8/23/2016

ECE330
Power Circuits and Electromechanics

Dr. Nam Nguyen-Quang

Fall 2016

http://www4.hcmut.edu.vn/~nqnam/lecture.php
nqnam@hcmut.edu.vn

Lecture 1 1

Review of power

Assuming sinusoidal voltage and current, i.e.

vt Vm coswt q v i t I m coswt q i
Instantaneous power (i = Im when t = 0)

pt vt i t Vm I m coswt q v q i coswt
Average (also real or active) power over one period T = 2p/w
Vm I m
P cosq v q i Vrms I rms cosq v q i
2
where Vrms and Irms are root mean square (rms) voltage and current,
respectively. q = qv qi is called power factor angle, and cos(q) is called
power factor (PF).
Lecture 1 2

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Review of phasor

Sinusoidal quantities can be represented as phasors, for example

V Vrms q v I I rms q i
Magnitude Phase angle

Lagging power factor Leading power factor

V I
+ +
I V
qv qi
qi qv

An inductive load exhibits a lagging PF, and a capacitive load has a

leading PF.
Lecture 1 3

Class examples

Ex. 2.1: Write phasor forms of v(t) & i(t), and find the average power P

vt 210 cos wt 30 0 V 1030 0

i t 2 5 cos wt 20 0 I 5 20 0
q q v q i 30 20 50 0 (lagging PF)

P 105 cos 50 0 32.14 W
Ex. 2.2: Recalculate the average power P with new i(t)

i t 2 5 cos wt 90 0 I 5 90 0

P 105 cos 1200 25 W (generating power!)
Lecture 1 4

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Review of complex power

Define reactive power as

Vm I m
Q sin q v q i Vrms I rms sin q v q i
2
The instantaneous power can be expressed

pt P P cos2wt Q sin 2wt P1 cos2wt Q sin 2wt

As V Vrms e jq v and I I rms e jq i, it can be seen that

P Re V I * Vrms I rms cos q v q i
Q Im V I V
*
I
rms rms sin q v q i

Complex power is defined as

S V I * P jQ
Lecture 1 5

Review of complex power (cont.)

In power calculations, rms values are always used. Hence, the

subscript rms will be omitted hereafter

P VI cosq v q i Q VI sin q v q i
And magnitude of complex power is S VI

To distinguish S, P, and Q, their units are voltamperes (VA), watts (W),

and voltampere reactive (VAR), respectively

Alternative forms of complex power

Z R jX V ZI S ZII * I 2 Z I 2 R jX P jQ
Hence
P I 2R Q I2X
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Class examples

Ex. 2.4: Find complex power for given v(t) and i(t)

vt 210 cos wt 10 0 V 1010 0

i t 2 20 sin wt 70 0 I 20 20 0

S V I * 1010 0 20200 200300 173.2 j100 VA

P 173.2 W Q 100 VAR

Ex. 2.5 and 2.6: see text book

Lecture 1 7

Conservation of complex power

Series circuit

S V I * V1 V2 ... Vn I * S1 S 2 ... S n
Parallel circuit

S V I * V I1 I 2 ... I n S1 S 2 ... S n
*

Total complex power is the sum of complex powers in individual

elements. Most loads are connected in parallel. Conservation of complex
power
P P1 P2 ... Pn Q Q1 Q2 ... Qn
Power triangle: see example 2.7

Lecture 1 8

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Class examples

Ex. 2.7: Find complex power in the form of a power triangle

*
S VI * 10010 0 10 26.80 100036.80 800 j 600 VA
Hence
P 800 W Q 600 VAR
VI 1000 VA

Since q > 0, current lags voltage,

Q = 600
and the load is an inductive one. VAR
36.80

P = 800 W
Ex. 2.8, 2.9 and 2.10: see text book

Lecture 1 9

Specifying power in a load

Power absorbed by the load can be specified by a combination of
three of the following six quantities: V, I, PF (lag or lead), S, P, Q.

If V and I are specified it is equivalent to specifying V, I, and PF

Another way is to specify V, PF, and P
P
I Q VI sin q S P jQ
V cos q
The third way is to specify V, PF, and S: I is calculated from V and S,
then Q can be calculated from S and PF

The final way is to specify V, P, and Q: S is calculated from P and Q,

then PF is calculated from P and S

Lecture 1 10

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Three-phase systems

Voltage in each phase differs from the other phases by 1200. In

positive (also a-b-c) phase sequence, the three voltages are given by
v aa ' Vm coswt
vbb ' V m cos wt 120 0
v cc ' V m cos wt 120 0
Three-phase connections: wye connection and delta connection

In wye connection, terminals a, b, and c are joined and labeled as

neutral terminal n. a ia
+
ia, ib, and ic are line currents, which are
n in
also equal to the phase currents. in is
neutral line current. c ib
b
ic
Lecture 1 11

Three-phase systems (cont.)

