4 Ship Handling Tricks To Handle

Ships in Better Way

Written by Capt Rajeev Jassal on September 6, 2016

The mark of a great ship handler is never getting into situations that require great
ship handling.
I am so much in love with this quote by Ernest King.
Ship handling is both a science and an art. Science because it requires knowledge
of various forces acting on the ship. Art because it requires the skills of an
experienced navigator to use these forces in his favour.

We may learn the science part from the various ship handling courses. But the art
can only be learned from experience.
 Art has many forms. Art of ship handling also has many forms. Each navigator
handles the ship in his own way and so far it does not go against the general good
practices, each one of it is correct.

So how can someone become a good ship handler. Or if I may say so, how can
someone not be in a situation that would require great ship handling ?

It can only be achieved by knowledge. It can only be achieved by learning both,

the science and art of ship handling.

I value the importance of all the terms related to ship handling. But when it comes
to understanding these terms, I always prefer it to be in laymans words.

Today, let us talk ship handling in laymans language.

Talking in the same breath, let me ask a question. Why exactly one need to learn
ship handling ? What are the things one would wish to use the ship handling for ?

I always asked these questions to myself while learning ship handling. I found that
after learning ship handling, I would like to be able to

move the ship in any direction I want (Like moving the ship sideways without
changing the heading)

Stop the ship wherever and whenever I want (something like applying a brake)

Reduce the speed in an instant (Like what I can do with my car)

Turn the ship at its position (like how an experienced bikers do)

In this post, I will share few of the tricks (art and science) of ship handling so that
you are able to do all of this.
Let us dive in.

1. How to move a ship in the direction you

want

Whenever I studied ship handling, I always asked this question to myself.

Can I move a ship in any direction while keeping the same heading ? If I can, what
else do I need to know about ship handling ?

After all Ship handling means making the ship move in the direction we want and
when we want.

So do you want to know how we can move the ship in any of these direction.
Before we proceed, I assume you know how the resultant of two or more forces
acting in different direction works.

If you want to know more on it, you can read it here or here.
Or else you can watch this video.
In short you should know about parallelogram of forces. It states that

If two forces whose lines of action meet at a point are represented in magnitude
and direction by the sides of a parallelogram drawn from one of its angular points,
their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal drawn
from that angular point.

So what all forces a ship can experience while she is at sea ?

Current and Wind are two of the most common forces. We should take these to our
advantage. But there is one force that we can use to our advantage. That is the
force of resistance from the water itself.

Say the ship is moving at dead slow ahead. And I turn the rudder on the port side.
Will the ship start turning right away ? No it wont. Because depending upon the
under water area of the hull, there is huge resistance offered from the water.

The water acts as something like a wall to the underwater hull.

The hull need to over power this resistance for it to start turning. This is also the
reason why loaded ship start turning late when we give rudder order.
But how can we use this resistance to our advantage ? Using this water resistance,
we can actually move the vessel in any direction we want.

Let us see it with an example.

Let us say we want to move the ship towards the berth while keeping the heading
of the vessel parallel to the berth.

For berthing in this situation, one school of thought teaches us to berth in this way.

For berthing to port side alongside, head to the berth with an angle of around 20
deg with the berth. Few meters from the berth, go astern. For right hand, fixed
pitch propeller, this will turn the ship slightly to starboard because of transverse
thrust. This will make the ship parallel to the berth.
This method have some dangers associated with it. For example transverse thrust
may not be as much as you expected.
What if We use the forward headway vector and resistance force of water to have a
resultant vector that will take the ship towards the berth. This is how it is done.

Maintain a low forward speed (say around 3 knots). Now put the rudder on 10 Deg
port. While the rudder is on 10 Deg port, vessel would experience the resistance on
the underwater hull area.

This resistance will try to push the vessel on the other side. Keep an eye on the rate
of turn indicator as we will not allow the ship to turn.

Before vessel starts to turn, put the rudder to midship. The resultant of vessels
headway and the resistance we created will make the ship move towards the berth.
We can adjust these two vectors to move the ship in a direction we want. For
example we can reduce the speed if we want to have the resultant more toward
abeam. Or we can increase the speed a bit to have the resultant vector more
forward of beam.

Or we can also increase or decrease the resistance force by varying the rudder
order (say between 5 deg-15 Deg).

Still do not believe that the we can use the water resistance to our advantage ?
Then see this image taken during actual berthing of the vessel.
By varying the strength of these two forces, we can move the ship in any direction
we want.

Apart from this, there are number of ways we can use this resistance in our favour.

For example, let us say we are waiting for the pilot to board in a busy traffic area
with engine stopped. If the vessel is drifting towards fishing vessels or other
anchored vessels, what can we do to reduce this drift.
Again we can use the engine to dead slow ahead and put the rudder on hard to
starboard. Before the vessel start to turn, stop the engine and rudder amidship. The
Direction of vessels drift will change towards the vessels heading.

We can use this resistance in many ways, only limitation being your imagination.

2. Using anchor to stop the ship in

emergency

Do you think we should keep anchor party standby forward when the vessel is
moving at full manoeuvring ahead in a river ?
 I mean, what if they are stand by in the accommodation area with walkie talkie ? In
emergency, by the time we reduce the speed to the level where we can drop
anchor, the crew would definitely reach forward.

