INDEX

1. Summary: .......................................... 2
2. Introduction ...................................... 2
3. OBJECTIVES: ...................................... 2
Four. .............. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.
3

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING 5. EROSION: .......................................... 3

5.1. DEFINITION. .............................. 3

CIVIL ENGINEERING PROFESSIONAL 5.2. TYPES OF EROSION: .................. 3

SCHOOL 5.3. Erosion factors: ......................... 5

5.4. Calculation of erosion: .............. 6
5.5. Consequences: .......................... 7
5.6. SURFACE EROSION PREVENTION:
7
Erosion and Sedimentation
5.7. EROSION IN PERU: .................... 8
6. Sediment transport:........................ 10

Author (s): 6.1. factors: .................................... 10

Mauro Ventura Garca 6.2. Damage sediments: ................ 10

Lpez Prez Jos Gernimo 6.3. Calculation of sediment volume:

10
Jorge Yen Rucoba
6.4. reservoir sedimentation method:
10
Adviser:
7.CONCLUSIONS:....................................11
Ms.Ing. Jos Ramos Arbulu
8. REFERENCES BIBLEOGRAFIAS ............. 12

Chiclayo - Peru
(2017)
1. Summary:
Soil erosion is the separation of surface
material by the wind (wind) or water (water)
of the mass of material in which it is located.
The development of erosion models aims to
facilitate the estimation of solid material
eroded and thus design the possible
protective measures to prevent soil loss. two
large groups of erosion models, empirical
models and physically based models are
distinguished. As empirical models described
the model USLE (Universal Soil Loss
Equation) expressing average annual soil loss
long term. Increasing rates of soil erosion
and sedimentation can also endanger the
matrix vices of ecosystems be-provided by
watersheds. These services include climate
regulation, water purification, groundwater
recharge, effective nutrient cycle, and
maintaining biodiversity are
Pellets were derived from soil erosion in
slopes and the flow ducts of a water shed.
However, there is necessarily a direct
correlation between the amount of soil
erosion has occurred and the amount of
sediment deposited in a flow channel.
2. Introduction
Since the beginning of time the erosion
process - natural sedimentation has
remained a constant balance until the man
has interceded at.
Loss of soil resources watershed another
productively and well-functioning, a
recurring problem confronting
hydrologists and river basin
management. These soil losses have
both onsite and offsite effects on the
affected watershed. Besides the loss of
inherent soil resources through the
processes of erosion, in place effects can
include rupture of the soil structure, a
decrease in organic matter and nutrients
in the soil, and a reduction in moisture
available soil. The amount of sediment
deposited in a stream, river, lake or
reservoir is indicative of the amount of
soil erosion on the slopes and stream
channels contributing basin.
3. OBJECTIVES:
Describe the processes that lead to
loss of soil resources by erosion
Effective methods of preventing
unacceptable loss of soil in the basins
Methods to control losses of soil
resources when these losses are
excessive.
Describe sedimentation probably
occurs with the loss of soil resources
4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.

5. EROSION:
5.1. DEFINITION.

Soil erosion is the separation of

surface material by the wind (wind
erosion) or water (water erosion) of
Figure 1. Erosion, transport and accumulation of soil.
the mass of material in which it is
located. 5.2. TYPES OF EROSION:
Water and wind erosion are now the
If this is water, the process is
two main causes of land degradation.
presented by the presence of the
Both are responsible for 84% cd soil
same in two forms: rain or runoff.
loss, which is one of the most important
Rainwater contacts the ground as environmental problems.
impact. Runoff generates tangential
5.2.1. EROSION EOLICA:
forces which overcome particle
Wind erosion is the weathering of
strength (friction or cohesion).
rocks or soil removal due to wind
When these opposing forces in
action. Wind erosion is therefore
motion the process of erosion is
produced in arid areas such as
generated due.
deserts and high mountains. They
Soil erosion, soil loss and siltation also have another essential feature:
are terms that have different the large temperature differences.
meanings in the technology of soil This causes the rock to break and
erosion: wind erosion can act
moreeffectiveness.
SOIL EROSION: NumberGross floor
removed by the dispersing action of
raindrops and runoff. It is measured
as sediment discharge, therefore its
measurement unit is m3.

LOSS OF SOIL: Soil detached from a

given slope. It is measured in mm
of soil per m2 detached study (mm
/ m2). Figure 2. wind erosion.

SLUDGE BUILD: Volume of soil

deposited at a point that is under
5.2.2. WATER EROSION:
evaluation. Like erosion, deposition
is measured in m3.
 It is erosion by rainwater and
therefore impact by hydraulic
action starts and carries soil
particles by runoff on slopes.

Figure 3. water erosion.

