
a Michigan COSoA thru K.
merchant,
organised a 97th Regiment New York State
militia prior Volunteers
to the war. A (3rd Oneida Regiment)
courageous Colonel Charles Wheelockl
front-line leader, he Major Charles Northrup
was wounded three 236 troops present for duty equipped
times before the Battle
of Gettysburg. COSoA thru K.
11th Regiment Pennsylvania

Volunteer Infantry (108th Volunteers)
Colonel Richard Coulterl
Campaign. At this time only two regiments that were in Captain Benjamin Franklin Hainesl
the Brigade at Gettysburg served in the command; the Captain John B. Overmyer
12th Massachusetts and 90th Pennsylvania. The
Brigade saw light combat at Chancellorsville, losing
one killed, 16 wounded, and five missing. Cas. A thru K.
After Chancellorsville, the Brigade restructured into
the form it was to take to Gettysburg. Prominent in its 88th Regiment Pennsylvania
ranks was a former New York State militia unit, the 9th Volunteer Infantry
Regiment, which became the 83rd New York. Raised Major Benezet Forst Foustl
in New York City, it carried the proud title "City Guard". Captain Henry Whiteside
The 83rd fought at Cedar Mountain on August 9, 1862 274 troops present for duty equipped
and Second Bull Run on August 30, and thereafter par-
ticipated in all of the Army of the Potomac's battles. COSoA thru K.
The Brigade enjoyed a fairly relaxed march to
Gettysburg. On June 28 it conducted a five-hour march 90th Regiment Pennsylvania
to Frederick, Maryland. The next day it marched some Volunteer Infantry (19th Volunteers)
20 miles to Emmitsburg, Maryland. There it rested, Colonel Peter Lylel
with the exception of the units assigned picket duty Major Alfred Jacob Sellers
including the 88th Pennsylvania. 208 troops present for duty equipped
When the march was resumed the Brigade crossed
the Pennsylvania state line. For the Pennsylvania sol- COSoA thru K.
diers "it was the first time for nearly two years that 17
.~ I I u.s. Army Corps - 3rd Division
:~
Q
'tI
..
M
In newly-formed 3rd Division. The Division consisted

of January 1863 mix
an uneven I Corps reorganised
of troop quality. and received
Only
Brigade's 80th New York was a veteran regiment The
the 1sta
DIVISIONAL HEADQUARTERS
rest of the Division consisted of inexperienced recruits Provost Guard

or the raw, nine-month men in the 3rd Brigade.The Co. D, 149th Regiment Pennsylvania
Division's commander was the army's highest ranking Volunteer Infantry
divisional officer, Major-General Abner Doubleday. Colonel Walton Dwight
Given that the Division was composed of inexperi- 60 troops present for duty equipped
enced soldiers, the quality of their leadership was par-
Major-General Abner ticularly important. Although Doubleday had combat

Doubleday, 44, had experience, he was an undistinguished officer. Some
graduated from West dubbed him "Old Forty-Eight Hours" because of his
Point and served as a deliberate style. Neither General Meade nor General
career artilleryman Buford thought well of him. Chief of of the Corps'
before the Civil War. artillery, Colonel Wainwright, described him as a "weak
Despite competent reed to lean upon" if the situation grew critical.
battlefield leadership, Because Doubleday would take over corps command
he was held in low early in the battle on July 1, the Division's senior
regard for his Brigadier-General, Thomas Rowley, would lead the
pompous style. Division during the rest of the day. Rowley had risen
from Captain to Colonel and displayed battlefield brav-
3rd DIVISION ery. After his promotion to Brigadier-General, Rowley's
Major-General Abner Doubledayl Brigade had seen little action at either Fredericksburg
Brigadier-General Thomas Algeo Rowley or Chancellorsville. Consequently, he was untested at
either brigade or divisional level. Events at Gettysburg
1st Brigade 1,361 would show he had an overwhelming weakness for
2nd Brigade 1,317 alcohol.
3rd Brigade 1,950 June 30 found the Division about six miles south of
Gettysburg.
xx
X
_I -------------If' X
DOUBLEDAY
~ ""wi', ~ 8to",
III III
~ ~
18
[ Corps - 3rd Division - 1st Brigade

I/)
"t""
c
eran regiment, the 80th New York. This regi- 80th Regiment New York State o
The ment
3rdhad
Brigade
mustered
contained
into the
service
Division's
in the
only
fallvet-
of Volunteers (Ulster Guard) 'iij
';
Colonel Theodore Burr Gates is
3.-igadier-General 287 troops present for duty equipped 'tI
..
::-.omas Algeo M
COSoA thru K.
=.owley, a 55-year-old
?~nnsylvania co.urt
:i;:;rk with political 121 st Regiment Pennsylvania
:':J-I1nections,had lit- Volunteer Infantry
.~;:;military experience Major Alexander Biddlel
::.!t great courage in Colonel Chapman Biddle
~ttle. 263 troops present for duty equipped
. ~:o1and seen extensive combat at Second Bull Run. Co. A and Coso C thru K.
~ ,'/as a well-drilled unit. Its then brigade commander
~s Marsena Patrick, who became the army's Provost 142nd Regiment Pennsylvania
~.=neral.The Brigade's three Pennsylvania regiments Volunteer Infantry
"Gj been present at Chancellorsville but suffered only Colonel Robert P. Cumminsl
:G& soldier killed. Lieutenant-Colonel Alfred Brunson McCalmont
.hen the Brigade's nominal commander, General 336 troops present for duty equipped
:;'::rl'lley,ascended to divisional command around 1130 CosoA thru K.
-'JlJrson July 1, the senior Colonel, Chapman Biddle,
. ;:;rl the Brigade for the rest of the day. 151 st Regiment Pennsylvania
Volunteer Infantry
FIRST BRIGADE Lieutenant-Colonel George Fisher McFarlandl
Brigadier-General Thomas Algeo Rowley! Captain Walter L. Owens
Colonel Chapman Biddle 467 troops present for duty equipped
8 Staff and Field Officers CosoA thru K.
Rowley
III III III III
~121~ ~'5'P'
~OONY I ~ 142P, I
~~ ~~
19
I Corps - 3rd Division - 2nd Brigade
co from hardy forest workers who had learned to 143rd Regiment Pennsylvania
'iij
Theshootoriginal "Pennsylvania
for food Bucktails"
in childhood. had
Their formed
leader had Volunteer Infantry
':; been then-Major Roy Stone. The Bucktails' success Colonel Edmund Lovell Danai
is prompted the War Department to send Stone to recruit Lieutenant-Colonel John Dunn Musser
"CI
.. an entire brigade from the Pennsylvania mountains . 465 troops present for duty equipped
M
The three regiments attached bucktails from white- COSoA thru K.
tailed deer onto their forage caps but this did not
Colonel Roy Stone's Volunteer Infantry
first engagement as Lieutenant-Colonel Walton Dwightl
brigade commander Captain James Glenn
was at Gettysburg. 450 troops present for duty equipped
Despite several Coso A thru C and Coso E thru K.
Civil War wounds, he
lived to serve as 150th Regiment Pennsylvania
brigadier in the Volunteer Infantry
Spanish American Colonel Langhorne Wisterl
War. Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Shippen Huidekoperl
Captain Cornelius C. Widdis
Coso A thru I.
SECOND BRIGADE
(The Bucktail Brigade) impress the original "Bucktails." They called the three
Colonel Roy Stone! new regiments "Bogus Bucktails."
Colonel Langhorne Wister! Chancellorsville was the introduction to combat for
Colonel Edmund Lovell Dana the 2nd Brigade. Except for a brief outpost skirmish in
2 Staff and Field Officers which three men were wounded, the men saw no
action. Gettysburg would be the Brigade's first battle.
Stone
III
Q
III
I
~ 149
150
~
p,
I Corps - 3rd Division - 3rd Brigade
THIRD BRIGADE c
by state. An exception was the 3rd Division's 3rd
The Unionwhich
Brigade army composed
did not tryalltoVermont
organiseregiments.
brigades Brigadier-General George Jerrison Stannard!1
.2
In
::n August 4, 1862, the War Department had issued a Colonel Francis Voltaire Randall :~
Q
6 Staff and Field Officers '1:1
I-
Brigadier-General M
George Jerrison The Brigade's leader had served as a Lieutenant- In
Stannard, a Colonel of a Vermont regiment at First Bull Run. He
a.
I-
received credit for his conduct at the Battle of
o
43-year-old Vermont (.)
businessman, Williamsburg in May 1862. Promoted to Colonel, >.
E
modestly refused Stannard was at Harper's Ferry when that post surren- I-
<I:
his first offer of dered in September 1862. Exchanged and promoted
c4
promotion. His again in April 1863, Stannard became commander of :)
well-drilled but the green regiments composing the 3rd Brigade.
untried Brigade The Brigade was one of four sent from the
performed creditably. Washington defences to reinforce the field army when
Lee's invasion of the North began. It was on picket
duty in Northern Virginia where it received orders on
:::::11 for 300,000 militia to serve for nine months. Among June 25 to head north. Unused to long marches, the
::-.s units thus formed were the five regiments com- Brigade found the seven-day trek to join the army diffi-
-.ended by Brigadier-General George Stannard. cult. Still, the soldiers completed a respectable aver-
A nine-month term of enlistment proved too short. By age of 18 miles per day with little straggling.
:'-.s time the soldiers had acquired military skills, it was Because the Brigade was untested and the nine-
::'l1e for them to go home. It also made men who had month men presumed to be inferior, corps' commander
3~~ned up for three years jealous. When the army's General Reynolds gave the 12th and 15th Regiments
:sierans saw the Vermont soldiers in the new, the assignment to guard the army's trains well to the
_lsoiled uniforms, they promptly dubbed them the rear. The remaining three regiments arrived at Gettys-
~?aper Collar Brigade." Neither they nor the army's burg around 1700 hours on July 1 after the day's fight-
;snerals expected much of the Vermont Brigade. ing had ended.
THIRD BRIGADE
(Not engaged at Gettysburg on July 1)
Brigadier-General George Jerrison Stannard
12th Regiment Vermont Volunteers 15th Regiment Vermont Volunteers

Colonel Asa P. Blunt Colonel Redfield Proctor
641 troops guarding trains - 637 troops guarding trains -
not engaged at Gettysburg not engaged at Gettysburg
13th Regiment Vermont Volunteers

Colonel Francis Voltaire Randall

Colonel William Thomas Nichols Colonel Wheelock Graves Veazey
21
I Corps Artillery Brigade
Battery B, 2nd Maine Artillery

On adopted the artillery brigade organisation that
tiedMay 12, 1863,
batteries to thethecorps
Armyinstead
of theof Potomac
the divi- Captain James Abram Hall
sions. The hope was that no longer would individual (117 troops present for duty equipped)
batteries be manoeuvred by infantry generals. This 6 3-inch riffed guns
had proven to be an inefficient system that squandered
the artillery's potential. The army's Chief of Artillery Battery E, 5th Maine Light Artillery
believed that placing batteries under central control, Captain Greenleaf Thurlow Stevens
with an experienced artilleryman to command them, (119 troops present for duty equipped)
would greatly improve efficiency. In effect, the Federal 6 12-pounder Napoleon guns
artillery brigades mirrored the Confederate battalion
system, which had been implemented nine months Battery L, 1st New York
earlier. Light Artillery
Captain Gilbert Henry Reynoldsl
I ARMY CORPS ARTILLERY BRIGADE Lieutenant George Breck
Colonel Charles S. Wainwright (124 troops present for duty equipped)
7 Staff and Field Officers 6 3-inch riffed guns
Battery B, 1st Pennsylvania

The battery composition of I Corps Artillery Brigade Light Artillery
reflected the perceived advantages of merging regular Captain James Harvey Cooper
army batteries with volunteer outfits. The regular gun- (106 troops present for duty equipped)
ners were supposed to lead by example and thus 4 3-inch rifled guns
teach the volunteers their trade. By the summer of
1863, the volunteers, who were now veterans them- Battery B
selves, believed that there was little remaining for them 4th United States Artillery
to learn from the old army regulars. Lieutenant James Stewart
At the head of I Corps Artillery was the experienced (123 troops present for duty equipped)
Colonel Charles Wainwright. Since the Peninsula 6 12-pounder Napoleon guns
Campaign, Wainwright had served as a corps chief of
artillery. On the night of June 30, the Brigade camped
outside of Emmitsburg, about eight miles southwest of A Federal artillery battery deployed for action,
Gettysburg. ammunition caissons and horses to the rear.
I CORPS' BATTLES
July 1 - 1030 - 1100 hrs
The Iron Brigade Goes In
highest spirits." Colonel Rufus Dawes of the 6th

arrived at the Lutheran Seminary where he Wisconsin ordered the colours unfurled and the regi-
Shortly found befor.e
Buford 0930 hours,
studying the General
situation Reynolds
from his mental drummers and fifers positioned at the front. The
~.:1tage point in the cupola above. In one of the Army musicians played "The Camp bells Are Coming."
:= the Potomac's celebrated exchanges, Reynolds Four regiments formed line and rapidly moved up the
~uired, "What's the matter, John?" Buford replied, slope of McPherson's Ridge. They passed through the
'-he devil's to pay!" ranks of Gamble's troopers. The 6th Wisconsin
-:-he two spurred ahead to McPherson's Ridge. After remained in reserve near the seminary. Moving rapid-
:: quick reconnaissance, Reynolds told Buford to hold ly over the crest line, the soldiers loaded while they
:... and rode back to Wadsworth's 1st Division to hurry ran. Then, at about 1030 hours, the Iron Brigade
- along. Cutler's Brigade led the march. Reynolds encountered the enemy.
~.rayed behind to ensure that the Iron Brigade, with its First contact occurred in Herbst's Woods, a 17-acre
" ,883 infantry, and Hall's Battery B, 2nd Maine moved grove of oak and chestnut. Archer's men delivered the
=:,,;ward as well. initial volley. The 2nd Wisconsin was armed with obso-
'he column marched at the double toward the lete Austrian muskets. At the close range the firefight
30IJnds of battle. An officer recalled, "all were in the occurred, this hardly mattered. The first rebel volley
killed Lieutenant-Colonel Stevens and felled many
rank and file. About 100 feet behind the Regiment a
bullet struck and killed General Reynolds. Meanwhile,
the Regiment "pulled itself together and with a cheer"
and dashed forward. Colonel Fairchild led the
Regiment's advance until he received a shot that shat-
tered his left elbow. Undaunted, the 2nd Wisconsin
continued its advance.
To the Regiment's left the 7th Wisconsin paused at
the crest line while the 19th Indiana and 24th Michigan
caught up. The 7th's colonel was uncertain what lay
ahead until he saw enemy colours floating above the
smoke along Willoughby Run. He ordered a charge.
The balance of the Iron Brigade swept forward into a
fierce fire.
Archer's men and the Iron Brigade traded volleys.
The colours of the 24th Michigan were downed four-
teen times as nine men of the colour-guard were hit by
- ~-
Devilis
D" Little o 1mile enemy fire. Sensing that his impetus was waning,
Round Top
Meredith decided to commit his reserve, the 6th
Big o 1kilometre
ROl1ndTop
Wisconsin. The Brigade guard, twenty men drawn from
0800 hrs 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
I pages 92-93 T ] 71-74 & 74-75! 23
,, i
each regiment along with two lieutenants, joined the 1030 hours - The Confederate troops of Archer's
6th as it advanced. Before it entered the fight the tide Brigade cross Willoughby Run and enter Herbst's
turned. Woods only suddenly to encounter Meredith's
Because the Iron Brigade's left overlapped Archer's Iron Brigade. During a vicious fight, the Federal
flank, the Union troops began to get the best of the troops succeed in turning the rebels' flank and
combat. The 24th and then the 19th Indiana wheeled forcing them to flee back to Herr's Ridge.
to their right to enfilade Archer's men. As an Alabama
private later recalled, "We discovered that we had tack- in the haul was a much fatigued General Archer.
led a hard proposition." While the 24th Michigan As soldiers escorted Archer to the rear he encoun-
enveloped Archer's flank, the 2nd Wisconsin continued tered an old acquaintance, General Abner Doubleday.
its fight in Herbst's Woods. But as the rebel flank Doubleday said, "Good morning, Archer! How are
unravelled, the 2nd's foes began to yield as well. A you? I am glad to see you!"
corporal recalled, "Archer's line gave way, retreating Archer replied, "Well, I am not glad to see you, by a
slowly and stubbornly through the woods ... We damn sight!" '.
followed closely upon their heels." The Iron Brigade had so savaged Archer's Brigade
Suddenly the fight's complexion changed from a hard that the latter was out of action until July 3. Meredith
combat to a pursuit. Archer's men retreated in fair withdrew the Brigade back to the McPherson's Ridge
order across Willoughby Run. One group of rebels crest line. While he was reforming his lines, a shell
tried to make a stand in a clump of willows. The 2nd fragment fractured his skull, knocking him from active
Wisconsin neatly performed a pincers movement and operations for the remainder of the war.
-
surrounded the willows, compelling the Confederates The western soldiers of the Iron Brigade had sta-
to surrender. In all, the Iron Brigade captured perhaps bilised the Union left and preserved the Brigade's rep-
200 men along the banks of Willoughby Run. Included utation as a crack, fighting unit.
1100
1300
1200
1800
1700
1600
1500
1400
1000
0900 1
pages 92-93 171-74 & 74-751
24 I
I CORPS' BATTLES
July 1 -1000 -1130 hrs
HThrow Down Your Muskets"
of about 40 yards. Only then did the regiment retreat.

Gettysburg. The 1,600-man brigade reached About half of the Union soldiers who fought in this com-
Cutler's
McPherson's
Brigade barn
had about
led I 1000
Corps' hours
march and
to bat north of the pike became casualties.
:-jefly rested there. Confederate artillery immediately Meanwhile, the 2nd Maine Battery had been engaged
:~9an to target the massed infantry. The 2nd Maine in a long-range duel with the Confederate artillery. With
:atery arrived at the gallop, its horses flecked with the retreat of the Federal infantry across the pike, the
-"Jam. battery became isolated. A lieutenant ran to Hall to tell
General Reynolds personally ordered it to deploy him that rebel infantry were approaching from the
:,~;ween the Chambersburg Pike and the railroad cut. flank. These were Davis' men, attacking from the rail-
=.~ynolds then instructed Wadsworth to deploy three road cut. Double-shotted canister slowed the enemy
-=giments north of the Chambersburg Pike while he and allowed Hall to extricate five of his six guns. But
-:::nself attended to the Federal left. the battery lost 22 men killed and wounded along with
...
ccordingly, Cutler led the 76th and 147th New York 34 horses .
the 56th Pennsylvania across the Chambersburg
=....d The 147th New York's unauthorised stand allowed
='::<e.The 84th New York and 95th New York remained the Brigade's 84th New York and 95th New York to
o:::uth of the pike. As they formed, a trooper yelled out change front and march on Davis' men. The Iron
;;: the 84th New York, "They are coming, give it to
:-wsm!"
.'(hen Cutler's three regiments approached the crest

:: McPherson's Ridge, soldiers belonging to Davis'
="igade opened a point-blank fire against the 76th and
:.cih Regiments from positions concealed in tall grass.
:>:le of the first shots killed Major Grover who com-
-3nded the 76th New York. A murderous musketry

