EEM 2 DC Machines PDF

Course
"EEM 2 DC Machines"
Photo: Siemens AG
SH5002-1B Version 2.1
Author: M.Germeroth
Lucas-Nlle GmbH Siemensstrae 2 D-50170 Kerpen (Sindorf)

Tel.: +49 2273 567-0
www.lucas-nuelle.de
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Copyright 2005 LUCAS-NLLE GmbH.
All rights reserved.
LUCAS-NLLE Lehr- und Messgerte GmbH

Siemensstrae 2 D-50170 Kerpen
EEM2 DC machines
Training objectives 1
Equipment for 300 W Classic Series 2
Information page "Alternative Equipment" 3
Safety 5
DC shunt-wound motors 7
Connection and starting 9
Rotation reversal 17
Speed control 23
Load characteristic 31
DC shunt-wound generators, separately excited 37
Voltage control (field-control range) 39
Voltage polarity 45
DC shunt-wound generators, self-excited 55
Rotation direction and polarity 57
DC series-wound motors 67
Connection and starting 69
Rotation reversal 75
DC compound-wound motors 87
Load characteristics for various compound ratios 89
Copyright 99
EEM2 DC machines
EEM2 DC machines
Training objectives
Welcome to the DC machines course. The team from LUCAS-NLLE

wishes you lots of fun and success in completing the course topics and
conducting the experiments. The following pages provide you with an
overview of the course contents and the materials and equipment
required.
In this course you will acquire practical knowledge regarding the topic of DC
machines.
Experiment-based investigations of series-wound, shunt-wound and compound-
wound machines are at the focal point of this course and explore such aspects as
how the machines function, respond and operate.
Training contents
Motors, generators
Series-wound, shunt-wound and compound-wound windings
Measurement of armature current, exciter current and voltage
Nominal data, rating plate
Speed adjustment
Rotation reversal
Magnetic field weakening
Armature and field resistors
Power measurement with and without load
Prerequisites
Fundamentals of electrical machines
Fundamentals of electrical engineering
How to handle measuring instruments
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EEM2 DC machines
Equipment for 300 W Classic Series
SO3636-6V Servo drive/servo brake 0.3 kW 1

SE2662-2A Coupling sleeve 300 W 1
SE2662-2B Coupling guard 300 W 1
SE2672-3D DC multifunction machine 300 W 1
SO3212-6W Universal load for 300 W machines 1
SO3212-6B Starter for DC motor* 1
SO3212-5F Field regulator for DC motor* 1
SO3212-6M Load resistor for generator experiments* 1
SO3212-5H Field regulator for generator experiments* 1
SO3212-5U Power supply for electrical machines 1
Analog/digital multimeter, wattmeter and power
SO5127-1Z 2
factor meter
SO5148-1F Set of 47 safety connecting leads 4 mm 1
SO5126-9X Safety connection plugs, 19/4 mm 15
SO5126-9Z Safety connection plugs, 19/4 mm, with tap 5
*Alternative equipment to the universal load SO3212-6W
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EEM2 DC machines
Information page "Alternative Equipment"
Universal load (SO3212-6W) for DC motors

(connection example: "DC shunt-wound motor")
Starter (SO3212-6B) and field regulator (SO3212-5F) for DC motors

(connection example: "DC shunt-wound motor")
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EEM2 DC machines
Information page "Alternative Equipment"
Load resistor (SO3212-6M) and field regulator (SO3212-5H) for DC generators

(Connection example: "DC shunt-wound generator")
4
EEM2 DC machines
Safety
Basic safety instructions
In all experiments using mains voltages high, life-threatening voltages arise. For that
reason use only safety measurement leads and make sure that there are no short-
circuits.
It is imperative that all of the devices, which are provided with an earth or where
earthing is possible, must be earthed. This is particularly the case for the frequency
converter being used.
Always be very careful to check the wiring of the application modules and only
switch on the mains voltage after a check has been completed. Whenever possible
use a robust current monitoring instrument in the circuit.
Always use shaft-end guards and coupling guards as protection against contact
with rotating motor parts
All locally applicable stipulations and standards governing how electrical equipment
is handled must be complied with.
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EEM2 DC machines
Safety
General instructions on handling the equipment

