Language Fundamentals

Durga Software Solutions - Core Java by Durga Sir
LanguageFundamentals:(session1)
AGENDAforlanguagefundamentals
Identifiers ReservedWords DataTypes Literals
Arrays TypesofVariables Varargmethods Mainmethod
Commandlinearguments Javacodingstandards
Identifiers:Aclassname,amethodname,avariablenameoralabelname.Anameinjava
programiscalledidentifierwhichcanbeusedforidentificationpurpose.
Ex:classTest
{publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args)
{intx=10}}
RulesfordefiningJavaidentifiers:
BOnlyallowedcharactersinjavaidentifiersareatoz,AtoZ,09$and_.Ifweuseanyother
character,wellgetcompiletimeerror.
Ex:total_number,total#invalid
Identifierscantstartwithadigit.
total123valid,123totalinvalid
Javaidentifiersarecasesensitive.Ofcourse,Javalanguageitselfistreatedascasesensitive
programminglanguage
IntNumber=10
IntNUMber=10
IntnuMBER=10//wecandifferentiatewithrespecttocase.
Thereisnolengthlimitforjavaidentifiers.Butitisnotrecommendedtotaketoolengthy
identifiers.RememberexampleperformedbySatyasir
Reservedkeywordscannotbeusedasidentifiers.Ex.intif=20//invalid
Predefinedclassnamesandpredefinedinterfacenamescanbeusedasidentifiernames
Ex:classTest Ex:classTest
{ {
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args) publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args)
{ {
intString=888 intRunnable=999
System.out.println(String) System.out.println(Runnable)
}} }}
Allpredefinedjavaclassnamesandinterfacenames,wecanuseasidentifiers.Eventhoughitis
valid,butitisnotagoodprogrammingpracticebecause,itreducesreadability
Test:Whichofthefollowingarevalidjavaidentifiers.
total_number,total#,123total,total123,Ca$h,_$_$_$,all@hands,java2share,Integer,Int,int
Valid:total_number,total123,ca$h,_$_$_$,java2share,Integer,Int
70%ofJobbasedinterviewsfromCoreJava KnowledgeofCoreJavadecidesyourJOB StronginCoreJavamakes

understandingofanyJavabasedtechnologyveryeasy CoreJavaactsasthebaseforentireJavaplatformWhileworkingwith
anyjavabasedadvancedTechnologies( likeStruts,spring,Hibernate),ProgrammershavetowritecodeusingCoreJavaonly.
ReservedWords:InJava,somewordsarereservedtorepresentsomemeaningorfunctionality.
Suchtypeofwordsarecalledreservedwords.InJava,thereare53reservedwords.

Keywordsfordatatypes
byte short int long float double boolean char
Keywordsforflowcontrol
if else switch case default while do for break continue return
Keywordsformodifiers
public private protected static final abstract
synchronized native strictfp transient volatile default

KeywordsforExceptionHandling
try catch throw throws finally assert
Classrelatedkeywords
class interface extends implements package import
Objectrelatedkeywords
new instanceof super this
Voidreturntypekeyword:inJava,returntypeismandatory.Ifamethodwontreturnanything,
thenwehavetodeclarethatmethodwithvoidreturntype.ButinClanguage,returntypeis
optionalanddefaultreturntypeisint.
Goto:UsageofgotocreatedseveralproblemsinoldlanguagesandhenceSunpeoplebanned
thiskeywordinJava.
Const:Usefinalinsteadofconst.
Gotoandconstareunusedkeywordsandifwetrytouse,wewillgetcompiletimeerror.
ReservedLiterals:trueandfalsearevaluesforbooleandatatypes.Nullisthedefaultvaluefor
objectreference.
Enumkeyword:Wecanuseenumtodefineagroupofnamedconstants.
Enummonth Enumbeer
{Jan,feb,...dec} {Kf,kc,rc,fo}
Conclusions:
1 All53reservedwordsinJavacontainsonlylowercasealphabetsymbols.
2. InJava,wehaveonlynewkeywordandthereisnodeletekeywordbecause,destruction
ofuselessobjectsistheresponsibilityofgarbagecollector.
3. ThefollowingarenewkeywordsinJava.
strictfp,assert,enum(1.5ver)
strictfpbutnotStrictfp
instanceofbutnotInstanceof
extendsbutnotExtends
importbutnotimports
constbutnotConstant
Test:WhichofthefollowinglistcontainsonlyJavareservedwords?
1. new,delete//deleteisnotapartofjava
2. goto,constant//constantisinvalidconst
3. break,continue,return,exit//exitisamethod
4. final,finally,finalize//finalizeisnotthere
5. throw,throws,thrown//thrownisincorrect
6. notify,notifyAll
7. implements,extends,imports//importsisnotthere
8. sizeof,instanceof//sizeof
9. instanceOf,StrictFp//strictfpandinstanceof
10. byte,short,Int//Intisinvalid
11. Noneoftheabove.
Ans:11(noneoftheabove)
Test:whichofthefollowingarejavareservedwords?
1. public
2. static
3. void
4. main
5. string
6. args
7. Noneoftheabove
Ans:public,static,void
memorizeallthekeywords
happylearning


Datatypes:Stronglytypedprogramminglanguage(typecheckingisveryimportant).InJava,
everyvariableandeveryexpressionhassometype.Eachandeverydatatypeisclearlydefined.
Everyassignmentshouldbecheckedbycompilerfortypecompatibility.Becauseofabove
reasons,wecanconcludeJavalanguageisstronglytypedprogramminglanguage.
Test:J avaispureobjectorientedprogramminglanguage?
Javaisnotconsideredaspureobjectorientedprogramminglanguagebecause,severaloop
featuresarenotsatisfiedbyJava.(likeoperatoroverloading,andmultipleinheritanceetc).
Moreover,weredependingonprimitivedatatypeswhicharenonobjects.Whencomparedwith
oldlanguages,yeswecansayJavaisobjectoriented.But,ifwetakeJavaaloneinto
consideration,
PrimitiveDatatypes:
ExceptBooleanandChar,remainingdatatypesareconsideredassigneddatatypesbecausewe
canrepresentboththepositiveandnegativenumbers.
Charx=a(meaningless)
Booleany=false(meaningless)
Byte:
1. Sizeis1byte(8bits)
2. Maxvalue:+127
3. MinValue:128
4. Range:128to+127
Signbit 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
msb 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Themostsignificantbitactsassignbit.0meanspositivenumber1meansnegativenumber.
Positivenumberswillberepresenteddirectlyinthememorywhereasnegativenumberswillbe
representedin2scomplementform.
Test:
1. ifideclarebyteb=128,whatcompiletimeerrordoiget?
A. Possiblelossofprecisionfound:int,requiredbyte.
2. Byteb=10.5
A. possiblelossofprecision.Found:double.Requiredbyte.
3. Byteb=true
A. incompatibletypes.found:Booleanrequired:byte
4. Byteb=durga
A. incompatibletypefound:java.lang.String,required:byte.
Byteisthebestchoiceifwewanttohandledataintermsofstreamseitherfromthefileorfrom
thenetwork(filesupportedformornetworksupportedformisbyte)
Short:ThisisthemostrarelyuseddatatypeinJava.
2. Maxvalue:+32767
3. MinValue:32768
4. Range:32768to+32767
msb 214 213 212 211 210 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

16384 8192 4096 2048 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Test:
1. ifideclareshortb=32768,whatcompiletimeerrordoiget?
A. Possiblelossofprecisionfound:int,requiredshort.
2. short=10.5
A. possiblelossofprecision.Found:double.Requiredshort.
3. Shortb=true
A. incompatibletypes.found:Booleanrequired:short
4. Shortb=durga
A. incompatibletypefound:String,required:short.
Shortdatatypeisbestsuitablefor16bitprocessorslike8085.But,theseprocessorsare
completelyoutdatedandhencecorrespondingshortdatatypesisalsooutdateddatatype.
Int:ThemostcommonlyuseddatatypeinJavaisint.