:.:el ensued. The Confederates overlapped the 76th's
-':;,ht flank. The regiment suffered heavily, losing 234 of
:"0 engaged. Eventually, the right wing of the 76th
-:_3naged to wheel to the north to face the enfilade fire.
3-"'nultaneously, the 147th New York marched through
=: wheat field to the left of the other two regiments.
-..sre it encountered concentrated fire from two
Sssissippi regiments.
3eeing that his flank was turned, Wadsworth ordered
;;-.'" three regiments across the pike to retreat to
Devilis
3.sminary Ridge. The 147th failed to get the order. Den Little o 1mile
Round Top
-....ree Confederate regiments closed in on the 147th's ~_I
Big o 1kilometre
=-:Jntand flank. The rival lines traded volleys at a range Round Top
)800 hrs 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
pages 92-93 i 71-74 & 74-751 25
Brigade's 6th Wisconsin joined in this movement. Approx. 1100 hours - Following the success of
The westerners saw "a long line of yelling Confed- Davis' Confederates against Cutler's Brigade, the
erates" pursuing Cutler's men. They rested their mus- rebels come under fire from across the
kets on a rail fence along the Chambersburg Pike and Chambersburg Pike and take shelter in the rail-
fired a deadly volley into the rebel flank. This fire road cut. Unknown to them three Federal regi-
checked the Confederates. The rebels ran to the shel- ments had changed front to the north and charge
ter of the railroad cut. with devastating results. Davis' command is so
Due to the personal initiative of the commanders of mauled that it will be out of action until July 3.
the 6th Wisconsin and 84th New York, the Federals
mounted a coordinated advance against Davis' men. Mississippi, "a heroic ambition" consumed some
About 900 Union soldiers charged toward the cut. Wisconsin soldiers. They charged the flag and a furi-
The Confederate fire assailed the charging Federals. ous hand to hand grapple ensued. Eventually a
The 6th Wisconsin lost 180 men during an advance of Wisconsin corporal seized the colours, but the fight
only 175 paces. The three Union regiments arrived at was so intense that he threw it down, placed one foot
the cut to look down and see hundreds of Confederate atop it, and continued to load and fire his musket three
faces. A Wisconsin adjutant led about 20 men to the more times. Then, when the rebels surrendered, he
cut's eastern end to seal it off. The Union soldiers turned the trophy over to Dawes.
began calling out, "Throw down your muskets! Down The 6th Wisconsin captured seven officers and 225
with your muskets!" men. The 84th New York and 95th New York captured
Lieutenant-Colonel Rufus Dawes sought out the scores more. By 1130 hours it was over. Cutler's
opposing commander. "Who are you?" inquired Brigade and the 6th Wisconsin had shattered Davis'
Confederate Major John Blair. Brigade. Like Archer's Brigade, it would not return to
Dawes replied, "I command this regiment. Surrender combat until July 3.
or I will fire." Silently, Blair handed over his sword. The action at the railroad cut ended the morning
Meanwhile, upon spying the colours of the 2nd phase of the battle for McPherson's Ridge.
0800 hrs 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
26 I pages 92-93 ~ 71-74 & 74-751
I CORPS' BATTLES
July 1 - 1600 - 1630 hrs
The Defence of Seminary Ridge
road cut from the north. Here the 3rd Division's 2nd
seize McPherson's Ridge, a lull descended on Brigade, Colonel Roy Stone's "Bucktails", conducted a
After the Fe~erals
the field repelled Heth's
west of Gettysburg. first1400
Around attempt to
hours, desperate defence that initially held Daniel at bay.
=-=:;.inson's Division, supported by Cutler, engaged the Slowly Pettigrew's Brigade drove the Iron Brigade
:=':...,federates belonging to Rodes' Division along Oak back through Herbst's Woods. A Wisconsin soldier
=5:-;;e. During this action they inflicted severe losses to called "every tree ...a breastwork, every log a barri-
:::"'Neill'sand Iverson's Brigades. cade, every bush a cover." A Confederate officer
.'.J1 hour later, Heth renewed his assault against reported, "On this second line, the fighting was terrible
":?herson's Ridge. The Iron Brigade, alongside - our men advancing, the enemy stubbornly resisting,
~rps' 3rd Division, fought to hold the ridge. until the two lines were pouring volleys into each other
=.:"lfederate artillery had achieved fire superiority. It at a distance not greater than 20 paces."
::-::Ne the Union artillery rearward, but the infantry stood The Federal position on McPherson's Ridge
h., An officer in the 19th Indiana reported that "no rebel collapsed around 1545 hours when the rebels
~ed that stream [Willoughby Run] and lived." outflanked the 3rd Division's 1st Brigade, which was en
nen, about 1530 hours, the Confederates belonging echelon to the left and rear of the Iron Brigade. The
:: Janiel's Brigade of Rodes' Division charged the rail- Iron Brigade conducted a fighting withdrawal to
Seminary Ridge. There, the "shattered remains of the
Iron Brigade", as General Doubleday described them,
manned some hastily constructed breastworks near
the Seminary that had been built by the 2nd Division's
1st Brigade.
Simultaneously, Stone's Brigade fell back in good
order to a peach orchard on Seminary Ridge, just
south of the Chambersburg Pike. Chapman Biddle,
who had taken over from Rowley to command the 3rd
Division's 1st Brigade, also led his brigade across the
500 yards separating McPherson's and Seminary
Ridges to join in the defence.
The Union position on Seminary Ridge spanned
about 600 yards between the Chambersburg Pike and
the Hagerstown Road. The Seminary itself stood about
in the middle of the line. General Doubleday, who had
assumed command after Reynolds' death, deployed
his units from left to right in the brigade order: Biddle,
Meredith, Stone, Baxter, Cutler, Paul.
-
LiWe o 1mile
Round Top
-=-=:J
__ J
Shortly after 1600 hours, Pender's fresh Division

Big
Round Top
o 1 kilometre
assaulted Seminary Ridge.
)800hrs 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
pages 92-93 171-74 & 74-751 27
Battery B, 4th U.S. Artillery occupied a position at the 1600 hours - Pender's fresh Confederate Division
eastern end of the railroad cut. Initially, crews trained begins its assault on Seminary Ridge. To the
their Napoleons west to defend the cut and the north the remnants of the Federal I Corps prepare
Chambersburg Pike. "First we could see the tips of to race for the safety of Cemetery Hill.
their color-staffs coming up over the little ridge, then
drew near, three pieces faced south and delivered
-
the points of their bayonets, and then the Johnnies
themselves, coming on with a steady tramp, tramp, double-shotted canister into the flank of Scales'
and with loud yells." When Pender's Confederates battle line.
!
1100
1800
1600
1500
1300
1000
1700
1400
1200
0900 171-74 & 74-751
pages 92-93
28
Simultaneously a mass of guns around the Seminary
~sff fired into the charging Confederates. Packed
':~JSe together, with only five yards between pieces,
:-, three still serviceable ordnance rifles of the 1st
::sflnsylvania Light, six Napoleons of the 5th Maine
~ctery, and a rifled section of Battery L, 1st New York,
:clJnded the enemy infantry. Nearby, the balance of
~rrery L fired as well. It seemed to one observer "as if
:;;".;srylanyard was pulled by the same hand."
'3sneral Scales described the Federal fire as "a most
-.snific fire of grape and shell on our flank, and grape
::;.,-

j musketry in our front." The 7th Wisconsin's colonel
=;:KJrted that the r.ebel "ranks went down like grass
:1iOiorethe scythe." Soldiers of the 6th Wisconsin, who
,,(8 supporting Battery B, fired volley after volley,
slling "Come on, Johnny! Come on!" Aided by the Troops of Biddle's Brigade and the Iron Brigade
=-sflzied, but depleted infantry, the Union artillery retire under the rebel onslaught at the Seminary.
=;Jelled Scales' charge.
South of the Seminary, Perrin's Confederates Battery B suffered the second highest casualty total
:cssaulted the Iron Brigade and Biddle's Brigade. Perrin of any Federal battery during the three-day action.
::;scribed the defenders' volleys as "the most destruc- Out of 90 men, seven were killed or mortally wounded
_ .'5 fire" he had ever witnessed. and at least 29 others received wounds. When
Neight of numbers told. Perrin skilfully reorganised the gunners had to kill some of their crippled horses,
-';5 men to break through Biddle's line. The they needed to borrow revolvers because they had
::Onfederates then poured a deadly enfilade fire into used up their own ammunition defending themselves.
:;-;e Union position, rendering it untenable. _ Overall, the Artillery Brigade lost about 80 men and a
The Confederate breakthrough could not be stemmed. similar number of horses during July 1. These were
~.s Wadsworth reported, "Outflanked on both right and significant losses but the Brigade escaped as a formed
s.i, heavily pressed in front, and my ammunition nearly fighting unit and would contribute during the next two
:x.lausted ... ordered the command to retire."
1 days.
:::utler's Brigade along with the 6th Wisconsin and a The Iron Brigade had sacrificed dearly to defend first
~:ction of the regular battery, delayed the McPherson's Ridge and then its position at the
JJf1federates long enough to permit Robinson's 2nd Seminary. Colonel Henry Morrow of the 24th Michigan
=~lision to extricate itself. Meanwhile, engulfed on wrote, "The field over which we fought, from our first
:-.iSe sides, the Iron Brigade continued resolutely to line of battle in McPherson's [Herbst's] woods to the
-JId its position. A Michigan captain found the 24th's barricade near the seminary, was strewn with the
:dours gripped in the arms of a dying man. Nearby, a killed and wounded." About 65% of the Iron Brigade
IJUnded sergeant used his one intact hand and his were casualties, very few of whom were captured.
-=-sthto tear cartridges so his comrades could maintain Individual regimental percentages demonstrate the
:-.2 fight. severity of the carnage: 2nd Wisconsin, 77%; 19th
Nhen Union officers decided to withdraw from Indiana, 72 %; 7th Wisconsin, 52%; 6th Wisconsin,
3.5minary Ridge, Colonel Wainwright, commander of I 48%. At its first battle the 24th Michigan suffered an
:.orps Artillery Brigade, somehow did not receive the astounding 80% casualty rate.
:.:der. Consequently, the batteries had to improvise, I Corps would lose prisoners while retiring from
xch section limbering and moving rearward as fast as Seminary Ridge and through Gettysburg. Overall, I
:ossible. The rebels shot down numerous horses, Corps' heroic stand cost it about 3,368 killed and
:::::.rnpellingthe Regulars of Battery B to abandon three wounded and 2,162 missing.
-
:::cissons while the New Yorkers of Battery L had to
3ave behind a 3-inch rifle.
0800 hrs 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
pages 92-93 171-74 & 74-751 29
U
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a.
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o THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC
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=
II u.s. ARMY CORPS
II command of Brigadier-General Edwin Sumner. It

Corps organised
moved on March
to the Peninsula and 13,
took1862
part under the
in the so-
called Siege of Yorktown. At this time it consisted of
II CORPS HEADQUARTERS
two divisions with an effective strength of about 18,000 Escort

6th New York Volunteer Cavalry
Regiment
Major-General Winfield Captain Riley Johnson
Scott Hancock at 39 64 troops present for duty equipped
possessed an
imposing physical COSo D and K.
presence, courage
and a good nature.
The West Pointer and men. During the Seven Days' Battles it lost 201 killed,
career soldier was 1,195 wounded, and 1,024 missing. This marked the
well-regarded by peers first entries on a butcher's bill that was to exceed that
and subordinates of any other corps in Federal service.
alike. Augmented by a 3rd Division, it was severely
engaged at Antietam. About one-third of its 15,000
effectives became casualties on this field. It was a loss
rate more than double that of any other corps during
this action.
With Sumner promoted, Major-General Darius Couch
II CORPS led II Corps at Fredericksburg. The Corps formed div-
Major-General Winfield Scott Hancock! ision columns and futilely assaulted Marye's Heights
Brigadier-General John F. Gibbonl on December 13, 1862. Again its losses were horrific;
Major-General Winfield Scott Hancock 412 killed; 3,214 wounded and 488 missing.
(Corps deployed at Gettysburg late on July At Chancellorsville it was only moderately engaged.
1 but not engaged) Major-General Winfield Hancock rose from command
of the Corps' 1st Division to replace Couch after the
First Division
Chancellorsville Campaign. He was an inspirational,
Brigadier-General John C. Caldwell
front-line officer; well-known, liked and respected by
Second Division his men. Hancock and Reynolds were the best tacti-
Brigadier-General John F. Gibbon! cians among the Army's corps commanders.
Brigadier-General William F. Harrow!
Brigadier-General John F. Gibbon II US Corps Casualties
Third Division at Gettysburg
Brigadier-General Alexander Hays 1st July 1863
II Corps Artillery
Corps not engaged
30 Captain John G. Hazzard
- .
II U.S. ARMY CORPS - GETTYSBURG - July 1
HANCOCK
=
I
~6NY
Caldwell Hays
II
8 II
Hazzard
1Z110 NY
x x
IZI Carroll IZI Willard
I
1Z18 Ohio
x X x
IZI
I
Kelly IZI
I
Brooke IZI
I
Smyth
III III III
~
~~
Gibbon
x x x
IZI
I
III
Harrow IZI
I
III
Webb IZI
I
III
Hall
~ ~ ~
31
,
II)
III u.s. Army Corps - 1st Division
';
is
II)
'I(""
and wounded than any other division in the DIVISIONAL HEADQUARTERS

Theentire
1st Union
Division accumulated
army. It fought inmore
the men killed
Peninsula 7 Staff and Field Officers
under the command of Brigadier-General Israel
Richardson. When Richardson died at its head during Provost Guard
the Battle of Antietam, the senior brigadier, Brigadier- 53rd Regiment Pennsylvania
General John Caldwell, briefly took charge before Volunteer Infantry
= being replaced at battle's end by General Hancock. Lieutenant-Colonel Richards McMichael
Under Hancock's command, the Division charged 70 troops present for duty equipped
Marye's Heights during the Battle of Fredericksburg. It
suffered 2,024 casualties, about half of II Corps' stu- Coso A, Band K.
pendous losses. Likewise, the Division endured the
bulk of the Corps' losses at Chancellorsville where it Co. B, 116th Regiment Pennsylvania
suffered 1,097 casualties. Here Colonel Nelson Miles, Volunteer Infantry
a future Commanding General of the U.S. Army, made Major St. Clair Agustin Mulholland
most of the tactical arrangements. 32 troops present for duty equipped
By virtue of having been present on numerous battle-
fields, Caldwell was one of the army's most experi-
enced brigade leaders. Having been a teacher before Campaign he received a promotion to brigadier-gener-
the war, he had no prior military experience. He had al. He adequately led his brigade through the army's
been elected colonel of the 11th Maine in November battles of 1862. He ascended to divisional command
1861. Just before the army embarked on the Peninsula when Hancock was promoted to lead II Corps. This
was a very rare promotion for an officer who had
1st DIVISION no pre-war military experience. One of his men
Brigadier-General John C. Caldwell described him as "an agreeable man and well liked."
However, to date Caldwell had never shown any
1st Brigade 853 particular tactical acumen.
2nd Brigade 532 The Division camped around Uniontown, Maryland
3rd Brigade 975 on June 30, about 20 miles southeast of Gettysburg. It
4th Brigade 851 was the only division in the army to have four brigades
at Gettysburg.
FIRST BRIGADE
Colonel Edward E. Cross
5th Regiment New Hampshire 81st Regiment Pennsylvania

Volunteers Volunteer Infantry
Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Edward Hapgood Colonel Henry Boyd McKeen
61st Regiment New York State 148th Regiment Pennsylvania

Volunteers (Clinton Guards) Volunteer Infantry
Lieutenant-Colonel Knut Oscar Broady Colonel Henry Boyd McKeen
32
-
Ii__--------
c
SECOND BRIGADE (The Irish Brigade) o
'Ui
Colonel Patrick Kelly '>
2 Staff and Field Officers is
28th Regiment Massachusetts 88th Regiment New York State

Volunteer Infantry Volunteers C/)
a.
..
Colonel Richard Byrnes (5th Regiment, Irish Brigade) o
224 troops present for duty equipped Captain Denis Francis Burke (J
90 troops present for duty equipped >-
E
..
63rd Regiment New York State <C
Volunteers
~
(3rd Regiment, Irish Brigade) ~
Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Charles Bentley =
75 troops. present for duty equipped
69th Regiment New York State 116th Regiment Pennsylvania

(1st Regiment, Irish Brigade) Major St. Clair Agustin Mulholland
Captain Richard Moroney 66 troops present for duty equipped
THIRD BRIGADE
Brigadier-General Samuel Kosciuszko Zook
52nd Regiment New York State 66th Regiment New York State
Volunteers (Sigel Rifles) Volunteers (Governor's Guard)
Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Colonel Orlando Harriman Morris
Godfrey Freudenberg 147 troops present for duty equipped
57th Regiment New York State Volunteer Infantry
Volunteers (Zook's Voltigeurs) Colonel Richard Petit Roberts
Lieutenant-Colonel Alford B. Chapman 515 troops present for duty equipped
FOURTH BRIGADE
Colonel John Rutter Brooke
1 Staff Officer
27th Regiment Connecticut 53rd Regiment Pennsylvania

Infantry Volunteers Volunteer Infantry
Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Czar Merwin Lieutenant-Colonel Richards McMichael
2nd Regiment Delaware Volunteers

Colonel William P. Baily

Colonel Hiram Loomis Brown
(1st Cattaraugus Regiment)
Colonel Daniel G. Bingham 202 troops present for duty equipped
33
co
:~
Q
I II U.S. Army Corps - 2nd Division
"CI
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N
Sedgwick, the 2nd Division campaigned in the 6 Staff and Field Officers
Under the command
Peninsula. of both
It fought at Brigadier-General John
the Battle of Seven
Pines and during the Seven Days' Battles. Uninvolved Provost Guard
Co. C, 1st Minnesota
Brigadier-General Volunteer Infantry Regiment
= John Gibbon, a 36 Brigadier-General William F. Harrow
year-old West Point 56 troops present for duty equipped
graduate and instruc-
tor, became a skilled 1st Company
career soldier. He Massachusetts Sharpshooters
stayed with the U.S. Captain William Plumer
Army while his North 42 troops present for duty equipped
Carolina brothers
served the South.
Brigadier-General Oliver Howard commanded the
in battle during the Second Bull Run Campaign, it suf- Division at Fredericksburg. It formed the rearmost divi-
fered terribly at Antietam. Here, under the personal sion in the three-division column that struck Marye's
leadership of corps commander General Sumner, it Heights. It lost 895 men during this futile charge.
conducted a poorly conceived advance on the Dunker At the beginning of the Chancellorsville Campaign,
Church. Engulfed on three sides, it retired after losing the 2nd Division remained in its camps at Falmouth to
about 2,200 men. help deceive Confederate observers. Then it support-
ed Sedgwick's VI Corps but was only lightly engaged.
2nd DIVISION During this campaign it was led by Brigadier-General
Brigadier-General John F. Gibbonl John Gibbon, the officer who would take it to
Brigadier-General William F. Harrowl Gettysburg. The Division was fortunate in having an
Brigadier-General John F. Gibbon experienced and extremely able commander.
However, because General Meade trusted him, twice
1st Brigade 1,346 during the Battle of Gettysburg Gibbon would be
2nd Brigade 1,224 assigned elsewhere. Worse, Gibbon relieved two of his
3rd Brigade 922 brigadiers on battle's eve, compelling two-thirds of his
men to fight under new, untested commanders.
FIRST BRIGADE
Brigadier-General William F. Harrow
19th Regiment Maine 1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry

Volunteer Infantry Regiment
Colonel Francis Edward Heath Colonel William Co lviii, Jr.
15th Regiment Massachusetts 82nd Regiment New York State

Volunteer Infantry Volunteers (2nd Militia)
Colonel George Hull Ward Lieutenant-Colonel James Huston
34 239 troops present for duty equipped 335 troops present for duty equipped
11_-----------
c
SECOND BRIGADE .2
en
(The Philadelphia Brigade) :~

Q
Brigadier-General Alexander Stewart Webb "CI
3 Staff and Field Officers C

N
16 Band
69th Regiment Pennsylvania 72nd Regiment Pennsylvania

Volunteer Infantry Volunteer Infantry
Colonel Dennis O'Kane Colonel DeWitt Clinton Baxter
71st Regiment Pennsylvania 106th Regiment Pennsylvania

Volunteer Infantry Volunteer Infantry =
Colonel Richard Penn Smith, Jr. Lieutenant-Colonel William Lovering Curry
THIRD BRIGADE
Colonel Norman Jonathan Hall
19th Regiment Massachusetts 42nd Regiment New York State

Volunteer Infantry Volunteers (Tammany Regiment)
Colonel Arthur Forrester Devereaux Colonel James Edward Mallon
20th Regiment Massachusetts
Volunteer Infantry
Colonel Paul Joseph Revere
7th Regiment Michigan 59th Regiment New York State
Volunteer Infantry Volunteers (Union Guards)
Lieutenant-Colonel Amos E. Steele, Jr. Lieutenant-Colonel Max A. Thoman
II U.S. Army Corps - 3rd Division
commanded by Brigadier-General William French.

on the march north to oppose Lee's invasion of Elements of all three brigades would be represented by
The 3rd Division
Maryland. joined
At that time IIit Corps whilethree
comprised the army was
brigades the Division's first two brigades at Gettysburg.
During the Battle of Antietam the Division furiously
3rd DIVISION assaulted the Confederate centre and lost 1,750 men.
Brigadier-General Alexander Hays At Fredericksburg, the Division led II Corps' assault
against the impregnable Confederate position atop
1st Brigade 977 Marye's Heights. Again it suffered staggering casualties,
2nd Brigade 1,269 losing 1,153 men.
3rd Brigade 1,508 The 3rd Division, along with the 1st Division, took part
in Hooker's grand flank march into the Wilderness during I 35
FIRST BRIGADE
Colonel Samuel Sprigg Carroll
7 Staff Officer and Field Officers
Provost Guard
Captain Alfred Craig
14th Regiment Indiana Volunteer 8th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment

Infantry Lieutenant-Colonel Franklin Sawyer
Colonel John Coons 209 troops present for duty equipped
=
4th Ohio Volunteer Infantry 7th West Virginia Infantry Regiment
Regiment Lieutenant-Colonel Jonathan Hopkins
Lieutenant-Colonel Leonard Willard Carpenter Lockwood
DIVISIONAL HEADQUARTERS Brigadier-General

8 Staff and Field Officers Alexander Hays, 44,
was a restless and
Provost Guard reckless man of many
10th Infantry Battalion careers, including
New York State Volunteers several army stints
Major George Faulkner Hopper and graduation from
82 troops present for duty equipped West Point. He was,
however, an inspired
front-line leader.
SECOND BRIGADE
Colonel Thomas Alfred Smyth
14th Regiment Connecticut 108th Regiment New York State

Infantry Volunteers Volunteers (Rochester Regiment)
Major Theodore Grenville Ellis Lieutenant-Colonel Francis Edwin Pierce
1st Regiment Delaware Volunteers

Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Paul Harris
12th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry

Regiment
Major John T. Hill
36

THIRD BRIGADE
Colonel George Lamb Willard
39th Regiment New York State 125th Regiment New York State
Volunteers (Garibaldi Guards) Volunteers
Major Hugo Hildebrandt Lieutenant-Colonel Levin Crandell
Volunteers Volunteers
Colonel Clinton Dugald MacDougall Colonel Eliakim Sherrill
=
:;:-3 Chancellorsville Campaign. Although operating on departed Frederick at 1300 hours and did not make
:;-8 defensive, it still lost 686 men. camp until 0300 hours the next day, having covered an
nree days before the Battle of Gettysburg began, impressive 30 miles.
="i1ch was transferred. Brigadier-General Alexander
-;.2.ysadded his brigade to French's former command
:;:-d, by virtue of seniority, assumed divisional command. II ARMY CORPS ARTILLERY BRIGADE
~,xh hasty improvisation was all too common among the Captain John G. Hazzard
~'-:,s of the Army of the Potomac on the way to 4 Staff and Field Officers
::;';ttysburg.
-;le Division was fortunate in that Hays was an experi-
?-.;.:edcombat veteran. He had raised and led a Pennsyl- Battery B, 1st New York Light Artillery
'SfIia regiment at Seven Pines and performed well. At the (14th New York Battery attached)
:.c:tle of Glendale on June 30, 1862, he led a determined Lieutenant Albert S. Sheldon
:.cyonet charge and was singled out in dispatches. (117 troops present for duty equipped)
~ regiment nearly broke Stonewall Jackson's line at 6 pieces
::6COnd Manassas. Hays' leg was shattered by a bullet
Battery A, 1st Rhode Island Artillery
Camp flag of the 108th Captain William Albert Arnold
Regiment New York (117 troops present for duty equipped)
State Volunteers. 6 pieces
Battery B, 1st Rhode Island Artillery