Check that the knurled screws at the base of the motor and the coupling
sleeves (power grip) on the motor shaft are all securely fastened.
Use shaft and coupling guards.
Any prolonged running of the machines when operating under high loads
can subject the machines to excessive heating.
The extreme case of the machine being prevented from rotating entirely
may only arise briefly.
All of the machines are equipped with a thermal circuit-breaker, which
triggers when the maximum permissible operating temperature is
exceeded. These switching contacts are accessible on the terminal
board and must always be connected to the corresponding connection
sockets of the mains supply and control unit.
All measurements have been recorded using conventional measuring
instruments (primarily class 1.5) at the standard mains voltage
(230/400V +5% -10% 50Hz) using standard production machines.
Experience suggests that measurements will lie within the tolerance
range of +/-15% with respect to the specified measurement. For more
information on this please refer to VDE0530.
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EEM2 DC machines
DC shunt-wound motors
Over the next few pages you will perform the following exercises
pertaining to "DC shunt-wound motors":
Connection and starting

Reversing rotation direction
Speed control
Load characteristics
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EEM2 DC machines
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EEM2 DC machines
Training content: "Connection and starting"

Identify the terminal connections of the motor and operate the
motor as a shunt-wound motor
Read the nominal data of the motor based on the rating plate
Connect the motor to the starter
Be familiar with how the starter works
Operate the motor with the brake
Subject the motor to a load
Measure armature voltage and current
Enter the nominal data for the DC machine

UA= ____V
IA= ____A
UE= ____V
IE= ____mA
n= ____rpm
Match the winding designations to the windings

A1/A2 __
B1/B2 __
C1/C2 __
E1/E2 __
D1/D2 __
F1/F2 __
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EEM2 DC machines
Assembly instructions: "Connection and starting"
Assemble the circuits as specified in the following circuit diagram and

set-up instructions
Include an ammeter and voltmeter in the armature circuit
Switch on the brake too. This does not yet subject the motor to any
load
Note: setting of the DC power supply can only be performed when the motor is
connected.
More detailed information on the brake can be found in the corresponding online
documentation
10
EEM2 DC machines
Circuit diagram for DC shunt-wound motor

"Connection and starting"
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EEM2 DC machines
Set-up for DC shunt-wound motor

"Connection and starting"
Put the shunt-wound motor into operation
Required settings:
Starter: minimum value (0 )

DC power supply unit: 220V
Multimeter measuring method: arithmetic mean
Experiment procedure:
Put the motor into operation and observe its operating response
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EEM2 DC machines
The motor demonstrates the following response:

The motor rotates at a higher speed than the nominal
speed

The rotation direction is clockwise More than one

The rotation direction is anti-clockwise answer may

The switch-on current is higher than the nominal current be correct

The motor rotates at nominal speed

The current increases with increasing speed
Measure the armature current
Required settings:
Brake mode: "Torque Control"
Apply the brake to slow the motor down to nominal speed

In the process of braking measure the armature current
Make sure that the brake is not applied so hard that the motor comes to a halt
What is the magnitude of the armature current?

The armature current corresponds approximately to the
nominal current
The armature current is considerably higher than the

nominal current
The armature current is considerably smaller than the

nominal current
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EEM2 DC machines
Record a load characteristic
Required settings:
Starter: maximum value ( Note: 0.3 kW class ~ 47 ; 1 kW class ~ 16 )

After starting the motor the starter is set back to 0 .
Gradually increase the motor's load step-by-step until 1.5 times (0.3 kW) or
1x (1 kW) the nominal current and then complete the table
M/Nm n/(1/min) I/A U/V

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
300 2.0 3000

U/V
I/A
n/min
1.8
250 2500
1.6
1.4
200 2000
1.2
150 1.0 1500
0.8
100 1000
0.6
0.4
50 500
0.2
0 0.0 0
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
M/Nm
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EEM2 DC machines
Which of the following statements apply to the load characteristic?
The armature voltage is considerably reduced when the

torque is increased
The armature current increases linearly with the torque
The speed severely drops off once the nominal torque More than one
is reached answer may
The armature voltage remains practically constant be correct
The speed remains practically constant ( 3%) in the

range of the nominal torque
The speed increases at higher torques
What is the function of the starter?
The starter is primarily used for speed control

The starter restricts the switch-on current
The starter protects the motor from overload during
standard operation
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EEM2 DC machines
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EEM2 DC machines
Training content: "Rotation reversal"

Identify the difference between clockwise and anti-clockwise
rotation
Put the motor into operation in both rotation directions
Definition of rotation direction

If you look at the drive shaft end of the DC shunt-wound machine from the
perspective of the working machine (in our case the brake), the rotating direction is
positive when it is clockwise. If the motor has two workable shaft ends, then it is the
shaft end opposite the cooling vents, collector or slip-rings that is the shaft end
which defines the rotation direction.
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EEM2 DC machines
Assembly instructions: "Rotation Reversal"
Assemble the circuit as specified in the following circuit diagram and set-
up instructions.
Include an ammeter and voltmeter in the the armature circuit.
Switch on the brake. This does not yet subject the motor to any load.

