A Novel Approach For Transformation Technique Using Clenshaws Recurrence Formula

Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2017 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No: - 2456 2165
A Novel Approach for Transformation Technique using

Clenshaws Recurrence Formula
S.mounika#1, P.sai chaitanya#2
1
Student of MTECH (DSCE), Dept. of ECE, KITS(S), email: suddalamounika12@gmail.com,
2
Asst Professor in ECE dept. KITS(S), email:chaithu456@gmail.com.
Abstract- The MPEG sound coding standard utilizes the previously reported algorithms ,we used clenshaws
progressively windowed adjusted discrete cosine change recurrence formula to transform kernels of the MDCT and
(MDCT) to accomplish an excellent execution. Coordinate IMDCT, and we propose new recursive structures for the
calculation of the MDCT in MPEG coding and of the general length MDCT and IMDCT.the proposed regular
converse MDCT (IMDCT) in MPEG deciphering are structures are less particularly suitable for parallel VLSI
computationally concentrated errands. Accordingly, realization and require less hard ware and number of
proficient calculations for the MDCT and IMDCT are of operations than the one proposed in direct method .
prime significance inside the sound coding and
interpreting process. A. Clenshaw's Recurrence Formula
The forward and converse altered discrete cosine Clenshaw's recurrence formula (with an associated sum) is an
change (MDCT) are two of the most computational efficient way to evaluate a sum of coefficients multiplied by
escalated operations in the MPEG sound coding standard. functions that obey a recurrence formula. It has been used
In this venture, we utilized Clenshaw's repeat equation to extensively in physical geodesy in the evaluation of sums of
change parts of the MDCT and IMDCT of the general high degree and order spherical harmonic series
length. Clenshaw's repeat recipe is an effective approach approximating the earth's gravitational potential. It is also used
to assess the entirety of results of ordered coefficients that in other applications like map projections where Clenshaw's
obey recursive relations. Proficient usage of MDCT and method is used to develop compact formula for meridian
IMDCT are gotten. The proposed consistent structures are distance and for computation of coordinates, grid convergence
especially reasonable for parallel VLSI realization. and point scale factor on the Transverse Mercator (TM)
projection using the Karney-Krueger equations
Simulation results are carried out using MATLAB for
signal reconstruction by considering different signals. The forward and inverse modified discrete cosine transform
Further, the proposed approach is applied for signal (MDCT) are two of the most computational intensive
compression and the compression results are obtained. It is operations in the MPEG audio coding standard. In this paper,
observed from the simulation results that the proposed we used Clenshaw's recurrence formula to transform kernels
approach is more efficient that straightforward method. of the MDCT and IMDCT of the general length. Efficient
implementations of MDCT and IMDCT are obtained. The
Index terms: Audio coding modified discrete cosine transform proposed regular structures are particularly suitable for
(MDCT), MPEG. parallel VLSI realization. Our solution requires less hardware,
and we achieved significant savings for a number of
I. INTRODUCTION operations compared with existing related systems.
The MPEG audio coding standard employs the dynamically Clenshaws recurrence formula is an elegant and efficient way
windowed modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) to to evaluate a sum of coefficients times functions that obey a
achieve a high quality performance direct computation of the recurrence formula. In this paper, it is used to obtain recursive
inverse MDCT(IMDCT)in MPEG decoding are algorithms for the forward and inverse MDCT. Let us first see
computationally intensive tasks .therefore ,efficient algorithms the formulation of Clenshaws recurrence formula.-
for the MDCT and IMDCT are of prime importance within the Suppose that the desired sum is
audio coding and decoding process .Recently recursive
1
algorithms for the forward and inverse MDCT,while can be
the implemented by parallel vlsi filters in addition to it we () = ()
have proposed recursive algorithms for the general length =0
discrete cosine transform (DCT).based on the concept of the
IJISRT17JU71 www.ijisrt.com 89
ISSN No: - 2456 2165
and that () obeys the recurrence relation +1

= 2 cos [( + ) ] [( 1 +
2
+1
) ]
() = (, ) (x) + (n,x)1 () (a) 2
+1
=2 ( ) 1 ( )
And comparing with equation (a), we will get

