1. What are the advantages of using CNG and LPG as fuels?

Answer

The advantages of using compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquified petroleum gas (LPG)
as fuels are:
They can be burnt directly.
They can be transported easily through pipe lines.
They are clean fuels and do not give smoke when burnt.
They give a lot of heat energy when burnt.

2. Name the petroleum product used for surfacing of roads.

Answer

Bitumen, a petroleum product, is used for surfacing roads.

3. Describe how coal is formed from dead vegetation. What is this process called?

Answer

Millions of years ago, dense forests got buried under the soil due to natural processes like
storms, floods, and earthquakes. These got compressed as more and more soil got
deposited over them. When they got buried deep in the soil, they were exposed to very high
pressure and temperature. Under these conditions, these slowly got converted into coal.
This process of formation of coal from dead vegetation is called carbonization.

4. Fill in the banks.

(a) Fossil fuels are ________, ________and _________.
(b) Process of separation of different constituents from petroleum is called _________.
(c) Least polluting fuel for vehicles is __________.

Answer

(a) Fossil fuels are coal, petroleum and natural gas.

(b) Process of separation of different constituents from petroleum is called refining.
(c) Least polluting fuel for vehicles is CNG.

5. Tick True/False against the following statements.

(a) Fossil fuels can be made in the laboratory. (T / F)

False

(b) CNG is more polluting fuel than petrol. (T / F)

False
(c) Coke is almost pure form of carbon. (T / F)
True

(d) Coal tar is a mixture of various substances. (T / F)

True

(e) Kerosene is not a fossil fuel. (T / F)

False

6. Explain why fossil fuels are exhaustible natural resources.

Answer

Fossil fuels require millions of years to form from the dead vegetation and animals that get
buried deep inside the Earth. They require high temperature and pressure for their
formation, which cannot be provided in the laboratory. Thus, fossils are limited. Therefore,
the use of fossil fuels at this rate will lead to their exhaustion.

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7. Describe characteristics and uses of coke.

Answer

Characteristics of coke are:

Tough
Porous
Black in colour

Uses of coke:
In manufacture of steel.
In the extraction of metals (as a reducing agent).

8. Explain the process of formation of petroleum.

Answer

Petroleum was formed from dead organisms that got buried in the sea millions of years ago.
These dead bodies got covered with layers of sand and clay. Lack of air, high temperature,
and high pressure transformed these dead organisms into petroleum and natural gas.

9. The following Table shows the total power shortage in India from 1991 - 1997. Show the
data in the form of a graph. Plot shortage percentage for the years on the Y-axis and the
year on the X-axis.
S. No. Year Shortage (%)
 1 1991 7.9
2 1992 7.8
3 1993 8.3
4 1994 7.4
5 1995 7.1
6 1996 9.2
7 1997 11.5

Answer
1. List conditions under which combustion can take place.

Answer

The conditions required for combustion to take place are:

Presence of a fuel
Air (or oxygen)
Ignition temperature (minimum temperature at which a substance catches fire).

2. Fill in the blanks:

(a) Burning of wood and coal causes _________of air.
(b) A liquid fuel used in homes is ___________.
(c) Fuel must be heated to its ___________ before it starts burning.
(d) Fire produced by oil cannot be controlled by _________.

Answer

(a) Burning of wood and coal causes pollution of air.

(b) A liquid fuel used in homes is LPG.
(c) Fuel must be heated to its ignition temperature before it starts burning.
(d) Fire produced by oil cannot be controlled by water.

3. Explain how the use of CNG in automobiles has reduced pollution in our cities.

Answer

Combustion of fuels like petroleum causes formation of un-burnt carbon particles along with
carbon monoxide gas. These harmful pollutants enter the air and cause respiratory
diseases. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) produces these harmful products in very less
quantity. It is a comparatively cleaner fuel. Therefore, the use of CNG has reduced pollution
in our cities.

4. Compare LPG and wood as fuels.

Answer

LPG Wood

It has more calorific value about 55000 It has less calorific value about 17000 to 22000
kJ/kg kJ/kg

It does not cause any environmental On burning wood release unburnt carbon
problem. particles which cause diseases such as asthma
It is smokeless fuel. It gives out lot of smoke

It is easy to store and can be easily It needs a lot of space to store also very
transported in cylinders and pipelines. difficult to transport.

Low Ignition temprature High Ignition temprature

5. Give reasons.
(a) Water is not used to control fires involving electrical equipment.
(b) LPG is a better domestic fuel than wood.
(c) Paper by itself catches fire easily whereas a piece of paper wrapped around an
aluminium pipe does not.

Answer

(a) Water is a conductor of electricity, so it can easily conduct electric current and cause
danger of electric shocks or short-circuits. Therefore, water can not be used to control the
fire involving electrical equipment.
(b) LPG is a better domestic fuel as it does not produce smoke and un-burnt carbon
particles, which cause respiratory problems.
(c) Paper by itself catches fire easily because it has low ignition temperature but when
wrapped around an aluminium pipe its temperature is lowered due to aluminium metal
absorbing the heat supplied to paper. So it does not catch fire.

6. Make a labelled diagram of a candle flame.

Answer

7. Name the unit in which the calorific value of a fuel is expressed.

Answer
The calorific value of a fuel is expressed in kilojoules per kilogram (kJ/kg).

8. It is difficult to burn a heap of green leaves but dry leaves catch fire easily. Explain.

Answer

Green leaves have a lot of moisture in them. This moisture does not allow them to catch fire
easily. However, dry leaves have no moisturein them. Therefore, they catch fire easily.

9. Which zone of a flame does a goldsmith use for melting gold and silver and why?

Answer

A goldsmith uses the outer part of the candle flame for melting gold and silver because in
this zone the temperature is the highest which helps to melt these metals easily.

10. In an experiment 4.5 kg of a fuel was completely burnt. The heat produced was
measured to be 180,000 kJ. Calculate the calorific value of the fuel.

Answer

The calorific value of fuel is the amount of heat produced by the complete combustion of 1
kg of fuel.
Now,
Heat produced by 4.5 kg of fuel = 180000 kJTherefore, heat produced by 1Kg of fuel =
180000/4.5 = 1KJ/Kg
= 40,000 kJ/kg
Hence, the calorific value of the fuel is 40,000 kJ/kg.

11. Can the process of rusting be called combustion? Discuss.

Answer

Combustion is a chemical process in which a substance reacts with oxygen and gives out
energy during the process in the form of either heat or light or both. Rusting of iron is an
exothermic process as heat is released during rusting. Hence, it is a kind of slow
combustion.

12. Abida and Ramesh were doing an experiment in which water was to be heated in a
beaker. Abida kept the beaker near the wick in the yellow part of the candle flame. Ramesh
kept the beaker in the
outermost part of the flame. Whose water will get heated in a shorter time?
Answer

The water in the Ramesh's beaker will heat up in a shorter time. This is because the
outermost zone of a flame is the hottest zone, while the yellow zone (in which Abida had
kept the beaker) is less hot.