"Rotation Reversal"
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EEM2 DC machines

"Rotation Reversal"
Rotation reversal
Required settings:

DC power supply: 220V
Switch on the motor and observe how it responds
Note: setting of the DC power supply can only be performed when the motor is
connected.
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EEM2 DC machines
What is the motor's direction of rotation?

The motor rotates clockwise
The motor rotates anti-clockwise

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EEM2 DC machines
Switch the motor off and modify the circuit as shown by changing the polarity
of the exciter coil
Turn the motor back on and observe its response

"Rotation reversal" (reversed rotation direction)
What is the motor's direction of rotation now?

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EEM2 DC machines
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EEM2 DC machines
Training content: "Speed Control"

Put the DC motor into operation using the field regulator
Investigate speed control by modifying the armature current power
Investigate operation in the field weakening range
Assembly instructions: "Speed Control"
Assemble the circuits as specified in the circuit diagram and set-up

instructions below.
Include an ammeter and voltmeter in the armature circuit .
Include an ammeter in the exciter circuit.
Switch on the brake. This does not yet subject the motor to any load.
Note: setting of the DC power supply unit can only be performed when the motor
is connected.
documentation
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EEM2 DC machines

"Speed control"
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EEM2 DC machines

"Speed control"
Record characteristics "Ia and "n" as a function of "Ua
Required settings:
Adjustable DC power supply (armature circuit voltage): 220V

DC power supply unit (exciter circuit voltage): 210V
Field regulator: minimum value (0 )
Reduce the armature voltage in 3 stages via the adjustable DC power supply
(220/190/160V)
At the same time measure the variables Iaand n and enter the measured
values into the table
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EEM2 DC machines
Ua/V n/(1/min) Ia/A

220 2188.0
190
160
0.50 3000
Ia/A
n/(1/min)
0.45 2700
0.40 2400
0.35 2100
0.30 1800
0.25 1500
0.20 1200
0.15 900
0.10 600
0.05 300
0.00 0
150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240
Ua/V
Record the characteristic of n" as a function of "M" using the

"ActiveDrive/ActiveServo" software
Required setting:
Brake:
Industrial series: "PC Mode"
Classic series: "PC Mode"

Adjustable DC power supply unit (armature voltage): 220/190/160V
DC power supply unit (exciter circuit voltage): 210V
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EEM2 DC machines
Start the "ActiveDrive/ActiveServo" software

In the menu select Setting -> Operating mode -> Torque control
The motor should be subjected to a load equivalent to its nominal torque
Label the diagram as given in the placeholder
Record a total of three load characteristics for the three specified armature
circuit voltages
After completing the measurement export the completed diagram with all three
characteristics and copy it into the appropriate space below
Compute the nominal torque of the motor as given by the following equation:
Placeholder for characteristics n(M), Ua=220/190/160V
Record the characteristics of "If" and "n" as a function of Rf
Required settings:

DC power supply unit: (armature & exciter circuit) 220/210V
27
EEM2 DC machines
Switch on the DC power supply

Vary the value Rf of the field regulator in 3 steps to reach the speed specified
in the table ( Note: 0.3 KW class ~ 2,2 k; 1 KW class ~ 680 )
For each setting measure If and transfer the measured values into the table
n(1/min) If/mA
2300.0
2600.0
3000.0
300
If/mA
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000
n/(1/min)
Record the characteristic "n" as a function of "M" using the

"ActiveDrive/ctiveServo" software
Required setting:
Brake:

DC power supply unit: (armature & exciter circuit) 220/210V
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EEM2 DC machines

The motor should be subjected to a load up to its nominal torque
Label the diagram as appropriate in the placeholder below
One after another 3 characteristic curves are recorded for 3 field regulator
settings (Rf), each one at the respective speeds 2.300 min-1, 2.600 min-1 and
3000 min-1 (rpm) ( Note: 0.3 KW class ~ 2.2 k; 1 KW class ~ 680 )
After completing the measurement export the graph with all 3 characteristics
and copy it into the placeholder below
Placeholder for the graph n(M), 2300 min-1/2600 min-1/3000 min-1
Which statements are true of the speed variation?