:::,-.dhe was out of action until the spring of 1863. Hays Lieutenant Thomas Frederic Brown
:;,covered to command what would become the (129 troops present for duty equipped)
:::":otision's3rd Brigade, the "band-box" soldiers of the 6 pieces
::o:ested "Harper's Ferry Brigade" inside the Washing-
::.:1,D.C. defences when Lee's invasion began. Battery I, 1st United States Artillery
Jpon ascending to divisional command, he was igno- Lieutenant George Augustus Woodruff
::.It about two-thirds of his men and untested at this (112 troops present for duty equipped)
6 pieces
:::mmand level. Although a West Point graduate, he
:.:;cried strategy as "a humbug. Next thing to cowardice."
",":lether or not this attitude was the stuff of divisional Battery A, 4th United States Artillery
3-adership was an open question as the Division Lieutenant Alonzo Hereford Cushing
---.crched to Gettysburg. (126 troops present for duty equipped)
6 pieces
Like many units, the Division endured some hard-
-::2rching on the road to Gettysburg. On June 29 it 137
--
!>.
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a.
<I:
I THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC
t4
--
::::)
III u.s. ARMY CORPS
III the command of Brigadier-General

Corps organised
Heintzelman. It wasonsent
March
Samuel
to the13,Peninsula
1862 under
and
participated in the so-called siege of Yorktown. Its pre-
III CORPS HEADQUARTERS
sent for duty strength in April was 34,663. Thereafter, Escort

its strength steadily declined as it fought at virtually all Co. A, 6th New York Volunteer
of the army's battles in 1862 and 1863. When Porter's Regiment of Cavalry
Division transferred out of the Corps, only two divisions Major William Elliott Beardsley
commanded by Hooker and Kearny remained. They 51 troops present for duty equipped
were two of the army's most aggressive leaders and
the Corps' battle experience reflected this.
III Corps spearheaded the army's pursuit after the Major-General Daniel
evacuation of Yorktown. The May 5, 1862 Battle of Edgar Sickles, a 44-
Williamsburg cost the Corps 2,002 casualties. Of the year-old with a lurid
battles near Richmond, III Corps participated in Fair history, was a lawyer
Oaks, Oak Grove, Glendale, and Malvern Hill. At Fair and politician. He
Oaks it lost 209 killed, 945 wounded, and 91 missing. raised a regiment in
Its cumulative losses during the Seven Days' Battles part to live down his
were 158 killed, 1,021 wounded and 794 missing. murder of his wife's
At the Battle of Second Bull Run the Corps unsuc- lover.
cessfully assaulted Stonewall Jackson's position
behind the railroad embankment. Kearny's Division
fought at the confused, evening Battle of Chantilly.
During the Second Bull Run Campaign the Corps lost
260 killed, 1,525 wounded and 453 missing. At Fredericksburg it was again a three-division corps.
Battle-depleted, the Corps remained behind the Moderately engaged, it lost another 1,184 men.
Washington defences during the Antietam Campaign. In February 1863 it received a new commander, the
flamboyant but erratic Major-General Daniel Sickles.
III CORPS Sickles led the Corps through some of the hardest
Major-General Daniel Edgar Sickles combat at Chancellorsville. Here it lost 378 killed,
(Corps arrived at Gettysburg late on July 1 but 2,634 wounded, and 1,090 missing, about 25% of its
did not deploy) strength.
July 1 found the Corps 10 miles south of Gettysburg
First Division guarding the army's left flank.
Major-General David Bell Birney
Second Division III US Corps Casualties
Brigadier-General at Gettysburg
Andrew Atkinson Humphreys 1st July 1863
III Corps Artillery
Captain George E. Randolph Corps not engaged
38
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III U.S. ARMY CORPS - GETTYSBURG - July 1 o
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XXX 'S;
SICKLES is
II)
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III U.S. Army Corps - 1st Division
The
the command of one of the army's fighting gen-
1st Division
erals, was led intoPhilip
Brigadier-General its firstKearny.
actions under
Num-

1862. As troops arrived in Alexandria, they shuttled to
reinforce Pope's Army of Virginia. It fought along the
Federal right flank at Second Bull Run. Then, in the
::ared as the 3rd Division during the Peninsula dusk of September 1, at the Battle of Chantilly, it lost
::ampaign, it first fought at the Battle of Williamsburg. its commanding general to enemy fire. The Division
-'-.i its next battle, Fair Oaks, two of its brigades carried was so battered that it retired behind the Washington
ure bulk of the corps' fighting and suffered severely. defences to rest and refit during the Antietam
ne Division lost 1,090 men in this battle. Campaign.
During the Seven Days' Battles, the Division fought at
Jak Grove on June 25, Glendale on June 30, and Major-General David
~Ialvern Hill on July 1. Its 1st Brigade suffered more Bell Birney, 38, was a
:::asualties than any other in the corps. successful lawyer.
The Division departed the Peninsula on August 20, Cold and formal in
manner, and lacking
1st DIVISION military experience, he
Major-General David Bell Birney was nevertheless a
4 Staff and Field Officers competent divisional
commander.
1st Brigade 1,516
2nd Brigade 2,188
3rd Brigade 1,387 Following Kearny's death, the officer who was to lead
the Division at Gettysburg, David Birney, assumed I 39
Lieutenant-Colonel Colonel
141st
Sharpshooters
Volunteers
Volunteer
124th 238
169
274still
105th
Colonel
Colonel99th
Major
209
277
313Regiment
114th
2nd
Volunteer
1stAugustus
Calvin
Major
Colonel Hiram
Lieutenant-Colonel
(Collis' Zouaves
suffered
Regiment
Infantry
John
Division
men
troops
Although
troops Berdan
Frederick
940
(American
Regiment
Regiment
Regiment New
Augustus
Homer
than present
present
William
Van
Henry
was
any
inin de
Infantryof
of
HorneYork
Richard
John
otherfor
for
Craig
Moore
reserve
the Fernandez
Afrique)
casualties.
Sharpshooters Guard)
United
United
duty
Ellis
Madill
in
thick
the
at
duty Atthe
Pennsylvania
State
Stoughton Cavadalosing
Chancellorsville,
States
States
Fredericksburg,
of
army.
equipped
fighting,
equipped the 1st
the Division
more
210 troops presentBenjamin L. Higgins
for duty equipped
dnew
Bull
and c
Brigadier-General
igadier-General
I
259 4th
troops
Charles
John Regiment
61Kinnaird
StaffHobart
Staff
present
Henry Maine
Officer
Officers
forGraham
duty Volunteer
equipped
Ward FIRST BRIGADE
ndiana 'iijo I
nsylvania
ECOND
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THIRD BRIGADE '(ij
Colonel Philippe Regis Denis de Keredern de Trobriand :~
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1 Staff Officer
"CI
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17th Regiment Maine Volunteer 40th Regiment New York State
Infantry Volunteers (Constitution Guard)
Colonel Charles Benjamin Merrill Colonel Thomas Washington Egan
3rd Regiment Michigan Volunteer

Infantry
C%nel Byron Root Pierce
5th Regiment Michigan Volunteer 110th Regiment Pennsylvania

Infantry Volunteer Infantry
Lieutenant-Colonel John Pulford Lieutenant-Colonel David Mattern Jones
III U.S. Army Corps - 2nd Division

o
known brigades; the New Yorkers of the 2nd DIVISION
The"Excelsior
2nd Division included
Brigade" two3rd,
and the of the army'sJersey
or New best Brigadier-General
3rigade. Their qualities were tested at the Division's Andrew Atkinson Humphreys
;irst major engagement. Under the leadership of divi- 4 Staff and Field Officers
sional general Joseph Hooker, these brigades spear-
;18aded the Federal pursuit at the Battle of 1st Brigade 1,718
tVilliamsburg. 2nd Brigade 1,837
Heavily engaged, the Division suffered three-quarters 3rd Brigade 1,365
of the losses suffered by III Corps at this battle. There-
after, the Division was prominently engaged during the
battles outside of Richmond. 1862. As troops arrived in Alexandria, they were shut-
The Division departed the Peninsula on August 20, tled to reinforce Pope's Army of Virginia. The Excelsior
Brigade managed to drive the rebels from Bristoe
Brigadier-General Station on August 27, 1862. At the Second Battle of
Andrew Atkinson Bull Run, the Division assaulted Stonewall Jackson's
Humphreys at 53 was position behind the railroad embankment. Here its 1st
a fighting front-line Brigade engaged in an epic hand to hand fight with
leader who expected bayonets and clubbed muskets.
no less of his men. He Statistics reveal how hard the Division had fought
was a West Point- during its first battles. At Yorktown it had numbered
trained army engineer about 10,000 men. It had received some 3,000 rein-
before the war. forcements during the campaign. After Second Bull
Run only 2,400 men remained to draw rations.
Rested and refitted during the Antietam Campaign,
the Division also received a new leader, Brigadier- I 41
c
o
'iij FIRST BRIGADE
'S:
Brigadier-General Joseph Bradford Carr
is 2 Staff Officers
~
C
N
1st Regiment Massachusetts 11th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry
Volunteer Infantry Regiment
Lieutenant-Colonel Clark B. Baldwin Colonel Robert McAllister
11th Regiment Massachusetts 26th Regiment Pennsylvania

Lieutenant-Colonel Porter D. Tripp Major Robert Lewis Bodine
16th Regiment Massachusetts 84th Regiment Pennsylvania

Lieutenant-Colonel Waldo Merriam Lieutenant-Colonel Milton Opp
245 troops present for duty equipped 240 troops guarding trains -
not engaged at Gettysburg
12th Regiment New Hampshire
Volunteers
Captain John F. Langley
General Daniel Sickles. The Division remained in Major-General Hiram Berry led the Division at
reserve at Fredericksburg where it lost 99 men. Chancellorsville. Here it saw fierce fighting. Among the
With Sickles' ascension to command of III Corps, 1,348 casualties was Berry, who was killed in action.
SECOND BRIGADE
(The Excelsior Brigade)
Colonel William R. Brewster
70th Regiment New York State 73rd Regiment New York State
(1st Regiment, Excelsior Brigade) (4th Regiment, Excelsior Brigade)
Colonel John Egbert Farnum Major Michael William Burns
71st Regiment New York State 74th Regiment New York State
(2nd Regiment, Excelsior Brigade) (5th Regiment, Excelsior Brigade)
Colonel Henry Langdon Potter Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Holt
72nd Regiment New York State 120th Regiment New York State
(3rd Regiment, Excelsior Brigade) (Washington Guards)
Colonel John S. Austin Lieutenant-Colonel Cornelius Depuy Westbrook
42
-
THIRD BRIGADE
(The New Jersey Brigade)
Colonel George Childs Burling
2 Staff Officers
2nd Regiment New Hampshire 7th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry

Volunteers Regiment
Colonel Edward Lyon Bailey Colonel Louis Raymond Francine
5th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry 8th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry
. Regiment Regiment
Colo"nel William Joyce Sewell Colonel John Ramsey
6th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry 115th Regiment Pennsylvania

Regiment Volunteer Infantry
Lieutenant-Colonel Stephen Rose Gilkyson Major John Peter Dunne
Casualties, plus the departure of regiments whose Regimental flag of the

~amof enlistment was ended caused a corps-wide 7th New Jersey
::onsolidation. The original three divisions were reor- Volunteer Infantry
;anised into two. Among the changes was the arrival Regiment.
:.i Brigadier-General Andrew Humphreys to replace
3erry.
III ARMY CORPS ARTILLERY BRIGADE

Captain George E. Randolph
Battery B Battery E
2nd New Jersey Light Artillery 1st Rhode Island Light Artillery
Captain Adoniram Judson Clarke Lieutenant John Knight Bucklyn
(131 troops present for duty equipped) (108 troops present for duty equipped)
6 pieces 6 pieces
Battery D, 1st New York Light

Artillery
Captain George Bigelow Winslow
(116 troops present for duty equipped)
6 pieces
4th Battery New York Light Artillery Battery K, 4th United States Artillery
Captain James Edward Smith Lieutenant Francis Webb Seeley
6 pieces 6 pieces
43
v u.s. ARMY CORPS
in the Peninsula by combining Porter's Division V CORPS HEADQUARTERS

Vprovisional Corps
from III Corps wasBrigadier-General
with formed on May 18, 1862
George 7 Staff and Field Officers
Sykes' Division of Regular United States troops. The
Corps' first commander was Brigadier-General Fitz Provost Guard
Major-General George
Sykes, a West Point- Volunteers (Independence Guards)
educated career Captain Henry Wines Rider
soldier, was at 41 a 109 troops present for duty equipped
methodical, stiff COSoD and E.
officer wholly devoted
to army life. He was a 17th Regiment Pennsylvania
competent battlefield Cavalry (162nd Volunteers)
commander.
Captain William Thompson
Coso D and H.
Porter. Later in July, the term "provisional" was dropped McClellan left V Corps north of the Chickahominy
and the organisation became a permanent corps. River while the rest of his army inched forward toward
Its first battle was at Hanover Court House outside Richmond on the river's south side. Its isolated position
Richmond on May 27, 1862. Four days later the Corps invited attack. On June 26 at Mechanicsville, and again
reported 17,546 present for duty. McCall's Division of the next day at Gaines' Mill, the Corps desperately
Pennsylvania Reserves joined the Corps on June 14, resisted assaults from almost the entire Confederate
adding 9,500 men to the ranks. army. It fought superbly, losing 6,837 men at Gaines'
Mill.
V CORPS McCall's Division engaged at Glendale on June
Major-General George Sykes 30 and portions of the Corps fought at Malvern Hill
(Corps not at Gettysburg on July 1) the next day. For the entire Seven Days' Battles,
V Corps lost 995 killed, 3,805 wounded, and 2,801
First Division captured.
Major-General James Barnes This amounted to about half the casualties suffered
Second Division by the Army of the Potomac. The Corps had entered
Brigadier-General Romeyn Beck Ayres
Third Division V US Corps Casualties
Brigadier-General Samuel Wylie Crawford at Gettysburg
V Corps Artillery 1st July 1863
Captain Augustus P. Martin
Corps not engaged
44

v U.S. ARMY CORPS - GETTYSBURG - July 1

XXX
SYKES
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:;;,e campaign untested, and finished it as the army's General Daniel Butterfield replaced Porter and led the
: ~emier combat formation. Corps at Fredericksburg. Here it swelled again to three
'Nith the return of McCall's Division to its parent for- divisions with the addition of a newly-recruited division
-ation, the Corps reduced to a two-division organisa- of nine-months' men. The Corps participated in the
~Jn. V Corps played a pivotal role during the Second futile charges against Marye's Heights and lost 206
::'JII Run Campaign. It arrived at Aquia Creek on killed, 1,669 wounded and 300 missing.
~~gust 22 and hastened to reinforce Pope's army. Major-General George Meade commanded the
:;even days later, Porter failed to implement Pope's Corps at Chancellorsville. Following that battle the
-;-.structions, an omission for which he was first court terms of enlistment of the Corps' 3rd Division expired.
-.artialed and then, 20 years later, exonerated. However, when Lee invaded the North the Division of
The Corps assaulted Stonewall Jackson's right the Pennsylvania Reserves, who had been guarding the
-,ext day but then was bowled over by Longstreet's Washington defences, petitioned to return to the field
':2nk assault. The Corps suffered severely, losing 331 army and, accordingly, they rejoined V Corps. With
ed, 1,362 wounded and 456 missing. Meade's promotion to command of the Army of the
It remained in reserve at Antietam although most of Potomac, Sykes ascended to corps' command and
Sykes' Division saw piecemeal commitment. Brigadier- was to lead it at Gettysburg. I 45
is
..
o
(,)
~
c
o
'iij
'S;
III
"f""
III
a.
..
v U.S. Army Corps - 1st Division
of III Corps under the command

TheGeneral
Division
Fitzfirst served
Porter.
of Brigadier-
on the Peninsula
Re-assigned as part
to V Corps in

E May 1862, it was led by Brigadier-General George
.. Morell. The Division attacked an isolated Confederate
<C
u! detachment at Hanover Court House on May 27, 1862 Brigadier-General

::) and won a small victory. Thereafter it participated with James Barnes at 61
:> distinction in the Corps' battles around Richmond. was one of the oldest
During the Seven Days' Battles it endured 3,020 casu- generals in the army.
alties. He had left an
At the Battle of Second Bull Run only two brigades instructor's post at
entered the action. Here the 1st Brigade lost 576 men West Point to become
and the 3rd Brigade, 590. Antietam also saw the a railroad executive,
Division fail to operate as an intact organisation. Only rejoining the army at
the 1st Brigade saw severe combat, losing 321 men. the outbreak of war.
Brigadier-General Charles Griffin commanded the
Division at Fredericksburg. Here it participated in the
slaughter at Marye's Heights, losing 923 men to no
purpose. was elderly for active field command. Moreover, the
The Division was only lightly engaged at only real combat he had seen was at Fredericksburg.
Chancellorsville. When Griffin went on sick leave after July 1 found the Division on the march to Hanover,
that battle, the senior brigadier, James Barnes, Pennsylvania, about 13 miles southeast of the battle-
ascended to divisional command. At age 61 years, he field of Gettysburg.
1st DIVISION Battle flag of the 1st

Brigadier-General James Barnes Regiment Michigan
Volunteer Infantry.
1st Brigade 655
2nd Brigade 1,423
3rd Brigade 1,336
FIRST BRIGADE
Colonel William Stowell Tilton
1 Staff Officer
18th Regiment Massachusetts 1st Regiment Michigan

Colonel Joseph Hayes Colonel Ira Coray Abbott
22nd Regiment Massachusetts 118th Regiment Pennsylvania

Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Sherwin, Jr. Lieutenant-Colonel James Gwyn
46
._-~------
c
o
SECOND BRIGADE 'iij
Colonel Jacob Bowman Sweitzer 'S;
is
1 Staff Officer
9th Regiment Massachusetts 4th Regiment Michigan en
Volunteer Infantry Volunteer Infantry a.