Different types of water erosion:

Splash:erosion is causing the fall of
raindrops, is the result of the kinetic
energy of the particle of water on the
floor. It has been determined that the
speed of the drops and their impact on
the surface, is the largest force
detachment of soil particles and
initiate erosion. The impact is much
greater in the absence of vegetation.
Figure 5. Sheet erosion.
Rill erosion and gullies:are
grooves and / or trenches product
erosion which generally follows
the maximum slope of the plot is
a natural channel in which
concentrates and water flows
from rains. The water flowing
through the gully drag lot of soil
particles.
Consequently gullies are caused
by the concentration of surface
runoff at certain critical points of
the terrain.

Figure 6. Gully erosion.

Figure 4. Splash erosion.

Sheet erosion: It is the result of water

movement along the ground surface
and consequent removal of loose soil
particles into a uniform layer by
exceeding infiltration, runoff with soil
particle transport occurs.

5.3. Erosion factors:
Weather:
The most important climatic variable is rain,
because of its strong influence on certain
processes of water erosion (erosion impact,
riles, gullies, etc.). However, not all storms
are the same, so there are some more
erosive than others. Variables as amount of
rainfall (mm) and intensity of the storm (mm
/ hr), are those that determine the erosion
level of the event. Thus, in a storm whose
intensity is relatively low, the infiltration
rates will not be exceeded, so no runoff will
occur, bypassing the process sheet erosion
and formation riles and gullies.
Climate also plays a major role in the
processes of wind erosion, because the
detachment of the particles will occur only if
the soil is dry.
Vegetation:
Vegetation acts as a protective cover,
establishing itself as a buffer between the
soil and atmosphere. As a rule, the
effectiveness of vegetation to reduce erosion
impact depends directly on the height and
continuity of the treetops, and the density of
the surface coverage (grasses, herbs and
shrubs).
Soil type:
Not all soils are equal in terms of their
resistance to erosion. The erodibility of a
particular soil is a function of variables such
as texture, organic matter content, structure
and permeability. The texture of a soil is
important to define their level of erosion, as
not all textural classes erode as easily. limit
the speed of a flow of water, to which a
particle size as is sloughed. Finer particles are
lighter, they have a greater surface contact
between them and, therefore, a higher
cohesiveness, which makes them more
resistant to erosion. On the other hand, the
coarser particles are heavier, which also
increases its resistance to erosion.
Topography:
The topography is very important when
predicting erosion and sedimentation at a
given site variable. Factors such as pitch and
along the slope determines the amount and
speed of runoff that a given product storm
generated. The horizontal distance in
traveling a particle of soil loosened by the
impact of a raindrop, is directly related to the
steepness of the slope. Furthermore, the
slope length influences the depth and,
therefore, the erosive power of the surface
flow is generated, these being major
variables in the lower sections of the side
due to a higher contribution area
Flow rate:
The flow rate strongly influences water
erosion. It is known that the minimum speed
for detaching and conveying a soil particle is
a function of the diameter thereof. However,
once the particle has been detached, less
energy will be needed to keep it moving.
5.4. Calculation of erosion:
When the erosion rate is higher than the
rate of soil formation, it is a sign that
management is causing degradation and
it becomes necessary to practice and
work soil conservation and thus
contribute to sustainable development of
natural resources. To estimate soil
erosion has been used Universal Soil Loss
Equation (USLE) model to estimate field,
current and potential erosion of soils. This
equation constitutes an instrument of
planning to establish practices and soil
conservation works to make the current
erosion is less than the maximum
allowable rate of erosion.
To estimate soil erosion can use the
following equation:
= . . . . . If the topographic profile of the slope is
Where:
E: soil erosion (Tn / ha year)
R: rain erosivity (Mj / ha mm / hr)
K: soil erodibility.
LS: length and degree of slope.
C: factor vegetation.
Q: factor of mechanical practices.
Erodibility rain (R) was calculated using an
equation of the type Fournier developed
for study region, using data from monthly
and annual precipitation.
0.602
2
= 125.59 ( )
Where:
R: erodibility of annual rainfall and runoff
(Mj mm / hr ha)
Mi: monthly precipitation (mm)
Pa: annual rainfall (mm)
The soil erodibility (K) the equation used for
estimating the soil erodibility terrain.
. ( + )
= + . + .
Where:
K: soil erodibility (Tn / ha h / ha / MJ / mm)
AF:% of fine sand in the soil horizon
SIL:% silt from soil horizon
CO:% organic carbon soil horizon
AR:% total sand soil.
uniform and deposition areas, the average
terrain erodibility is the weighted average
using the respective areas (Wischmeier and
Smith, 1978), namely:
 ( + +. . +) depth and soil fertility, thus
=
intensifying dependence on
fertilizers and causing even
Where:
abandonment of agricultural land.
K: soil erodibility i - In other cases if erosion is very
intense it can alter the functioning of
Ai: floor area i rivers, the retention capacity of flood
At: total land area areas and even siltation and
eutrophication of reservoirs and
water bodies.
- Accelerated erosion is one of the
The length factor shed, L was calculated
main factors influencing directly in
according to the equation: the processes of desertification.
Given the importance of the study
=( ) involves soil erosion in different
.
fields such as agriculture, forestry
Where: research and related environmental
sciences, research in this field has
L: length of the slope, defined as the start
been extensively developed in recent
point of runoff to the point where start
years.
sediment deposition (m)

