ASEN 3113 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Homework #5
Assigned: October 12, 2006
Due: October 18, 2006 (noon)
(Total points noted in each section; must clearly show equations with values and units, drawings,
assumptions, etc.)

1. (20 points, 15 points for equations, 5 points for correct answer)

A cold storage room is being used to store strawberries at 1C. The evaporator and condenser
temperatures are -2 and 45C, respectively. The refrigeration load is 15 tons (1 ton of
refrigeration load = 3.517 kW). Assume the refrigerant is R-134a. Determine the following:
(a) The refrigerant flow rate
(b) The compressor power requirement
(c) COP
(d) The heat rejected in the condenser

Solution:
First determine the enthalpies in the refrigerator. Assume the fluid entering the compressor is
-2C and a saturated vapor.
h1= 246.06 kJ/kg ; s1 = 0.9201 kJ/kg*K

Assume the temperature exiting the condenser is 45C. Look up the values for point 3 at
saturated liquid properties.
h3= 113.75 kJ/kg ; P3 = 1.160 MPa

Using the saturation pressure at point 3 and the entropy at point 2 (s1 = s2), use the superheated
tables to look up the enthalpy at point 2.

The superheated tables give enthalpy at 1.00 MPa and 1.20 MPa; must interpolate between these
tables to create a table of enthalpy and entropy at P3=P2 at 1.16 MPa. Because we are searching
for an entropy of 0.9201 kJ/kg*K, the tables of 1.00 MPa and 1.20 MPa show that the entropy
we are searching for is between 40C and 50C. Because the saturation temperatures of 1.00
MPa and 1.20 MPa are different, we must first interpolate the 1.00 MPa table to match the
saturation temperature of 46.32C as the first temperature in our new 1.16 MPa table. You must
match the temperatures when linear interpolating between two pressures in the superheated table.

Table A-10
1.00MPa 1.20 MPa
Enthalpy, Entropy Enthalpy, Entropy
40C 268.68, 0.9066
46.32C (linear inter) 275.95, 0.9294 given(46.32C) 270.99, 0.9023
50C 280.19, 0.9428 50C 275.52, 0.9164

Now linear interpolate between 1.00 MPa and 1.20 MPa to create a new table at 1.16 MPa for
the two temperatures 46.32C and 50C. Linear interpolating between the two pressures gives
the following results.
Find enthalpy at point 2 using entropy at point 1 and pressure at point 3. Use the superheated
tables A10. Linear interpolate between 1.00 MPa and 1.20 MPa to create a new table at 1.16
MPa. Looking at the tables, the entropy we desire is between 46.32C and 50C.

1.00 MPa 1.16 MPa 1.20 MPa

Enthalpy, Entropy Enthalpy, Entropy Enthalpy, Entropy
46.32C 275.95, 0.9294 46.32C 271.98, 0.9077 46.32C 270.99, 0.9023
50C 280.19, 0.9428 50C 276.45, 0.9217 50C 275.52, 0.9164

Now linear interpolate between 46.32C and 50C in the 1.16 MPa using the value of entropy to
find enthalpy. The value for entropy is known, 0.9201 kJ/kg*K. After linear interpolating, the
following results are obtained.

P2 = 1.16 MPa
Enthalpy, Entropy, Temperature
275.94 kJ/kg, 0.9201 kJ/kg*K, 49.6 C

To find the enthalpy at point 4, Assume that the enthalpy is the same as point 3.