..
Colonel Patrick Robert Guiney Colonel Harrison H. Jeffords o
CJ
412 troops present for duty equipped 342 troops present for duty equipped >-
Regiment on right flank picket duty - not E
..
<C
engaged
~
::)
32nd Regiment Massachusetts 62nd Regiment Pennsylvania >
Colonel George Lincoln Prescott Lieutenant-Colonel James C. Hull
THIRD BRIGADE
Colonel Strong Vincent
1 Staff Officer
20th Regiment Maine 44th Regiment New York State

Volunteer Infantry Volunteers (Ellsworth Avengers)
Colonel Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain Colonel James Clay Rice
16th Regiment Michigan 83rd Regiment Pennsylvania

Colonel Norval E. Welch Captain Orpheus S. Woodward
v U.S. Army Corps - 2nd Division
the 2nd Division. They were the largest aggregation 2nd DIVISION
,-:0 brigades
of regular of United
soldiers in anyStates
FederalRegulars composed
army. The Division (The Regular Division)
-:::s also the best officered since leaders were selected Brigadier-General Romeyn Beck Ayres
3dely on the basis of merit. They were either West Point 5 Staff and Field Officers
;:aduates or soldiers promoted from the ranks.
\kClelian wanted to break up the Regular Army and dis- 1st Brigade 1,553
:;7::Juteits manpower among the volunteers where they 2nd Brigade 953
:;:(Jld instruct and serve as model soldiers. Politics, and 3rd Brigade 1,491
".':nfield Scott's mistaken notion to rely solely on the Reg-
...:arsto win the war, blocked McClellan's wise concept.
; was hard to attract volunteers for the regular service. Desertion rates were exceptionally high. Most regiments
:::-OI1sequently,ranks filled with a larger percentage of for- were small, having between three and eight companies.
3~ners than was the case in most volunteer units. At Gaines' Mill on June 27, 1862 the Regulars I 47
c Brigadier-General Regimental flag of the
o
'iij Romeyn Beck Ayres 6th United States
'S: was a 38-year-old West Regiment of Infantry.
is Point-educated career
'tI
C soldier. He performed
N
well in battle as an
artilleryman and was
rewarded with infantry
brigade and divisional
command. demonstrated their vaunted discipline and suffered terrible
percentage losses among their small regiments.
Brigadier-General Romeyn Ayres assumed divisional
command three days before Gettysburg. He was a proven
leader with experience at this command level.
FIRST BRIGADE
Colonel Hannibal Day
3rd United States Regiment of 12th United States Regiment of

Infantry Infantry
Captain Henry William Freedley Captain Thomas Searle Dunn
4th United States Regiment of

Infantry
Captain Julius Walker Adams, Jr.
6th United States Regiment of 14th United States Regiment of

Infantry Infantry
Captain Levi Clarke Bootes Major Grotius Reed Giddings
SECOND BRIGADE
Colonel Sidney Burbank
1 Staff Officer
2nd United States Regiment of 11th United States Regiment of

Infantry Infantry
Major Arthur Tracy Lee Major DeLancey Floyd-Jones
7th United States Regiment of

Infantry
Captain David Porter Hancock
10th United States Regiment of 17th United States Regiment of

Infantry Infantry
Captain William Clinton Lieutenant-Colonel J. Durell Greene
48
-------
c
o
THIRD BRIGADE '(;j
Brigadier-General Stephen Hinsdale Weed :~

Q
..
"CI
M
140th Regiment New York State 91st Regiment Pennsylvania III
Volunteers (Monroe County Regt.) Volunteer Infantry Q.
..
Colonel Patrick Henry O'Rorke Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph Hill Sinex o
CJ
E
..
146th Regiment New York State 155th Regiment Pennsylvania <C
Volunteers (Garrard's Tigers) Volunteer Infantry ~

Colonel Kenner Garrard Lieutenant-Colonel John Herron Cain :)
456 troop~ present for duty equipped 362 troops present for duty equipped :>
v U.S. Army Corps - 3rd Division
the only organisation of three-years' men in the 3rd DIVISION

TheFederal
3rd Division
armies of Pennsylvania
entirely composed Reserves was
of soldiers (The Pennsylvania Reserve Division)
=-JfT1 one state. The Reserves originally included Brigadier-General Samuel Wylie Crawford
:;..-.oirteeninfantry regiments organised into three 5 Staff and Field Officers
:;gades. The 13th Reserves were the celebrated
3:Jcktails', or 1st Pennsylvania Rifles. Among its 1st Brigade 1,248
::::::.mmanderswere Generals Reynolds and Meade. 3rd Brigade 1,609
:5 battle history is the history of the Army of the
=)tomac. The Pennsylvania Reserves first engaged
::~ Dranesville, Virginia on December 20, 1861. Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill, and Glendale. During the
--ereafter it fought in the Peninsula with V Corps at campaign it lost a staggering 2,968 men.
FIRST BRIGADE
Colonel William McCandless
1 Staff Officer
13 Band
30th Regiment Pennsylvania 35th Regiment Pennsylvania

(1st Pennsylvania Reserves) (6th Pennsylvania Reserves)
Colonel William Cooper Talley Lieutenant-Colonel Wellington Harry Ent
31 st Regiment Pennsylvania 42nd Regiment Pennsylvania

(2nd Pennsylvania Reserves) (13th Pennsylvania Reserves)
Lieutenant-Colonel George Abisha Woodward Colonel Charles Frederick Taylor
49
THIRD BRIGADE
Colonel Joseph W. Fisher
1 Staff Officer
34th Regiment Pennsylvania 40th Regiment Pennsylvania

(5th Pennsylvania Reserves) (11th Pennsylvania Reserves)
Lieutenant-Colonel George Dare Colonel Samuel McCartney Jackson

Volunteer Infantry
(9th Pennsylvania Reserves)
Lieutenant-Colonel James M'Kinney Snodgrass
39th Regiment Pennsylvania 41 st Regiment Pennsylvania

(10th Pennsylvania Reserves) (12th Pennsylvania Reserves)
Colonel Adoniram Judson Warner Colonel Martin Davis Hardin
Brigadier-General V ARMY CORPS ARTILLERY BRIGADE

Samuel Wylie Captain Augustus P. Martin
Crawford, 44, had a 3 Staff and Field Officers
medical school
education and served Battery C, 3rd Massachusettes
as an army surgeon Light Artillery
before the war. At the Lieutenant Aaron Francis Walcott
start of the war he (115 troops present for duty equipped)
opted for the infantry. 6 pieces
Battery C, 1st New York Light Artillery

Captain Almont Barnes
At Second Bull Run, Antietam, and Fredericksburg 4 pieces
the Division served in I Corps. The cumulative effect of
shattering losses compelled the Division to rest and Battery L, 1st Ohio Light Artillery
refit behind the Washington defences after Fredericks- Captain Frank Charles Gibbs .
burg. It thus missed the Chancellorsville Campaign. (113 troops present for duty equipped)
The Division petitioned to rejoin the field army when
6 pieces
Lee invaded the North. It departed the Washington
defences under the command of Brigadier-General Battery D, 5th United States Artillery
Samuel Crawford. Trained as army surgeon, Crawford Lieutenant Charles Edward Hazlett
had no experience at the divisional command level. (68 troops present for duty equipped)
6 pieces
However the troops had been softened by six months
of garrison duty around the capitol and therefore the
march to Gettysburg was difficult. Battery I, 5th United States Artillery
June 30 found the Division around Union Mills, Lieutenant Malbone Francis Watson
Maryland, about 18 miles southeast of the town of (71 troops present for duty equipped)
4 pieces
50 I Gettysburg.
VI u.s. ARMY CORPS
VI under the command of Brigadier-General

Corps organised
William in the
Franklin. On Peninsula
June in there
20, 1862 1862
were 19,405 men present for duty. It returned from the
VI CORPS HEADQUARTERS
Peninsula to reinforce Pope and elements of the Escort

Corps engaged during the Second Manassas Co. L, 1st New Jersey Cavalry
Campaign. Regiment
During the Antietam Campaign, the Corps fought the Captain William S. Craft
Battle of Crampton's Gap on September 14, 1862. It 32 troops present for duty equipped
reached the field at Antietam around 1000 hours and
marched to the army's right flank to plug the gap left by Co. H, 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry
the near destruction of Hooker's I Corps. Regiment
Before the Fredericksburg Campaign the Corps Captain William S. Craft
received the 3rd Division into its organisation. General 63 troops present for duty equipped
Major-General John
Sedgwick, a 50-year- W.F. Smith became the new Corps commander. At
old West Pointer, had Fredericksburg the Corps remained under enemy
fought in most of the artillery fire but did not see heavy combat.
army's major battles Hooker's Chancellorsville Campaign saw the Corps
during his long army fight under the leader it had at Gettysburg, Major-
career. To his men he General John Sedgwick. Having commanded a com-
was the beloved bat brigade and division, Sedgwick was an experi-
"Uncle John." enced and well-liked commander.
Hooker left VI Corps in front of Fredericksburg when
he took the rest of the army on its flank march through
the Wilderness. Early on May 3, 1863, it assaulted
VI CORPS Marye's Heights, the same position that had resisted
Major-General John Sedgwick Burnside's repeated attacks back in December. To the
(Corps not at Gettysburg on July 1) men's great credit, they charged four times across this
infamous ground. The next day VI Corps found itself
First Division isolated and confronting an attack directed by Robert
Brigadier-General Horatio Gouverneur Wright E. Lee himself. However it acquitted itself well and
Second Division managed to retreat over Scott's Ford.
Brigadier-General Albion Parris Howe
Third Division VI US Corps Casualties
Major-General John Newtonl at Gettysburg
Brigadier-General Frank Wheaton 1st July 1863
VI Corps Artillery
Colonel Charles H. Tompkins Corps not engaged
51
VI U.S. ARMY CORPS - GETTYSBURG - July 1
SEDGWICK
I I
~1NJ ~1pa
Wright Newton
x X XX X X
IZI IZI IZI IZI IZI IZI