A reduction of the armature voltage leads to a drop in
speed
A reduction of the exciter current leads to a drop in

speed More than one
answer may
An increase of the armature voltage leads to a drop in

be correct
speed
A decrease of exciter current leads to an increase in

speed
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EEM2 DC machines
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EEM2 DC machines
Training content: "Load characteristic"

Record the motor's load characteristic
Calculate the nominal torque
Determine the highest degree of efficiency
Recognise how the motor responds to loads
Setup diagram: "Load Characteristic"
up instructions
Include an ammeter and voltmeter in the armature/exciter circuit
Switch the brake on too. This does not yet subject the motor to any load
Note: setting of the DC power supply can only be carried out when the motor is
connected
More detailed information on the brake and the software used can be found in the
appropriate online documentation
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EEM2 DC machines

"Load characteristic"
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EEM2 DC machines

"Load characteristic"
33
EEM2 DC machines
Record the motor's load characteristics with the aid of the

Required setting:
Brake:
DC power supply unit: (armature & exciter circuit) 220V

The motor is to be loaded up to its nominal torque
Label the diagram as given in the placeholder
The following parameters should be recorded: The degree of efficiency (M) (
=> "Eta"), of the armature current IA, the power output P2 and the speed n(M)
Before starting the measurement you must have answered the question
concerning the nominal torque, which you should have determined in
the "speed control" experiment
After completing the measurement export the generated graph and copy it into
the corresponding placeholder below
Determine from the diagram the highest degree of efficiency obtainable
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EEM2 DC machines
What is the nominal torque?

MN= ____Nm
Placeholder for graph (M) ( => Eta), IA(M), P2(M), n(M)
What is the maximum efficiency "" for the shunt-wound motor?

= ____% approx.
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EEM2 DC machines
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EEM2 DC machines
DC shunt-wound generators, separately excited
Separately excited DC shunt-wound generator
Over the next few pages you will be conducting the following
exercises on a "separately excited DC shunt-wound generator":
Voltage control (field regulating range)

Voltage polarity
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EEM2 DC machines
38
EEM2 DC machines
Training contents: "Voltage Control"

Connect up the machine as a separately excited DC shunt-
wound generator
Recognise which variables affect the output voltage of the
generator
Determine the output voltage as a function of the speed
Understand the purpose of the field regulator and how it works
Assembly instructions: "Voltage Control"
up instructions
Include an ammeter and voltmeter in the exciter circuit
Set the field regulator to the value 0
Set the DC power supply to a voltage of 220 V
In this experiment the brake is used as a drive motor
Note: setting of the DC power supply can only be carried out when the exciter
circuit is connected
documentation
39
EEM2 DC machines
Circuit diagram for DC shunt-wound generator, separately excited

"Voltage Control"
40
EEM2 DC machines
Set-up for DC shunt-wound generator, separately excited

"Voltage control"
41
EEM2 DC machines
Record the characteristic of "UG" as a function of "n" for different exciter

currents
Required settings:
Brake mode: "Speed Control"

Field regulator: maximum value ( Note: 0.3 kW class ~ 2.2 k; 1 kW
class ~ 680 )
DC power supply unit: (exciter circuit) 220 V
Multimeter measurement method: arithmetic mean
Put the generator into operation

First run the drive motor up to a speed of 2000 rpm
Use the field regulator to set the exciter currents specified in the table
Begin at Ierr.= 0 mA
Measure the generator voltage UG produced at each speed as you lower the
speed step by step (see table)
Ierr.=0mA Ierr.=50mA Ierr.=70mA Ierr.=90mA

n/(1/min) Ug/V Ug/V Ug/V Ug/V
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
225 225 225 225

Ug(Ierr.=90mA)/V
Ug(Ierr.=70mA)/V
Ug(Ierr.=50mA)/V
Ug(Ierr=0)/V
200 200 200 200

175 175 175 175
150 150 150 150
125 125 125 125
100 100 100 100
75 75 75 75
50 50 50 50
25 25 25 25
0 0 0 0
1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
n/(1/min)
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EEM2 DC machines
Why does the generator produce a low voltage at an exciter current of I = 0

mA?
The voltage results from the inaccuracy of the

measuring instruments being used
The generator charges up statically due to the rotating
motion of the rotor. This surge in charge is measurable

as a low voltage
This voltage is caused by the residual magnetisation
(remanence) of the exciter field

The exciter winding's coercive field strength is not
sufficient to generate a low voltage when it is off
Which of the following variables have an immediate impact on the generator

voltage?
Exciter field voltage
Speed More than one
No-load torque answer may
Exciter current be correct
Polarity of the armature winding
43
EEM2 DC machines
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EEM2 DC machines
Training contents: "Voltage Polarity"

Recognise the relationship between the polarity of the connection of
the exciter winding, the rotation direction of the generator and how
they relate to the resulting generator voltage
Assembly instructions: "Voltage Polarity"

instructions below
Include an ammeter and voltmeter in the exciter circuit.
Set the field regulator to the value 0
Set a voltage of 220 V on the DC power supply
Note: setting of the DC power supply unit can only be performed when the exciter
documentation
45
EEM2 DC machines
Circuit diagram for DC shunt-wound generator, separately excited

"Voltage polarity"
46
EEM2 DC machines

"Voltage polarity"
47
EEM2 DC machines
Properties of a generator when the polarity of the exciter winding is reversed

and when the rotation direction is reversed
Required settings:

DC power supply unit: (exciter circuit) 220 V

Measure the generator voltage UG
Now change the polarity of the exciter winding and then the rotation direction
of the drive motor
Measure the generator voltage UG after each modification
Which of the following statements is true?

