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Chapter 14 Social Psychology

1. Overview
1. Social Cognition
1. We constantly gather data and make predictions about what will happen
next so we can act accordingly
2. Attitude Formation and Change
1. Attitude
1. a set of beliefs and feelings
2. Mere Exposure Effect
1. the more you are exposed to something, the more you will like it
3. Persuasive Messages
1. Can be passed through the central route or the peripheral route
1. central route
1. involves deeply processing the content of the message
2. peripheral route
1. involves other aspects of the message
2. ex: the communicator
3. The Relationship Between Attitudes and Behavior
1. Lapiere 1934
1. visited hotels and restaurants with an Asian couple
2. observed how they were treated
3. treated poorly only once
4. asked the establishments about their attitudes towards Asians
1. 90% said they wouldnt serve Asians
5. showed that attitudes dont perfectly predict behaviors
2. Cognitive Dissonance Theory
1. People are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors
1. when they dont, they experience dissonance
1. unpleasant mental tension
2. Experiment- Festinger and Carlsmith
1. participants performed a boring task
1. asked to tell next subject that they enjoyed it
2. subjects paid $1 to lie had more positive attitudes toward the
experiment than those paid $20
1. they lacked sufficient external motivation to lie
2. reduced dissonance by changing attitudes
4. Compliance Strategies
1. Compliance Strategies
1. Strategies to get others to comply with your wishes
2. Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon
1. If you can get people to agree to a small request, they will become more
likely to agree to a larger follow-up request
3. Door-in-the-face Strategy
1. After people refuse a large request, they will look more favorably upon a
smaller follow-up request
4. Norms of Reciprocity
1. The tendency to think that when someone does something nice for you,
you should do something nice in return
5. Attribution Theory
1. Goal
1. To explain how people determine the causes of what they observe
2. Types
1. Dispositional/Person attribution
1. the cause is due to the persons innate qualities
2. Situation attribution
1. a situational factor is the cause
3. Stable attribution
1. the cause is something that has always been that way
4. Unstable attribution
3. Harold Kelleys Theory
1. Explains the kind of attributions we make on:
1. consistency
1. how similarly the individual acts in the same situation over
time
2. distinctiveness
1. how similar this situation is to others weve seen the person
in
3. consensus
1. asks us to consider how others would have responded in the
same situation
2. important for determining whether to make person or
situation attribution
4. Self-fulfilling Prophecy
1. The expectations we have about others can influence their behavior
2. Pygmalion in the Classroom experiment
1. Rosenthal and Jacobson 1968
2. administered an IQ test to elementary school students
1. said it would measure who was on the verge of academic
growth
3. randomly picked a group of students
1. claimed they were ripe for intellectual progress
4. measured IQs again at the end of the year
1. the scores of the randomly picked students improved more
than those of their classmates
6. Attributional Biases
1. Fundamental Attribution Error
1. People overestimate the importance of dispositional factors
2. People underestimate the role of situational factors
3. More common in individualistic cultures
4. Less common in explaining your own behaviors
2. False-Consensus Effect
1. The tendency to overestimate the number of people who agree with you
3. Self-Serving Bias
1. The tendency to take more credit for good outcomes than bad
4. Just-World Bias
1. Thinking that bad things happen to bad people
7. Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
1. Stereotypes
1. Ideas about what members of different groups are like
2. May influence the way we interact with members of these groups
2. Prejudice
1. An undeserved attitude toward a group of people
2. Ethnocentrism
1. the belief that your culture is superior to others
3. Discrimination
1. acting on your prejudices
3. Out-Group Homogeneity
1. The tendency to see members of the in-group as more diverse than
members of the out-group
2. In-group
1. your own group
3. Out-group
1. all other groups
4. In-Group Bias
1. A preference for members of your own group
5. Origin of Stereotypes and Prejudice
1. Social Learning Theorists
1. learned through modeling
1. many prejudiced people have prejudiced parents
2. Cognitive process of categorization
1. people cant avoid magnifying differences between groups
6. Combating Prejudice
1. Contact Theory
1. contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity
1. if the groups are made to work toward a superordinate goal
2. superordinate goal
1. benefits all
2. needs participation of all
2. Robbers Cave Study
1. Sherif 1966
2. divided campers into 2 groups
1. had them compete in a series of activities to create
animosity
3. staged camp emergencies as superordinate goals
1. improved relations between the groups
8. Aggression and Antisocial Behavior
1. Types
1. Instrumental aggression
1. the aggressive act is intended to secure a particular end
2. Hostile aggression
1. has no clear purpose
2. Theoretical Causes
1. Exposure to aggressive models
2. Freud
1. linked aggression to Thanatos
1. the death instinct
3. Sociobiologists
1. the expression of aggression is adaptive under certain
circumstances
4. Frustration-Aggression hypothesis
1. the feeling of frustration makes aggression more likely
9. Prosocial Behavior
1. Prosocial Behavior
1. People helping one another
2. Bystander Intervention
1. The conditions under which people are more or less likely to help
someone in trouble
3. Diffusion of Responsibility
1. The larger the group of people who witness a problem, the less responsible
any one individual feels to help
4. Pluralistic Ignorance
1. People decide what constitutes appropriate behavior in a situation by
looking to others
10. Attraction
1. Fundamental Principle
1. We like others who:
1. are similar to us
1. similarity
2. with whom we come into frequent contact
1. proximity
3. who return our positive feelings
1. reciprocal liking
2. Self-Disclosure
1. Sharing a piece of personal information with another person
11. The Influence of Others on an Individuals Behavior
1. Social Facilitation
1. The presence of others improves task performance
2. Social Impairment
1. The presence of others hurts task performance if the task is difficult
3. Conformity
1. The tendency to go along with the views or actions of others
2. Solomon Asch 1951 Experiment
1. brought participants into a room of confederates
2. asked them to make simple perceptual judgments
1. showed 3 vertical lines and asked which was the same
length as a target line
3. had to answer out loud
4. confederates gave a unanimous, obviously wrong answer
5. 70% of participants conformed on at least 1 trial
4. Obedience Studies
1. Focus on the willingness of participants to do what another asks
2. The Milgram Experiment 1974
1. told participants it was a study about teaching and learning
2. participants were told to administer electric shocks
3. over 60% delivered all possible shocks
12. Group Dynamics
1. Norms
1. Rules about how group members should act
2. Specific Roles
3. Social Loafing
1. When individuals do not put in as much effort when acting as part of a
group as they do when acting alone
4. Group Polarization
1. The tendency of a group to make more extreme decisions than the group
members would make individually
5. Groupthink
1. The tendency for some groups to make bad decisions
2. Group members suppress their reservations about the ideas the group
supports
6. Deindividuation
1. Groups members feel anonymous and aroused
2. Loss of self restraint
3. People do things they never would have done on their own
7. Stanford Prison Experiment
1. Philip Zimbardo (the devil)
2. Simulated prison
3. Students took to assigned roles too well
4. Ended early

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