After the previous calculations, the following enthalpies will be used for the rest of the analysis.
h1 = 246.06 kJ/kg
h2 = 275.94 kJ/kg
h3 = 113.75 kJ/kg
h4 = 113.75 kJ/kg

(a) Use the refrigeration load to determine the refrigerant flow rate
Q L m h1 h4 15tons * 3.517kW / ton m
246 114 kJ / kg
m 0.40kg / s

(b) The compressor power requirement

Win m h2 h1 0.40kg / s 276 246 kJ / kg 12kW

(c) Calculate COP

h1 h4
COPR
h2 h1
246 114 kJ kg
COPR 4.4
276 246 kJ kg

(d) The heat rejected in the condenser

h2 h3 0.4kg / s 276 114 kJ / kg
Q H m
Q 64.8kW
H
2. (20 points, 15 points for equations, 5 points for correct answer)
For a refrigeration system using R -134a, the evaporator temperature is -5C, however the
refrigerant entering the compressor is at 5C. The condenser temperature is 35C, but the
refrigerant entering the expansion valve is at 30C.
(a) What is the amount of superheating and subcooling?
(b) If the refrigeration load is 3 tons, calculate the COP for this system.

Solution:
(a) Superheating is the difference in temperature of fluid entering compressor and evaporator.
Supercooling is the difference in temperature of fluid entering condenser and entering expansion
valve.
Superheating Tentering _ compressor Tevaporator 5 C 5 C 10 C
Supercooling Tcondenser Tentering _ exp ansion _ valve 35 C 30 C 5 C

(b) First assume that the temperature of the fluid entering the compressor is a saturated vapor at
5C.

Look up enthalpy and entropy at point 1 (entering compressor)

h1=250.1 kJ/kg ; s1 = 0.9164 kJ/kg*K

Assume isentropic expansion in compressor, s1 = s2 and assume pressure is constant through the
condenser. Assume that at the exit of the condenser, the fluid is a saturated liquid at 35C. Look
up enthalpy and saturation pressure at point 3.
h3 = 98.78 kJ/kg; Saturation Pressure @ 3 = 0.887MPa

Using the saturation pressure at point 3 and the entropy at point 2 (s1 = s2), use the superheated
tables to look up the enthalpy at point 2.

The superheated tables give pressures at 0.80 MPa and 0.90 MPa; must interpolate between these
tables to create a table of enthalpy and entropy at P3=P2 at 0.877MPa. Because we are searching
for an entropy of 0.9164 kJ/kg*K, the tables of 0.80 MPa and 0.90MPa show that the entropy we
are searching for is between the saturation temperature and 40C in both tables. Because the
saturation temperatures of 0.80 MPa and 0.90 MPa are different, we must first interpolate the
0.80 MPa table to match the saturation temperature of 35.53C as the first temperature in our
new 0.877 MPa table. You must match the temperatures when linear interpolating between two
pressures in the superheated table.

Table A-10
0.80MPa 0.90 MPa
Enthalpy, Entropy Enthalpy, Entropy
Sat Temp (31.33C) 264.15, 0.9066
35.53C (linear inter) 268.75, 0.9215 given(35.53C) 266.18, 0.9054
40C 273.66, 0.9374 40C 271.25, 0.9217
Now linear interpolate between 0.80 MPa and 0.90 MPa to create a new table at 0.877MPa for
the two temperatures 35.53C and 40C. Linear interpolating between the two pressures gives
the following results.

0.80MPa 0.877 MPa 0.90 MPa

Enthalpy, Entropy Enthalpy, Entropy Enthalpy, Entropy
35.53C 268.75, 0.9215 35.53C 266.77, 0.9091 35.53C 266.18, 0.9054
40C 273.66, 0.9374 40C 271.80, 0.9253 40C 271.25, 0.9217

Now linear interpolate between 35.53C and 40C in the 0.877 MPa using the value of entropy
to find enthalpy. The value for entropy is known, 0.9164 kJ/kg*K. After linear interpolating, the
following results are obtained.