For some functions (, ) (, ). (, ) = () = 2
1 Downward order: We define the quantities ,
And(, ) = = 1.
= 1, . ,0by the following recurrence: +1 =
=0 Now, according to equation (C) for upward order, we define
= (, )+1 + ( + 1, )+2 + . Clenshaws 2 = 1 = 0

recurrence formula states that the sum () can be Computed
= () + 2 1 2
by ()= (1, x)0 ()y2 + F1 (x)y1 + F0 (x)c0
= 0,1, . . , 1..(F)
2 Upward order: We define the quantities , 0, . ,
1 by the following recurrence: and from (D), it follows that
2 = 1 = 0
() = ( 1)1 ( ) +
= 1/( + 1, )[2 2 ( )2 1 ( )3
.
. From the definition
(, )1 ]. (C) of ( ), we have 1 ( ) = [( 1 +
+1
) ]
2
Clenshaws recurrence formula states that the sum () can

be computed by 1 +1
()=1 1 ()- (N-1, x)2 ()2 = [ ] 2 ( ) = [( 2 + ) ]
2 2
1 ()3 . . ()
3
=[ ]
2
II. DERIVATION OF THE MDCT ALGORITHM
And if we put this in the previous equation, we obtain
Let x(n),n=0,1,2.N-1.the MDCT of x(n) is given by
( 1)
() = () = cos [ ] ( 1)
1 ()cos [( + ( + 1)/2) (K+1/2) /M] 2
=0
(3)
cos [ ] 2
2
K=0,1,..M-1
(1)
Where N=2M is the window length, and M is the number of + cos [ ] 3
2
transform coefficients. To obtain the recursive transfer .. (E)
function of X(K),
Formula (E) can be written as
let = (+1/2) /M.
()
() = [ ( )] [ ]

()
+1 [ ] .(G)
we define ( ) = [( + ) (K+1/2) /M] =
2
cos[( + ( + 1)/2) ]. From (F)
Further we have for n=N-1, we have 3 = ( 1) = 1 +
2 2
+1 ( ) = cos[( + 1 + ( + 1)/2) ]
ISSN No: - 2456 2165
if we and if we put this into the previous equation, after

mathematical transforming, we will obtain () =
() (+) (+1) (1)
[ ] + [ ] ..(H) () = [ ] 0 [ ] 1 .(N)
2 2
Table1
Again, we recursively generate the an from the input sequence

x (n), only now, it is according to (M). At the Nth step, the
Kth MDCT coefficient is evaluated from equation (N). Fig.
2(a) and (b) shows the digital implementation for the
computation of the kth transform element according to (18),
respectively. All elements of the transformation can be
computed in parallel and can be implemented in VLSI. These
Fig 1.a and fig 1.b(recursive implementation of mdct derived implementations require one fewer delay element than the
by using upward order clenshaws recurrence formula. method presented in, but the input sequence is in reverse
order; see Table I. They require the same number of
Therefore, we recursively generate the an from the input se- multipliers and adders.
quence x(n) according to upward order. At the Nth step, the
Kth MDCT coefficient X(k) is evaluated from either (G)or To compute M points of output, one needs (N+1)
(H). multiplications and (2N+1) additions per output sample,
whereas the approach requires (2N+1) multiplications and 3N
Fig. 1(a) and (b) shows the digital implementation for the additions. If we summarize the results of proposed
computation of the kth transform element according to (G) implementations for MDCT from Table I, it can be seen that
and (H), respectively. All elements of the transformation can we achieved significant savings for number of operations:
be computed in parallel and can be implemented in VLSI. approximately a 50% saving for the number of multiplications
These implementations require one fewer delay element than and a 30% saving for the number of additions. We also
the method presented in [I]; see Table I. They require the decreased the number of delay elements for one. The first
same number of multipliers and adders. To compute M points solution with upward order is rather superior to the second one
of output, one needs (N+2) multiplications and (2N+1) with downward order because of natural order of the input
additions per output sample, whereas the approach requires sequence.
(2N + 1) multiplications and 3N additions.
According to down ward order, we can also define