2. Maxvalue:231 1
3. MinValue:231
4. Range:231to231
1{2147483648to2147483647}
msb 230 229 228 227 226 225 224 223 222 221 220 219 218 217 216
215 214 213 212 211 210 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
Test:
1. ifideclareintb=2147483648,whatcompiletimeerrordoiget?
A. Integernumbertoolarge.//alert:theerrorisnotPLP
2. intb=2147483648L
A. possiblelossofprecision.Found:long.Requiredint
3. intx=true
A. incompatibletypes.found:Booleanrequired:int
4. intb=durga
A. incompatibletypefound:String,required:int.


LongDatatype:Sometimesintmaynotbeenoughtoholdbigvalues.Then,weshouldgofor
longtype.
Ex.1:Theamountofdistancetravelledbylightin1000days.Toholdthisvalue,intmaynotbe
enough.Weshouldgoforlongdatatype.
Ex.longl=126000*60*60*24*1000miles
Ex.2:Thenumberofcharacterspresentinabigfilemayexceedintrange.Hence,thereturntype
ofthelengthmethodislongbutnotint.
Longl=f.length()
2. Range:263to263
1

Note:Alltheabovedatatypes(byte,short,int,long)aremeantforrepresentingintegralvalues.If
wewanttorepresentfloatingpointvalues,thenweshouldgoforfloatingpointdatatypes.

Ifwewant5to6decimalplacesofaccuracy,thenweshouldgoforfloat.Ifwewant14to15
decimalplacesofaccuracy,thenweshouldgofordouble.
Floatfollowssingleprecision.Doublefollowsdoubleprecision.
BooleanDataType:

InJava,thesizeofbooleanisnotapplicable.(VirtualMachinedependant)
Range:Notapplicable(butallowedvaluesaretrue/false)
Booleanb=true
//validdeclaration
Booleanb=0//invaliddeclarationcompilerthrowserrorincompatibletypefound:intrequired:
boolean
Booleanb=True//cannotfindsymbolVariableTrue.
Booleanb=True//incompatibletypejava.lang.string.Requiredboolean.
intx=0 while(1)
if(x) {System.out.println(Hello)}
{System.out.println(Hello)} /*ThesearevalidinCandC++Butnot
Else{System.out.println(hi)} acceptableinjava*/
Error:incompatibletypes.Found:int,required:boolean
CharDataType:OldlanguageslikeC/C++areASCIIcodebasedandthenumberofdifferent
allowedASCIIcodecharactersare<=256.Torepresentthese256characters,8bitsareenough.
Hence,thesizeofcharinoldlanguagesis1byte.ButJavaisunicodebasedandthenumberof
differentunicodecharactersaregreaterthan256andlessthanorequalto65536.Torepresent
thesemanycharacters8bitsmaynotenoughcompulsoryweshouldgofor16bits.Hencethe
sizeofcharinJavais2bytes.
Size:2Byte
Range:0to65535
SummaryofJavaPrimitivedatatypes:
DataType Size Range WrapperClass DefaultValue
byte 1byte 27to27

1 Byte 0
short 2bytes 215to215

1 Short 0
int 4bytes 231to231

1 Integer 0
long 8bytes 263to263

1 long 0
float 4bytes 3.4e38to3.4e38 float 0.0
double 8bytes 1.7e308to1.7e308 double 0.0
boolean NA NAbutallowed boolean False

valuesaretrue/false
char 2bytes 0to65535 Character 0(represents

spacecharacter)

NOTE:NULLISADEFAULTVALUEFOROBJECTREFERENCE.NULLISNOT
APPLICABLEFORTHEPRIMITIVEDATATYPESSO,DONTASSIGNNULLTO
PRIMITIVEDATATYPESEVENTOBOOLEAN.IFWEUSEFORPRIMITIVE,WEWILLGET
COMPILETIMEERROR.
CHARCH=NULL//COMPILETIMEERROR:INCOMPATIBLETYPEFOUNDNULLTYPE
REQUIREDCHAR


Literals:Aconstantvaluewhichcanbeassignedtothevariableiscalledaliteral.
Ex:intx=10
int x = 10
Datatype/keyword Nameof Assignmentoperator Constantvalue/literal

variable/identifier
Intisdatatype/keyword,xisthenameofvariableoridentifierandconstantvalueorliteralis10
HowmanywayscanwespecifyIntegralliterals?
ForIntegraldatatypesintshortbytelong,wecanspecifyliteralvalueinthefollowingways.
a) Decimalliterals:intx=10(alloweddigits09)
b) Octalform:intx=010(numberprefixedwith0,itsoctal)(alloweddigits07)
c) Hexadecimal:intx=0X10(prefixedwith0Xzerox)(alloweddigits09,af)forextra
digits,wecanuseeitherofthecase.Casesensitiveisnotruledhere.Thisisoneofvery
fewareaswhereJavaisnotcasesensitive.
Theseareonlypossiblewaystospecifyliteralvaluesforintegraldatatypes
Test:Whichofthefollowingdeclarationsarevalid?
1. intx=10
2. intx=0786//compilerraisesanerror.Integernumbertoolarge.Why?Cosittreatsas
octal.Octalalloweddigitsare0to7
3. Intx=0777//valid.Octalalloweddigitsarefrom0to7
4. Intx=0XFACE//validhexadecimal
5. Intx=0XBEEF//validhexadecimal
6. Intx=0XBEER//invalidhexadecimal
Ans:1,3,4,5,
ClassTest
{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args)
{
intx=10
inty=010
intz=0X10//Programmerhasthefreedomtochooseineitherdecimaloroctalorhexadecimal.
System.out.println(x+...+y+...+z)//JVMreturnsallthevaluesindecimalform.
}
}
Output:
10...8...16
Bydefault,everyintegralliteralisofinttype.But,wecanspecifyexplicitlyaslongtypebysuffixed
withlorL
Ex:
Intx=10
Longl=10l
Intx=10l//compilerthrowsanerror.Possiblelossofprecision.Foundlong,requiredint.
Longl=10
Bydefault,everyintegralliteralisofinttype.Thereisnodirectwaytospecifybyteandshort
literalsexplicitly.But,indirectly,wecanspecify.
Byteb=10
Byteb=127
Byteb=128//error:possiblelossofprecision.Foundint,requiredbyte.
Shorts=32767
Shorts=32768//plpfoundint,requiredshort
Thereisnodirectwaytospecifybyteandshortliteralsexplicitly.Butindirectlywecanspecify.
Wheneverweareassigningintegralliteraltothebytevariableandifthevaluewithintherangeof
bytethenthecompilertreatsitautomaticallyasbyteliteral.Similarlyshortliteralalso.
Floatingpointliterals:
Bydefault,everyfloatingpointliteralisofdoubletype.Andhence,wecantassigndirectlytothe
floatvariable.But,wecanspecifyfloatingpointliteralasfloattypebysuffixedwithforF
floatf=123.456//CE:PLPfounddouble,requiredfloat
floatf=123.456F//valid
Doubled=123.456//valid
WecanspecifyexplicitlyfloatingpointliteralasdoubletypebysuffixedwithdorD.Ofcourse,this
conventionisnotrequired.
Doubled=122.34456D//notrequired
Floatf=231.456D//CE:PLPfounddouble,requiredfloat.
Test:
Doubled=0123.456//treatedasdecimalonly.Butnotoctalliteral.
Doubled=0X123.456//CEmalformedfloatingpointliteral.
Wecanspecifyfloatingpointliteralsonlyindecimalformandwecantspecifyinoctaland
hexadecimalforms.
Doubled=0786//CE:integernumbertoolarge
Doubled=0XFACE//valid
Wecanassignintegralliteraldirectlytofloatingpointvariablesandthatintegralliteralcanbe
specifiedeitherindecimaloroctalorhexadecimalforms.
Ex:doubled=0786//CEintegernumbertoolarge
Doubled=0XFACE//valid
Doubled=0XFace.0//malformed
Doubled=10
Doubled=0777
Wecantassignfloatingpointliteralstointegraltypes.
Doubled=10
Intx=10.0//plpfounddouble,requiredint
Wecanspecifyfloatingpointliteraleveninexponentialform(scientificnotation)
Doubled=1.2e3
sop(d)1200.0
Floatf=1.2e3//PLPfounddouble,requiredfloat
Floatf=1.2e3F
BooleanLiterals:Theonlyallowedvaluesforbooleandatatypearetrue/false.
Booleanb=true
Booleanb=0incompatibletypesfoundintrequiredboolean
Booleanb=Truecannotfindsymbolvariabletruelocationclasstest
Booleanb=Trueincompatibletypesfoundjava.lang.stringrequiredboolean.
Intx=0 while(1)
if(x)//incompatibletypes. {
{ System.out.println(Hello)
System.out.println(Hello) }
} /*ThesearevalidinCandC++Butnot
else acceptableinjava*/
{
System.out.println(hi)
}
Error:incompatibletypes.Found:int,required:boolean