Torbert Bartlett Russell Shaler Eustis Nevin
I I I I I I
~~~~~~
VI U.S. Army Corps - 1st Division
the command of Brigadier-General

+
Henry Slocum, it
Jersey Brigade. The Division entered combat supported Porter at Gaines' Mill and lost 2,021, about
52 The 1st McClellan's
during Division included the Campaign.
Peninsula well-known Under
New
one-quarter of its strength. During the Second Bull Run
---
--
c
o
1st DIVISION DIVISIONAL HEADQUARTERS 'iij
Brigadier-General Horatio Gouverneur 6 Staff and Field Officers :~
Q
Wright
1st Brigade 1,320 Provost Guard
2nd Brigade 1,325 4th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry
3rd Brigade 1,484 Regiment
Major Charles Ewing
Brigadier-General
Horatio Gouverneur CosoA, C and H.
Wright, 43, a stellar
West Point graduate,
was a career soldier, Campaign, the New Jersey Brigade fought unsupport-
served as an army ed at Bull Run Bridge where it lost 339 casualties.
engineer and taught at The Division charged up the mountain at Crampton's
his alma mater before Gap during the Antietam Campaign and lost 113 killed,
the war. 418 wounded, and only two missing.
The Division was lightly engaged at Fredericksburg.
FIRST BRIGADE
(The New Jersey Brigade)
Brigadier-General Alfred Thomas Archimedes Torbert
16 Band
1st New Jersey Volunteer Infantry 3rd New Jersey Volunteer Infantry
Regiment Regiment
Lieutenant-Colonel William Henry, Jr. Lieutenant-Colonel Edward L. Campbell
2nd New Jersey Volunteer Infantry 15th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry
Regiment Regiment
Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Wiebeeke Colonel William Henry Penrose
SECOND BRIGADE
Brigadier-General Joseph Jackson Bartlett
5th Regiment Maine 95th Regiment Pennsylvania

Colonel Clark Swett Edwards Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Carroll
121st Regiment New York State 96th Regiment Pennsylvania

Colonel Emory Upton Major William H. Lessig
53
c The winter encampment at Falmouth was the Div- command they had "gained a brave leader."
o
'Uj ision's first in the field. The men were inexperienced at During the Chancellorsville Campaign, the Division's
'S;
erecting winter quarters and suffered from the resultant 1st brigade forced a passage across the Rappahan-
is
... inconvenience of poorly designed huts. Disease nock River into Fredericksburg. It later participated in
II)
"t"" spread rapidly, particularly among the new recruits. the assault that carried Marye's Heights and in the dif-
The only diversions were inter-regimental snowball ficult defensive struggle at Salem Church on May 4.
fights and frequent baseball games. The Division lost 1,491 during the campaign.
The ascension of General Joseph Hooker to army In May the Division received a new commander,
command brought welcome change. According to a VI Brigadier-General Horatio Wright. He had ineptly led a
Corps' veteran, "The energy of the new commander division at the Battle of Secessionville, South Carolina,
soon began to be manifested in the reconstruction and on June 16, 1862. He had not been present at a battle
reorganisation of the whole army." Hooker conducted since that time. Wright was one more new, untested
frequent reviews that returned pride to the army and divisional leader.
reorganised the administrative services so that care for He had only six weeks in which to become familiar
the soldiers improved dramatically. The troops also with the army and his Division before it started its
understood that with Sedgwick's promotion to corps march north to Gettysburg.
THIRD BRIGADE
Brigadier-General David Allen Russell
6th Regiment Maine 119th Regiment Pennsylvania

Colonel Hiram Burnham Colonel Peter Clarkson Ellmaker
49th Regiment Pennsylvania 5th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment

Volunteer Infantry Colonel Thomas Scott Allen
Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Marcus Hulings 420 troops present for duty equipped
VI U.S. Army Corps - 2nd Division
Brigade was seriously engaged

oat Antietam. At
fabled units, the Vermont Brigade. The Division Fredericksburg it likewise escaped with a relatively
The first 2nd Division combat
saw serious includedat Savage
one of Station
the army's
dur- small loss of 185 men.
ing the Seven Days' Battles. During that campaign it Already low morale plummeted further when the
lost 777 men. Division shared the misery of Burnside's abortive win-
It missed the fighting at Second Bull Run. Only its 3rd ter campaign in January 1863. On the return march to
camp the dejected troops saw huge rebel placards
2nd DIVISION across the river with the taunting inscription "Burnside
Brigadier-General Albion Parris Howe stuck in the mud."
5 Staff and Field Officers During the Chancellorsville Campaign, the two-
brigade Division crossed the Rappahannock River into
2nd Brigade 1,832 Fredericksburg. Here, with considerable foreboding, it
3rd Brigade 1,775 occupied the same ground it had held back in
54 December. On May 3 it assaulted the rebel position to
---
--
c
o
SECOND BRIGADE 'jjj
(The Vermont Brigade) ';
Colonel Lewis Addison Grant is
"CI
6 Staff and Field Officers C

N
10 Band
en
a.
..
2nd Regiment Vermont Volunteers 5th Regiment Vermont Volunteers o
CJ
Colonel James H. Walbridge Lieutenant-Colonel John Randolph Lewis
>-
E
..
ct
3rd Regiment Vermont Volunteers u!
Colonel Thomas Orville Seaver :;:)
365 troops present for duty equipped :>

Colonel Charles Bradley Stoughton Colonel Elisha L. Barney
Brigadier-General the right of Marye's Heights. At first it seemed like

Albion Parris Howe, a Fredericksburg again: "The batteries of the enemy
45-year-old career opened upon us, and swarms of infantry rose up in our
soldier from Maine, front and poured volleys of bullets into our ranks," The
had graduated from Division reformed into assault columns and tried again.
West Point. He Upon reaching the heights, General Howe rode
returned there to teach among the men and gave a Napoleonic-style accolade
and served in the to the 79th New York, which had captured a stand of
artillery before the war. colours belonging to a Mississippi regiment: "Noble
Seventy-ninth! You have covered yourselves with
glory!" However the Division lost 1,281 men during the
campaign.
THIRD BRIGADE
Brigadier-General Thomas Hewson Neill
12 Band
7th Regiment Maine 49th Regiment New York State

Volunteer Infantry Volunteers (2nd Buffalo Regiment)
Lieutenant-Colonel Selden Connor Colonel Daniel Davidson Bidwell
33rd Regiment New York State 77th Regiment New York State
Volunteers (Ontario Regiment) Volunteers (Saratoga Regiment)
Captain Henry Judson Gifford Lieutenant-Colonel Winsor Brown French
43rd Regiment New York State 61 st Regiment Pennsylvania

Volunteers (Albany & Yates' Rifles) Volunteer Infantry
Lieutenant-Colonel John Wilson Lieutenant-Colonel George Fairlamb Smith
55
c
o
'Vi Field Hospitals in the Army of the Potomac
'S;
is A systematic approach to the care of the wound- The wounded who required surgery were
'0 ed began under General Burnside. Under brought to the divisional hospitals and placed in
C
('II General Hooker's medical director, Dr. Jonathan the hands of the operating surgeons.
IJ)
Letterman, the system improved further. Each brigade detailed an assistant surgeon to
CI.
.. Henceforth, the hospitals ran like army units. give the wounded food and shelter. His duty
o They parallelled the military hierarchy with the included supervising the erection of the hospital
(.)
>- divisional hospital being the highest level. tents as soon as a battle seemed imminent. His
E
..
A medical officer of good executive ability ran staff also arranged to provide the wounded with
c:t the divisional hospital. Skilled and experienced hot coffee and food as soon as they arrived and
surgeons, known as "operating surgeons," were thereafter to attend to the injured soldiers' cloth-
~ assigned to the divisional hospital.
:) ing, bedding, and rations as long as they
Three capable assistants, often surgeons them- remained at the hospital.
:; selves, assisted the operating surgeons. Only Another assistant surgeon maintained records
about one in fifteen surgeons was actually including the soldier's name, type of wound,
entrusted with performing operations. surgical procedure, and outcome.
VI U.S. Army Corps - 3rd Division
3rd DIVISION
army's IV Corps. Its introduction to serious Major-General John Newtonl
The Division
combat cameentered
at the service
Battle ofasSeven
part of the
Pines. Brigadier-General Frank Wheaton
Here it lost 1,149 men. During the remainder of the 6 Staff and Field Officers
campaign outside of Richmond, the Division generally
guarded the army's trains. 1st Brigade 1,770
However, it played a key role at the Battle of 2nd Brigade 1,595
Malvern Hill. It lost 676 men during the Seven Days' 3rd Brigade 1,369
Battles. The Division accompanied the Army of
FIRST BRIGADE
Brigadier-General Alexander Shaler
65th Regiment New York State 23rd Regiment Pennsylvania

Volunteers (1st Grenadier Regiment) Volunteer Infantry
Colonel Joseph Eldridge Hamblin Lieutenant-Colonel John Francis Glenn

Volunteers (Long Island Regiment)
Colonel Nelson Cross
122nd Regiment New York State 82nd Regiment Pennsylvania

Volunteers (Onondagas) Volunteer Infantry
Colonel Silas Titus Colonel Isaac Clark Mifflin Bassett
56 I
--
-
c
o
SECOND BRIGADE '(jj
Colonel Henry Lawrence Eustis 'S;
1 Staff Officer is
'tI
..
M
7th Regiment Massachusetts 37th Regiment Massachusetts
Lieutenant-Colonel Franklin P. Harlow Colonel Oliver Edwards
10th Regiment Massachusetts 2nd Rhode Island Regiment

Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph Bailey Parson Colonel Horatio Rogers, Jr.
the Potomac during the Antietam Campaign but was Campaign of December 1862, it transferred from IV
only lightly engaged. Before the Fredericksburg Corps to VI Corps. Under the command of Brigadier-
General John Newton, it was under fire at
Major-General John Fredericksburg but did not participate in the futile
Newton, 40, graduated charges that characterised that battle. It lost only 53
second in his class at men during the campaign.
West Point, served as During the Chancellorsville Campaign it participated
an army engineer, and in the assault that carried Marye's Heights. A veteran
returned to the recalled, "As they approached within three hundred
Academy to teach. yards of the wall, a murderous volley checked
the advance, and threw the head of the column into
disorder." The men rallied and charged again.
This time they drew closer before being repulsed.
One more attempt carried the heights. Later, the
Division fought at Salem Church where it manned the
THIRD BRIGADE
Brigadier-General Frank Wheaton!
Colonel David J. Nevin
1 Staff Officer
62nd Regiment New York State 98th Regiment Pennsylvania

Volunteers (Anderson's Zouaves) Volunteer Infantry
Colonel David J. Nevin Major John Benedict Kohler
Lieutenant-Colonel Theodore Burns Hamilton 351 troops present for duty equipped
102nd Regiment Pennsylvania
Volunteer Infantry
Colonel John W. Patterson
93rd Regiment Pennsylvania 103 troops present for duty equipped
Volunteer Infantry
Major John Irwin Nevin 139th Regiment Pennsylvania
234 troops present for duty equipped Volunteer Infantry
Colonel Frederick Hill Collier
57
westward side of Sedgwick's perimeter. The Division Although a veteran of First Bull Run, except for the
lost 987 men during the campaign. fighting at the beginning of May 1863, Wheaton had
On the first day at Gettysburg General Newton relin- seen very little action. Sedgwick praisedWheaton for his
quished leadership of the 3rd Division when he took conduct at the May 4 Battle of Salem Church: "Wheaton
over command of I Corps following Reynolds' death. still holds his position on the right, gallantly fighting."
Brigadier-General Frank Wheaton assumed command. The Gettysburg Campaign was the first time this
He had led the Division's3rd Brigadeat Chancellorsville. untested leader had commanded a division.
Regimental flag of the VI ARMY CORPS ARTILLERY BRIGADE

5th United States Colonel Charles H. Tompkins
Artillery. 3 Staff and Field Officers
1st Battery, Massachusettes

Light Artillery
Captain William Henry McCartney
6 pieces
On the March
Manchester.
soon
miles.
Distance:
breathe
Manchester
began
feats
Army
Tuesday,
for
Wednesday,
Edward's
more,
VI Corps
their
of
sideredof
halting
Gettysburg
Monday,
Sunday,
tion,
rear
il War soldierstravels itan
Ridgeville,
echelon
earnedso
were become
the
very
ten
the 18
epic
marching.
the
loses
great
June
June
June
Corps
the miles
around
attempted
Ferry
to
Potomac's
exceptJuly
1600
or New
road
good as
march
many
30.
andcoffee.
Distance:
men" murderous
and
impedimenta.
capable28.
29.
twelve
honour
on hours
was
Marched
Marched
work,
the
of of 23
a
forced-march.
2100
Stonewall
1.
forWindsor.
Marched
miles miles.
ifshort
hours,
Forced-march.
camped
and
amen,
rate.
main
few achieved
cluttered
on
prodigious
road
being and
But
to
aJuly
toto
to Its as
break
Jackson's
line
Distance:
at
minutes forceda
arrived
route battle."
itto
Westminster,
no
Poolesville.
of
Typically,
a unit
more. make
was
Ifcommunica-
Departed
each
considerable
day.
Hyattstown.
Newwith
2. marches
Distance:
Market,
Gettysburg.
called 22
wagons
'foot outdid
men
"It the
miles
hour
attempts
is had
to
corps
to VI
to
con-
36
and
cavalry'
1st Battery New York Light Artillery
Saturday.
After The days
four Juneof27.
Corps tiringCrossed
completed this
marching, thespeed-march
Potomac
on July 1atit "without Captain Andrew Cowan
6 pieces
3rd Battery New York Light Artillery

Captain William A. Ham
6 pieces
Battery C, 1st Rhode Island Light

Artillery
Captain Richard Waterman
6 pieces
Battery G, 1st Rhode Island Light

Artillery
Captain George William Adams
6 pieces
Battery D, 2nd United States Artillery

Lieutenant Edward Bancroft Williston
6 pieces
Battery G, 2nd United States Artillery

Lieutenant John Hartwell Butler
6 pieces
Battery F, 5th United States Artillery

Lieutenant Leonard Martin
58 6 pieces
--
-
THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC en
a.
..
o
U
:>.
E
..
<C
c4
:)
XI u.s. ARMY CORPS ><
XI Department command. Under Fremont it

Corps considerable
saw derived from Fremont's
service old
in Mountain
western
Virginia. On June 29, 1862, Major-General Franz Sigel
XI CORPS HEADQUARTERS
assumed command. Sigel led it at Second Bull Run Provost Guard

where the Corps lost 295 killed, 1,361 wounded and 8th Regiment New York State
431 missing. Volunteers (1st German Rifles)
Major-General Oliver Howard replaced Sigel and led Lieutenent Hermann Foerster
the Corps at Chancellorsville. It was XI Corps' open 40 troops present for duty equipped
Major-General Oliver
Independent company
Otis Howard, at 32 the
youngest Union corps Escort
commander, attended
CosoI and K, 1st Regiment Indiana
and taught at West
Point and considered
Cavalry
Captain Abraham Sharra
becoming a minister.
The Maine native was
a scholarly and devout
Co. K, 17th Regiment Pennsylvania
gentleman whose
Cavalry (162nd Volunteers)
religious zealotry
Colonel Josiah H. Kellogg
offended many of his
German soldiers.
XI CORPS flank that Stonewall Jackson crushed to turn the tide of

Major-General Oliver Otis Howard! battle at Chancellorsville. The Corps lost 217 killed,
Major-General Carl Schurz! 1,218 wounded, and 972 missing at Chancellorsville.
Major-General Oliver Otis Howard The army blamed XI Corps for its defeat and singled
First Division out the Corps' 'Germans.' In fact, only thirteen of the
Brigadier-General Francis Channing Corps' 27 regiments were mostly composed of
BarlowlBrigadier-General Adelbert Ames German immigrants. The Corps had been placed in an
Second Division untenable position and fought as well as any.
Brigadier-General Adolph von Steinwehr
Third Division XI US Corps Casualties
Major-General Carl Schurzl at Gettysburg
Brigadier-General Alexander 1st July 1863
Schimmelfennigl
Major-General Carl Schurz Killed 303
XI Corps Artillery Wounded 1,586
Major Thomas W. Osborn Missing/Captured 1,497
59
c
o XI U.S. ARMY CORPS - GETTYSBURG - July 1
'ii)
':;
is
..
en HOWARD
"I""
I I "
~8NY ~1lnd ~17pa
8 "
Osborne
XI U.S. Army Corps - 1st Division
brigade structure that was to carry through to

served in western Virginia in Major-General Gettysburg. Under the leadership of ~rigadier-General
MOst Johnof Fremont's
the infantryMountain
of the 1st Division originally
Department. During Charles Devens, Jr., the 1st Division confronted
the campaigns in the Virginia mountains and in the Stonewall Jackson's charge against its open flank at
Shenandoah Valley they served in several different Chancellorsville. Here it lost 956 men, about half of
organisations including divisions commanded by whom were captured.
Brigadier-Generals James Shields, Robert Schenck,
and Louis Blenker. 1st DIVISION
At Second Bull Run the infantry served in different Brigadier-General Francis Channing Barlowl
divisions within Major-General Franz Sigel's I Corps. Brigadier-General Aldelbert Ames
This Corps manned positions around Centreville, 4 Staff and Field Officers
Virginia, the forward defences of Washington, during
Lee's invasion of Maryland. 1st Brigade 1,136
60 I
Before the Chancellorsville Campaign in May 1863,
the various regiments assembled into the division and
2nd Brigade 1,337
-
Brigadier-General c
o
Francis Channing 'iij
Barlow was a boyish 'S:
and unkempt 29-year- is

...
old whose appearance en
"I""
belied his ability as a

born fighter. A top
Harvard graduate and
lawyer with no military
background, he
detested the slackers
and stragglers among
his men.
Corps commander Howard appointed young During the Seven Days' Battles he demonstrated
3rigadier-General Francis Barlow to command the initiative. At Antietam he received accolades from his
Division after Chancellorsville. Known as a strict disci- brigade commander for his "distinguished bravery, the
plinarian, Barlow's mandate was to restore the Division utmost coolness and quickness of perception, the
10fighting form. Barlow had enlisted as a private after greatest promptitude and skill in handling troops under
Fort Sumter and risen to colonel of the 61 st New York. fire".
XI Corps - 1st Division - 1st Brigade
Jackson's flank attack struck. Outnumbered and out-

army only recalled its performance at flanked, the Brigade managed three volleys. Von Gilsa
The Brigade had priorUnder
Chancellorsville. combatthe
experience but the
leadership of reported "The enemy attacked now from the front and
Colonel Leopold von Gilsa, formerly a colonel of the
Brigade's 41st New York, it had the misfortune to be FIRST BRIGADE
posted on the army's far right flank on May 2, 1863. Colonel Leopold van Gilsa
Two regiments lined the Turnpike facing south and 2 Staff and Field Officers
two were at right angles facing west. Here Stonewall
von Gilsa
III III III
~41NY ~54NY ~'53P4

I I ~68NY I
Q~ ~~
61
Colonel Leopold von
Gilsa was a Prussian 41st Regiment New York State
officer who immigrated Volunteers (2nd Yager Regiment)
to New York and lived Lieutenant-Colonel Heinrich Detleo von Einsiedel
there as a musician 218 troops present for duty equipped
c and singer.
o Courageous and COSoA thru E and G thru K.
'iij
'> profane, he was
is popular with his men, 54th Regiment New York State
but never promoted
(/)
'If""
Volunteers (Barney Black Rifles)
beyond his original Major Steven Kovacs!
U.S. rank of colonel. Lieutenant Ernst Both
COSoA thru K.
Casualty-Clearing
General Hooker's medical director, Doctor 68th Regiment New York State
Jonathan Letterman, also instituted a system of Volunteers (2nd German Rifles)
battlefield casualty-clearing. Colonel Gotthilf von Bourry d'ivernois
Each regiment had an assistant surgeon who 230 troops present for duty equipped
attended to the wounded as they moved from
the field into ambulances. A captain, lieutenant, COSoA thru K.
and second-lieutenant commanded, respectively,
the corps, division, and brigade ambulances.
Each ambulance had a driver and two stretcher 153rd Regiment Pennsylvania
bearers. These two-horse ambulances had one Volunteer Infantry
stuffed, leather-covered seat along each side, Major John Frederick Frueauff
and a third, hinged seat that could be reclined to 497 troops present for duty equipped
carry a prostrate victim. Under the seats was a
water keg. Attached to each side of the ambu- COSoA thru K.
lance was a canvas-covered stretcher. The stiff-
sprung ambulance was "a carriage, which a
perfectly healthy man would find exceedingly
uncomfortable. " rear, and then, of course, my brave boys were obliged
The divisional ambulances remained together to fall back." He did not blame his men for the ensuing
behind the division. When the battle began, regi- rout. However, "I am also compelled to blame most of
mental stretcher bearers and a sergeant reported my line officers that they did not or could not rally their
to the regiment's assistant surgeon for instruc- companies half a mile or a mile more back ...and I hope
tions and the division's ambulances dispersed that in the next engagement every officer and
to the brigades. Bandsmen and cooks helped man ...will try to redeem this unsoldierlike conduct."
them collect the wounded. In theory, as soon as The Brigade lost 16 killed, 117 wounded and 131
a man was wounded, he was brought to the
missing. Before the Gettysburg Campaign it ex-
medical officer, loaded into the ambulance, and
changed the 45th New York with the 68th New York
driven to the field hospital.
Regiment.
XI Corps - 1st Division - 2nd Brigade
SECOND BRIGADE
bat experience, but the army only remembered Brigadier-General Aldelbert Amesl
Likeits conduct
its sister at
brigade, 2nd BrigadeWhen
Chancellorsville. had prior com-
Stonewall Colonel Andrew Lintner Harris
Jackson's flank attack swamped the adjacent 1st 4 Staff and Field Officers
62 I Brigade, 2nd Brigade was left in a terrible position fac-
"ilg the wrong direction. "A change of front at this time assumed brigade command. Ames was a professional
:J'f the Second Brigade would have been impracticable military man and Howard expected him to improve the
Jilder so severe a fire" reported the divisional com- Brigade's discipline and fighting qualities.
mander.
Nonetheless, the veteran 25th Ohio attempted to
::enfront the enemy: "The enemy's balls were already 17th Regiment Connecticut
c
-eaching our regiment when we commenced forming Infantry Volunteers o
JUr line of battle ...Fleeing men dashed through our Lieutenant-Colonel Douglas Fowler! 'iij
iles, while the enemy's musketry and grape and can- Major Allen G. Brady :~
Q
:ster killed and disabled many of our men before the 386 troops present for duty equipped
(II
:ormation was completed." "I""
Coso A thru K.
Brigadier-General
Adelbert Ames, 28, 25th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment
was a Maine seaman, Lieutenant-Colone! Jeremiah Williams!
then a high-achieving Captain Nathaniel James Manning
West Point graduate 220 troops present for duty equipped
before joining the war
as an artilleryman. He Coso A thru K.
switched to the
infantry to obtain a 75th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment
regimental command. Lieutenant-Colonel Andrew Lintner Harris!
Captain George Benson Fox
The soldiers fired five or six rounds "when the enemy Coso A thru K.
had approached to within 30 paces of our left wing and
perhaps 50 on our right wing, and was rushing upon us 107th Ohio Volunteer Infantry
with redoubled speed and overwhelming numbers" and Regiment
the order to retreat came. The Brigade broke for the Colonel Seraphim Meyer!
rear losing 45 killed, 348 wounded and 299 missing. Captain John Michael Lutz
Chancellorsville badly shook the Brigade's confidence 458 troops present for duty equipped
in itself.
As part of the command changes Howard ordered to Coso A thru K.
restore 1st Division, Brigadier-General Adelbert Ames
Ames
III III III
~250h;O ~750h;O ~'070h;O

I I
~~
63
-------------------------------------------------------------------"'-
'; XI U.S. Army Corps - 2nd Division
,~ I
is
'1:1
C
N
Fremont's campaigns in the western mountains 2nd DIVISION

Elements
of Virginia of
and the
in theDivision participated
subsequent Shenandoahin Brigadier-General Adolph Wilhelm August
Valley and Second Bull Run campaigns. Frederick Baron von Steinwehr
Then, in June 1862, the Division received a new com-
mander, Brigadier-General Adolph von Steinwehr. A 1st Brigade 1,217
veteran of service in the army of the Duke of 2nd Brigade 1,639
Brunswick, at the outbreak of the Civil War he received
a commission as colonel of the 29th New York. His
regiment was in reserve at First Bull Run, but helped Chancellorsville was von Steinwehr's first real oppor-
cover the army's retreat. Promoted on that basis to tunity to lead a division in battle. His organisation
Brigadier-General, von Steinwehr led a brigade to join became disturbed when Barlow's Brigade was ordered
Fremont in the Shenandoah Valley in 1862. Although out of its works to support III Corps' limited offensive
absent from the Brigade's June battle at Cross Keys, toward Catherine Furnace.
As the army's right flank unraveled, the 1st Brigade
Brigadier-General
Adolph Wilhelm DIVISIONAL HEADQUARTERS
August Frederick 5 Staff and Field Officers
Baron von Steinwehr,
41, was a Prussian Provost Guard
officer before 29th New York Infantry Volunteers
immigrating to serve Lieutenent Hans von Brandis
the U.S. in the Mexican 36 troops present for duty equipped
War. His superiors
deemed him highly Independent company
competent.
he ascended to divisional command in Pope's army. At found the enemy pouring in against its right and rear.
Second Bull Run his Division remained in reserve. The The Brigade "was faced about, and, lying on the other
Division occupied defensive positions in northern side of the riflepit embankment, held on with praise-
Virginia during the Antietam Campaign and also worthy firmness." The Division lost 506 men at
missed the Battle of Fredericksburg. Chancellorsville, nearly half of whom were missing and
captured.
Even though von Steinwehr's battle experience to
date had featured defeat and rout, his fellow officers
thought highly of him. Corps commander Howard
referred to his "cool, collected and judicious" perfor-
mance at Chancellorsville.
Because of Chancellorsville, the army carried a deep
bias against all of the soldiers in XI Corps. Since the
Corps had numerous German regiments, the rest of
the army knew them by this distinction.
Francis Barlow, who commanded the Division's 2nc
Brigade at Chancellorsville, reflected the army's atti-
tude: "These Dutch won't fight. Their officers say so
and they say so themselves and they ruin all with
64 whom they come in contact."
-
XI Corps - 2nd Division - 1st Brigade
..
UI
"I""
served in Blenker's Division in western Virginia. 134th Regiment New York State c
o
The AlongBrigade's two 154th
with the green Pennsylvania
New York,regiments
they had Volunteers 'iij
:Jitiallyperformed creditably amidst very trying circum- Lieutenant-Colonel Allen Hyre Jackson ':;
is
5:ances at Chancellorsville. Then they were caught up 400 troops present for duty equipped 'C
. the rout. C
N
On June 10, 1863, the 2nd Division was reorganised. COSoA thru K.
ne 134th New York, an inexperienced regiment, was
2ssigned to the 1st Brigade and its colonel, Charles 154th Regiment New York State
:Oster, as the senior officer assumed brigade com- Volunteers
-nand for the wounded Colonel Buschbeck. Coster's Lieutenant-Colonel Daniel B. Allen
:x1lycombat experience had come as a lieutenant. 239 troops present for duty equipped
Colonel Charles COSoA thru K.

Robert Coster began
the war as a New York 27th Regiment Pennsylvania
militia private. His Volunteer Infantry
superiors commended Lieutenant-Colonel Lorenz Cantador
his gallantry on 283 troops present for duty equipped
several occasions.
COSoA thru E and G thru K.
~
73rd Regiment Pennsylvania
\ Volunteer Infantry
Captain Daniel F. Kelly
FIRST BRIGADE
Colonel Charles Robert Coster COSoA thru K.
Coster
III III III III
~'~NY ~'~NY ~27P' ~73P'

I I I I
~~ ~~
65
..I
XI Corps - 2nd Division - 2nd Brigade
c tested. The 55th Ohio served in western Virginia 33rd Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry
o
'iij
Thein the
Brigade's
spring two
of Ohio
1862.regiments
Active inwere
the combat
Valley Regiment
':;: Campaign, it was also at Second Bull Run where it lost Colonel Adin Ballou Underwood
Ci
14 killed, 60 wounded and 21 missing. At Chancel- 491 troops present for duty equipped
'C
C lorsville it served in the 1st Division and lost nine killed,
N COSoA thru K.
87 wounded, and five missing. Colonel Orland Smith
had led the 73rd Ohio during the Shenandoah Valley
Campaign and at Second Bull Run where it lost 148 136th Regiment New York State
men. Volunteers (Ironclads)
The Brigade's other two regiments first saw action at Colonel James Wood, Jr.
Chancellorsville. Under Francis Barlow's command, 482 troops present for duty equipped
the Brigade had escaped lightly at Chancellorsville. In
COSoA thru K.
Colonel Orland Smith,
a 38-year-old Maine 55th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment
native, had a success- Colonel Charles B. Gambee
ful railroad career in 327 troops present for duty equipped
Ohio before enlisting
in the Union army as a COSoA thru K.
Lieutenant-Colonel.
73rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment
Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Long
COSoA thru K.
SECOND BRIGADE
Colonel Orland Smith
1 Staff Officer the post-battle reorganisation, the 55th Ohio joined the
Brigade and Smith ascended to brigade command.
Smith
III III III
~ 55 Oh"
~33M'," I I ~"OhiO
~~ ~~
66
-
c
o
XI U.S. Army Corps - 3rd Division 'Iii
'S:
is
'C
..
M
Major-General Carl
Fremont's campaign in western Virginia and the Schurz was a
Elements
Shenandoahof the Division
Valley. At Secondparticipated
Bull Run, thein revolutionary leader in
Division had somewhat the same organisational struc- Germany before flee-
ture it was to have at Gettysburg including the same ing to escape execu-
division and brigade commanders. tion and becoming a
The Division's commander, Major-General Carl Wisconsin farmer.
Schurz, was a prime example of President Lincoln's The 34-year-old was
proclivity to promote foreign-born political leaders to highly educated and a
important military positions. Although courageous, in talented orator who
his early battles Schurz made the mistakes of an inex- soon applied his skills
perienced military leader. to the anti-slavery
Along with the rest of the corps, 3rd Division manned cause.
the forward defences of the capital during the Antietam
Campaign. The Division then marched to Fredericks- flank attack. Here it lost 908 men, 43% of whom were
burg, Virginia but not in time to take part in Burnside's missing, mostly captured.
battle. It went into winter encampment at Stafford,
Virginia, across the Rappahannock River from Fred-
ericksburg. At Chancellorsville, the Division performed
poorly and joined the stampede following Jackson's
3rd DIVISION
Major-General Carl Schurz!
Brigadier-General Alexander von
Schimmelfennig!
Major-General Car! Schurz
1st Brigade 1,683

2nd Brigade 1,420
XI Corps - 3rd Division - 1st Brigade
assaulted Stonewall Jackson's position behind the rail-

Pennsylvania was Alexander Schimmelfennig. road embankment and lost 158 casualties.
The firstserved
He had colonel
as anofofficer
the of Brigade's
engineers in74ththe After a period of rest and reorganisation, the Brigade
Prussian Army. He volunteered for service in
September 1861. His professional instruction turned FIRST BRIGADE
the 74th into a well-drilled and disciplined unit. Brigadier-General
At Second Bull Run the Brigade, which then com- Alexander von Schimmelfennig!
prised three regiments including two that fought with it Colonel George von Amsberg
at Gettysburg, the 61st Ohio and 74th Pennsylvania, 3 Staff and Field Officers
was under Schimmelfennig's command. It futilely 67
entered the Chancellorsville Campaign. With the ex- Brigadier-General
ception of the 45th New York, which was serving in XI Alexander Schimmel-
Corps' 1st Division, and the presence of the 68th New fennig, 39, had been a
York, the Brigade fought with the same organisation it Prussian officer and
III
"I"" had at Gettysburg. military engineer who
c When Jackson's assault unraveled XI Corps' right took part in the
o flank, the Brigade tried to turn to face the charging revolution and had to
'iij
'; flee Germany. He
served the U.S. War
is
'C
.. Deparment as an
M 82nd Illinois Infantry Regiment engineer before the war.
Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Selig Salomon
Confederates. As men of the 1st Division fled through
COSo A thru K. their ranks, the Brigade briefly stood its ground.
Meanwhile, the Confederates poured around the
45th Regiment New York State Brigade's flank. The colonel of the 74th Pennsylvania
Volunteers (5th German Rifles) reported that Howard rode among them ordering the
Colonel George Karl Heinrich regiments to "Stop; face about; do not retreat any far-
Wilhelm van Amsbergl
ther." As the colonel remarked, "This was well said, but
Lieutenant-Colonel Adolphus Dobke
375 troops present for duty equipped impossible to be done." The Brigade joined the rout,
losing 84 killed, 215 wounded and 120 missing. It had
COSo A thru K. fought hard when given an untenable position and was
unjustly criticised. Before Gettysburg, the 45th and
Volunteers 68th New York regiments exchanged brigades.
Colonel Philip Perry Brown, Jr.
COSo A thru K. Volunteer Infantry
Colonel Adolph van Hartungl
Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander
61st Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment Theobald van Mitzel/
Colonel Steven Joseph McGroarty
Captain Gustav Schleiterl
Captain Henry Krauseneck
COSo A thru K. 333 troops present for duty equipped
COSo A and Band D thru K.
Schimmelfennig
III III III III III
~82'" ~45NY ~'57NY ~610h;O ~"'"

I I I I I
~~~~~
68
-
XI Corps - 3rd Division - 2nd Brigade
ments, including the 75th Pennsylvania with whom it

c
ern Virginia during the early phase of the war. would fight at Gettysburg, the regiment engaged at the o
The Oneregiments in the 2nd was
of those regiments Brigade served
the 58th in west-
New York. June 8, 1862 Battle of Cross Keys. 'iij
:~
When the war began, a Polish immigrant, Wladimir At Second Bull Run, the Brigade, which then com- Q
Krzyzanowski, assisted in the organisation of the 58th prised three regiments including two that fought with it 'a
..
New York, a regiment recruited from German and at Gettysburg, the 58th New York and 75th Pennsyl- M
Polish immigrants. Brigaded with three other regi-
82nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment
SECOND BRIGADE Colonel James Sidney Robinsonl
Colonel Wladimir Krzyzanowski Lieutenant-Colonel David Thomson
1 Staff and Field Officer 312 troops present for duty equipped
COSo A thru K.

Volunteers (Polish Legion) Volunteer Infantry
Lieutenant-Colonel August Otto Colonel Francis Mahlerl
194 troops present for duty equipped Major August Ledig
COSo A thru K.
COSo A thru I.