m: proportional to the gradient of the slope

(0.1 - 0.5) exponent.
Factor gradient of the slope, S, was
calculated according to the equation:
S = 0.00654 + 0.045 + 0.065
Where:
S: average gradient of slope (%).
5.5. Consequences:
5.6. SURFACE EROSION
PREVENTION:
Avoid places susceptible to increases in
surface erosion is the most effective and
economical means to prevent surface
erosion from occurring in the first place and
in doing so, to maintain the productivity of a
basin. More specifically, the most susceptible
to increases in surface erosion sites are those
that have inclined surfaces, shallow soils,
soils with low hydraulic conductivity, and the
lack of protective vegetation cover.
EROSION CONTROL SURFACE:

Maintenance of mulch is the best way to

The negative effects which can lead to soil
erosion are diverse:
- Erosion on agricultural land can
trigger the decline in cultivable
control the increase in surface erosion.
However, a protective plant cover is not
always present. Instead, the need to reduce
the impact energy of rain and water flowing
suggests the use of control measures applied
by land use practices. The key here is to keep
the soil surface in a condition that readily
accepts water. The more water that
infiltrates into the ground, the greater the
possibility to reduce the erosive effects of
surface runoff and plant growth becomes
sustainer.
Vegetative MEASURES
Maintaining a vegetative cover on the soil
surface protects against impact energy of
rain and, therefore, reduces surface erosion.
Plants also increase the roughness of the
ground surface increases torturousity of the
flow path and reduces the speed (energy)
surface runoff. Soil erodibility is also reduced
by the appearance of a network of plant
roots resistance improving soil and improve
soil structure through the addition of organic
matter.
Mechanical methods
Mechanical methods that shorten the length
of the slope and reduce the inclination of the
slope will decrease the energy of surface
runoff and in doing so, the volume and
velocity of runoff is reduced. Any action that
prevents excessive surface runoff and
channeling of surface runoff will reduce the
possibility of further erosion of the surface.
Strips aligned perpendicular to the
inclination vegetation can also slow the
speed of runoff.
Some of the most effective mechanical
methods:
Contour ridges - small ditches 20 to
30 centimeters deep depressions and
following contour-forming terraces
which hold water in place until it
infiltrates into the ground.
Contour ditches - Large grooves
slopes too steep for contour furrows
to contain larger amounts of runoff
and have potential for ground water
recharge according soil.
Fallow strips - vegetation strips
about 1 meter wide along the
contours on the ground level roll
gently to break the slope length until
vegetation can be established.
Pitting - shallow depressions 20 to 30
centimeters wide and 45 to 60
centimeters long bored into the soil
surface to create storage depression
to surface runoff and provide soil
water for measures revegetation .
5.7. EROSION IN PERU:
In Peru the problems affecting soils are
severe, causing the destruction of them and
affect the low agricultural production.
In the Central and Southern Coast:
- salinization:excessive irrigation and
poor drainage emerges salt to the
surface and poisons the soil. About
40% of the soils of the Costa suffer
from this problem to a greater or
lesser degree.
- Wind erosion:by cutting and burning
of vegetation winds erode the soil.
One cause is the destruction of
vegetation near the valleys and lack
 of windbreaks.
- fluvial erosion:rivers carry land on
the banks due to lack of vegetation
and protecting them.
North Coast:
- water and wind erosion:by cutting
and burning of vegetation and
overgrazing by goats. The carob trees
and dry forests have disappeared or
have been reduced by human action
over large areas.
- salinization:excessive irrigation and
poor drainage. Wide irrigated areas
are affected by this problem in
Tumbes, Piura, Lambayeque and La
Libertad.
- desertification: by logging of forests
in semi-desert areas (algarrobales,
sapotales) extends the desert and
dunes encroaching on agricultural
areas.
In the western slopes:
- severe water erosion:with landslides
in the rainy season. The cause is the
cutting and burning of vegetation on
the slopes, and overgrazing. This
problem is widespread by steep
slopes and lack of vegetation cover.
In the mountains and valleys:
- Water erosion (fluvial and pluvial):the
lack of vegetation and burning stubble.
This problem affects 60% of agricultural
soils in the region.
Grazing and burning in the upper parts
pajonales causes deterioration of
vegetation cover and causes erosion.
Grazing with unsuitable species causes
destruction of natural grass cover.
Sheep, horses and cattle, especially in
the more arid areas of the Sierra,
destroying pastures grubbing and
trampling.
In the High Forest:
- severe water erosion by excessive