CharacterLiterals:
Wecanspecifycharliteralsassinglecharacterwithinsinglequotes
charch=a
Charch=a//CEcannotfindsymbolSymbol:variablea,location:classtest
Charch=a//CEincompatibletypesfound:java.lang.stringrequiredclass
Charch=ab//CEunclosedcharliteral.Unclosedcharliteral.Notastatement.
Wecanspecifycharliteralasintegralliteralwhichrepresentsunicodevalueofthecharacterand
thatintegralcanbespecifiedeitherindecimaloroctalorhexadecimalforms.Butallowedrangeis
0to65535.
Ex:charch=97
SOP(ch)//a
Charch=0XFace
Charch=0777
Charch=65535
Charch=65536//PLPfoundint,requiredchar.
www.unicode.org//wecangetcharvalues..
Wecanrepresentcharliteralinunicoderepresentationwhichisnothingbut\uXXXX4digit
hexadecimalnumber.
Ex:charch=\u0061
sop(ch)//a
Everyescapecharacterisavalidcharliteral.
Ex:charch=\n\
Charch=\t
Charch=\m//invalid
Escapecharacteranddescription
\n Newline
\t Horizontaltab
\r Carriagereturn
\b Backspace
\f Formfeed
\ Singlequote
\ Doublequote
\\ Backslash
Whichofthefollowingarevalid?
Charch=65536//invalid

Charch=0XBeer//invalid
Charch=\uface//invalidsinglequotes
Charch=\ubeef//valid
Charch=\m//invalid
Charch=\iface//invalid
StringLiteral:Anysequenceofcharacterswithindoublequotesistreatedasstringliteral.
Ex:Strings=durga
2enhancements
Binaryliterals:Forintegraldatatypesuntil1.6version,wecanspecifyliteralvalueinthe
followingways.
Decimalform,octal,hexadecimal.Butfrom1.7versiononwards,wecanspecifyliteralvalueeven
inbinaryformalso.Alloweddigitsare0and1.Literalvalueshouldbeprefixedwith0bor0B.
Ex.intx=0b1111
sop(x)//valueis15.
Usageof_symbolinnumericliterals:From1.7versiononwards,wecanuseunderscore
symbolbetweendigitsofnumericliteral.
Ex:doubled=1234567.890
Canbewrittenas
Doubled=123_4_567.8_9_0
Themainadvantageofthisapproachis,readabilityofthecodewillbeimproved.Atthetimeof
compilation,theseunderscoresymbolswillberemovedautomatically.Hence,aftercompilation,
theabovelineswillbecomedoubled=1234567.890
Ex:doubed=1__3__44__55_66_8.57
Wecanusemorethan1underscorealsobetweenthedigits.
Doubled=_1_23_456_4.789//invalid
Doubled=1_3_345_6._7_8_9//invalid
Doubled=1_3_4_.567_//invalid
Wecanuseunderscoreonlybetweenthedigits.Ifweareusinganywhere,weregoingtoget
compiletimeerror

8bytelongvaluewecanassignto4bytefloatvariablebecause,botharefollowingdifferent
memoryrepresentationsinternally.
Floatf=10LSoP(f)//10.0


Arrays
1. Introduction
2. ArrayDeclaration
3. ArrayCreation
4. ArrayInitialization
5. ArrayDeclarationCreationandInitializationinasingleline
6. Lengthvslength()
7. Anonymousarrays
8. Arrayelementassignments
9. Arrayvariableassignments
Introduction:Anarrayisanindexedcollectionoffixednumberofhomogeneousdataelements.
Themainadvantageofarraysis,wecanrepresenthugenumberofvaluesbyusingsingle
variablesothatreadabilityofthecodewillbeimproved.But,themaindisadvantageofarraysis
theyarefixedinsize.I.e.,oncewecreateanarray,thereisnochanceofincreasingordecreasing
thesizebasedonourrequirement.Hence,tousearraysconcept,compulsoryweshouldknow
thesizeinadvancewhichmaynotbepossiblealways.
Arraydeclaration:
Onedimensionalarraydeclaration:
int[]x//recommendedbecausenameisclearlyseparatedfromtype.
Int[]x
Intx[]
Atthetimeofdeclaration,wecantspecifythesize.Otherwise,wewillgetcompiletimeerror.
Int[6]x//invaliddontspecifythesizeatdeclarationpoint
int[]x
Twodimensionalarray:
int[][]x
Int[][]x
Intx[][]
int[][]x
Int[]x[]
Int[]x[]
Test:
Whichofthefollowingarevalid?
Int[]a,ba,b1
Int[]a[],b//a2b1
Int[]a[],b[]//a2b2
Int[][]a,b//a2b2
Int[][]a,b[]//a2b3

Int[][]a,[]b//CEIfwewanttospecifydimensionbeforethevariable,thefacilityisapplicableonly
forfirstvariableinadeclaration.Ifwearetryingtoapplyforremainingvariables,wewillget
compiletimeerror.
Int[][]a,[]b,[]cvalidforabutinvalidforbandc.
3dimensionalarraydeclaration:
Int[][][]a
Int[][][]a
Inta[][][]
Int[][][]a
int[]a[][]
Int[][]a[]
Int[][][]a
Int[][]a[]
int[]a[][]
ArrayCreation:Everyarrayinjavaisanobjectonly.Hencewecancreatearraysbyusingnew
operator.
Ex:int[]a=newint[3]
Foreveryarraytype,correspondingclassesareavailableandtheseclassesarepartofJava
languageandnotavailabletotheprogrammerlevel.
Ex:int[]a=newint[3]
System.out.println(a.getclass().getName())//[ithisistheclassnameofarrayinJava.
ArrayType Correspondingclassname
int[] [I
int[][] [[I
double[] [D
short[] [S
byte[] [B
boolean[] [Z
Atthetimeofarraycreation,compulsoryweshouldspecifythesize.Otherwise,wewillget
compiletimeerror.
Int[]x=newint[]//invalidcompilergiveserror.
Int[]x=newint[6]//valid
Int[]x=newint[0]//Itislegaltohaveanarraywithsize0inJava.

