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Initial help given to a casualty before the arrival

of professionals

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To preserve life
To promote recovery
To prevent others injuries

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Airway- Check the airways are open and
clear, no obstructions
Breathing- Look and see that the chest is
rising and falling. Sound of breathing
Circulation- Check for pulse

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Safety
Consciousness
Pulse & Respiration
Bleeding
Fractures
Poisoning
Shock
Disposal of casualty

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Fully Conscious
Drowsiness
Stupor
Coma

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Hands - Check nails and palms for anaemia

Pulse - Check the rate, rhythm & volume

Blood pressure - Hypotension is low BP,

hypertension is high BP

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 Head - Eyes, ears, lips and mouth

Neck - check not broken or bruised

Chest - Lungs and heart

Abdomen - Liver, spleen, kidneys

Limps - Look, feel, move

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 Incised wound
Laceration
Abrasion (Graze)
Contusion (Bruise)
Puncture wound
Gunshot wound

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Straight Cut
Profuse bleeding
Caused by blade/ broken glass

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Rough tear by crushing on ripping forces
Bleed less profusely than incised wound
Often contaminated by germs

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Caused by sliding fall of friction or burn
Superficial wound

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Blunt blow
Caused by hammer etc.

Caused by bullet

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Caused by nail and needle

Small
site of entry deep track of internal
damage

Risk of infection is high

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Remove any clothing from around the wound

Cleanthe skin round the wound and irrigate

the wound to remove any dirt

Cover it with a clean dressing

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When applying sterile dressing
Remove the wrapping

Unfold the dressing pad, holding the bandage

on each side of the pad.

Put the pad directly on the wound.

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Wind the short end of the bandage once around
the limb and the dressing to secure the pad,
leaving the tail hanging free

To secure the bandage, tie the ends in a reef

knot, tied over the pad to exert firm pressure on
the wound

Check the circulation to the extremity of the

injured limb

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Arterial bleeding

Venous bleeding

Capillary bleeding

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Bright red

Spurts out

Under high pressure

Richly oxgenated
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Dark red

Gushing out

Under lesser pressure than arterial bleeding

Given up its oxygen

Red in colour
Oozing out
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 Severe wounds
Apply direct pressure to the wound in order
to stop the flow of the blood

Apply sterile dressing with firm pressure to

control the bleeding

Ifthere is no fracture, try to raise the limb

that has been wounded & support it
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Pale, clammy skin
Rapid and weak pulse
Rapid, shallow breathing
Tenderness in abdomen
Any pain of discomfort
Nausea and/or vomiting
Shock

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A closed,
or simple, fracture is where the
broken bone ends remain beneath the skin

Where as an open, or compound, fracture is

where both ends of the bone protrude through
the skin

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Simple fracture
Compound fracture
Complicated fracture ( includes organs)
Neck fracture
Skull fracture
Fractured ribs
Greenstick Fracture (happen to small children )

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Swelling
Deformity or projecting bone ends
Severe pain, made worse by movement
Bruised
Tenderness

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Do not try to force the bones back together again
but seek medical assistance

Treat all open wounds with a clean dressing

Splint the fractured area in exactly the position

that you find it in, pending removal to hospital or
the arrival of expert medical aid

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Ifthe arm is fracture, splint it, and then set up
a sling if the arm can be moved across the
chest.

Do not move the victim at all if you suspect a

spinal injury

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Type of burns

First degree

Second degree

Third degree
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Top layer of skin

Skin turns red and then peels off

Treatment: Rehydrating creams, Cool water

at regular intervals

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Deeper damage to the skin, causing blisters.
Shock.

Treatment: Use antibacterial dressing, or

leave wound undressed but kept scrupulously
clean.

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Damage to all layers of skin

Treatment: Requires specialist treatment

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What is CPR?
Used when the patient has stopped breathing
and when there is no pulse

Only be performed by someone who has had

training in this method

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Tiltvictims head backwards in order to open
the airway

Pinch the victims nose with thumb and

forefinger

Take a deep breath, place your mouth tightly

over the victims mouth and blow air from
yours into their mouth
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Stopblowing when the victims chest is
expanded

Lift your hand from the victim and watch for

the chest to fall.

Give the victim further quick breaths, taking

a deep breath yourself between each one.

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Carry on blowing into the victims lungs at a
rate of 12 breaths per minute until the victim
begins to breathe on his or her own.

You can stop blowing at this stage.

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Rapid lowering of blood pressure owing to
lack of circulating volume to vital body
organs, such as the brain, heart, liver and
kidneys.

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Weak and giddy
Nausea/ may vomit
Thirst
Rapid shallow breathing
Weak Pulse

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Lay casualty down
Reassure the casualty
Raise and support the leg
Loosen tight clothing
Keep casualty warm
Check and record the casualtys breathing,
pulse, level of response

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Treatment
Reassure and calm casualty
Finda position that the person finds
comfortable
Tellhim/her to try taking slow, deep
breaths
Help to find the reliever

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Allow casualty to use it and it will take effect
within minutes

Ifattack eases within 5-10 minutes, encourage

him/her to take another dose and breathe slowly
and deeply

Tellcasualty to inform doctor if attack is very

severe or first attack

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 CHOKING

Severe difficulty in breathing due to

constricted or obstructed airway or throat

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thank you

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