Volunteers 26th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment
Colonel John Thomas Lockmanl Lieutenant-Colonel Hans Boebell
Captain John William Fuchs
Lieutenant-Colonel Edward F. Lloyd
COSo A thru K. COSo A thru K.
Krzyzanowski
III III III III III
~58NY ~'19NY ~820",O ~'5P' ~26W;'

I I I I I
~~~~~
69
vania, served under Krzyzanowski's command. Here it Colonel Wladimir
lost 372 men. Krzyzanowski fled
Following rest and refit within the Washington Poland as a refugee
defences, the Brigade entered the Chancellorsville from their revolution in
Campaign with the same organisation it took to 1848 and worked as a
Gettysburg. With the collapse of XI Corps' flank, the civil engineer in New
Brigade confronted the devastating Confederate York. At the outbreak
charge. It proved impossible to change front to face of the war he raised a
this charge. According to General Schurz's report, "the regiment of Poles and
74th Pennsylvania and 61st Ohio Regiments, which I Germans.
had counted among the best I had ...could do nothing
but endeavour to rally behind the second line." The
Brigade lost 36 killed, 219 wounded and 153 missing.
XI Corps Artillery Brigade
Artillery stationed in Nebraska at Fort Randall. Its nine-

Brigade were all veteran units. Their 26 guns teen-year-old commanding lieutenant was one of the
The werefive batteries
intended for composing XI support.
direct infantry Corps Artillery
youngest officers to serve in a position of responsibili-
Among the Brigade's batteries was Battery I, 1st Ohio ty in the Army of the Potomac.
Light Artillery, which was commanded by one of the The morning of July 1, 1863 found the Brigade on the
army's best known gunners. Hubert Dilger had left his march from Emmitsburg toward Gettysburg. After they
commission in the Baden Horse Artillery to join the had covered some six miles, Major Osborn received
Union ranks. Riding a powerful horse, wearing non- orders from General Howard that I Corps was engaged
regulation doeskin britches, Dilger led his battery and he "should move the artillery to the front as
aggressively, handling it as if it were true horse rapidly as possible."
artillery. The exploits of 'Leather-britches', as the army
XI ARMY CORPS ARTILLERY BRIGADE Battery I, 1st New York Light Artillery
Major Thomas W. Osborn Captain Michael Wiedrich
1 Staff and Field Officer (141 troops present for duty equipped)
6 3-inch rifled guns
13th Battery, New York Light Artillery

came to call him earned him a wide reputation. Amidst Lieutenant William Wheeler
the rout and ruin of XI Corps at Chancellorsville, Dilger, (110 troops present for duty equipped)
who had had his horse shot out from under him, con- 4 3-inch rifled guns
ducted a one-gun fighting withdrawal along the Battery I, 1st Ohio Light Artille.ry
Turnpike. Captain Hubert Dilger
Also at Chancellorsville, Captain Michael Wiedrich (127 troops present for duty equipped)
had turned the 1st New York Light Artillery, Battery I, to 6 12-pounder Napoleon guns
face the Confederate eruption against XI Corps' flank. Battery K, 1st Ohio Light Artillery
The canister-firing battery held its ground for 20 min- Captain Lewis Heckman
utes and helped delay the rebel advance. The battery (110 troops present for duty equipped)
suffered 13 casualties at this battle. 4 12-pounder Napoleon guns
The 13th New York Battery was also an experienced
Battery G, 4th United States Artillery
unit. It had formed in 1861 as part of the Philadelphia Lieutenant Bayard Wilkesonl
Brigade. Battery K, 1st Ohio Artillery likewise organ- Lieutenant Eugene Adolphus Bancroft
ised in 1861, under the command of the German-born (115 troops present for duty equipped)
Lewis Heckman. 6 12-pounder Napoleon guns
70 I The outbreak of war found Battery G, 4th U.S.
---
--
XI CORPS' BATTLES
en
Qj

..
1'\'1
a::I
July 1 - 1530 - 1630 hrs ~en

a.
..
o
(.)
><
Disaster at Blocher's Knoll
Ridge. Here Confederate artillery began to fire on

command within XI Corps. General Howard them. The balance of the 45th arrived, supported by
Reynolds' death
arrived on the caused a cascading
battlefield change
about 1130 of
hours. 'Leather Britches' Dilger's Battery I, 1st Ohio Light
Since he was the senior officer on the field, Howard Artillery. When the remainder of the 1st Brigade
assumed overall command from Doubleday. Schurz arrived, about 1300 hours, a standup fight with Doles'
took over temporary leadership of the Corps while Georgia Brigade began north of Gettysburg.
Schimmelfennig ascended to command of the 3rd When the remainder of XI Corps reached Gettysburg,
Division. Colonel von Amsberg replaced Schimmel- Howard instructed them to move to the plain north of
fenning in command of the 1st Brigade and Lieutenant- the town. They were to link up with I Corps on Oak
Colonel Dobke took charge of von Amsberg's 45th Ridge and guard against the Confederates who had
New York. been detected moving toward Gettysburg on the
Howard divided the battlefield in two, instructing Harrisburg Road.
Doubleday to take command on the left while he This was an ambitious assignment. The Corps had to
attended to the right. Four companies of the 45th New occupy some 1,500 yards stretching between the
York served as the advance guard of XI Corps. They Mummasburg and Harrisburg Roads. This would still
marched out the Mummasburg Road toward Oak leave a quarter-mile gap separating XI Corps' left from
I Corps' right. The best position to accomplish this mis-
sion was just outside of Gettysburg with a line centred
on the Almshouse.
Howard rode off to confer with Doubleday. Schurz
began to deploy his units north of Gettysburg where
they too received fire from the Confederate artillery on
Oak Hill. Schurz had ordered Barlow's 1st Division, to
refuse his right flank in anticipation of the Confederate
troops arriving on the Harrisburg Road.
However, when Schurz looked to his right flank he
saw that "Barlow, be it that he had misunderstood my
order, or that he was carried away by the ardor of the
conflict, had advanced his whole line and lost connec-
tion with my third division on his left, and ...he had
instead of refusing, pushed forward his right brigade,
so that it formed a projecting angle with the rest of the
line." This was a terrible blunder and set the stage for
- -
a Chancellorsville-like disaster to once again strike XI
a 1mile Corps.
-=-=:J Schurz judged that he had no choice but to order
a 1kilometre
Schimmelfennig to advance his division to conform to
0800 hrs 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
1 pages 92-93 23-26 127-291 71
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Barlow's forward movement. Every step north the men Battery G, 4th U.S. Artillery in action on Blocher's
took lengthened the extent of the perimeter they would Knoll. The battery fired 1,400 rounds against the
have to defend. attacking infantry of Gordon's Brigade. Battery
Blocher's Knoll was slightly higher than the ridge at commander Lieutenant Wilkeson fell here.
the Almshouse. Its cleared top offered a fine position
except for the fact that about 100 feet to the north and its battle line was also virtually akin to a skirmish line.
east, a thick woods began. This meant that the enemy Dilger's guns and the 13th New York provided support
troops advancing on the knoll from the Harrisburg from positions adjacent to the Carlisle Road.
Road would have a covered approach. At first the situation appeared very favourable to XI
By 1400 hours XI Corps had occupied its new posi- Corps. Although the units on the Corps' left had to
tion. Von Gilsa's Brigade was on the Corps' right flank, manoeuvre amidst a punishing artillery fire from Oak
just as had been the case at Chancellorsville. Since Hill, the only infantry they confronted was Doles'
the 41 st New York was detached, the Brigade had only Brigade. Schimmelfennig made initial progress against
three regiments. They brushed aside some rebel skir- the outnumbered Georgians. Barlow even conceived
mishers belonging to Doles' Brigade and took station that he could wheel von Gilsa's Brigade to its left to
around Blocher's Knoll. Their line was stretched so thin take Doles in the flank.
that it resembled a skirmish line. Battery G, 4th U.S. Suddenly, about 1530 hours, a fierce bombardment
Artillery unlimbered atop the knoll. struck Barlow's soldiers. It came from the artillery
Supporting von Gilsa's left was Ames' Brigade. The attached to Early's Division. In spite of the fact that
25th and 107th Ohio were roughly at right angles to Devin's patrols had detected Early's soldiers the previ-
von Gilsa's main front while the 75th Ohio and 17th ous evening, his appearance surprised the bluecoats.
Connecticut stood in column as a reserve. From Blocher's Knoll, the regulars of Battery G
Schimmelfennig's 2nd Brigade occupied a position in returned the rebel fire. Although Battery G inflicted
an orchard near the Carlisle Road. It stood in double some loses with its well-aimed shots, the Confederate
column of companies, a dense formation that made bombardment savaged the battery. Its commander,
too good a target for the Confederate gunners on Oak 19-year-old Lieutenant Wilkeson, received a mortal
Hill. wound. Two other men were killed and 11 wounded
Farther to the west was von Amsberg's 1st Brigade. along with 31 horses killed. The battery fired 1,400
It stretched from near the Carlisle Road all the way to rounds but it could not stop the Confederate advance.
the Mummasburg Road. Its front was so extensive that Gordon's Brigade struck von Gilsa's men while two
0800 hrs 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
I
72 I pages 92-93 I 23-26 127-291
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Approx. 1530 hours - Gordon's Confederates Almshouse line. While trying to rally them, Barlow
working with Doles' Brigade launch a pincer received a bullet in his left side. He dismounted and
attack against Barlow's troops on Blocher's Knoll. tried to walk, only to be struck by a spent bullet in the
With the Federals completely routed there, Doles back. The rebels captured him. Their doctors pro-
then throws back Krzyzanowski's men while nounced that he had little chance to live, but in fact he
Hays' and Avery's Brigades swing in from the would recover to again command a division in battle.
east to try to close XI Corps' escape route. With Barlow's Division fleeing, the Confederates next
struck Colonel Krzyzanowski's Brigade. It was already
more Confederate brigades surged past the open unnerved by the deadly Confederate artillery fire. It
Union right flank. Von Gilsa tried to change front to deployed to fight Doles' men and a standup firefight
face the threat to his right flank but so quickly were his ensued. A Union officer recalled, "The combatants
men at grips with Gordon's rebels that they could not approached each other until they were scarcely more
execute this manoeuvre. The yankees gallantly traded than seventy-five yards apart, and the names of battles
close range volleys with Gordon's men. printed on the Confederate flags might have been
With their flank turned, von Gilsa's Brigade broke to read, had there been time to read them."
the rear. Von Gilsa tried to rally it. A soldier recalled Krzyzanowski's horse was shot down and the colonel
seeing him ride "up and down that line through a regu- fell heavily. He refused to leave the field. Soon his
lar storm of lead, meantime using the German epithets Brigade was enveloped on both flanks and it too broke
so common to him." to the rear.
Von Gilsa's collapse exposed the right flank of Ames' Meanwhile, Schimmelfennig's Brigade, commanded
Brigade. It too quickly began to unravel. The two by Colonel von Amsberg, was attacked by men of
reserve regiments attempted a counter-attack. The Rodes' Division from the direction of Oak Ridge. It too
colonel of the 75th Ohio related, "It was a fearful had little chance and had to retire toward Gettysburg.
advance and made at a dreadful cost of life." The The question remained whether the rebels would be
counter-attack could not restore the situation. able to rush into Gettysburg and trap the retreating
Barlow's entire Division began running back to the elements of I and XI Corps.
0800 hrs 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
I pages 92-93 I 23-26 I 27-291 73
XI CORPS' BATTLES
July 1 - 1600-1645 hrs
Flanked !
the Brigade's line. The 27th Pennsylvania deployed on

Gettysburg, he observed the dominant the left near a brick house. Higher ground rose in front
When corps commander
importance of Cemetery Howard
Hill. He arrived at
positioned of the Pennsylvania regiment. Consequently, they
the Corps' 2nd Division and Battery I, 1st New York could only fire obliquely to its right. Had there been
Light Artillery on these heights. To ensure that they time, the regiment would have occupied this terrain.
would be held, Howard spoke to the gunners: "Boys, I But there was no time to perfect the Brigade's line
want you to hold this position at all hazards. Can you before the Confederates struck.
do it?" The New Yorkers replied with a gratifying "Yes, Two enemy brigades commanded by Hays and Avery
Sir!"
hit Coster's Brigade in front and right flank. A private in
Thereafter, Howard would exercise limited control the 154th New York wrote, "1 shall always remember
over the events of July 1. However, for his appreciation how the Confederate line of battle looked as it came
of the significance of Cemetery Hil!, and his decision to into full view and started down toward us. It seemed as
retain a reserve there, he would receive the formal though they had a battle flag every few rods." Coster's
thanks of the United States Congress. men were able to fire six to nine shots against this
As XI Corps' position north of Gettysburg collapsed, imposing host.
the generals naturally turned to the reserve for help. On the Brigade's left, Captain Heckman's Battery K,
Howard, Schurz, and Doubleday all needed reinforce-
ments. Howard asked for Slocum's XII Corps to accel-
erate its march to Gettysburg. Schurz and Doubleday
asked Howard for assistance. The two brigades on
Cemetery Hill were the only available fresh troops.
Howard was loath to call upon them. As he explained,
"1 feared the consequences of sparing another man
from the cemetery." Nonetheless, he ordered Colonel
Coster to advance his brigade onto the plain north of
Gettysburg to help the beleaguered XI Corps.
Some time before 1530 hours, Coster's Brigade left
Cemetery Hill, entered Baltimore Street, and passed
through the town. Coster detached the 73rd
Pennsylvania and ordered it to remain near the railroad
station on the town's outskirts. With his remaining
three regiments he advanced to the Almshouse. One
of his soldiers recalled that the advance was made in
-
perfect order and that if the 154th New York had "been
on dress parade it could not have done better."
Coster stationed the 134th New York on his right in a
wheat field. The 154th New York manned the centre of
Oevilfs
Deo
Big
Little
Round
Round Top
Top - -
o
-=-=:J
o 1kilometre
1mile
23-26 1300
1200
I1000
pages 1100
1800
1700
1600
1500
1400 0900 I
92-93 127-29 I
74
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( Blocher's
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Almshou,se1
~-----
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1630 hours - In anticipation of the final collapse of Pennsylvania lost 34 killed and wounded and 77
XI Corps, Federal General Howard orders Coster's missing, the 154th New York, 22 killed and wounded
Brigade to form a hasty defence line near the and 178 missing. The 134th New York suffered the
Almshouse. This new position buys just enough heaviest loss, 193 killed and wounded and 59 missing.
time to allow Schimmelfennig's command to Coster's stand at the Almshouse line inflicted
escape back through Gettysburg before the town relatively few losses on the brigades of Hays and
is taken by the Confederates. Avery. But the 15 or so minutes his men purchased
allowed hundreds of men belonging to both I Corps
1st Ohio Light Artillery, tried to help. Its fire kept the and XI Corps to slip through Gettysburg to the safety of
Brigade's left flank clear. Over a 3D-minute span the Cemetery Hill.
battery fired 113 times, losing 15 men, 9 horses, and Even so, the retreat through Gettysburg was
two Napoleons. extremely difficult. Many soldiers became confused in
But no Federal leader had a tactical answer to the the maze of streets and alleys and found themselves
wave of rebels sweeping beyond Coster's right flank. trapped when the Confederates pursued closely, but it
After a fight that could not have lasted more than 15 was not a rout. Enough formed soldiers retired through
minutes, Coster's men began to retreat. An officer rode the town to help create an imposing presence on
among them shouting out, "Don't run men; none but Cemetery Hill.
cowards run!" Here also were the fresh soldiers of Colonel Orland
The rapidly approaching Confederates admired his Smith's Brigade along with six 3-inch rifles of Battery I,
courage and some called, "Don't shoot that man!" It 1st New York Light Artillery. Together they were
was too late. A musketry volley felled the gallant enough to persuade the Confederates not to try one
Federal officer. more assault.
Coster's withdrawal ended organised resistance The Army of the Potomac would blame XI Corps for
-
north of Gettysburg. General von Steinwehr simply having again failed. In fact, given the extraordinary
wrote "Colonel Coster had a severe engagement with position the army's leaders had imposed upon the
the advancing enemy, but was, of course, not strong Corps, it had done well. In about two hours of combat
enough to restore the battle." the Corps had lost 1,889 men killed and wounded
About half of Coster's men were casualties. The 27th along with 1,497 men missing.
23-26 1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
I1100
1800
1200
1000
0900I
pages 92-93 - I 27-29 I
75
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~ I THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC
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~ I XII u.s. ARMY CORPS
XII CORPS HEADQUARTERS

TheedalsoGeneral
the Army of the Potomac's corps structure
Ordertheof formation
mandated March 13,of1862 that creat-
a two-division 8 Staff and Field Officers
corps from troops serving in the Shenandoah Valley.
Originally numbered V Corps and commanded by Provost Guard
Major General Nathaniel Banks, the two divisional 10th Regiment Maine
commanders were Brigadier-General Alpheus Volunteer Infantry
Williams, an officer who would command XII Corps' 1st Captain John Davis Beardsley
Major-General Henry
Warner Slocum, 36, a Coso A, Band D.
West Point graduate and
artilleryman, left the Escort
army to practise law, 9th New York Volunteer
and re-entered as a Regiment of Cavalry
colonel when war broke 75 troops present for duty equipped
out. He rose to corps
command in little more Coso D and L.
than a year.
23, 1862 and Williams' Division engaged at

Winchester on May 25, 1862. On June 26, Lincoln
Division at Gettysburg, and Brigadier-General James authorised that "the troops of the Shenandoah
Shields. Department, now under General Banks, shall consti-
Fighting as separate divisions, Shields' Division tute the Second Army Corps" of Pope's Army of
defeated Stonewall Jackson at Kernstown on March Virginia. As such, it fought at Cedar Mountain on
August 9, 1862. Of some 6,000 men engaged, the
XII CORPS Corps lost 2,216.
Major-General Henry Warner Slocuml On September 12, 1862 the Corps was renumbered
Major-General Alpheus Starkey Williams again. At Antietam, Major-General Joseph Mansfield
(Corps deployed at Gettysburg late on July 1 but commanded XII Corps. With 12,300 men present for
did not engage) duty, it contained 22 regiments and was the smallest
corps in the Army of the Potomac. While the corps was
First Division deploying to assault the Dunker Church, Mansfield
Brigadier-General Alpheus Starkey Williams!
Brigadier-General Thomas Howard Ruger XI US Corps Casualties
Second Division at Gettysburg
Brigadier General John White Geary 1st July 1863
XII Corps Artillery
Lieutenant Edward D. Muhlenberg Corps not engaged
76
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XII U.S. ARMY CORPS - GETTYSBURG - July 1
I I
~lOM' ~m
Williams Geary
III
8 II
Muhlenberg
~26pa
received a mortal wound. In the ensuing charges, the second youngest man in all the Union armies to
Corps lost 1,746 men. achieve that rank.
Major-General Henry Slocum replaced Mansfield. Under Slocum's direction, XII Corps fought well at
Slocum was a combat veteran, having received a Chancellorsville, losing 2,814 men, about one in five
wound while leading the 27th New York at First Bull men. Having commanded the Corps for eight months,
Run. His leadership merited steady promotion. When Slocum was second only to Sedgwick in experience at
promoted to major-general on July 4, 1862, he was the this level.
XII U.S. Army Corps - 1st Division
1st DIVISION
Thetomand1stcontinuity.
Division
Gettysburg,
During the fifteen months prior
enjoyed
Alpheus uncharacteristic
Williams led com-
the Major-General Alpheus Starkey Williamsl
Division. The Division's initial service was in the Brigadier-General Thomas Howard Ruger
Shenandoah Valley. 5 Staff and Field Officers
It fought at Winchester on May 25, 1862, where it
helped cover Banks' retreat. The Division's losses 1st Brigade 1,835
reflect the nature of this action: 39 killed; 178 wound- 2nd Brigade 1,818
ed; and a colossal 1,242 missing, mostly captured. 3rd Brigade 1,598
77
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is
Colonel Archibald L. McDougall
.. 1 Staff Officer
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5th Regiment Connecticut Infantry 123rd Regiment New York State
Q.
.. Volunteers Volunteers (Washington County Regt)
o Colonel Warren Wightman Packer
CJ Lieutenant-Colonel James Clarence Rogers
>. 221 troops present for duty equipped 495 troops present for duty equipped
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20th Regiment Connecticut Infantry 145th Regiment New York State
c4 Volunteers Volunteers (Stanton Legion)
-
::) Lieutenant-Colonel William Burr Wooster
Colonel Edward Livingston Price
>< 245 troops present for duty equipped
3rd Maryland Infantry Regiment 46th Regiment Pennsylvania

Colonel Joseph M. Sudsburg Volunteer Infantry
290 troops present for duty equipped - guarding Colonel James Levan Selfridge
divisional ordnance train 1st July. 262 troops present for duty equipped
Brigadier-General George Gordon's 3rd Brigade lost 344 men. The

Alpheus Starkey Division remained in reserve during the Second Bull
Williams, 53, won the Run Campaign.
affection of his men Five new regiments filled the Division's depleted
because he cared ranks before Antietam. Although the Division had only
for their health and two brigades present at that battle, it suffered heavily
comfort to the extent during its charge toward the Dunker Church, losing
of avoiding battle. 1,076 casualties.
Divisional commander Williams assumed corps com-
mand when Mansfield went down. Crawford, the com-
mander of the 1st Brigade, took over temporary direc-
tion of the Division. His stint was brief. A bullet inflicted
At Cedar Mountain the Division partially redeemed a serious thigh wound, compelling him to cede com-
itself. It helped deliver a surprise blow to Stonewall mand to General Gordon. Crawford would appear at
Jackson's vaunted veterans. During hard fighting, Gettysburg in command of a V Corps' division.
Brigadier-General Samuel Crawford's 1st Brigade lost The 1st Division returned to the Harper's Ferry region