This thought is based upon the assumption that even in emergency we cannot drop
anchor when the ship moving at full ahead. Do you agree ?

If you agree, you would be wrong. We can drop the anchor in emergency even
when ship is moving at full ahead. Only thing is we need to follow the right steps
in doing so.

Want to know how we can achieve that ?

Imagine that vessel is moving at 12 knots in a river with engine full ahead. For
some reason we need to stop the vessel immediately.

Here is how we can do it.

Put the rudder hard over to the side you can turn the ship.

Drop the anchor to the side of the turn. So if you are turning to starboard, drop
starboard anchor. Before we drop anchor we must ensure that we are dropping the
anchor in an area of suitable anchoring depths.

Turning would reduce the vessels speed. As the speed of the ship reduces, keep on
going down on the engine movement too.

For example, let us say half ahead speed is 10 Knots and slow ahead speed is 7
knots.

When we have dropped the anchor and start turning, bring the engine to half ahead.
 When the speed is just over 10 knots (say 11 knots), bring the engine to slow
ahead.

When the speed is just over 7 knots (say 8 knots), bring the engine to dead slow
ahead.

Whenever you can, stop the engine.

We need to be careful with stopping the engine as when we stop the engine,
vessels rate of turn would reduce and anchor chain might get stressed.

While we have initiated this procedure, the instructions to the anchor party would
be to keep pay out the cable as the weight comes. Their goal would be to not to
stress the cable too much and hold the anchor until weight comes on the cable.

This procedure allows the vessel to stop with the help of three things

Turning reduces the speed

Gradual reduction of Engine movement from full ahead to stopping the engine
reduces the speed

Controlled weight on the anchor reduces the vessels speed

But the question is, wont the anchor damage in this case ? The answer would be
No.

When the vessel starts to turn, it will cover distance equal to head reach in forward
direction and side reach in athwartship direction.
In fact because of controlled load on the anchor, its maximum head reach and side
reach will reduce.

The length of the anchor chain would be sufficient to stretch to this distance. In
fact you may not need to pay the entire length of the anchor chain.

If you get a chance, try this exercise on the simulator to believe it.

3. Rudder Cycling to reduce the ship speed

Imagine we are moving at some speed to approach a port and suddenly we are
asked to wait for the pilot. This is a common situation Masters are subjected to at
many ports.
 We wish we had some kind of brakes on the ship, which we could just press to stop
the ship or reduce the speed. But we do not have brakes on ship, right ?

But wait, who said ship does not have brakes to stop the ship ? Rudder cycling is
most effective way to stop a ship without changing the heading.

It uses the resistance of water on underwater hull area to reduce the speed of the
ship.

Want to know how it is done ? Considering port side is safer than starboard side

Put the rudder on hard to port side

When the ship has turned to 20 deg from the original course, put the telegraph to
half ahead

When the ships heading is 40 degrees from the original course, put the rudder on
hard to starboard

When the ships heading just starts to turn to starboard side, make the engines on
slow ahead

When the ships heading has returned to original course, put the rudder to hard to
port

When the ship just starts to turn to port, put the engine to dead slow ahead

When the ships heading returned to original course, put the rudder on hard to
starboard to check some of the port swing.

When the ship still has some rate of turn to port, put the rudder midship and go full
astern on the engines to stop the ship
This will stop the ship at considerable lesser distance. But we do not need to use
rudder cycling only to stop the ship. We can also use the rudder cycling when we
need to reduce the speed of the ship.

4. Turning the ship at its position

 Can you think of a situation when we need to turn the ship at its position ?

We may need to turn the ship near to the berth when we arrive at the berth
from down river direction and we need to berth facing upriver direction.

But turning in this situation may not be that tricky as we can use the tugs to turn
the vessel.

Now consider a situation where you have anchored in a very congested anchorage
and you need to pick up the anchor and turn the vessel.

In this situation if you have bow thruster fitted, it is easier to turn the vessel. But
how to turn the vessel at its position if you do not have bow thruster.

For right hand fixed pitch propellers, it is always easier to turn the ship on
starboard side.

So to turn the ship

Wheel hard to starboard and give a quick burst ahead on the engines. Ship will
start to turn to starboard. Do not gather too much ahead speed. Just about when
speed is around 0.5 Knots, stop the engine.

Wheel amidship, give a quick burst astern on the engine. As the engine goes to
stern, the bow will start to move to starboard. This will help the starboard turn as
well as reduce the forward speed of the ship.

As the ship gains some sternway (around 0.5 knots), stop the engine.

Repeat the above steps and keep the vessel turning to starboard.
Conclusion

Ship handling cannot be learned in few days or few months. Apart from learning
the theory of Ship handling, we also need to practice it on board to be master of it.

Ship handling need to be learned right from the time on junior ranks. We need to
observe how Masters and pilots handles the ship.

If they ordered the rudder to port 10 deg, why did they do so ? If they used the
engine in astern direction, why did they do it now ?

Asking these question and then finding the answers right from the junior ranks can
make us a better ship handler.