slopes, high rainfall and uncontrolled
deforestation of hillsides and riverbanks,
that trigger severe erosive processes as
landslides and mudslides. This problem
is widespread.
Loss of fertility farming practices that
remove organic matter and not restitute
naturally. Agroforestry practices are not
widespread.
In Lower Selva:
Loss of fertility: the fertility of
Amazonian soils depends on the
vegetation cover, which restores
organic matter. Agroforestry systems
are not widely used.
- fluvial erosion:massive deforestation
of the riverbanks produce
accelerated erosion of the best
alluvium.
6. Sediment transport:
If runoff conditions in an alluvial channel
exceeds the threshold condition then
drag the fluid is able to induce
widespread sediment transport bed.
This transport can be classified in at
least two modes: load transport and
suspended transport. In general it can
be defined as transport line that in
which laspartculas sediment
transported by the flow are maintained
in contact with the bed frequently.
Transport suspension: is that in which
the sediment particles are spread in the
whole water column having a rare
contact with the bed.
The transport line is associated with
relatively coarse sediment, while the
suspended transport relates to fine
sediment.
This is because although in principle it
could be any particle resuspension
(regardless of size) whether sufficient
capacity escurrimientotiene drag, in
practice this capacity is limited in
natural waterways
6.1. factors:
The processes that govern the
movement of sediments in rivers are
complex and depend on the following
factors: hydrological, hydraulic,
geological, geographical and biological.
The water discharge speed, the
characteristics of the materials of the
walls and channel bottom, material
availability for transport.
Other factors include the duration and
intensity of rainfall, slope, land use in
the watershed, vegetation cover, soil
type, human activities.
6.2. Damage sediments:
Although agriculture contributes in many
ways to impair water quality, sedimentation
and anthropogenic erosion is a global
problem that is often particularly associated
with agriculture. While there is no global
figures, is likely to agriculture in the broadest
sense, is the cause of much of the global
sediment into rivers, lakes, estuaries and
finally to the world's oceans.
6.3. Calculation of sediment volume:
=
Where:
R = sediment production per unit area of the
basin, Ton / Km 2 = Qs / Ac
Ac = area of the watershed in km 2
wt = specific weight or bulk density of the
pellets, kg / m3.
6.4. reservoir sedimentation method:
Sedimentation can not be prevented but
delayed. One way to do this is to select a site
where sediment flow is low and implement
methods soil conservation (terraces, crops
contour), protect margins vegetndolos
rivers or by coating natural barriers that trap
sediment before reaching dams, dam
desazolvar (dredged), deflocculate the
compacted sediment and liquid happens as
Silting of the reservoir the ultimate
destination of all deposits are funds
reservoirs, large productions sediment
shorten the life of a reservoir and to
determine the dead capacity of a reservoir 8. BIBLEOGRAFICAS
should be considered sediment production REFERENCES:
for "n "years of life planned for the reservoir.
The specific weight of the sediment varies
http://eprints.ucm.es/17468/1/TFM_AfricaD
according to the age of the deposit (t in
umas.pdf
years) and the type of sediment.
http://eias.utalca.cl/isi/publicaciones/erosio
7. CONCLUSIONS:
n_y_sedimentacion_vol1.pdf

In this paper we released the processes
leading soil loss and this cause currently in
sectors such as riverbanks and riverbeds
have been impacted dramatically destroying
partially or completely soil and altering
natural conditions.
http://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/handl
e/2099.1/24492/711-TES-CA-
6655.Memoria.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=
y
https://www.greenfacts.org/es/recursos-
hidricos/figtableboxes/4.htm

Surface erosion is caused by the detachment file: /// C:

of soil particles of a site by the impact of /Users/User/Downloads/erocion%20libro%2
raindrops hitting a mineral soil surface and 01.en.es.pdf
transport from the place by surface runoff

Preventing surface erosion or maintaining

the rate of erosion at acceptable levels
including a protective cover of vegetation to
reduce the energy imparted by the falling
water droplets and high speeds of runoff.

The contribution to reservoirs sediment from

soil produced by dismantling of materials
due to water erosion can be a serious
problem as this may cause turbidity or
dammed water pollution, reduction of the
initial capacity even silting. We therefore
consider it appropriate that water erosion is
monitored in these areas and put in place a
strategy to control erosion such as in areas
where vegetation is sparse practice
reforestation with species resistant to
increase the consolidation of the soil and
reduce the removing material