+2 = +1 = 0
= 2 +1 +2 + ()
n=N-1 1, 0,.(M)
Similar to upward order if we derive the equation for down

ward order final equation that we will get
ISSN No: - 2456 2165

(1)+( 2 ) 3( ), M EVEN
2
if we put this in to the previous equation ,we obtain

+1
() = (1)+( )
2 ( ) ( 1)
2
+1
3
+(1)+( 2
)
( ) 2 -
2
+1
+( )
Fig2.(a) and 2(b) (recursive implementation of mdct derived (1) 2 . ( ) 3 ..m odd
2
by using down ward order clenshaws recurrence formula.

() = (1)+( 2 ) ( ) ( 1)
2
III. DERIVATION OF THE IMDCT ALGORITHM
+1
3
Let X(K),K=0,1,..M-1.the IMDCT of X(k) is given by +(1)+( 2
)
( ) 2 -
2
1 +1

() = 1
=0 ()cos[ + ( + 1)/2)( + )] (1) +(
2
)
. ( ) 3 even
2 2
n=0, 1,..N-1. From the concept of upward order which was discussed earlier
To obtain the recursive transfer function of x (n) let

+1 +1

= [ + ] / () = (1)+( 2
)
( ) [ 1 2 ] M odd and
2 2
(x.a)
+1 1
( ) = [( + ) ( + ) /]

2 2 () = (1)+( 2 ) ( ) [ 1 +
2
1 2 ] . . (x.b)
=cos[( + ) ].
2
bk is recursively generated from the input sequence x(k)
Further, we have according to upward order . At the Mth step, the Nth IMDCT
1
coefficient is evaluated from either (X.a) or (X.b). Figs. 3 and
+1 ( ) = Cos[( + 1 + ) ]. 4 show the digital implementation for the computation of the
2
nth transform element according to (x.a) and (x.b),
1 1 respectively. All elements of the transformation can be
=2cos cos[( + ) ] cos[( 1 + ) ]
2 2 computed in parallel and can be implemented in VLSI. The
implementation in Fig. 3 requires one delay element less than
=2cos ( ) 1 ( )
the method presented in one multiplier more. The number of
And comparing with equation ..(a) adders is the same. To compute N points of output, one needs
(M+2 ) multiplications and (2M+1 ) additions per output
We get (, )= () =2cos and (, )==-1 sample, whereas the approach requires(M+1) multiplications
and additions
according to upward order we
define () = ( 1) ( ) + 2 ( ) 2 According to down ward order we can also define
1 [ +2 = +1 ] = 0
1 ( ) 3
= 2 +1 +2 + (), . = 1, .1,
From the definition of ( ),we have
1
1 ( ) = cos[( 1 + ) ]
2
1
cos[( + ( + ) )]
2 2
+1

(1)+( 2
)
3( ), M
2
ODD
ISSN No: - 2456 2165
3
() = [(0) 2 ] + 1
2 2
From down ward order equation for the value of k=0, we have
(0) 2 = 0 2 1
And if we put this in to the previous equation, after

mathematical transforming, we will obtain

()= [ ]

If we summarize the results of proposed implementations for

inverse MDCT from Table I, it can be seen that we achieved
approximately 30% saving for number of additions. We also
decreased the number of delay elements for one. In addition,
in proposed solutions for inverse MDCT with downward
order, it does not need to be considered the parity of M, but in
some implementations, it might be necessary to have
additional memory. From the other side in proposed solutions
with upward order, it is not necessary to have additional
memory, and in most implementations M is even; therefore,
Above Fig 3(a) and fig 3(b) explains Recursive only one realization for inverse MDCT is required. Again, we
implementation of IMDCT according to (x.a) derived by using can say that the first solution with upward order is rather
upward order Clenshaws recurrence formula. (a)M odd. (b) superior to the second one with downward order because of
M even. natural order of the input sequence.
According to down ward order which was discussed earlier we II. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
can also define
[ +2 = +1 ] = 0 In order to verify the proposed faster approach, we have
considered different standard signals. The proposed approach
= 2 +1 +2 + (), . = 1, .1,0 is used to reconstruct the signal. The original and
reconstructed signals are shown in Figs. 5.1 and 5.2. Further
And from clenshaws recurrence formula, it follows that the proposed approach is applied for signal compression. The
original and compressed signal after reconstruction are shown
() = 0 ( ) 2 + 1 ( ) 1 + 0 ( )(0). in Figs. 5.3 and 5.4.
From the definition of 20
18
( ),
16
14
0 ( ) = 12
2
10
3 8
1 ( ) =
2 6
And if we put this in to previous equation, we will obtain 2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
()= (0) +
2
3
1 2
2 2 Fig. 5.1 Original signal of 20 points
It can be also rewritten as
ISSN No: - 2456 2165
MDCT in MPEG coding and of the inverse MDCT (IMDCT)

