Topic 5 Outline of the digestive system

Chapter 21 Nutrition and Digestion

PowerPoint Lectures for

Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition
Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Learning outcomes

1. Describe the four stages of food processing

2. Describe the main components of the human
digestive tract and their functions
3. Explain how teeth and saliva help us swallow
4. Describe the Heimlich maneuver
5. Explain why the stomach does not digest itself
6. Compare the structures and functions of the small
and large intestines

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21.2 Overview: Food processing occurs in four
stages
Food is processed in four stages
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination

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Ingestion
Ingestion is the act of eating
Digestion
Breaking down of food
molecule small enough for the
body to absorb
Mechanical breakdown
Chemical breakdown
Absorption Elimination

Cells lining the digestive tract take Undigested materials

up (absorb) the products of passes out of the
digestion digestive tract

Nutrients travel in blood to body

cells
Joined to make macromolecule or
breakdown to provide energy
21.2 Overview: Food processing occurs in four
stages
Mechanical digestion breaks food down into smaller
pieces
Smaller pieces are easier to swallow
Smaller pieces have more surface area exposed to
digestive fluids

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21.2 Overview: Food processing occurs in four
stages
Chemical digestion breaks
down large organic
molecules into their
components
Proteins split into amino
acids
Polysaccharides and
disaccharides into
monosaccharides
Nucleic acids into
nucleotides
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21.3 Digestion occurs in specialized compartments

Most animals digest food in compartments

Enzymes break down the food
Food particles move into cells lining the compartment
Undigested materials are expelled

Most animals have an alimentary canal with

Mouth
Anus
Specialized regions

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 HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

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Mouth Salivary
glands
Esophagus

OVERVIEW
Gall-
bladder Stomach

Small
Liver intestine
Pancreas
Large
intestine
Rectum
Anus
A schematic diagram of the
human digestive system
 Oral

OVERVIEW
cavity

Tongue
Mouth
Pharynx
Salivary
glands
Esophagus

Liver

Esophagus
Sphincter
Stomach
Sphincter
Gall-
bladder
Pancreas
Small Small
intestine intestine
Large
intestine

Rectum

Anus
21.4 The human digestive system consists of an
alimentary canal and accessory glands
Food enters mouth, is chewed and
pushed down by tongue into the
pharynx
Alternating waves of contraction
and relaxation by smooth muscle
in the walls of the canal move
food along in a process called
_________________
________________ (muscular
ringlike valves) control the
movement of food into and out of
digestive chambers

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21.4 The human digestive system consists of an
alimentary canal and accessory glands
The ____________________
Regulates the passage of food from the stomach to the
small intestine
Limits the upward movement of acids into the
esophagus

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 ORAL CAVITY

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21.5 Digestion begins in the oral cavity

Teeth break up food, saliva moistens it

Salivary enzymes begin the hydrolysis of starch
Buffers neutralize acids
Antibacterial agents kills some bacteria ingested with
food

The tongue tastes, shapes the bolus of food, and

moves it toward the pharynx

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 Teeth
Incisors
Canine
Premolars

Molars

Wisdom
Tongue tooth

Salivary
glands

Opening of a
salivary gland
duct
Chewing functions in ___________
digestion.
What does amylase in saliva do?
 ESOPHAGUS

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21.6 After swallowing, peristalsis moves food
through the esophagus to the stomach
The trachea conducts air to the lungs
The esophagus conducts food from the pharynx to
the stomach

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 Bolus of Epiglottis
Tongue food up

Openings to esophagus and

trachea are in pharynx (throat)
Esophageal opening is closed off
Pharynx
by a sphincter
Larynx

Trachea Esophageal
sphincter Air enters larynx, flow through
Esophagus trachea to lung
Sphincter contracted
 When start to
swallow, tongue
Bolus of Epiglottis Epiglottis pushes food bolus
food up down
Tongue
into pharynx,
triggering
swallowing reflex
Esophageal
Pharynx
Larynx
Larynx
up sphincter relaxes &
Trachea Esophageal allow food bolus to
sphincter
enter esophagus
Esophagus Esophagus

Sphincter contracted Sphincter relaxed Larynx moves

upwards to prevent
food from passing
into trachea
 Bolus of Epiglottis Epiglottis
Tongue food up down

Pharynx Epiglottis
Larynx
up
Larynx up
Esophageal Larynx
Trachea down
sphincter
Esophagus Esophagus

Sphincter contracted Sphincter relaxed Sphincter contracted

Bolus enters esophagus, larynx moves back downward,

epiglottis tips up again, breathing passage re-open.
21.6 After swallowing, peristalsis moves food
through the esophagus to the stomach
The ___________________
Food moves from the pharynx into the esophagus
The swallowing reflex prevents food from entering the
trachea
A coughing reflex helps expel materials that
accidentally enter the trachea