The polarity of the generator voltage is independent of
the generator's rotation direction
The polarity of the exciter winding and the rotation

direction of the generator are determined by the polarity
of the generator voltage
The polarity of the generator voltage cannot be changed

as it is fixed to the same polarity by the manufacturer
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EEM2 DC machines
Training contents: "Load Characteristics"

Record and interpret the load characteristics of a DC shunt-wound
generator
Understand the relationship between the generator voltage,
armature current, exciter current and speed
49
EEM2 DC machines
Assembly instructions: "Load Characteristics"
Assemble the circuit as specified in the circuit diagram and set-up

instructions
Include an ammeter and voltmeter in the exciter/armature circuit
The armature circuit is to be ted to the load resistor
Note: setting of the DC power supply unit can only be performed when the exciter
documentation
50
EEM2 DC machines
Circuit diagram for shunt-wound generator, separately excited

"Load Characteristics"
51
EEM2 DC machines

"Load characteristics"
52
EEM2 DC machines
Record the load characteristics of the generator with various exciter currents
Required settings:

DC power supply unit: (exciter circuit) 220V
Field regulator: minimum setting (0 )
Load resistor: maximum ( Note: 0.3 kW class ~ approx. 1 k; 1 kW class ~
approx. 440 )
The drive motor is to be run up to a speed of 2000 rpm with the generator
operating without a load (load resistor set to maximum)
Record the load characteristics based on the armature currents specified in
the table with 2 different nominal exciter currents (50% and 100% of the
nominal exciter current)
Measure the variables UG (generator voltage) and P2 (power output) when the
armature current IG is increased step by step
Increase the armature current by reducing the load resistance
Calculate the power output and enter all the measured values into the tables
The electrical power output is computed as follows:
P2=UG*IG; UG[V], IG[A], P2[W]
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EEM2 DC machines
100% of nominal exciter current
Ig/A 0.30 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40

Ug/V
P2/W
350 350
P2/W
Ug/V
300 300
250 250
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Ig/A
50% of nominal exciter current

Ig/A 0.30 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40
Ug/V
P2/W
350 350
P2/W
Ug/V
300 300
250 250
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Ig/A
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EEM2 DC machines
DC shunt-wound generators, self-excited
DC shunt-wound generator,
self-excited
Over the next few pages you will be conducting exercises on a "self-
excited DC shunt-wound generator":
Rotation direction and polarity

55
EEM2 DC machines
56
EEM2 DC machines
Training content: "Rotation Direction and Polarity"

Recognise how the generator voltage results from the polarity of the
exciter winding and the generator's rotation direction
Assembly instructions: "Rotation Direction and Polarity"

instructions below
Include an ammeter in the exciter circuit
Connect the armature circuit to the load resistor
More detailed information regarding the brake can be found in the corresponding
online documentation
57
EEM2 DC machines
Circuit diagram for DC shunt-wound generator, self-excited

"Rotation direction and polarity"
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EEM2 DC machines
Set-up for DC shunt-wound generator, self-excited

"Rotation direction and polarity"
Properties of the generator when rotation direction is reversed
Required settings:

Load resistor: maximum ( Note: 0.3 kW class ~ 1 k ; 1 kW class ~ 440 )
59
EEM2 DC machines
Put the generator into operation by running the drive motor up to a speed of
approx. 2000 rpm
Measure the generator voltage UG and enter this into the box corresponding to
the rotation direction
Now reverse the rotation direction of the drive motor
Finally measure the generator voltage UG again and enter this value again into
the corresponding box
The generator voltage for anti-clockwise rotation of the generator is:

UG= ____V
The generator voltage for clockwise rotation of the generator is:

UG= ____V
Which of the following statements is true of the generator voltage?