Int[]x=newint[3]//Nocompiletimeerror.Because,JVMneedsonlyanintegervalue.ButIfwe
aretryingtospecifyarraysizewithsomenegativeintvalue,thenwewillgetruntimeexception
sayingNegativeArraySizeException
Tospecifyarraysize,thealloweddatatypesare,byte,short,charandint.Ifwearetryingto
specifyanyothertype,thenwewillgetcompiletimeerror.
Int[]x=newint[10]
Int[]x=newint[a]
Byteb=20
Int[]x=newint[b]
Shorts=30
Int[]x=newint[s]
Int[]x=newint[10L]//CompilererrorPLPfound:longrequired:int.
Note:ThemaximumarraysizeallowedinJavais:2147483647(rangeofint)whichisthe
maximumvalueofintdatatype.
Int[]x=newint[2147483647]
Int[]x=newint[2147483648]//CEIntegernumbertoolarge.
Eveninthefirstcase,wemaygetruntimeexceptionifsufficientheapmemorynotavailable.
TwoDimensionalArrayCreation
InJava,twodimensionalarrayisnotimplementedbyusingmatrixstylerepresentation.SUN
peoplefollowedarrayofarraysapproachformultidimensionalarraycreation.Themain
advantageofthisapproachisimprovedmemoryutilization.
Traditionalmatrixstyle:
Students1 30 12 5 16
Students2 30
Students3 28

Students4 45 56
InJava,arrayofarraysapproachcanbeusedtoimprovememoryutilization.
Ex:

MemorystructureandcorrespondingJavacode.Wehavetospecifybasesizeandtherestcanbe
specifiedinlaterstatements.
Ex.2:


Tocreateanarraywithvariablesizes:
Int[][][]x=newint[2][][]
X[0]=newint[3][]
X[0][0]=newint[1]
X[0][1]=newint[2]
x[0][2]=newint[3]
X[1]=newint[2][2]
Test:Whichofthefollowingarraydeclarationsarevalid?
1. Int[]a=newint[]//invalidbasesizeisnotspecified
2. int[]a=newint[3]//valid
3. Int[][]a=newint[][]//invalidbasesizenotspecified
4. Int[][]a=newint[3][]//valid
5. Int[][]a=newint[][4]//invalidinvalidbasesize
6. Int[][]a=newint[3][4]//valid
7. Int[][][]a=newint[3][4][5]//valid
8. Int[][][]a=newint[3][4][]//valid
9. Int[][][]a=newint[3][][5]//invalid
10. Int[][][]a=newint[][4][5]//invalid
Ans:2,4,6,7,8,
Arrayinitialization:

Oncewecreateanarray,everyelementbydefaultinitializedwithdefaultvalues.
Ex:int[]x=newint[3]
System.out.println(x)Output:[I@3e25a5(classnameandHashcharcode)
System.out.println(x[0])//outputis0becauseeveryelementbydefaultinitializedwith0.
Note:Wheneverwearetryingtoprintanyreferencevariable,internallytostringmethodwillbe
calledwhichisimplementedtoreturnthestringinthefollowingform.
classname@Hashcodeinhexadecimalform.

int[][]x=newint[2][3]
System.out.println(x)[[I@3e265892
System.out.println(x[0])[i@19821f
System.out.println(x[0][0])0
Example3:
Int[][]x=newint[2][]
System.out.println(x)//Output[[I@3e25a5
System.out.println(x[0])//Null
System.out.println(x[0][0])//Exception.Nullpointerexception.

Note:Ifwearetryingtoperformanyoperationonnull,thenwewillgetruntimeexceptionsaying
nullpointerexception.

Oncewecreateanarray,everyarrayelementbydefaultinitializedwithdefaultvalues.Thedefault
valueis0.Ifwearenotsatisfiedwithdefaultvalues,thenwecanoverridethesevalueswithour
customizedvalues.
Int[]x=newint[6]
X[0]=10
X[1]=20
X[2]=30
X[3]=40
X[4]=50
X[5]=60
X[6]=70//RE:arrayindexoutofboundsexception
X[7]=80//RE:ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
X[2.8]=90CE:PLP,founddouble,requiredint
Note:Ifwearetryingtoaccessarrayelementwithoutofrangeindex(eitherpositivevalueor
negativeintvalue)thenwewillgetruntimeexceptionsayingArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.
Arraydeclarationcreationandinitializationinasingleline:
Wecandeclare,createandinitializeanarrayinasingleline(shortcutrepresentation)
Int[]x
x=newint[3]
X[0]=10
X[1]=20
X[2]=30
Allthiscodecanbewritteninsinglelineas
Int[]x={10,20,30}
Char[]s={a,e,i,o,u}
String[]S={hello,world,!!!}
Wecanextendthisshortcutformultidimensionalarraysalso.
Int[][]x={{10,20},{30,40,50}}
Int[][][]x={{{10,20,30},{40,50,60}},{{70,80},{90,100,110}}}
System.out.println(x[0][1][2])//60
System.out.println(x[1][0][1])//80
System.out.println(x[2][0][0])//RE:AIOOBE
System.out.println(x[1][2][0])//RE:AIOOBE
System.out.println(x[1][1][1])100
System.out.println(x[2][1][1])REAIOOBE


Ifwewanttousethisshortcut,compulsoryweshouldperformallactivitiesinasingleline.Ifwe
aretryingtodivideintomultiplelines,thenwewillgetcompiletimeerror.
Ex:
int[]x={10,20,30}
Int[]x
x={10,20,30}//CEillegalstartofexpression
LengthVsLength():
Length:Lengthisafinalvariableapplicableforarrays.Lengthvariablerepresentsthesizeofthe
array.
Ex:int[]x=newint[6]
System.out.println(x.length())CE:cannotfindsymbol.Symbol:methodlength()locationclassint[]
System.out.println(x.length)//output6
Lengthmethodisafinalmethodapplicableforstringobjects.Lengthmethodreturnsnumberof
characterspresentinthestring.
Ex:Strings=durga
System.out.println(s.length)CE:Cannotfindsymbol.Symbol:variablelengthlocation:Class
Java.string
System.out.println(s.length())//output5
Note:Lengthvariableisapplicableforarraysbutnotforstringobjects.Whereas,lengthmethod
applicableforstringobjectsbutnotforarrays.
Ex:String[]S={A,AA,AAA}
System.out.println(s.length)//3
System.out.println(s.length())//Cannotfindsymbolmethodlengthlocationclassstring
System.out.println(s[0].length)//Cannotfindsymbolvariablelengthlocationclass.java.l.string
System.out.println(s[0].length)//1
InMultidimensionalarrays,lengthvariablerepresentsonlybasesizebutnottotalsize.
Ex:int[][]x=newint[6][3]
System.out.println(x.length)//6
System.out.println(x[0].length)//output3
Thereisnodirectwaytofindtotallengthofmultidimensionalarray.Butindirectly,wecanfindas
follows.