867 men out of 1,679 present (although 373 of them following the battle and thus missed the Battle of
were reported as missing) while Brigadier-General Fredericksburg. It wintered around Stafford Court
SECOND BRIGADE
Brigadier-General Henry Hayes Lockwood
150th Regiment New York State 1st Maryland Eastern Shore Regiment
Volunteers (Dutchess Legion) Colonel James Wallace
Colonel John Henry Ketcham 532 troops present for duty equipped
1st Maryland Potomac Home Brigade

Colonel William Pinckney Maulsby
78
--
--
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THIRD BRIGADE o
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Brigadier-General Thomas Howard Ruger! '>
Colonel Silas Coegrove is
1 Staff Officer
16 Band
27th Regiment Indiana 107th Regiment New York State

Volunteer Infantry Volunteers (Campbell Guards)
Colonel Silas Coegrove Colonel Nirom Marium Crane
2nd Regiment Massachusetts

Volunteer Infantry
Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Redington Mudge
13th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry 3rd Wisconsin Infantry Regiment

Regiment Colonel William Hawley
Colonel Ezra Ayres Carman 260 troops present for duty equipped
House. During the Chancellorsville Campaign in May lost 128 killed, 771 wounded and 666 missing.
1863, the Division advanced down the Plank Road on However it did not lose a single gun or colour.
May 1. After a skirmish, it erected a substantial log After Chancellorsville, the terms of enlistment of
breastwork around Fairview. When Jackson's flank many veteran regiments expired. Consequently the 1st
attack collapsed XI Corps, Williams saw the routing and 2nd Brigades consolidated into the 1st Brigade.
fugitives swarming through his position. With com- The 2nd Brigade that joined the Division composed
mendable coolness Williams took Ruger's and Knipe's three green regiments. Two had previously been
Brigades on a flank march south of the Plank Road and assigned to the defence of Baltimore and southern
pushed into the woods. The movement checked at Maryland. The 150th New York did not even report to
once all farther advance of the enemy. The Division the Division until arriving at Gettysburg on July 2.
XII U.S. Army Corps - 2nd Division
Brigadier-General
tion to combat came in the Shenandoah Valley. John White Geary, 44,
Like its sister
At the Marchdivision, the 2nd
23, 1862 BattleDivision's introduc-it
of Kernstown, had been a surveyor,
had the distinction of inflicting a rare defeat on land speculator, civil
Stonewall Jackson's veterans. Under the command of engineer, and militia-
Brigadier-General Christopher Augur, it again met man. He led a regiment
Jackson's men at the Battle of Cedar Mountain on in the Mexican War,
August 9. Here the officer who would lead the Division served as mayor of
at Gettysburg, Brigadier-General John Geary, was San Francisco, and
among the 943 casualties the Division suffered. governed Kansas
Brigadier-General George Greene, who was to com- Territory before the
mand the Division's 3rd Brigade at Gettysburg, led the war. 79
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Colonel Charles Candy
is 2 Staff and Field Officers
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5th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment 66th Ohio Volunteer Infantry
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7th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment 28th Regiment Pennsylvania
c4 Colonel William R. Creighton Volunteer Infantry
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282 troops present for duty equipped Captain John Hornbuckle Flynn
29th Ohio Volunteer Infantry 147th Regiment Pennsylvania

Regiment Volunteer Infantry
Captain Wilber F. Stevens Lieutenant-Colonel Ario Pardee, Jr.
2nd DIVISION The Division lost 123 killed, 623 wounded, and 444
Brigadier-General John White Geary missing at this battle. Except for the 2nd Brigade,
which lost two veteran regiments whose terms of
1st Brigade 1,798 enlistment had expired, the Division marched to
2nd Brigade 700 Gettysburg with the same organisation and the same
3rd Brigade 1,424 brigade and division leaders that it had fought with at
Chancellorsville. This continuity was exceptional in the
army at this time.
Division at Antietam. Here it lost 651 men, of whom
only 30 were missing. DIVISIONAL HEADQUARTERS
Geary recovered to command the Division at Chan- 5 Staff and Field Officers
cellorsville. Geary was a combat-tested leader who
was completely fearless on the battlefield. He had Provost Guard
raised the 28th Pennsylvania, which fought in the Co. B, 28th Regiment Pennsylvania
Division's 3rd Brigade, and received two wounds. At Volunteer Infantry
Chancellorsville, Geary had another near miss when a 27 troops present for duty equipped
passing cannonball knocked him unconscious.
SECOND BRIGADE
Colonel George A. Cobham, Jr.
29th Regiment Pennsylvania 111 th Regiment Pennsylvania

Colonel William Rickards, Jr. Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas McCormick Walker

Volunteer Infantry
Captain Frederick Louis Gimber
80
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THIRD BRIGADE
Brigadier-General Thomas Howard Ruger!
1 Staff Officer
16 Band
Volunteers (Ogden burgs Regiment) Volunteers
Colonel Abel Godard Colonel David Ireland

Volunteers (78th Highlanders)
Lieutenant-Colonel Herbert von Hammerstein
-
102nd Regiment New York State 149th Regiment New York State ><
Volunteers (Van Buren Light Infantry) Volunteers (4th Onondaga Regiment)

Colonel James Crandall Lane Colonel Henry Alanson Barnum
XII ARMY CORPS ARTILLERY BRIGADE

Lieutenant Edward D. Muhlenberg
1 Staff Officer
Battery M, 1st New York Light Battery F, 4th United States Artillery
Artillery Lieutenant Sylvanus Tunning Rugg
Lieutenant Charles E. Winegar (89 troops present for duty equipped)
(90 troops present for duty equipped) 6 pieces
4 pieces
Battery E, Knap's Pennsylvania Battery K, 5th United States Artillery

Light Artillery Lieutenant David H. Kinzie
Lieutenant Charles A. Atwell (72 troops present for duty equipped)
6 pieces
Corps Badges
The Army of the Potomac adopted simple and 4th division had green badges, and any 5th
easily recognisable insignia as corps badges, division, orange badges.
so that commanders could readily identify their I Corps' badge was a circle, II Corps' a trefoil,
men on the march and in the field. The badges and III Corps' a lozenge, or diamond shape. V
helped build esprit de corps and preventedinac- Corps wore a Maltese cross, VI Corps a Greek
curate reports caused by mistaken identity. cross, XI Corps a crescent, and XII Corps a five-
The idea originated with General Philip Kearny pointed star.
in 1862 and was continued in his honour after The soldiers wore their badges on the tops of
his death. General Joseph Hooker issued the their caps. The original badges were of cloth.
order designating the badges on March 21, Later, officers had more elaborate badges
1863. specially made for them out of such materials as
Each corps badge was a unique design, and bone, coin metal, and gold. The badges also
within each corps, each division's badge had a appeared on flags from corps down to brigade
specific colour. All 1st, 2nd, and 3rd divisions level, as well as on wagons, ambulances, and
had red, white, or blue badges respectively. Any artillery pieces.
81
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THE CAVALRY CORPS
CORPS HEADQUARTERS
Thewhose
1863.
power had been hidden until the spring of
Cavalry
UnionCorps was suffered
troopers a formidable
from striking force
an inferiority 27 Staff and Field Officers
complex dating from the beginning of the war. Escort
Whereas the stereotypical southern cavalier was a Co. I, 1st Maine Cavalry Regiment
plantation owner's son and a superb horseman born in Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Henry Smith
the saddle, the northern trooper was a presumed 30 troops present for duty equipped
industrial worker or city dweller who could barely ride.
Major-General Alfred A cavalry was distributed in penny packets with far too
Pleasonton, at 39, a many troopers performing headquarters escort duties
typical cavalier, or serving as couriers. Individual regiments were
dressed elegantly and assigned to corps headquarters. For example, the 8th
had expensive tastes. Illinois, one of the first regiments to engage the
A West Point graduate, Confederate advance on July 1 at Gettysburg, was
he was a shameless assigned to V Corps directly under the command of the
self-promoter who Corps' leader. It could not but be overlooked by an
fooled his superiors, officer with more pressing demands.
but most of his men Indeed, during the formative Peninsula Campaign in
detested him. the spring and summer of 1862, the brigade was the
largest tactical cavalry organisation, and within the
The total dominance of Jeb Stuart's cavalry in Virginia
during the first two years of the war reinforced these Guidon for the Cavalry
stereotypes. Corps Headquarters,
In fact, outside of the industrialised cities, northern Army of the Potomac.
people were nearly as accustomed to and familiar with
horses as the rural people of the South. Their woeful
performance early in the war was mostly due to poor
organisation and weak leadership. brigade, units were subdivided. The Federal cavalry
In 1861 and 1862, the Army of the Potomac's organisation prevented the possibility of massed
cavalry action.
CAVALRY CORPS Even when not under the command of infantry
Major-General Alfred A. Pleasanton officers, early in the war too many cavalry leaders were
First Division 4,239 Cavalry Corps Casualties

Brigadier-General John Buford at Gettysburg
Second Division 2,639 1st July 1863
Brigadier-General David McMurtrie Gregg Cavalry killed 91
Third Division 4,081 Cavalry wounded 354
Brigadier-General Judson Kilpatrick Cavalry missinglcaptured 407
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volunteer officers belonging to the upper urban class out by constant and ineffectual picket duties.
who were well versed in the romance of the mounted Hooker made the wise decision to merge the cavalry
arm but knew little of practical value. Many others were into a mounted corps. Commanding the corps was
foreign adventurers. Major-General Alfred Pleasanton, a dandified cavalry
When Major-General Joseph Hooker assumed army officer in the classic tradition. His swagger may have
command in the winter of 1863, he found the mounted instilled confidence, which was something badly need-
arm hopelessly over-extended along a vast perimeter ed by the troopers in the Army of the Potomac.
around the army in a futile effort to defend against cav- Hooker's reform brought about the renaissance of the
alry raids and guerrillas. Men and horses were worn Federal cavalry. I 83
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a. Brigadier-General
..
o tion, Brigadier-General John Buford's 1st John Buford, 37, was a
U Following
Division on from operated
initially Hooker's as
cavalry reorganisa-
a cohesive unit brilliant cavalryman
~
i> during the Chancellorsville Campaign. Here it had
taken part in Brigadier-General George Stoneman's ill-
who led from the front.
One of a long line of
1\'1
U advised cavalry raid. career soldiers, he

.c
CII
At the Battle of Brandy Station on June 9, 1863, the attended West Point.
I- Division avoided most of the swirling action and He drove himself so
passively remained on the defensive. It was in much hard that he died of
better form during the combats at the Blue Ridge pass- exhaustion shortly
es. Here it contested Stuart's cavalry in an effort to dis- after Gettysburg.
cover Lee's line of march.
The Division departed Aldie, Virginia on June 23. DIVISIONAL HEADQUARTERS
Entering Pennsylvania six days later, Buford predicted, 4 Staff and Field Officers
"Within forty-eight hours the concentration of both
armies will take place upon some field within view and Escort
a great battle will be fought." Co. I, 1st Maine Cavalry Regiment
On the basis that the 1st Division was his most reli- Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Henry Smith
able, best led unit, Major-General Pleasonton chose it 30 troops present for duty equipped
to guard the army's left flank, the post of honour
closest to the enemy and thus most likely to first
encounter the Confederates. On June 29 Gamble's and Devin's Brigades were twelve miles from
Gettysburg with the Reserve Brigade detached. That
1st DIVISION evening Buford's pickets had a brush with Confederate
Brigadier-General John Buford infantry. Around 1100 hours the next day, Buford led
his Division into Gettysburg to find the town in "a terri-
1st Brigade 1,600 ble state of excitement" because of the Confederate
2nd Brigade 1,148 presence. Convinced that the rebels would return,
Reserve Brigade 1,321 Buford deployed his Division to picket the roads lead-
ing to Gettysburg.
xx
BUFORD
~1Me
I
I
I Mcintosh
~
III IIII
~
X
~D~I" Q
X

I
--
- .,-'"
Cavalry Corps - 1st Division - 1st Brigade
manding fields of fire, concealment in the woods, and

1st Cavalry Brigade had an effective strength shelter around the farmhouse and barn. He resolved to
The units composing
equivalent Colonel
to only three William Gamble's
regiments. Because camp here and establish pickets farther west. c
o
only four companies of the 12th Illinois and six compa- 'Cij
nies of the 3rd Indiana were present, Colonel George 8th Cavalry Regiment Illinois '>
is
Chapman assumed command of both units. Volunteers ...
III
The Brigade fought with distinction during a series of Major John Lourie Beveridge 'I""
cavalry combats along the Blue Ridge Mountain pass- 470 troops present for duty equipped III
es. On June 21, outside Upperville, Virginia, the D.
..
o
Brigade encountered Confederate cavalry. Gamble COSo A thru M.
(.)
reported that the Brigade "came on rapidly at a gallop;
~
formed in line; charged up to the enemy's five guns 12th Cavalry Regiment Illinois ca
amid a shower of shells, shrapnel, and case shot" and Volunteers >
ca
drove the gunners from their pieces. When opposing (.)

Colonel George Henry Chapman
QI
cavalry counter-attacked, a hack and thrust melee 233 troops present for duty equipped .c
ensued. Outnumbered, the Brigade retired to a stone
I-
wall where it repulsed "the repeated charges of the COSo E and F and H and I.
enemy by well-directed carbine and pistol firing."
These were classic cavalry tactics adapted to the bro- 3rd Regiment Indiana Cavalry
ken terrain of North America. Gamble's troopers (45th Volunteers)
showed themselves equally adept at mounted and dis- Colonel George Henry Chapman
mounted combat. 313 troops present for duty equipped
When the Brigade arrived in Gettysburg on June 30,
it marched west out the Chambersburg Pike. General COSo A thru F.
Buford had specified that Gamble choose a position
farther west than the Lutheran Seminary. Coming to 8th New York Volunteer Cavalry
the crest of McPherson's Ridge, Gamble saw com- Regiment
Lieutenant-Colonel William Lester Markell
FIRST BRIGADE 580 troops present for duty equipped
Colonel William Gamble
4 Staff and Field Officers COSo A thru M.
III III III '"
~8111 ~12111 ~31"d ~8NY

I ,
~
Q 85
Cavalry Corps - 1st Division - 2nd Brigade
Brigade for the first time into battle at

c Colonel Thomas
Chancellorsville. Devin led the 2nd
Previously DevinCavalry
had 6th New York Volunteer Cavalry
o
'iij moulded the 6th New York Cavalry into a well-drilled, Regiment
'S; efficient unit. The 2nd Brigade was the only mounted Major William Elliott Beardsley
is
unit Hooker retained with his main army. It screened 218 troops present for duty equipped
the Union flank march into the Wilderness and then
distinguished itself during the battle itself. At one point COSo Band C, E, G, I and M.
II)
a. it even counter-attacked Stonewall Jackson's
..
o
() victorious soldiers who had broken through XI Corps. 9th New York Volunteer Cavalry
~
It lost 12 killed, 54 wounded and 134 missing, unheard Regiment
n:I
of casualties for a cavalry brigade. Colonel William Sackett
> The Brigade and its commander enjoyed a hard-
n:I 367 troops present for duty equipped
() hitting reputation and Devin himself was a favourite of
Q)
.c divisional commander Buford. COSo A thru M .
The 2nd Brigade camped in the fields to the north of

Gettysburg on June 30. It sent patrols out in an arc run- 17th Regiment Pennsylvania Cavalry
ning from the Mummasburg Road to the Hunterstown (162nd Volunteers)
Road and established pickets facing along a perimeter Colonel Josiah Holcomb Kellogg
extending from northeast to northwest of the town. 464 troops present for duty equipped
SECOND BRIGADE COSo A thru C, E thru G, I, Land M.

Colonel Thomas C. Devin
3rd Regiment West Virginia Cavalry
Escort Captain Seymour Beach Conger
Co. L, 6th New York Volunteer Cavalry 59 troops present for duty equipped
Regiment
Captain William Thompson COSo A and C.
Q~
III IIII
IIII IIII II
~17P' ~3WV'
~
---
Cavalry Corps - 1st Division - Reserve Brigade
,/
unit in the Federal cavalry corps by virtue of the

Thefact Reserve Brigade considered
that it comprised itself the
the only regular elite
cavalry 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment
units in the Army of the Potomac. (70th Volunteers)
Brigaded with the 6th Pennsylvania, it had fought Major James Henry Haseltine
hard at the Battle of Brandy Station under the com- 242 troops present for duty equipped
mand of a major, losing 280 men. However, this figure COSo A thru D, F thru Hand K thru M.
included 151 troopers missing or captured. A different
major led the Brigade during the engagements around
1st United States Cavalry Regiment
Upperville, where it suffered 63 casualties, two-thirds
Captain Richard S. C. Lord 1/1
of whom were missing or captured. 362 troops present for duty equipped Q.
..
On June 22, Brigadier-General Pleasonton made a o
to)
request to army headquarters: "It is necessary to have COSo Band C, E, G, I and M.
~
a good commander for the regular brigade of cavalry, iij
and I earnestly recommend Capt. Wesley Merritt to be 2nd United States Cavalry Regiment >
ra
made a brigadier-general for that purpose. He has all Captain Theophilus Francis Rodenbaugh to)
407 troops present for duty equipped CI>
the qualifications for it, and has distinguished himself .c

by his gallantry and daring. Give me good comman- COSo A thru M.
ders and I will give you good results."
Accordingly, on June 28 Merritt received the com- 9th New York Cavalry Regiment
mand and the next day became a general. Until this 5th United States Cavalry Regiment
point the largest force he had led in battle was 50 men. Captain Julius Wilmot Mason
On June 30 and July 1, the Reserve Brigade 306 troops present for duty equipped
engaged in "picketing, scouting, and patrolling" the COSo A thru M.
roads through the mountains around Mechanicsburg,
Maryland, 18 miles southwest of Gettysburg. 9th New York Cavalry Regiment
6th United States Cavalry Regiment
RESERVE BRIGADE Major Samuel H. Starr
Brigadier-General Wesley Merritt
4 Staff and Field Officers Not at Gettysburg
x
Merritt
III III III III III

6 Pa 1 US 2 US 5 US 6 US
87
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o
'ii) Cavalry Corps - 2nd Division
'>
is
'tI
C
N
t/) in February 1863, Brigadier-General David DIVISIONAL HEADQUARTERS
a.
.. Following Hooker's reorganisation
o Gregg ascended to command ofof the
the cavalry,
Cavalry 3 Staff and Field Officers
to) Corps' 2nd Division. Gregg had impressed his superi-
~ ors the previous year as a colonel of the 8th Escort
iij Pennsylvania Cavalry. He impressed his Division with Co. A, 1st Regiment Ohio Volunteer
>
co
to)
his combination of ability and self-control. Cavalry
Qj The Division took part in Brigadier-General Captain Noah Jones
.c
Stoneman's cavalry raid during the Chancellorsville 37 troops present for duty equipped
Campaign. It fought at the June 9, 1863 Battle of
Brandy Station. Here it engaged in repeated charges
for over 90 minutes. Brigadier-General
However, Gregg committed his units piecemeal and David McMurtrie
they were eventually repulsed. The Division lost four Gregg, 30, avoided the
officers and 21 men killed, 14 officers and 88 men spotlight, unusual
behaviour for a
2nd DIVISION cavalier. The West
Brigadier-General David McMurtrie Gregg Point-educated career
soldier was admired
1st Brigade 1,603 by all for his courage
2nd Brigade 1,436 and skill.
3rd Brigade 1,263
FIRST BRIGADE
Colonel John B. McIntosh
12 Band
1st Maryland Regiment of Cavalry 1st Regiment Pennsylvania Cavalry

Lieutenant-Colonel James Monroe Deems (44th Volunteers)
285 troops present for duty equipped Colonel John P. Taylor
1st Regiment Massachusetts
Volunteer Cavalry 3rd Regiment Pennsylvania Cavalry.
Lieutenant-Colonel Greely Stevenson Curtis (60th Volunteers)
292 troops present for duty equipped Lieutenant-Colonel Edward S. Jones
Detached to right flank 335 troops present for duty equipped
Purnell legion (Maryland) 3rd Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery

Captain Robert Emmet Duvall (152nd Volunteers)
66 troops present for duty equipped Captain William D. Rank
1st New Jersey Regiment of Cavalry Section with 2 pieces.
(16th Volunteers)
Major Myron Holley Beaumont
88
c
o
SECOND BRIGADE 'iij
Colonel Pennock Huey :~
CI
1 Staff Officer
"CI
(Brigade at Westminster - not present at Gettysburg) C

N
III
2nd New York Volunteer Cavalry 6th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Cavalry CI.
...
Regiment Major William Stedman o
CJ
Lieutenant-Colonel Otto Harhaus 482 troops present for duty equipped
~
264 troops present for duty equipped iij
>
cu
4th New York Volunteer Cavalry 8th Regiment Pennsylvania Cavalry CJ
Regiment (89th Volunteers) GI

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Lieutenant-Colonel Augustus Pruyn Captain William A. Corrie
Flag of Company E, Cavalry Scouts: Buford's cavalry performed the

1st Maryland Regiment classic light cavalry duties of posting pickets and
of Cavalry. mounting patrols to detect the enemy's presence.
While the Army of the Potomac was on the move
they also screened the march of the Federal
infantry.
wounded, and four officers and 197 men captured or

missing. This was the highest Federal loss among the
Divisions engaged.
The Division underwent a comprehensive reorgani-
sation after Brandy Station. Thereafter, it fought in the
sharply-contested actions along the passes through
the Blue Ridge during Lee's march north, most notably
including Aldie on June 17 and Upperville four days
later. At Brandy Station and during the combats along
the Blue Ridge, the Division demonstrated its increas-
ing prowess.
July 1 found the Division in aimless march and
counter-march 25 miles east of Gettysburg.
THIRD BRIGADE
Colonel J. Irvin Gregg
1st Maine Cavalry Regiment 4th Regiment Pennsylvania Cavalry

Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Henry Smith (64th Volunteers)
315 troops present for duty equipped Lieutenant-Colonel William Emile Doster
10th New York Volunteer Cavalry
Regiment 16th Regiment Pennsylvania Cavalry
Major Mathew Henry A very (161st Volunteers)
333 troops present for duty equipped Lieutenant-Colonel John Kincaid Robison
89
c
o Cavalry Corps - 3rd Division
';
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is
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...
M
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CI.
...
o
CJ
On alry Corps was reinforced by the 3rd Cavalry
Division.
June 28,
To 1863,
command
General
the Division
Pleasonton's
Pleasonton
Cav- 3 Staff and Field Officers
selected Brigadier-General Judson Kilpatrick.
