Long form:

Changing the adjective

Omoshiroidesu- present
Omoshirokuarimasen- negative present
Omoshirokattadesu- past
Omoshirokuarimasendeshita- past negative

Te form- for making requests, giving and asking for permission, stating
something that is forbidden, and forming sentences that describes two events
or activities.
Tekudasai- to make a request. Misetekudasai...Let me see.
Temoiidesu- May I.... Miseteomoiidesu. May I see....
Tehaikemasen- You may not. Misetehaikemasen. You may not see...
Te- for two verbs. Hon o misete, hon o yomimasu.
There is also a te form for adjectives and they can be used to make longer
sentences.
Yasui- Yasukute. Ii-yokute, genkina-genkide,nihonjindesu-nihonjinde
Ano misenotabemonoha yasukute, oishii desu. The food at the restaruant was
cheap and delicious.
Yamashitasensei ha nihonjinde yonjuusaiguraidesu. Professor Yamashita is
Japanese and he is about 40 years old. Gurai is about.

Verb Stem + ni/e + iku/kuru/kaeru

Depatoni kaban oo kai ni ikimashita.
Mary san wa nihon ni nihongo o benkyou shi ni kimashita.

Teiru- an action in progress or a past event connected to present.

It has three groups
Group 1: Continuous states- like to be (iru and aru)
Group 2: Activities that last for some time (eating, reading, waiting)
Group 3: activities that change or change quickly (married, to sit)

Kara- end of second sentence to explain the first sentence.

Sushiro o tabemasenka. Oishii desu kara
Short forms: Should be real this time
Short forms can be used when quoting someone, they can be used in
conversations as a term of intimacy, in making requests, in expressing ideas like
I like doing or that I am good at doing X.

Quotations- toitteimashita has to be used at the end to let them know it is a

quotation. It translates to they said or she/he said. And toomoimasu- I think
that...
Susan wa ashita shiken ga aru toitteimashita. Sue said there would be an exam
tomorrow.
Boku wa takeshisan wa Marysan ga sukidatooomoimasu. I think that Takeshi
likes Mary.

Naidekudasai- used to tell me what not to do politely.

Koko de shashin o toranaidekudasai. Please dont take pictures in here.

Verb no ga sukidesu- can be used to do stuf

Boku wa nihongo o benkyousuruno ga sukidesu. I like studying the Japanese
Language.
Boku ha heya o souji suru no ga kiray desu. I dont like cleaning my room.

Verb ga adjective desu

Robatosaan wa ryouri o tsukuru no ga jyouzudesu. Robert is good at cooking
meals.
Takeshisan wa eigo o hanasu no ga heta desu. Takeshi is not a good speaker of
English.

Negative short forms for verbs, adjectives, and nouns respectively.

Yomanai, Kawaikunai, Shizukajyanai, gakuseijyanai.
Add anai- form for each.

Potential verbs- the ability that you can do something or that it is possible.
Negative:

Ra-less forms

-Shi-
it is
used
when
giving a reason for something.
You use shi instead of kara when doing more than one thing.
Nihongo wa omoshiroi *shi, sensei wa ii *shi, watashi wa nihongo no jyukyuu ga
daisukidesu.
I really like my Japanese class, because Japanese language is interesting, and
our teacher is good.
-Shi- can also be used to imply there are more reasons.
Butsuka ga yasuishi, kono machi no seikatsu wa rakudesu,
Life in this city is an easygoing one. Things are inexpensive, for one thing.
-Shi- can be used to explained the situation.
Yamashitasensei wa ii sensei desu. Oshieru no ga jyouzuda shi, shinsetsuda shi.
Professor Yamashita is a great teacher. He is good at teaching and is kind.

Soudesu- it looks like

Kono nihonwa muzukashiku nasasoudesu. This book does not look difficult.

Atataka souna sweater o kiteimasu. She is wearing a warm-looking sweater.

Temiru- used to imply trying with focus. It conjugates the same.

Shitemiru- I am trying!
Nara- used for exclusionary. The first I can do but the rest I cant.
Hiragana nara wakarimasu. If it is written in hiranaga, then yes I understand.

Hoshii- when you want something.