25
in MPEG decoding are computationally intensive tasks.
Therefore, efficient algorithms for the MDCT and IMDCT are
20 of prime importance within the audio coding and decoding
process.
15
The forward and inverse modified discrete cosine transform
(MDCT) are two of the most computational intensive
10 operations in the MPEG audio coding standard. In this project
work, we proposed new recursive algorithms for the forward
and inverseMDCTof general length, which are suitable for
5
parallel VLSI implementation. The Clenshaws recurrence
formula is used for derivation. We used Clenshaws
0 recurrence formula to transform kernels of the MDCT and
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
IMDCT of the general length. Clenshaws recurrence formula
is an efficient way to evaluate the sum of products of indexed
Fig. 5.2 Reconstructed signal using the proposed approach coefficients that obey recursive relations. Efficient
implementations of MDCT and IMDCT are obtained. The
10
proposed regular structures are particularly suitable for
9
parallel VLSI realization.
8
Simulation results are carried out for signal reconstruction by
7
considering different signals. Further, the proposed approach
6
is applied for signal compression and the compression results
5 are obtained. It is observed from the simulation results that the
4 proposed approach is more efficient that straightforward
3 method. Future work would be to use the method presented for
2 a number of image processing applications like image
1
watermarking, face recognition etc. Further work would also
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
be to extend this faster approach to other transforms.
Fig.5.3. Original signal of 10 points REFERENCES
[1] Regressive implementations for the forward and inverse

12
MDCT in MPEG audio coding, IEEE Signal Processing vol.
3, pp. 116118, Apr. 1996
10
[2], Recursive algorithms for the forward and inverse discrete

8
cosine transform with arbitrary length,IEEE Signal
6
Processing vol. 1, pp. 101102, July 1994.
4
[3] Recursive algorithm for the discrete cosine transform
with general lengths, vol. 30, pp. 197198, Feb. 1994.
2
[4] Efficient recursive algorithm for the inverse discrete
0
cosine transform,IEEE Signal Processing vol. 7, pp. 276
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
277, Oct. 2000.
Fig.5.4. Compressed signal using proposed approach [5] Computation of DCT using Clenshaws recurrence
formula, IEEE Signal Processing vol. 2, pp. 155156, Aug.
III. CONCLUSIONS AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE 1995.
WORK
[6] W. H. Press, S. A. Teukolsky, W. T. Vetter ling, and B. P.
The MPEG audio coding standard employs the dynamically Flannery, Numerical Recipes in C. Cambridge, U.K.:
windowed modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) to Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992.
achieve a high-quality performance. Direct computation of the
ISSN No: - 2456 2165
[7] V. Nikolayevich and G. Fettweis, New recursive

algorithms for the forward and inverse MDCT, in Proc. IEEE
Workshop Signal Process .Syst., Antwerp, Belgium, Sept.
2001.
[8] Information technologyCoding of moving pictures and

associated audio for digital storage media at about1.5Mbit/s,
Part 3: Audio, SO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 MPEG, IS11172
3, 1992.
[9] Information technology generic coding of moving
pictures and associated audio, Part 3: Audio. SO/IEC
JTC1/SC29/WG11 MPEG, IS138183, 1994.
[10] Computation of forward and inverse MDCT using

clenshaws recurrence formula, IEEE transactions on signal
processing, vol51, no.5, May 20.

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Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2017 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No: - 2456 2165