X[0].length+x[1].length+X[2].length+x[3].length+X[4].length+x[5].length
AnonymousArrays:Sometimeswecandeclareanarraywithoutaname.Suchtypeof
namelessarraysarecalledanonymousarrays.
Themainpurposeofanonymousarraysisjustforinstantuse(onetimeusage).
Wecancreateanonymousarrayasfollows:
Newint[]{10,20,30,40}//Wecannotspecifythesizewhilecreatinganonymousarrays.
Whilecreatinganonymousarrays,wecantspecifythesize.Otherwise,wewillgetcompiletime
error.
Newin[3]{10,20,30}//invalid
Newint[]{10,20,30}itselfisvalid.
Wecancreatemultidimensionalanonymousarraysalso.
Newint[][]{{10,20},{30,40,50}}
Basedonourrequirement,wecangivethenameforanonymousarray.Thenitisnolonger
anonymous.
Int[]x=newint[]{20,30,40}
Example:
ClassTest
{
Publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args)
{
Sum(newint[]{10,20,30,40})
}
Publicstaticvoidsum(int[]x)
{
Inttotal=0
For(intX1:x)
{
Total=total+1
}
System.out.println(Thesumis:+total)
}
}
Intheaboveexample,justtocallsomemethod,werequiredanarray.But,aftercompletingsome
methodcall,wearenotusingthatarrayanymore.Hence,forthisonetimerequirement,
anonymousarrayisthebestchoice.
ArrayElementAssignments:
Case1:Inthecaseofprimitivetypearrays,asarrayelementswecanprovideanytypewhich
canbeimplicitlypromotedtodeclaredtype.
Int[]x=newint[5]
X[0]=10
X[1]=a
Byteb=20
X[2]=b
Shorts=10
X[3]=s
X[4]=10LCEPLPfound:longrequired:int
Ex.2:Inthecaseoffloattypearrays,thealloweddatatypesarebyte,short,char,intlongand
float.
Case2:Inthecaseofobjecttypearrays,asarrayelements,wecanprovideeitherdeclaredtype
objectsoritschildclassobjects.
Ex:object[]a=newObject[10]
A[0]=newObject()
A[1]=newString(durga)
A[2]=newInteger(10)//Thisexampleisperfectlyvalid
AbstractClasstypearrays:
Thisexampleiswrong.Becausecompileracceptsonlynumerictypes[BSILFD]
Ex:Number[]n=newNumber[10]
N[0]=newInteger(10)
N[1]=newDouble(10.5)
N[2]=newString(durga)//incompatibletypesfoundJ.L.stringrequiredJLnumber
Case3:Forinterfacetypearrays,asarrayelements,itsimplementationclassobjectsare
allowed.
Ex:Runnable[]r=newRunnable[10]
R[0]=newThread[]
R[1]=newstring(durga)//CEincompatibletypesfound:JLstring,requiredJLrunnable.
ArrayType Allowedelementtypes
Primitivearrays Arraytypewhichcanbeimplicitlypromotedto
declaredtype
Objecttypearrays Eitherdeclaredtypeoritschildclassobjects
Abstractclasstypearrays Itschildclassobjectsareallowed
Interfacetypearrays Itsimplementationclassobjectsareallowed
ArrayVariableassignments:
Case1:Elementlevelpromotionsarenotapplicableatarraylevel.

Ex:charelementcanbepromotedtointtype.Whereas,chararraycannotbepromotedtoint
array.
Ex:int[]x={10,20,30,40}
Char[]ch={a,b,c,d}
Int[]b=x
Int[]c=ch//incompatibletypes.Foundchar[]requiredintclasschar[][cintclass[i
Q.Whichofthefollowingpromotionswillbeperformedautomatically?
1. CharTOInt
2. Char[]toint[]//invalid
3. Inttodouble
4. Int[]todouble[]//invalid
5. Floattoint//invalid
6. Float[]toint[]//invalid
7. Stringtoobject
8. String[]toobject[]
Butinthecaseofobjecttypearrays,childclasstypearraycanbepromotedtoparentclasstype
array.
StringtoObjectandstring[]toobject[]
Strings={a,b,c}
Object[]a=s
Thisisperfectlyvalid..Becausethechildclasstypearraycanbepromotedtoparentclasstype
array.
Case2:
Int[]a={10,20,30,40,50,60}
Int[]b={70,80}
A=b
B=a

Wheneverweareassigningonearraytoanotherarray,internalelementswontbecopied.Just
referencevariableswillbereassigned.
int[][]a=newint[3][]
A[0]=newint[4][3]
Wheneverweareassigningonearraytoanotherarray,thedimensionsmustbematched.E
Ex:intheplaceofonedimensionalintarray,weshouldprovide1dimensionalarrayonly.Ifweare
tryingtoprovideanyotherdimension,thenwewillgetcompiletimeerror
Int[][]a=newint[3][]
A[0]=newint[4][5]CEincompatibletypesfoundint[][]requiredint[]
A[0]=10//CEincompatibletypesfound.Intrequiredint[]
A[0]=newint[2]
Wheneverweareassigningonearraytoanotherarray,bothdimensionsandtypesmustbe
matchedbut,sizesarenotrequiredtomatch.
Ex.1:
ClassTest
{
PSVM(String[]args)
{forint(i=0i<=args.lengthi++)
{SOP(args[i])
}}
Outputs:
Javatestabc
abc(RE:AIOOBE)
Javatestab
ab(RE:AIOOBE)
Javatest
REAIOOBE
Ex:2
ClassTest
{
Publicstaticvoidmain(string[]args)
{
String[]argh={x,y,z}
Args=argh
For(Strings:args)
{
System.out.println(s)
}}}
Outputs:
Javatestabcoutput:xyz
JavatestABOutputsxyz
JavaTestoutputsxyz
Example3
1. Int[][]a=newint[4][3]
2. A[0]=newint[4]
3. A[1]=newint[2]
4. A=newint[3][2]
HOwmanyobjectsarecreated?
11objectsgotcreated
Howmanyobjectsareeligibleforgarbagecollection?
7objectseligibleforgarbagecollection1,2,3statements
TypesofVariables
Division1:Basedontypeofvaluerepresentedbyavariable,allvariablesaredividedintotwo
types.
1.Primitivevariables:canbeusedtorepresentprimitivevalues.Intx=10
2.ReferenceVariables:canbeusedtoreferobjectsex.Students=newstudent()
Sispointingtoobject.
Division2:Basedonpositionofdeclarationandbehavior,allvariablesaredividedintothreetypes.
1. Instancevariables,
2. Staticvariables
3. Localvariables.
Instancevariables:
Ifthevalueofavariableisvariedfromobjecttoobject,suchtypeofvariablesarecalledInstance
Variables.
Foreveryobject,aseparatecopyofvariableswillbecreated.Instancevariablesshouldbe
declaredwithintheclassdirectlybutoutsideofanymethodorblockorconstructor.Instance
variablewillbecreatedatthetimeofobjectcreationanddestroyedatthetimeofobject
destruction.Hencethescopeofinstancevariableisexactlysameasthescopeofobject.
Instancevariableswillbestoredintheheapmemoryasthepartofobject.
Wecantaccessinstancevariablesdirectlyfromstaticarea.Butwecanaccessbyusingobject
reference.But,wecanaccessinstancevariablesdirectlyfrominstancearea.
Ex:
ClassTest
{
Intx=0
{
System.out.println(x)CENonstaticvariablexcannotbereferencedfromstaticcontext
Testt=newTest()
System.out.println(t.x)//10
}
Publicvoidm1()
{
super(x)
}}
Forinstancevariables,JVMwillalwaysprovidedefaultvaluesandwerenotrequiredtoperform
initializationexplicitly.
Ex:
publicclassSun{
intx
doubled
booleanb
Strings
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){
Testt1=newTest()
System.out.println(t1.x)//0
System.out.println(t1.d)//0.0
System.out.println(t1.b)//false
System.out.println(t1.s)//Null
}}
Instancevariablesarealsoknownasattributesorobjectlevelvariables.
Staticvariables:Ifthevalueofavariableisnotvariedfromobjecttoobject,thenitisnot
recommendedtodeclarevariableasinstancevariable.Wehavetodeclaresuchtypeofvariables
atclasslevelbyusingstaticmodifier.Inthecaseofinstancevariables,foreveryobjectaseparate
copywillbecreated.But,inthecaseofstaticvariables,asinglecopywillbecreatedattheclass
levelandsharedbyeveryobjectoftheclass.Staticvariablesshouldbedeclaredwithintheclass
directlybutoutsideofanymethodorblockorconstructor.
Staticvariableswillbecreatedatthetimeofclassloadinganddestroyedatthetimeofclass
unloading.Hencescopeofstaticvariableisexactlysameasscopeof.classfile.
JavaTest
1. StartJava
2. Createandstartmainthread
3. Locatetest.classfile
4. Loadtest.classstaticvariablescreatio
5. Executemain()method
6. Unloadtest.classstaticvariablesdestruction
7. Terminatemainthread
8. ShutdownJVM