The amplitude of the generator voltage is the same for
both rotation directions
When rotating clockwise the ampltiude of the generator

voltage is the highest
For both rotation directions the generator voltage is zero

During clockwise rotation the amplitude of the generator

voltage is somewhat lower than for anti-clockwise
rotation
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EEM2 DC machines
Training content: "Load Characteristics"

Record and interpret the load characteristics for a self-excited DC
shunt-wound generator
Understand the relationship between the generator voltage, exciter
current and speed

instructions below
Include an ammeter in the exciter circuit
Connect the armature circuit to the load resistor
documentation
61
EEM2 DC machines
Circuit diagram for DC shunt-wound generator, self-excited

"Load characteristics"
62
EEM2 DC machines
Set-up for DC shunt-wound generator, self-excited

"Load Characteristic"
63
EEM2 DC machines
Record the load characteristic of the generator
Required settings:

Load resistor: maximum ( Note: 0.3 kW class ~ approx. 1 k; 1 kW class ~
approx. 440 )

Make sure that you have the correct rotation direction of the motor, as
determined in the experiment "rotation direction and polarity"
Now the nominal exciter current must be set using the field regulator
Reduce the resistance in consistent intervals
In the process measure the generator voltage UG, the armature current IG and
use these measurements to compute the power output P2
Transfer all of these values into the table
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EEM2 DC machines
Ug/V Ig/A P2/W
100 1.0
P2/W
Ig/A
90 0.9
80 0.8
70 0.7
60 0.6
50 0.5
40 0.4
30 0.3
20 0.2
10 0.1
0 0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
U/V
Select those statements that are true about the load characteristic

P2 is dependent on the load resistor

As R(A) rises P2 also increases continuously
More than one
The characteristics for P2 & IG have the same pattern in

answer may
terms of their curve
be correct
The generator voltage UG drops with increasing load

The armature current is constant
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EEM2 DC machines
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EEM2 DC machines
DC series-wound motors
Over the next few pages you will be conducting the following exercises
on "DC series-wound motors":
Connection and starting

Reversing rotation direction
Load characteristics for various voltages
67
EEM2 DC machines
68
EEM2 DC machines
Training content: "Connection and Starting"

motor as a shunt-wound motor
Put the motor into operation with the brake
Connect the motor to the starter
Be familiar with how the starter works
Measure the motor voltage and the motor current
Determine the degree of efficiency
Assembly instructions: "Connection and Starting"
Assemble the circuit as specified in the following circuit diagram and

set-up instructions
Include an ammeter and voltmeter in the motor circuit
Switch on the brake too. This does not yet subject the motor to any load
Note: setting of the DC power supply unit can only be carried out when the motor
is connected
documentation
69
EEM2 DC machines
Circuit diagram for DC series-wound motor

"Connection and Starting"
70
EEM2 DC machines
Set-up for of the DC series-wound motor

"Connection and Starting"
71
EEM2 DC machines
Determine the nominal efficiency
Required settings:
Brake mode: "Torque Control" ( Note: The brake should definitely be active)
DC power supply unit: 220 V
Brake the motor down to its nominal torque

In the process measure the motor current
Use the provided equation to compute the efficiency of the motor based on the
rated data and the measured variables
Make sure that the motor is not operated without any load, as otherwise the
motor could start to "race"
The efficiency is defined as:
=P2/P1
P2=Mn*, P1=UM*IM, =2**n
What is the efficiency "" of the series-wound motor with a nominal load?
= ____% approx.
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EEM2 DC machines
Record a load characteristic (with starter)
Required settings:
Brake mode: "Torque Control" (the brake should definitely be active)

DC power supply unit: 220 V
Brake the motor down to 0.5 times its nominal torque

Now adjust the starter in 5 steps from 0 up to 100% of its maximum value (
Note: 0.3 kW class ~ 47 ; 1 kW class ~ 16 )
At the same time measure the motor current and voltage
Transfer the measurement values into the table
U/V n/(1/min) I/A
1.0 2500
I/A
n /(1/min)
0.9 2400
0.8 2300
0.7 2200
0.6 2100
0.5 2000
0.4 1900
0.3 1800
0.2 1700
0.1 1600
0.0 1500
150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250
U/V
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EEM2 DC machines
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EEM2 DC machines
Training content: "Rotation Reversal"

Recognise the difference between clockwise and anti-clockwise
rotation
Put the motor into operation in both directions
Definition of rotation direction

If you look at the drive shaft end of the DC shunt-wound machine from the
perspective of the working machine (in our case the brake), the rotating direction is
positive when it is clockwise. If the motor has two workable shaft ends, then it is the
shaft end opposite the cooling vents, collector or slip-rings that is the shaft end
which defines the rotation direction.
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EEM2 DC machines
Assembly instructions: "Rotation Reversal"

instructions below
load
Set the starter to a setting of 0
Set a voltage of 220 V on the DC power supply unit
Note: setting of the DC power supply unit can only be performed with the motor
connected
More detailed information can be found in the corresponding online

documentation
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EEM2 DC machines