Kamoshiremasen vs kamoshirenai- explains the possibility of something

happening.
Ashita wa ame ga furo kamoshiremasen. It may rain tomorrow.
Tanakasanyori, suzukisannohougase ga takaikamoshiremasen. Suzuki is
perhaps taller than Tanaka.

Ageru, kureru, morau- Ageru is when you give something, kureru is when
something is given to you, and morau is when you recieve something. The
recipient is tagged with ni. With Ageru and Kureru. Next recipient are tagged
wa/ga and the giver is tagged with ni/kara with morau.

Taradoudesuka is shortened to taradou or tara. This usually implies why dont

you... how about you... Cant be used for invites.

Volitional is kinda like a less formal form of mashou.

Volitional form + toomotteimasu- means something that you decided to do. It
can also imply that there is a decision that was made on the spot or something
you decided to do.
Mainichi sanjikan nihongo o benkyou shoutoomotteimasu. I am going to study
Japanese for three hours every day./ Ive decided to study Japanese everyday
for three hours.

Outoomoimasu- made on the spot

Kanji no jisho o kaoutoomoimasu- I will buy a kanji dictionary (decision made on
the spot).
Kanji no jisho o kaoutoomotteimasu. I am going to buy a kanji dictionary
(decision already made).

Teoku- is normally when doing something inpreparation for something else, it is

normally changed to toku in speech.

Hoteru o yoyakushi toku ne.- I will make a hotel reservation in advance.

Tomodachi ga kuru kara, heya o soujishiteokanakyaikemasen.- I have to clean
my room because my friends are coming.

Teageru- to do something for someone

Bok wa imouto ni okane o kashiteagemashita. I (generously) lent my sister
money.

Tekureru- someone does something for you.

Tomodachi ga shukudai o tetsudaattekuremasu. A friend helps me with my
homework.

Temorau- to persuade someone to help you.

Boku wa tomodachi ni shukudai o tetsudattemoraimashita. I got a friend of mine
to help me with my homework.

Teitadakemasenka- to request something for something.

Chotto tetsudatteitadakemasenka. Would you lend me a hand?
Tekuremasenka- chotto mattekuremasenka. Will you wait for a second?
Tekurenai- will you do something for me (friendly).
Sore tottekurenai/ sore totte- will you pick that thing up and pass that to me,
will you?

Short form + toiidesune for polite and toiine for casual. It is used to wish good
luck.
Ame ga furanaitoiine- I hope it doesnt rain.

Toiindesuga for polite and toiindakedo for casual. Cant be used for when there
is something under your control- used for yourself, when you are hoping for
something of your own good.
Shiken ga yasashiitoiindesuga. I am hoping that exam is easy.
Hachiji no tensha ni noreru toiindakedo. I hope I can catch the eight oclock
train.

Toki- When A, B.
Tibetto ni iku toki, bize o torimasu, I will get a visa issued, when I go to Tibet.
Genki na toki, kouen o hashirimasu. I jog in the park when I feel fit.
Tesumimasendeshita- I apologize for doing something.
Kitanai kotoba o tsukatte, sumimasendeshita. I am sorry for using foul
language.

Nakutesumimasendeshita- When you want to apologize for something that you

failed to do.
Shukudai o mottekonakute, sumimasendeshita.- I am sorry for not bringing in
the homework.

-soudesu- so I hear, I have heard.

Tte- can be used in informal speech at the end of sentences to quote someone.
Marysan, kyou wa isogashitte. Ashita, shiken ga arundatte. Mary says shes
busy today. She says she has an exam tomorrow.

Tara- A tara B
Nihon ni itsutara, kimono o kaimasu. I will buy a kimono if and when I go to
Japan.

Tenki ga yokattara, sanpo ni ikimasu. I will go for a walk if the weather is fine.

Tara can be used if something is probably.

Konban uchini kaettara, denwashimasu. I will call you when I get home tonight.

Tara can also make hypotheticals.

Nakutemoiidesu- things you dont need to do.
Kutsu o nuga nakutemoiidesu. You dont need to take of your shoes.
Present wa takakunakutemoiidesu. The present does not need to be anything
expensive.