Staticvariableswillbestoredinmethodarea.WEcanaccessstaticvariableseitherbyobject
referenceorbyclassname.Butrecommendedtouseclassname.Withinthesameclassitisnot
requiredtouseclassnameandwecanaccessdirectly.
ClassTest
{
Staticintx=10
PSVM(string[]args)
{
TestA=newTest()
SOP(t.x)
SOP(test.x)
SOP(x)
}}
WEcanaccessstaticvariablesdirectlyfrombothinstanceandstaticareas.
Ex:
Classtest
{
Staticintx=10
PSVM(string[]args)
{
SOP(x)
}
Publicvoidmain()
{SOP(X)
}}
Forstaticvariables,JVMwillprovidedefaultvaluesandwerenotrequiredtoperforminitialization
explicitly.
ClassTest
{
Staticintx
Staticdoubled
Staticstrings
PSVM(String[]args)
{
SOP(x)
SOP(d)
Sop(s)
}}
Staticvariablesarealsoknownasclasslevelvariablesorfields.

ClassTest
{
Staticintx=10//staticvariablegetscreatedwhenclassisloaded
Inty=20//createdatthetimeofobjectcreation
PSVM(String[]args)
{
Testt1=newTest()//t1>(y=20)//sinceinstancevariableinitializedatobjectcreation
T1.x=888t1>888
T1.y=999//t1>(y=20)999
TestT2=newTest()
SOP(t2.x+....+t2.y)//t2.xischangedto888andt2.yisreferredto20.
}
}
LocalVariables:
Sometimes,tomeettemporaryrequirementsoftheprogrammer,wecandeclarevariablesinside
amethodorblockorconstructor.Suchtypeofvariablesarecalledlocalvariablesortemporary
variablesorstackvariablesorautomaticvariables.Localvariableswillbestoredinsidestack
memory.
Thelocalvariablewillbecreatedwhileexecutingtheblockinwhichwedeclaredit.Onceblock
executioncompletes,automaticallylocalvariablewillbedestroyed.Thescopeoflocalvariableis
theblockinwhichwedeclaredit.
Ex:ClassTest
{
PSVM(String[]args)
{inti=0
For(intj=0j<2j++)
{
I=i+j
}
System.out.println(i,j)//CECannotfindsymbolvariableJlocationClasstest.
}
}
Ex:
ClassTest
{
PSVM(String[]args)
{
Try{intj=INteger.parseInt(ten)
}
Catch(NumberformatExceptione)
{
j=10CECannotfindsymbolvariableJlocationClasstest.
}
System.out.println(J)//CECannotfindsymbolvariableJlocationClasstest.
}}
Forlocalvariables,JVMwontprovidedefaultvalues.Compulsoryweshouldperforminitialization
explicitlybeforeusingthatvariable.Thatis,ifwearenotusing,thenitisnotrequiredtoperform
initialization.
ClassTest ClassTest
{ {
PSVM(String[]args) PSVM(String[]args)
{ {
Intx Intx
SOP(Hello)}} SOP(x)}}
Output:Hello. CE:Variablexmightnothavebeeninitialized.
ClassTest ClassTest
{ {
PSVM(string[]args) PSVM(String[]args)
{ {intx
Intx If(args.length>0)
If(args.length>0) {
{ x=10
X=0 }
}SOP(X) Else{x=20}
}}CEVariablexmightnothavebeen SOP(x)
initialized JavaTestAb
OUtputis:10
Note:Itisnotrecommendedtoperforminitializationforlocalvariablesinsidelogicalblocks
becausethereisnoguaranteefortheexecutionoftheseblocksalwaysatruntime.
Note:Itishighlyrecommendedtoperforminitializationforlocalvariablesatthetimeofdeclaration
atleastwithdefaultvalues.
TheonlyapplicablemodifierforlocalvariablesisfinalBymistakeifwearetryingtoapplyany
othermodifier,thenwewillgetcompiletimeerror.
Ex:ClassTest
{
{
Publicintx=10//CEIllegalstartofexpression.
Privateintx=10//CEIllegalstartofexpression.
Protectedintx=10//CEIllegalstartofexpression.
Staticintx=10//CEIllegalstartofexpression.
Transientintx=10//CEIllegalstartofexpression.

Volatileintx=10//CEIllegalstartofexpression.
Finalintx=10//onlythisstatementisvalid.
}}
Note:IfwearenotdeclaringwithanymodifierthenbydefaultitisDefaultbutthisruleis
applicableonlyforinstanceandstaticvariablesbutnotforlocalvariables.
Conclusions:ForinstanceandstaticvariablesJVMwillprovidedefaultvaluesandwearenot
requiredtoperforminitializationexplicitly.Butforlocalvariables,JVMwontprovidedefaultvalues
compulsoryweshouldperforminitializationexplicitlybeforeusingthatvariable
Instanceandstaticvariablescanbeaccessedbymultiplethreadssimultaneously.Andhence
thesearenotthreadsafe.But,inthecaseoflocalvariables,foreverythreadaseparatecopywill
becreatedandhencelocalvariablesarethreadsafe.
TypeofVariable Isthreadsafeornot
Instancevariable No
StaticVariable No
LocalVariable YES
EveryVariableinJavashouldbeeitherinstanceorstaticorlocal.
Everyvariableinjavashouldbeeitherprimitiveorreference.Hencevariouspossible
combinationsofvariablesinJavaare