"Rotation Reversal"
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EEM2 DC machines
Set-up for DC series-wound motor

"Rotation Reversal"
Determining the respective rotation direction
Required settings:
Brake mode: "Torque Control" (the brake should definitely be active)

Starter: maximum setting ( Note: 0.3 kW class ~ 47 ; 1 kW class ~ 16 )
DC power supply unit: 220V
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EEM2 DC machines
Put the motor into operation and observe the following
Make sure that the motor is not operated without any load, as otherwise it could
"race"
What is the motor's rotation direction?


Now modify the circuit diagram as shown on the next page:
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EEM2 DC machines

"Rotation Reversal"
(reversed rotation direction)
What is the motor's rotation direction now?

The motor rotates counterclockwise

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EEM2 DC machines
Training content: "Load Characteristics"

Analyse and understand the relationship between the load of the
series-wound motor and its speed and armature current

instructions below
Switch on the brake too. This does not yet subject the motor to any load
is connected
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EEM2 DC machines

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EEM2 DC machines
Set-up for DC series-wound motor

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EEM2 DC machines
Record the load characteristics of the motor using the

Required setting:
Brake:
ActiveDrive / ActiveServo: Setting -> Operating mode -> Speed control
DC power supply unit: (motor circuit) 220 V
Start the "ActiveDrive / ActiveServo" software

Make sure that you start the brake at 3000 min-1 prior to switching on the
motor, as otherwise the motor might "race"
The motor should be braked from 3000 min-1 to 1600 min-1 in 20 discrete
steps using the ramp function
Label the graph as given in the placeholder below
In the first graph the following parameters should be plotted: the motor current
I(M), the motor voltage U(M) and the torque M(M)
In the second graph the following parameters are to be plotted: the consumed
electical power and the mechanical output power (P1(M), P2(M)) as well as the
resulting efficiency (M) ( => "Eta")
After completing the measurements export the generated graphs and copy
them into the placeholders below
Determine the highest possible efficiency from the second graph
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EEM2 DC machines
Placeholder for graph U(M), I(M), M(M)
Placeholder for graph (M) ( => "Eta"), P1(M), P2(M)
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EEM2 DC machines
What is the maximum efficiency "" for the series-wound motor?

= ____% approx.
Which of the following statements regarding the load graphs are true?

The exciter field and the armature current are low when
the loads are also low

The armature current increases linearly with the load

The efficiency "" is constant More than one

The speed is inversely proportional to the torque answer may
Under low load the speed and armature current levels be correct

increase

The rotation speed drops off severely with increasing
load
Why is it imperative that a series-wound motor is never operated without load?

Without a load the speed drops off at a rapid rate
Without a load the motor can start to "race"

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EEM2 DC machines
DC compound-wound motors
DC compound wound motor

On the next page the following exercise will be conducted on the DC
compound-wound motor:
Load characteristics for different compound ratios
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EEM2 DC machines
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EEM2 DC machines
Training content: "Load Characteristics for Different

Compound Winding Ratios"
motor as a DC compound-wound motor
Put the motor into operation with the brake
Record the load characteristics for different series-wound
components
Identify the difference between over-compounded, normal and
under-compounded motors
Compare the response of acompound-wound machine with
series and shunt-wound machines
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EEM2 DC machines
Assemble the circuit as specified in the following circuit diagram and

set-up instructions
load
is connected
Circuit diagram for compound-wound machine

"Load characteristics for different compound winding ratios"
(100% series-wound component "over-compounded)
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EEM2 DC machines
Set-up for compound wound machine

"Load characteristic for different compound winding ratios"
(100% series-wound component " over-compounded)
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EEM2 DC machines
Record the load characteristics of the motor with various compound

ratios using the software "ActiveDrive/ActiveServo"
Required settings:
Brake:
DC power supply unit: (motor circuit) 220 V


The motor should be subjected to a load up to 1.5 times its nominal torque
Label the graph as specified in the placeholder below
You should perform three measurements for different compound winding
ratios (100%, 70%, 30% series-wound component) recording two graphs,
each with different parameters
In the first graph the following parameters are to be plotted: the motor current I
(M), the motor voltage U(M) and the speed n(M)
In the second graph the following parameters should be plotted: consumed
electrical power and the mechanical power output (P1(M), P2(M)), as well as
the resulting degree of efficiency (M) ( => Eta)
Export the plotted graph and copy it into the placeholder below
Determine the optimum efficiency in each case from the second graph
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EEM2 DC machines
Placeholder for graph U(M), I(M), n(M)

Placeholder for graph (M) ( => Eta), P1(M), P2(M)

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EEM2 DC machines

(70% series-wound component "normal compounded)
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EEM2 DC machines

(70% series-wound component "normally compounded)
Placeholder for graph (M) ( => "Eta"), P1(M), P2(M)

(70% series-wound component "normally compounded)
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EEM2 DC machines

(30% series-wound component "under-compounded)
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EEM2 DC machines

Placeholder for the graph (M) ( => Eta), P1(M), P2(M)

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EEM2 DC machines
Which compound winding ratio produces the highest efficiency ""?