Mitaidesu- looks like.

Mitai desu can also follow a verb.. Verb+ mitaidesi- it looks like...
Ame ga futttamitaidesu. It looks like it has rained.
Ano hito wa onaka ga taiteirumitaidesu.- It looks kike the person is hungry,

Maeni- is normally used to explain events that happened before something else
happens.
Kuni ni kaeru ma ni, mou ichi dotoukyou ni ikimasu. I will go to Tokyo one more
time before I go back home..

Tekara- A, and then B.

Transitive and intransitive terms. Someone did something and something
happened. The first had a thing do something and reequires someone to do
something and the other one is something just happeneing respectively.

Shimashou- can either mean that something is done to completion or something

has been done with lack of premeditation or control over.

-to- can stand for whatever.

Watashi wa sono hito to hanasu to genki ni naru. Whenever I talk with that
person, I feel uplifted.
Michi ga kondeiru to jikan ga kakaru. WHenever the streets are crowded, it
takes longer to get there.
-to is also cause and efect.
Marysan ga kuni ni kaerur to sabishikunarimasu. If Mary goes back home, we
will be sad and lonely.
Boku wa kodomo no toki, fuyu ni naru to kaze o hikimashita. When I was young,
whenever winter arrived, I caught a cold.
An adjective in the second clause.

Verb stem+ nagara- connecting two verbs.

Watashi wa itsumo ongaku o kikinagara nihongo o benkyoushimasu. I always
study Japanese while listening to music.
Takeshisan wa uta o utainagara sentaku o shiteimasu. Takeshi is doing laundry
singing a song.
Arubaito o shinagaragakkou ni ikuno ha taihen desu. It is not easy to go to
school working part-time.

-bayokattadesu- I wish I had done or I should have done...

Conjugation-

Honorific speech- to show respect for people you respect.

Nani o meshiagarimasuka- What will you (graciously) eat/drink?

O+verb stem+kudasai= respectful advice, but no a request. Kippu o

otorikudasai. Please take a ticket.

-tekuretearigatou- Thank you for doing.

Tetsudattekuretearigatou- thank you for helping me out.

-teyokattadesu- I am glad that...

Nihongo o benkyoushiteyokattadesu. Im glad that I have studied Japanese.

-Hazudesu- It is supposed to be the case..

Extra Modest expressions-
O-verb stem- suru= humble actions.

Verb + naide- kinounoyoru wa nenai de, benkyoushimashita. Last night, I

studied without getting any sleep.

Question words inside sentences:

Name-toiu- item= pochi toiu inu. A dog called Pochi

Verb stem+ yasui/nikui= Hard to do or easy to do.

Tsuka- tsukaiyasui-> kono tenshi jisho wa tsukaiyasuidesu. This electronic
dictionary is easy to use.
Taberu- Tabenikui-> hone ga ooinode, sakana wa tabenikuidesu. Fish are hard to
eat, because they have so many bones.
It is weird to use it with physical and statiscally possible actions, like
memorizing and such.
-aidani- when B interrupts A

A can be a noun.
Rusu no aida ni tomodachi ga kimashita. A friend came while I was out.

Adjective + suru. To make something...X

Heya o kireinimashita.- I made the room clean.
Minnade sekai o yokushimashou. Lets join our forces and make our world a
better place.
Shizukanisuru- to make something quiet, or keep quiet.

Tehoshii- a hope or want for something to happen.

Watashi wa byouki no tomodachi ni genki ni nattahoshidesu. I want my sick
friend to get well.

To make/let someone do something- aseru

Sensei wa gakusei ni kaiwa o oboesasemashita. The professor made the
students memorize the dialogue.
Verb stem+ nasai is a command.

If A Ba B. If A then B.
Kuruma ga areba, iroiro na tokoro ni ikemasu. If you have a car, then you can
got o various places.
Ba implies a good result of your actions.
Hashireba, densha ni maniaimasu. If I run, I will be able to catch the train. Good,
so correct.
Arukeba, densha ni okuremasu. If I walk, I will be late for the train. Bad, so
sounds odd.

You can use generic expressions like daijobu as the second.

Noni- B,
despite
the fact
of A.