Uninitializedarrays:
ClassTest
{
Int[]x
PSVM(String[]args)
{
TestT=newTest()
SOPLN(t.x)//null
SOPLN(t.x[0])//NPE
}}
Instancelevel
Int[]x
SOPLN(obj.x)null
SOPLN(obj.x[0])//npe
Staticlevel
Staticint[]x
Sop(x)//null
SOP(x]0])//reNPE
Staticint[]x=newint[x]
SOP(x)[i@934289
SOP(x[0])0
LocalLevel:
Int[]x
SOP(x)
SOP(x[0])ceVariablexmightnothavebeeninitialized
Int[]x=newint[3]
SOP(x)[I@1234970
Sop(x[0]0
Oncewecreateanarrayeveryarrayelementbydefaultinitializedwithdefaultvaluesirrespective
ofwhetheritisinstanceorstaticorlocalarray.
Varargmethods:(Variablenumberofargumentmethods)
Newconceptwhichcamein1.5versionofJava.
Until1.4version,wecantdeclareamethodwithvariablenumberofarguments.Ifthereisa
changeinnumberofargumentscompulsoryweshouldgofornewmethod.Itincreaseslengthof
thecodeandreducesreadability.ToovercomethisproblemsomeSUNpeopleintroducedvararg
methodsin1.5version.Accordingtothiswecandeclareamethodwhichcantakevariable
numberofarguments.Suchtypeofmethodsarecalledvarargmethods.
m1(intx)
Wecandeclareavarargmethodasfollows.Wecancallthismethodbypassinganynumberof
intvaluesincluding0number.
m1()
m1(10)
m1(10,20,30)
m1(10,20,30,40)
Ex:ClassTest
{
Publicstaticvoidm1(intx)
{
SOP(Varargmethods)
}
{
m1()
m1(10)
m1(10,20,30)
m1(10,20,30,40)
}}Inallthesecasestheoutputweregoingtogetvarargmethodsfor4times.
Internally,varargparameterwillbeconvertedintoonedimensionalarray.Hencewithinthevar
argmethodwecandifferentiatevaluesbyusingindex.
Ex:classTest
{
PSVM(String[]args)
{
sum()
Sum(10,02)
sum(10,20,30)
sum(10,20,30,40)
}
Publicstaticvoidsum(int...x)
}
Inttotal=0
For(intx1:x)
{
Total=total+x1
}
Sop(thesum:+total)
}}
Case1:whichofthefollowingarevalidvarargmethoddeclarations
m1(intx)//valid
m1(int...x)//valid
m1(int...x)//valid
m1(intx)//invlid
m1(int...x)//invalid3dotsarebestfriends
m1(int.x..)//invalid
Case2:wecanmixvarargparameterswithnormalparameters
m1(intx,inty)
m1(strings,double...y)
Case3:Ifwemixnormalparameterwithvarargparameterthenvarargparametershouldbelast
parameter.
m1(double...d1,Strings)//invalid
m1(charch,Strings)//valid
Case4:insidevarargmethodwecantakeonlyonevarargparameterandwecanttakemore
thanvarargparameter.
m1(intx,doubled)//invalid
Insideaclass,wecantdeclarevarargmethodandcorrespondingonedimensionalarraymethod
simultaneously.Otherwise,wewillgetcompiletimeerror.
Ex:
ClassTest
{
PSVM(intx)
{
SOPLN(int..)
}
psvm(int[]x)
{
sopln(int[])
}
}CE:cannotdeclarebothm1(int[]x)andm1(intx)intest.
Example:
ClassTest
{
{
SOP(Varargmethods)
}
{
SoP(Generalmethod)
}
{
m1()//varargmethod
m1(10,20)//varargmethod
m1(30)//generalmethod19yrsexperience:)generalmethodhaspriority
}}
//varargmethodhasleastpriorityanditssimilartodefaultasinswitchcase.
Ingeneral,varargmethodwillgetleastpriorityi.eifnoothermatched,thenonlyvarargmethod
willgetthechance.Itisexactlysameasdefaultcaseinsideswitch.
Equivalencebetweenvarargparameterandonedimensionalarray.
Case1:Whereveronedimensionalarraypresent,wecanreplacewithvarargparameter.
Intm1(int[]x)replacedwithm1(int...x)
Example:
main(String[]args)canbereplacedwithmain(String...args)
Case2
Wherevervarargparameterpresent,wecantreplacewithonedimensionalarray
m1(intx)replacedwithm1(int[]x)//invalid
Note:m1(int...x)wecancallthismethodbypassingagroupofintvaluesandxwillbecomeone
dimensionalarray.
m1(int[]...x)wecancallthismethodbypassingagroupofonedimensionalintarrayandxwill
becometwodimensionalintarray.
Test:
ClassTest
{
PSVM(String[]args)
{
Int[]a={10,20,30}
Int[]b={40,50,60}
m1(a,b)
}
Publicstaticvoidm1(int[]...x)
{
For(int[]x1:x)
{sopln(x1(0)
}}//output10,40

Mainmethod
Whetherclasscontainsmainmethodornot,andwhethermainmethodisdeclaredaccordingto
requirementornot,thesethingswontbecheckedbycompiler.Atruntime,JVMisresponsibleto
checkthesethings.IfJVMisunabletofindmainmethod,thenwewillgetruntimeexception
sayingNosuchmethodError:main.
ClassTest
{
}
JavaTest.Java
JavaTest
RE:Nosuchmethoderrormain.
AtruntimeJVMalwayssearchesforthemainmethodwiththefollowingprototype.
public static void main (String[]args)
TocallbyJVM Withoutexisting main()method Thisisthename Commandline

fromanywhere. objectalsoJVM cannotreturn whichis arguments
C:D:or hastocallthis anythingtoJVM configuredinside
wherever method JVM
Theabovesyntaxisverystrictandifweperformanychangethen,wewillgetruntimeexception
sayingnosuchmethoderror:main
Eventhoughabovesyntaxisverystrict,thefollowingchangesareacceptable.
1. Insteadofpublicstatic,wecantakestaticpublic.Ietheorderofmodifiersisnotimportant
2. Wecandeclarestringarrayinanyacceptableform.
main(string[]args)
main(String[]args)
Main(Stringargs[])
3.Insteadofargs,wecantakeanyvalidjavaidentifier
main(String[]durga)
4.Wecanreplacestringarraywithvarargparameter
main(Stringargs)
5.Wecandeclaremainmethodwiththefollowingmodifiers.Finalsynchronizedandstrictfp
ClassTest{
Publicstaticvoidmainfinalsynchronizedstrictfp(String...args)
{
SOP(HELLO)
}}
Ext:WHichofthefollowingmainmethoddeclarationsarevalid?
1. Publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs)//invalid
2. PublicstaticvoidMain(String[]args)//invalid
3. Publicvoidmain(String[]args)//invalid
4. Publicstaticintmain(String[]args)//invalid
5. Finalsynchronizedstrictfppublicvoidmain(String[]args)//missingstatic
6. Finalsynchronizedstrictfppublicstaticvoidmain(String[]args)//valid
7. Publicstaticvoidmain(String...args)//valid
Ans:6,7
Inwhichoftheabovecaseswewillgetcompiletimeerror?
Wewontgetcompiletimeerroranywherebut,excceptlasttwocases,inremainingwewillget
runtimeexceptionsayingNOsuchMethodError:main.
Case1:Overloadingofthemainmethodispossiblebut,JVMwillalwayscallstringarrayargument
mainmethodonly.Theotheroverloadedmethodwehavetocallexplicitlylikenormalmethodcall.
ClassTest
{PSVM(String[]args)
{SOP(stringarray)
}
PSVM(int[]args)
{SOP(intarray)}//overloadedmethods
Case2:INheritanceconceptapplicableformainmethod.Hencewhileexecutingchildclass,ifa
childdoesntcontainmainmethod,thenparentclassmainmethodwillbeexecuted.
ClassP
{PSVM(String[]args)
}}
ClassCextendsP
{

ThisistheconceptofinhertianceinJava.