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 Food is swallowed, muscles
above the bolus contract,
pushing the bolus
downward.
At the same time, muscles
around bolus relaxed,
allowing passageway to
open
Muscle contractions continue
in waves until bolus renters
stomach
 Structure of esophagus fits
its function:
Tough yet elastic connective
tissues allow it to stretch
and accommodate bolus
Layers of circular and
longitudal smooth muscles
for peristalsis
Stratified epithelial lining
that replenishes cells
abraded off during
swallowing
21.7 CONNECTION: The Heimlich maneuver can
save lives
Mishaps during swallowing lead to blocked phrynx
or trachea
The ____________________ can dislodge food
from the pharynx or trachea during choking
Brain damage will occur within minutes if no airway
is open

connection
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 STOMACH

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 OVERVIEW
Esophagus

Sphincter
Lumen (cavity)
of stomach Stomach Gastrin

Sphincter

Small
intestine
The stomach stores food and
Interior surface breaks it down with acid and
of stomach
enzymes
Pits

Release of gastric juice

(mucus, HCl, and pepsinogen) 3

Pepsinogen Pepsin
Epithelium 2
(active
HCl enzyme)
Mucous
cells
1
Gastric
gland
H+
Cl
Chief cells

Parietal cells
 Esophagus OVERVIEW
Sphincter

Lumen (cavity) Stomach Gastrin

of stomach
Sphincter

Small
intestine

Interior surface
of stomach
 Interior surface
of stomach OVERVIEW
Pits
Release of gastric juice
(mucus, HCl, and pepsinogen) 3

Pepsinogen Pepsin
Epithelium 2
(active
HCl enzyme)
Mucous
cells
1
Gastric
gland
H+
Cl
Chief cells

Parietal cells
21.8 The stomach stores food and breaks it down
with acid and enzymes

_______________
pH 2
Parietal cells secrete
hydrogen and
chloride ions, which
combine to make HCl
Acid kills bacteria and
breaks apart cells in
food

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21.8 The stomach stores food and breaks it down
with acid and enzymes
Pepsinogen and HCl
produce ______________
Pepsin production
activates more
pepsinogen production
positive feedback
Pepsin begins the
chemical digestion of
proteins
Acidic gastric juices mix
with food to produce acid
chyme
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 21.8 The stomach stores food and breaks it down
with acid and enzymes
What prevents the gastric juices from digesting the
walls of the stomach?
Mucus helps protect against HCl and pepsin
New cells lining the stomach are produced about every
3 days

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21.9 CONNECTION: Digestive ailments include
acid reflux and gastric ulcers
Acid reflux into esophagus____________ and
GERD
Bacterial infections (Helicobacter pylori) in the
stomach and duodenum can produce ulcers

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 SMALL INTESTINE

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 OVERVIEW
Vein Lumen of intestine
with blood Lumen of intestine
en route to Nutrient Nutrient absorption
the liver absorption into epithelial cells
Microvilli

Epithelial Amino Fatty

cells acids acids
and and
sugars glycerol
Muscle Lumen
layers Fats
Blood
Large capillaries
circular folds
Lymph
Villi vessel Blood

Nutrient Lymph
absorption Epithelial cells
Villi lining villus

Intestinal wall
21.10 The small intestine is the major organ of
chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
Small intestine is named for its smaller diameterit is about 6
meters long
Alkaline _______________________ neutralizes acid chyme
and its enzymes digest food
_____________ , made in the liver and stored in the gall
bladder, emulsifies fat for attack by pancreatic enzymes

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21.10 The small intestine is the major organ of
chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
Enzymes from cells of the intestine continue
digestion

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21.10 The small intestine is the major organ of
chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
Surface area for
absorption is increased
by
Folds of the intestinal
lining
__________________

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21.10 The small intestine is the major organ of
chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
Nutrients pass across the epithelium and into blood
Blood flows to the liver where nutrients are
processed and stored

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 LIVER

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21.11 One of the livers many functions is
processing nutrient-laden blood from the
intestines
Blood from the digestive tract drains to the liver
The _____________ performs many functions
Glucose in blood is converted to glycogen and stored
in the liver
Liver synthesizes many proteins including blood
clotting proteins and lipoproteins that transport fats
and cholesterol
Liver changes toxins to less toxic forms
Liver produces _____________
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The hepatic portal system
OVERVIEW

Heart

Kidneys
Liver
Hepatic
portal
vein
Intestines
 LARGE INTESTINE

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 Large
OVERVIEW
intestine
(colon)

Small
Sphincter intestine

End Rectum
of small
intestine Anus

Unabsorbed
food material
Appendix
Cecum
21.12 The large intestine reclaims water and
compacts the feces
Diarrhea occurs when too little water is reclaimed
Constipation occurs when too much water is
reclaimed
Feces are stored in the ___________
Colon bacteria produce vitaminsbiotin, vitamin K,
B vitamins

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 21.12 The large intestine reclaims water and
compacts the feces

___________________
Located near the junction of the small intestine and
colon
Makes a minor contribution to immunity

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21.13 EVOLUTION CONNECTION:
Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate
digestive systems often relate to diet
The length of the digestive tract often correlates
with diet
Herbivores and omnivores have relatively longer
digestive tracts than carnivores

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 Stomach

Small intestine
Cecum

Colon
(large
intestine)

Carnivore Herbivore
You should now be able to

1. Describe the four stages of food processing

2. Describe the main components of the human
digestive tract and their functions
3. Explain how teeth and saliva help us swallow
4. Describe the Heimlich maneuver
5. Explain why the stomach does not digest itself
6. Compare the structures and functions of the small
and large intestines

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

The End