~ Kilpatrick was a renowned fighter who possessed Escort
iij
> questionable tactical acumen. An ardent believer in the Co. C, 1st Regiment Ohio Volunteer
Cavalry
CIS
CJ power of a mounted charge, he had flung units into

QI suicidal charges in the past and would do so again at Captain Samuel N. Stanford
.c
t- Gettysburg. During the battles along the Blue Ridge, 41 troops present for duty equipped
the brigade under Kilpatrick's Brigade command per-
formed well. Pleasonton reported, "I never saw the
troops behave better ...very many charges were made, and the saber used freely, but always with great
advantage to us."
3rd DIVISION Units of the 3rd Cavalry Division engaged Stuart's
Brigadier-General Judson Kilpatrick cavalry on June 30 in Hanover, Pennsylvania. The
aggressive Federal horse drove the rebels from the
1st Brigade 1,925 town at slight cost and captured a battle flag and 47
2nd Brigade 1,934 men including a lieutenant-colonel. Two days later the
Division arrived at Gettysburg.
FIRST BRIGADE
Brigadier-General Elon John Farnsworth
1 Staff Officer
5th New York Volunteer Cavalry 1st Vermont Cavalry Regiment

Regiment Lieutenant-Colonel Addison Webster Preston
Major John Hammond 600 troops present for duty equipped
18th Regiment Pennsylvania Cavalry 1st Regiment West Virginia Cavalry

(163rd Volunteers) Colonel Nathaniel Pendleton Richmond
Lieutenant-Colonel William Penn Brinton 395 troops present for duty equipped
I
SECOND BRIGADE
(The Michigan Brigade)
Brigadier-General George Armstrong Custer
1 Staff Officer
1st Regiment Michigan Cavalry 6th Regiment Michigan Cavalry

Colonel Charles H. Town Colonel George Gray
5th Regiment Michigan Cavalry 7th Regiment Michigan Cavalry

Colonel Russell Alexander Alger Colonel William D'Alton Mann
90
Cavalry Corps - Horse Artillery
was making command and organisational changes
Ineither walked alongside their pieces or rode on the

contrast and
caissons to the field all
limbers, artillery in which
personnel in thegunners
horse
artillery were mounted. The horse artillery was intend-
during the march to intercept Lee's army. This neces-
sarily caused delay and confusion.
For example, on June 29, Captain James Robert- 1/1
Q.
oed to support the cavalry. Because cavalry most fre- son's 1st Brigade, Horse Artillery detached two batter- ..
o
quently engaged in patrol and outpost skirmishing, ies to support the new 3rd Cavalry Division. Then, after (J
authorities decided that the horse artillery could render it had marched two miles, it was joined by the 9th ~
the best support by being equipped with ordnance Michigan Battery. "iij
>
capable of accurate, long-range fire. ra
Henceforth, the Michigan Battery formed part of (J
Thus, the two brigades of Federal horse artillery that Robertson's command. This hardly left time for G>
.c
served in the Gettysburg Campaign were equipped Robertson to absorb the new battery within his Brigade I-
with 44 3-inch rifled guns. The gun weighed 820 before meeting the enemy. The 1st Brigade marched
pounds. At extreme elevation, these 'ordnance rifles' to Taneytown, Maryland on June 30. At 2330 hours on
could fire up to two miles. The rifles could fire solid July 1, it began its march to Gettysburg.
shot, shell, case shot, and canister. Chief of Artillery The batteries of the 2nd Brigade endured "long and
General Hunt disliked the ordnance rifles, calling them fatiguing" marches on the way to Gettysburg.
"the feeblest in the world." Lieutenant Calif's Battery A, 2nd U.S. Artillery, rode
The entire Army of the Potomac from its head down through Emmitsburg, Maryland to Gettysburg on June
30. It took position west of the town and would be the
FIRST HORSE ARTILLERY BRIGADE first Federal battery to engage the enemy on July 1.
Captain James M. Robertson
2 Staff and Field Officers SECOND HORSE ARTILLERY BRIGADE
Captain John C. Tidball
9th Michigan Battery 2 Staff and Field Officers
Captain Jabez J. Daniels
(111 troops present for duty equipped) Batteries E and G
6 pieces 1st United States Artillery
6th New York Battery Captain Alanson Merwin Randol
Captain Joseph William Martin (85 troops present for duty equipped)
6 pieces Battery K
Batteries Band L 1st United States Artillery
2nd United States Artillery Captain William Montrose Graham
Lieutenant Edward Heaton (114 troops present for duty equipped)
6 pieces Battery A
Battery M 2nd United States Artillery
2nd United States Artillery Lieutenant John Haskell Calef
Lieutenant Alexander Cummings McWhorter (75 troops present for duty equipped)
Pennington, Jr. 6 3-inch rifled guns
(in action at Gettysburg July 1)
6 pieces Battery C
3rd United States Artillery
Battery E Lieutenant William D. Fuller
4th United States Artillery (142 troops present for duty equipped)
Lieutenant Samuel Sherer Elder 6 pieces
With Huey's Cavalry Brigade at Westminster
4 pieces - not at Gettysburg.
91
~
I'a
1:1:1
I THE CAVALRY BATTLE
~ I July 1 - 0800 - 1030 hrs
iij
>
I'a
()
~ I Delaying Action
time, three more squadrons came forward. Their resis-
On was convinced a battle loomed. He told his

the night ofGeneral
subordinate, June 30, General
Devin, "TheyJohn
will Buford
attack
tance forced Heth's Confederates to deploy and
delayed their advance for thirty valuable minutes. This
you in the morning and they will come booming - skir- gave Buford time to prepare a defensive line along
mishers three deep. You will have to fight like the devil McPherson's Ridge.
to hold your own until support arrives." The great advantage the Federal troopers enjoyed
The Union troopers established a picket chain north was their breech-loading carbines. Contrary to popular
and west of Gettysburg. The first contact came when a myth, these were not the seven-shot Spencers, which
patrol of the 17th Pennsylvania detected rebels coming had only just entered mass production and were not
along the Carlisle Road. Sometime later, around 0730 yet widely distributed. Rather they were an assortment
hours, a lieutenant in the 8th Illinois fired at a mounted of single-shot models, mostly Sharps but including
officer leading a Confederate column toward the Marsh Burnsides, Merrills, and Gallaghers. They could be
Creek bridge on the Chambersburg Pike. This wrongly loaded faster than an infantry musket and more impor-
became known as the battle's first shot. tantly, could be loaded while the trooper knelt or lay
Initially, a full squadron supported the picket. Over down. This allowed the troopers to remain under cover
while loading and firing. In addition, the cavalrymen
had revolvers, mostly Colt army models.
By 0800 hours the last advance cavalry pickets had
been driven from the west side of Willoughby Run.
According to Gamble's report, "our skirmishers, fight-
ing under cover of trees and fences ...did good execu-
tion, and retarded the progress of the enemy as much
as could possibly be expected." An Indiana trooper
described this phase of the combat, "We held them a
long time, but finally we had to go, and when we came
back across the bridge we found the artillery and men
dismounted, all in one long line."
This line comprised eight dismounted regiments. It
occupied a position along the crest from behind
Herbst's Woods to the Mummasburg Road. Here the
troopers had open fields of fire facing the direction of
the Confederate advance. Initially this line numbered
about 1,650 troopers. Once the outlying pickets and
a
- -
- - I
1 kilometre
1mile
patrols joined, it swelled to about 2,000. Their skir-
mishers moved downslope toward Willoughby Run.
Supporting this line were six 3-inch rifles belonging to
Battery A, 2nd U.S. Artillery. In order to exaggerate his
0800 hrs 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
. 92 I pages 23-26 127-29 & 71-751
force, Buford ordered the guns dispersed by section. 0800 hours - Gamble's and Devin's Brigades of
Two sections deployed on either side of the Buford's Division form a dismounted battleline
Chambersburg Pike and the third section took station between the Chambersburg Pike and the
near the fringe of Herbst's Woods. By 0800 hours they Mummasburg Road to oppose the Confederate
were under bombardment from twelve Confederate advance. The Federal cavalry troopers hold this
guns. line until relieved by Wadsworth's Division at
The two brigades Heth committed to the fight out- about 1030 hours.
numbered Buford's men by three to two. The
Confederates had an artillery advantage of two to one. aggressive tactics occupied the attention of an entire
As Buford described in his after-action report, 'The two Confederate brigade. Gamble was justifiably proud of
lines soon became hotly engaged, we having the his troopers. He reported, "This brigade had the hon-
advantage of position, he of numbers." our to commence the fight in the morning and close it
For about two hours, the Federal troopers skilfully in the evening." Meanwhile Devin's 2nd Brigade
resisted the advance of Archer on the south side of the moved to support its pickets who had detected Early's
Chambersburg Pike and Davis on the north side. advance from Heidlersburg. Later, it helped fend off
Buford did not become so involved in the fighting as to Confederate patrols which were scouting the high
forget that the light cavalryman's primary duty was to ground south of Gettysburg. To complete its busy day,
provide intelligence to his superior. Even before being the Brigade then moved to the army's extreme left.
relieved by Reynolds' infantry, Buford had informed The Federal troopers had conducted a classic delay-
Meade that rebels were advancing from Heidlersburg ing action. It had taken Archer and Davis two and one-
and Chambersburg and "I am positive that the whole of half hours to advance two miles from Marsh Creek to
A.P. Hill's force is advancing." Willoughby Run. Buford's Division had lost about 100
Upon being relieved by the infantry, Gamble's 1st men while Battery A, 2nd U.S. Artillery suffered ten
Brigade secured the left flank of I Corps. Here their casualties.
0800 hrs 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
pages 23-26 I 27-29 & 71-751 93
G.I
~
G.I
The Artillery Reserve
II)
G.I
D::
!~
t:
<I:
McClellan first organised the army in spring of THE ARTILLERY RESERVE
G.I
.c
The1862.Artillery Reserve
The idea camethisinto
was that existence
force wouldwhen
serve Brigadier-General Robert O. Tyler
as a central reserve for the entire army. 46 Staff and Field Officers
After the Battle of Antietam in September 1862, 11 Ordnance Detachment
blame casters identified the Artillery Reserve as the
culprit in the failure to support the infantry with ade-
quate artillery. The Battle of Chancellorsville had seen Flag of the 9th
an inept utilisation of the Federal artillery. Tied to the Massachusetts Light
coattails of infantry generals, numerous batteries had Artillery .
sat idle while the battle raged. To try to improve effi-
ciency, on May 12, 1863, the army adopted the artillery
brigade organisation. The Artillery Reserve was dou-
bled to five brigades composing 118 guns.
Unlike the typical organisation that tried to unite a
Regular U.S. battery with a group of volunteer batter-
ies, in the Artillery Reserve all of the Regular batteries Here he saw his first real field action when he super-
were in the 1st Regular Brigade. The other four vised the Union gun line atop the Stafford Heights.
brigades were exclusively volunteer outfits. The tactical concept underlying the Artillery Reserve
For the Gettysburg Campaign, the Artillery Reserve was that by retaining it under central control, Tyler and
received a new leader, Brigadier-General Robert Tyler. Hunt could rush a formidable firepower to critical
Tyler was a professional artilleryman who had begun points. Attached to the Artillery Reserve was a large
the war aboard a relief ship outside of Charleston ammunition train. This served as a mobile ammunition
harbor. From its decks he had seen the shelling of Fort depot for all of the army's guns. Seven companies of
Sumter. the 4th New Jersey guarded the train. At a pinch, they
Thereafter, Tyler spent most of the war commanding
siege guns in the Washington defences. He had FIRST REGULAR BRIGADE
entered the field to command McClellan's siege train Captain Dunbar R. Ransom
during the Peninsula Campaign. After another stint in 2 Staff and Field Officers
Washington and a promotion to Brigadier-General, he
returned to the field for the Fredericksburg Campaign. Battery H, 1st United States Artillery
Lieutenant Chandler Price Eakin
Provost Guard (129 troops present for duty equipped)
Co.C 6 pieces
32nd Regiment Massachusetts Batteries F and K
Volunteer Infantry 3rd United States Artillery
Captain Josiah C. Fuller Lieutenant John Graham Turnbull
45 troops present for duty equipped (115 troops present for duty equipped)
6 pieces
Ammunition Train Guard Battery C, 4th United States Artillery
4th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry Lieutenant Evan Thomas
Regiment (95 troops present for duty equipped)
Major Charles Ewing 6 pieces
273 troops present for duty equipped Battery C, 5th United States Artillery
Lieutenant Gulian Verplanck Weir
Coso B, D thru G, I and K. (104 troops present for duty equipped)
94 6 pieces
FIRST VOLUNTEER BRIGADE THIRD VOLUNTEER BRIGADE
Lieutenant-Colonel Freeman McGilvery Captain James F. Huntington
2 Staff and Field Officers 2 Staff and Field Officers
5th Battery, Massachusetts Light Artillery

(10th New York Battery attached)
Captain Charles Appleton Phillips 1st Battery, New Hampshire Light Artillery
(104 troops present for duty equipped) Captain Frederick Mason Edgell
6 pieces (86 troops present for duty equipped)
9th Battery 4 pieces
Massachusetts Light Artillery Battery H.,1st Ohio Light Artillery
Captain John Bigelow Lieutenant George W. Norton
6 pieces 6 pieces
15th Battery, New York Light Artillery Batteries F and G
Captain Patrick Hart 1st Pennsylvania Light Artillery
(70 troops present for duty equipped) Captain Robert Bruce Ricketts
Batteries C and F 6 pieces
Pennsylvania Independent Light Artillery Battery C, West Virginia Light Artillery
Captain James Thompson Captain Wallace Hill
6 pieces 4 pieces
could enter line of battle or form a provost line to

intercept stragglers. FOURTH VOLUNTEER BRIGADE
July 1 found the Artillery Reserve at army headquar- Captain Robert H. Fitzhugh
ters in Taneytown, Maryland. 2 Staff and Field Officers
SECOND VOLUNTEER BRIGADE

Captain Elijah D. Taft
2 Staff and Field Officers Battery F, 6th Maine Light Artillery
Battery B, 1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Lieutenant Edwin Barlow Dow
Captain Albert F. Brooker (87 troops present for duty equipped)
4 pieces - At Westminster Battery A, Maryland Light Artillery
Captain James H. Rigby
Battery M, 1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery (106 troops present for duty equipped)
Captain Franklin A. Pratt 6 pieces
(110 troops present for duty equipped) 1st Battery, New Jersey Light Artillery
4 pieces - At Westminster Lieutenant Augustin N. Parsons
2nd Battery, Connecticut Light Artillery 6 pieces
Captain John William Sterling Battery G, 1st New York Light Artillery
(93 troops present for duty equipped) Captain Nelson Ames
6 pieces
5th Battery, New York Light Artillery Battery K, 1st New York Light Artillery
Captain Elijah D. Taft Captain Robert Hughes Fitzhugh
6 pieces 6 pieces
95
--
II) WARGAMING GETTYSBURG - DAY 1
:!::
"CI To fight a well-known battle such as Gettysburg with historical miniatures on a tabletop presents a considerable challenge. Students of the
..
Q,)
battle recognise the grand tactical errors that the rival commanders committed and are unlikely to repeat them. If given free play, a Confederate
(.) player, unlike Heth, will probably put in every man to overwhelm the outnumbered Union cavalry, by-pass opposition where necessary, and
speed to capture the vital high ground south of Gettysburg.
>- A Federal player will not deliberately act like Barlow and advance onto the plain north of Gettysburg and leave a flank dangling so that Early
.c
a. can attack and crush it. Unless one plays an historically naive opponent, it is very difficult to duplicate the conditions, the fog of war, that
~
.. plagued the generals on July 1.
DI July 1 was an 'encounter' battle. Neither side knew what they opposed and what was the significant terrain that would play an important role
,2 on subsequent days. Historically, the Confederate Army fought to win the first day while the Union Army fought to preserve a position for the
:a second and third days.
= The first day is most enjoyably wargamed as a series of intense, tactical challenges. Buford versus Davis and Archer presents a classic
delaying action. The defence of McPherson's Ridge by Meredith and Cutler should be a stern test of infantry tactics. On the plain north of
Gettysburg, deploy the XI Corps in its historical position and see if you can better resist the onslaught of Early and Doles.
..
DI
:I The point in all of these scenarios is to compare a player's performance with that of his historical counterpart. What can the player accomplish
.c in an equivalent amount of time and at what cost? It can also be fun to play the same scenario twice with the gamers fighting first one side and
II) then the other.
>-
~
~ Gettysburg is notable as one of the few relatively open-field battles which explains the extraordinary impact of the Confederate artillery. They
Q,) made full use of their long-range hitting power by occupying commanding elevations and delivering punishing enfilade fire. So, if the gamer
C) replicates a small-sized tactical action, it might work well to incorporate off-board artillery fire. Gaming the first day at Gettysburg offers the
DI opportunity to play skirmish and tactical battles. Leave the challenge of corps and army command for July 2 and 3.
C
's SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
~
DI
.. Busey, John W. and Martin, David G. Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg. Hightstown: Longstreet House, 1994 .
~ Coddington, Edwin B. The Gettysburg Campaign: A Study in Command. New York: Charles Scriber's Sons, 1968.
==
Fox, William F. Regimental Losses in the American Civil War, 1861-1865. Albany: Albany Publishing Co., 1898.
Gallagher, Gary W., ed. The First Day at Gettysburg: Essays on Confederate and Union Leadership. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University
Press, 1992.
Hartwig, D. Scott. "Guts and Good Leadership: The Action at the Railroad Cut, July 1, 1863," Gettysburg, No.1 (July 1989) 5-14.
Hassler, Warren W., Jr. Crisis at the Crossroads: The First Day at Gettysburg. University, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1970.
Luvas, Jay and Harold W. Nelson, eds. The U.S. Army War College Guide to the Battle of Gettysburg. Carlisle, PA: South Mountain
Press, 1986.
Naisawald, L. Van Loan. Grape and Canister: The Story of the Field Artillery of the Army of the Potomac, 1861-1865. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1960.
Nolan, Alan T. The Iron Brigade: A Military History. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1975.
Raus, Edmund J., Jr. A Generation on the March: The Union Army at Gettysburg. Gettysburg: Thomas Publications, 1996.
Shue, Richard S. Morning at Willoughby Run, July 1, 1863. Gettysburg: Thomas Publications, 1995.
Smith, Carl. Gettysburg 1863: High Tide of the Confederacy. London: Osprey Publishing, 1998.
Tagg, Larry. The Generals of Gettysburg. Campbell, CA: Savas Publishing, 1998.
U.S. War Department. War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies.
Series I, vol. 27. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1889.
PICTURE CREDITS
Carl Smith, Manassas, VA - pp 4,7,9,12, 14, 18, 19, 20, 22, 39, 44, 59, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 76, 84 & 89. Military Archive & Research
Services, UK - pp 13, 29, 30, 34, 36, 38, 41,11,13,15,16,17,28,30,41,48,51,53,55,57,61,72,77,82 & 88, U.S. Army Military History
Institute, Carlisle, PA - pp 11, 15, 17, 21, 62, 63, 65 & 66. CWTI, VA - p79.
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GETTYSBURG JULY 1 1863
UNION:THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC
On the evening of 30 June west of Gettysburg

troopers of General John Buford's 1st Federal
Cavalry Division prepared for a fight. Scouts had
spotted Confederate infantry nine miles away and
they were expected the following morning. One
of Buford's officers remarked that they would easily
beat them off if they came back. Buford's reply was
prescient. 'No, you won't. They will attack you in
the morning, and they will come booming ... You
will have to fight like the devil to survive.' On July 1
two Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia
punched towards Gettysburg. Buford's men fought
desperately for the time their comrades needed to
reach them. These were the first shots of the battle
that would turn the tide of the war and decide the
fate of the Union.
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GETTYSBURG

sitae of historlc battlefields.

campalgns and the American

JAMES ARNOLD AND ROBERTA WIENER

O 1998 Rsvelln Llmlted

The b o t h line indicates the page numbers of the h e r , DAen

Order d Bank and detellsd atrenath data was used wlth

I CORPS' BATTLES - The Iron Brigade ~ o e in

X I CORPS' BATTLES - Disaster at BloehePs Knoll

X1I U.S. CORPS

THE CAVALRY CORPS

Invasion from the South

Waduorth Robinson Doubledy Wainwriihf

Caldwell Gibbon Hays Hazzard Wrlght Howe Newfon Tompkins 1

Randolph Barnes Ayres Crawbrd Martln

... the Army of Northern Virginia

........ -;-; .....

8 '/"/) w.~,'"o~ House ..

I u.s. ARMY CORPS

was the' creation of Major-General George I CORPS HEADQUARTERS

tinction. This was particularly true of the 1st 1st DIVISION

baptism by fire in the Battle of Groveton on August 28,

I Corps - 1st Division - 1st Brigade

the 19th Indiana, Brigadier-General Solomon Meredith, COSoA thru K.

ations held sway and Cutler would not become the

I U.S. Army Corps - 2nd Division

command of Brigadier-General John Gibbon, the

I Corps;.. 2nd Division - 1st Brigade

muskets. The 16th Maine organised the following year.

III III III III III

~'6M' ~13M'," ~WNY ~'WNY ~'07P'

I Corps - 2nd Division - 2nd Brigade

11th Regiment Pennsylvania

In newly-formed 3rd Division. The Division consisted

rest of the Division consisted of inexperienced recruits Provost Guard

Major-General Abner ticularly important. Although Doubleday had combat

III III III III

12th Regiment Vermont Volunteers 15th Regiment Vermont Volunteers

13th Regiment Vermont Volunteers

14th Regiment Vermont Volunteers 16th Regiment Vermont Volunteers

Battery B, 2nd Maine Artillery

Battery B, 1st Pennsylvania

The Iron Brigade Goes In

highest spirits." Colonel Rufus Dawes of the 6th

HThrow Down Your Muskets"

of about 40 yards. Only then did the regiment retreat.

.'(hen Cutler's three regiments approached the crest

-3nded the 76th New York. A murderous musketry

The Defence of Seminary Ridge

Shortly after 1600 hours, Pender's fresh Division

II command of Brigadier-General Edwin Sumner. It

two divisions with an effective strength of about 18,000 Escort

II U.S. ARMY CORPS - GETTYSBURG - July 1

IZI Carroll IZI Willard

III III III

and wounded than any other division in the DIVISIONAL HEADQUARTERS

5th Regiment New Hampshire 81st Regiment Pennsylvania

61st Regiment New York State 148th Regiment Pennsylvania

28th Regiment Massachusetts 88th Regiment New York State

69th Regiment New York State 116th Regiment Pennsylvania

27th Regiment Connecticut 53rd Regiment Pennsylvania

2nd Regiment Delaware Volunteers

64th Regiment New York State 145th Regiment Pennsylvania