In delta connection, terminals a is connected to b, and b to c. Because

vac = vaa(t) + vbb(t) + vcc(t) = 0, as can be verified mathematically, c is
finally connected to a.
c a ia
Line and phase quantities

Since both supply and load can be wye or

delta connected, there are 4 possible c a ib
+

combinations: wye-wye, wye-delta, delta- b b

ic
wye, and delta-delta (supply-load).

wye-wye connection, balanced condition:

Van Vf 0 0 Vbn Vf 120 0 Vcn Vf 120 0
Lecture 1 12

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Three-phase systems (cont.)

where Vf is the rms value of phase-to-neutral voltage.

The line-to-line voltages are given by

Vab V an Vbn Vbc Vbn Vcn Vca Vcn Van

For example, magnitude of V ab can be calculated as

Vab 2Vf cos 30 0 3Vf Vcn
V ca V ab
From the phasor diagram, it can be seen
V an
Vab 3Vf 30 0 Vbc 3Vf 90 0
Vbn
Vca 3Vf 150 0
Under balanced condition, in = 0 (no neutral current) Vbc

Lecture 1 13

Three-phase systems (cont.)

wye-delta connection, balanced condition:

Without losing generality, assuming line-to-line voltages are
Vab VL 00 Vbc VL 1200 Vca VL 1200

Phase currents I1, I2, and I3 in the three legs of V ca

delta-connected load lag the respective
I3
voltages by q, and have the same magnitude of
If. It can be seen from the phasor diagram
V ab
I2 I1
0 0
I a 3I f 30 q I b 3I f 150 q
I c 3If 900 q Ia
Vbc

Wye connection: V L 3Vf and I L I f , delta connection: V L Vf

and I L 3I f
Lecture 1 14

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Power in balanced three-phase circuits

Balanced Y-connected load

In a balanced system, the magnitudes of voltages in all phases are the
same, and so also the current magnitudes. Let these be Vf and If. The
power per phase is then
Pf Vf I f cosq

Total power is PT 3Pf 3Vf I f cosq 3VL I L cosq

Complex power per phase is Sf Vf I f* Vf I f q
And total complex power is S T 3S f 3Vf I f q 3VL I L q
Note that q is the phase angle between the phase voltage and phase current

Lecture 1 15

Power in balanced three-phase circuits (cont.)

Balanced D-connected load

Similar to the case of balanced Y-connected load, per phase and total
power can be calculated using the same formulae.

It can be seen that for a balanced load, the expression for total complex
power is the same both for wye and delta connections, provided line-to-
line voltages and line currents are used.

Hence, calculations can be done on a three-phase or per-phase basis.

Ex. 2.12 and 2.13: see text book

Lecture 1 16

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Per-phase equivalents

D-Y conversion

Given a delta-connected load where impedance of each phase is ZD, the

equivalent wye circuit has a phase impedance of ZY = ZD/3. This can be
proved by equating the impedance across 2 arbitrary lines in both cases.

Instead of analyzing the delta circuit, the per-phase equivalent circuit can be
used after doing the D-Y conversion.

Ex. 2.14: Draw the per-phase equivalent circuit for a given circuit.

Replace D-connected capacitor bank by a Y-connected bank with phase

impedance of j15/3 = -j5 W. The resulting wye-connected circuit can then be
simplified to give the per-phase equivalent circuit.

Lecture 1 17

Class examples

Ex. 2.15: 10 induction motors in parallel, find three-phase kVAR rating

of a capacitor bank to improve overall PF to unity?

Per-phase real power is 30 x 10 / 3 = 100 kW, at lagging PF = 0.6. Per-

phase kVA is therefore 100/0.6. Hence,

100 10 3
S f S f cos 1 0.6 0.6 j 0.8 VA 100 j133.33 kVA
0.6
A capacitor bank can be connected in parallel to the load for improving
overall PF. The capacitor bank needs to supply all the reactive power to
bring PF to unity. This means per-phase Qcap = 133.33 kVAR, and three-
phase kVAR required will be 3(133.33) = 400 kVAR.

Lecture 1 18

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Class examples

Ex. 2.16: Suppose in Ex. 2.15, the new PF is to be 0.9 lagging, what
is the kVAR needed?

Sf 100 j133.33 kVA

New PF is 0.9 lagging, therefore new per-phase reactive power is

2 2
Qnew P 1 PF 1 100 1 0.9 1 48.43 kVAR
133.33
The capacitor bank therefore needs to supply kVAR

133.33 + 48.43 = 84.9 kVAR, and three-phase

kVAR required will be 3(84.9) = 254.7 kVAR.

48.43
kVAR
Ex. 2.17: see text book 100 kW

Lecture 1 19

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