P2 = 0.877 MPa
Enthalpy, Entropy, Temperature
269.04 kJ/kg, 0.9164 kJ/kg*K, 37.5 C

To find the enthalpy at point 4, use the saturated liquid properties at 30C. Searching in table A8
gives the following enthalpy
h4 = 91.49 kJ/kg

Using the previously calculated values for enthalpy, calculate COP

h1 = 250.1 kJ/kg
h2 = 269.04 kJ/kg
h3 = 98.78 kJ/kg
h4 = 91.49 kJ/kg

h1 h4
COPR
h2 h1
250.1 91.5 kJ kg
COPR 8.39
269.0 250.1 kJ kg
3 (20 points, 15 points for equations, 5 points for correct answer)
A turbojet aircraft is flying with a velocity of 220 m/s at an altitude of 5800 m. The pressure
ratio across the compressor is 14, and the temperature at the turbine inlet is 1440 K. Assume
ideal operations for all components and ideal gas constant specific heats at the altitude
temperature. Determine the following:
(a) The pressure at the turbine exit
(b) The velocity of the exhaust gases
(c) The propulsive efficiency

Solution:
First determine the air properties at the specified altitude.
Temperature = -22.7C (250 K), Pressure = 48.52 kPa, Cv = 0.716 kJ/kg*K,
Cp = 1.003 kJ/kg*K, = 1.401

Process 1-2 is an isentropic compression of an ideal gas in a diffuser. For convenience, we can
assume that the aircraft is stationary and the air is moving toward the aircraft with a velocity of
220 m/s. Ideally, the air will leave the diffuser with a negligible velocity V2=0. Using first law,
we obtain

V22 V12 V2 V2
q12 w12 h2 h1 Cp T2 T1 1 T2 T1 1
2 2 2Cp

T2 250 K
220m / s 2 T2 274 K
21.003kJ / kg * K
1.401
T 1
274 K 0.401
P2 P1 2 48.52kPa P2 66.8kPa
T1 250 K

Process 2-3 is an isentropic compression of an ideal gas in a compressor

P3 rp P2 14 66.8kPa P3 936kPa
1 0.401
P
936kPa 1.401
T3 T2 3 274 K T3 583K
P2 66.8kPa

Process 4-5 isentropic expansion of an ideal gas in a turbine (a) answer

wcomp _ in wturb _ out
h3 h2 h4 h5
Cp T3 T2 Cp T4 T5
T5 T4 T3 T2 1440 K 583K 274 K T5 1131K
1.401
T 1
1131K 0.401
P5 P4 5 936kPa P5 403kPa
T4 1440 K

Process 5-6 isentropic expansion of an ideal gas in a nozzle (b) answer

 1 0.401
P
48.52kPa 1.401
T6 T5 6 1131 K T6 617 K
P5 403kPa
V62 V52 V2
q 56 w56 h6 h5 Cp T6 T5 6 V6 2Cp T5 T6
2 2
V6 21.003kJ / kg * K 1131 K 617 K
V6 1015m / s

Propulsive efficiency (c) answer

p
wp
6
V V1 V1 1015m / s 850m / s 850m / s
qin Cp T4 T3 1.003kJ / kg * K 1440K 583K
p 16.4%

4 (20 points, 15 points for equations, 5 points for correct answers)

Consider a steam power plant operating as an ideal rankine cycle. The condenser pressure is
8kPa. The turbine can operate at two pressures, 18 MPa or 4 MPa. Determine for each of the
turbine pressures:
(a) Mass flow rate of steam
(b) Heat transfer rate of the working fluid passing through the condenser and boiler.
(c) Thermal efficiency

5 (20 points, 15 points for equations, 5 points for correct answers)

(a) A steam power plant is operating as a regenerative vapor power cycle with one closed
feedwater heater that tap off between the first and second turbine stages. The turbine inlet
conditions are pressure 12 Mpa, temperature 510 C. Condenser pressure is 6 kPa. Boiler inlet
temperature is 170 C. Work of the cycle is 320 MW. Determine:
(a) Thermal efficiency
(b) Mass flow rate into the turbine first stage
Assumptions:
(1) Each component is analyzed as a control volume at steady state.
(2) All processes are internally reversible except fro the expansion through the trap
(throttling process) and in the closed feedwater heater.
(3) Turbines, pump, and feedwater heater operate adiabatically.
(4) Kinetic and potential energy functions are negligible.
(5) Condensate exists in the condenser and closed heater as saturated liquid at the respective
pressures.
1 bar = 100kPa