Case3:
ClassP
{PSVM(String[]args)
}}
ClassCextendsP
{
PSVM(Stringargs[])//Thisconceptismethodhidingbutnotmethodoverriding.
{SOP(Helloworld)
}
}

Itseemsoverridingconceptapplicableformainmethodbutitisnotoverridinganditismethod
hiding.Note:Formainmethod,inheritanceandoverloadingconceptsareapplicable.But,over
ridingconceptisnotapplicable.Insteadofoverriding,methodhidingconceptisapplicable.
1.7versionEnhancementswithrespecttomainmethod:
Until1.6version,iftheclassdoesntcontainmainmethod,thenwewillgetruntimeexception
sayingNoSUCHmethoderror:main.But,from1.7versiononwards,insteadofNosuchmethoderror,
wewillgetmoreelaboratederrorinformation.
Ex:ClassTest{
}
1.6version 1.7v
JavacTest.Java JavacTest.Java
JavaTest JavaTest
RE:nosuchmethoderror:main Error:MainmethodnotfoundinclassTest.
Pleasedeclaremainmethodas

ClassTest
{
Static
{
System.out.println(Staticblock)
}}
1.6version 1.7v
JavaTest JavaTest
OP:Staticblock Error:MainmethodnotfoundinclassTest.
RE:nosuchmethoderror:main Pleasedeclaremainmethodas
From1.7versiononwards,mainmethodismandatorytostartprogramexecution.Hence,even
thoughclasscontainsstaticblock,itwontbeexecutediftheclassdoesntcontainmainmethod.
Ex.2
ClassTest
{
Static
{
SOPLN(Staticblock)
System.exit(0)
}}
1.6version 1.7v
JavaTest JavaTest
OP:Staticblock Error:MainmethodnotfoundinclassTest.
Pleasedeclaremainmethodas
From1.7versiononwards,mainmethodismandatorytorunprogramexecution.
ClassTest
{
Static
{
System.out.println(Staticblock)}
{

SOPLN(mainmethod)
}}
Test:Withoutwritingmainmethodisitpossibletoprintsomestatementstotheconsole?
YesByusingstaticblockuntiltheversionof1.6.Thisruleisapplicableuntil1.6version.Butfrom
1.7versiononwardsitisimpossibletoprintsomestatementstotheconsole.
Commandlinearguments:
Theargumentswhicharepassingfromcommandpromptarecalledcommandlinearguments.
WiththesecommandlineargumentsJVMwillcreateanarrayandbypassingthatarrayas
argumentJVMwillcallmainmethod
Ex:
java test a b c
args[0] args[1] args[2]
args.length=3
ClassTest
{
PSVM(String[]args)
{
Intn=Integer.parseInt(args[0])
Themainobjectiveofcommandlineargumentsis,wecancustomizebehaviorofthemain
method.
Case1:
ClassTest
{
PSVM(String[]args)
{
For(inti=0i<=args.lengthi++)
{SOPLN(args[i])
}}}
Output:arrayindexoutofboundsexception,
Ifwereplacelessthanorequaltowithlessthan,thenwewontgetanyruntimeexception.
Ex:classTst
{
PSVM(String[]args)
{
String[]argh={X,y,z}
Args=argh
For(Strings:args)
{sop(s)
}}}
Output:xyz,xy,
Case3:
ClassTest
{pSVM(STring[]args)
{
SOP(args[0]+args[1])
}}
Withinmainmethod,commandlineargumentsareavailableinstringform.Sothesumoftwo
commandlineargumentswillbehaveasconcatenation.
Case4:
ClassTest
{pSVM(STring[]args)
{
SOP(args[0])
}}
JavaTestNoteBook
Usually,spaceitselfistheseparatorbetweencommandlinearguments.Ifourcommandline
argumentitselfcontainsspace,thenwehavetoenclosethatcommandlineargumentwithin
doublequotes.
JavaCodingstandards:Wheneverwearewritingjavacodeitishighlyrecommendedtofollow
codingstandards.Wheneverwearewritinganycomponent,itsnameshouldreflectthepurpose
ofthatcomponent(functionality)Themainadvantageofthisapproachisreadabilityand
maintainabilityofthecodewillbeimproved.
Ex:
ClassA Packagecom.durgasoft.scjp
Publicintm1(intx,inty) Publicclasscalculator
{returnx+y {
} Publicstaticintadd(intnumber1,intnumber2)
//novicestandard {
Returnnumber1+number2
}
}
CodingstandardsforClasses:Usuallyclassnamesarenouns.Shouldstartwithuppercase
characterandifitcontainsmultiplewordseveryinnerwordshouldstartwithuppercasecharacter.
Ex:String,StringBuffer,Account,Dog
Codingstandardsforinterfaces:Usuallyinterfacenamesareadjectives.Shouldstartwith
uppercasecharacterandifitcontainsmultiplewords,everyinnerwordshouldstartwithupper
casecharacter.
Ex:Runnable,Seializable,Comparable,RandomAccessetc.,
CodingstandardsforMethods:Usually,methodnamesareeitherverbsorverbnoun
combinations.Shouldstartwithlowercasealphabetsymbolandifitcontainsmultiplewords,then
everyinnerwordshouldstartwithuppercasecharacter(camelcaseconvention)
Ex:print(),sleep(),run()eat(),start(),getName(),setSalary()etc.,
CodingstandardsforVariables:U suallyvariablenamesarenouns.Shouldstartwithlower
casealphabetsymbolandifitcontainsmultiplewords,theneveryinnerwordshouldstartwith
uppercasecharacter(camelcaseconvention)
Ex:name,age,salary,mobileNumber,etc.,
CodingstandardsforConstants:Usuallyconstantnamesarenouns.Shouldcontainonly
uppercasecharactersandifitcontainsmultiplewords,thenthesewordsareseparatedwith
_symbol.
Ex:MAX_VALUE,MIN_VALUE,MAX_PRIORITY,PIetc.,
NOte:Usually,wecandeclareconstantswithpublicstaticandfinalmodifiers.
JavaBeanCodingStandards:Ajavabeanisasimplejavaclasswithprivatepropertiesand
publicgetterandsettermethods.
PublicclassstudetnBean
PrivateStringname
PublicvoidsetName(STringname)
{
this.name=name
}
PublicstringgetName()
{
Returnname
}}
Classnameendswithbeanisnotofficialconventionfromsun
SyntaxforSetterMethod:
Itshouldbepublicmethod
Thereturntypeshouldbevoid
Methodnameshouldbeprefixedwithset
Itshouldtakesomeargument.I.eitshouldnotbenoargumentmethod.
PublicvoidsetName(Stringname)
SyntaxforGetterMethod:
Itshouldbepublicmethod
Thereturnshouldnotbevoid
Methodnameshouldbeprefixedwithget
Noargumentsarerequiredtopass
PublicStringgetName()
**FOrbooleanpropertiesgettermethodnamecanbeprefixedwitheithergetoris.But
recommendedtouseis.
Privatebooleanempty
PublicbooleangetEmpty()
{returnempty
}
PublicbooleanisEmpty()
{returnempty}
Codingstandardsforlisteners:
Case1:Toregisteralistener,methodnameshouldbeprefixedwitha dd
PublicvoidaddMyactionListener(MACtionlistenerl)
Publicvoidregistermyactionlistener(myactionlistenerl)//invlaid
Publicvoidaddmyacctionlistener(actionlisterel).//invalid
Case2:Tounregisteralistener
Publicvoidremovemyactionlistener(myactionlistenerl)
Publicvoidunregistermyactionlistener(myactionlistenerl)//invalid
Publicvoidmyactionlistener(actionlistenerl)//invalid
Publicvoiddeletemyactionlistener(myactionlistenerl)//invalid
Methodnameshouldbeprefixedwithremove.
Languagefundamentalscompleted:)
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Identifiers ReservedWords DataTypes Literals

Arrays TypesofVariables Varargmethods Mainmethod

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synchronized native strictfp transient volatile default

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msb 214 213 212 211 210 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

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215 214 213 212 211 210 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

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byte 1byte 27to27

short 2bytes 215to215

int 4bytes 231to231

long 8bytes 263to263

float 4bytes 3.4e38to3.4e38 float 0.0

double 8bytes 1.7e308to1.7e308 double 0.0

boolean NA NAbutallowed boolean False

char 2bytes 0to65535 Character 0(represents

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Datatype/keyword Nameof Assignmentoperator Constantvalue/literal

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Durga Software Solutions - Core Java by Durga Sir

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