100% shunt-wound/70% series-wound


What is the optimum efficiency "" of the compound-wound motor at the

appropriate compound winding ratio?
= ____% approx.
Based on the graphs, which statements are true of the compound wound motor?

The speed of the compound-wound motor under load
drops more severely than for the shunt-wound motor
regardless of the compound winding ratios

The compound-wound motor can start to "race" in
the no-load state just like the series-wound motor

The higher the series-wound component, the lower the
speed drop under load More than one

The smaller the series-wound component, the lower the answer may
speed drop under load be correct

If the polarity of the series-wound winding is reversed,
the speed increases, due to the fact that the shunt-
wound winding is weakened

When the polarity is reversed in the series-wound
winding, the speed increases because the field of the
shunt wound winding is amplified
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EEM2 DC machines
Copyright
Congratulations!
This is the last page. You have completed the course "EEM 2 DC
machines".
Copyright 2004-2006 LUCAS-NLLE GmbH.
This course "EEM 2 DC machines" is protected by copyright. All rights

pertaining thereto are reserved. Any reproduction of the document as a file or in
written form be it photocopy, microfilm or any other method or conversion into a
machine-compatible language, in particular for data processing systems, without the
expressed written approval of the LUCAS-NLLE GmbH is strictly forbidden.
The software as described above is made available on the basis of a general

licensing agreement or in the form of a single license. The use or reproduction of the
software is only permitted in strict compliance with the contractual terms stated
therein.
If changes have been performed in a manner which was not strictly authorised by
the LUCAS-NLLE GmbH, any product liability or warranty claims pertaining thereto
are null and void.
99
16
Lucas-Nlle Lehr- und Megerte GmbH

Siemensstrae 2 D-50170 Kerpen-Sindorf
Telefon +49 2273 567-0 Fax +49 2273 567-30
www.lucas-nuelle.de

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Course

SH5002-1B Version 2.1

Lucas-Nlle GmbH Siemensstrae 2 D-50170 Kerpen (Sindorf)

Copyright 2005 LUCAS-NLLE GmbH.

All rights reserved.

LUCAS-NLLE Lehr- und Messgerte GmbH

Welcome to the DC machines course. The team from LUCAS-NLLE

SO3636-6V Servo drive/servo brake 0.3 kW 1

Universal load (SO3212-6W) for DC motors

Starter (SO3212-6B) and field regulator (SO3212-5F) for DC motors

Load resistor (SO3212-6M) and field regulator (SO3212-5H) for DC generators

Basic safety instructions

General instructions on handling the equipment

Connection and starting

Training content: "Connection and starting"

Enter the nominal data for the DC machine

Match the winding designations to the windings

Assembly instructions: "Connection and starting"

Assemble the circuits as specified in the following circuit diagram and

Circuit diagram for DC shunt-wound motor

Set-up for DC shunt-wound motor

Put the shunt-wound motor into operation

Starter: minimum value (0 )

The motor demonstrates the following response:

Measure the armature current

Brake mode: "Torque Control"

Apply the brake to slow the motor down to nominal speed

What is the magnitude of the armature current?

Record a load characteristic

Starter: maximum value ( Note: 0.3 kW class ~ 47 ; 1 kW class ~ 16 )

M/Nm n/(1/min) I/A U/V

300 2.0 3000

Which of the following statements apply to the load characteristic?

The armature voltage is considerably reduced when the

The armature current increases linearly with the torque

The armature voltage remains practically constant be correct

The speed remains practically constant ( 3%) in the

The speed increases at higher torques

What is the function of the starter?

The starter is primarily used for speed control

The starter protects the motor from overload during

Training content: "Rotation reversal"

Definition of rotation direction

Assembly instructions: "Rotation Reversal"

Circuit diagram for DC shunt-wound motor

Set-up for DC shunt-wound motor

Starter: minimum value (0 )

Switch on the motor and observe how it responds

What is the motor's direction of rotation?

Circuit diagram for DC shunt-wound motor

What is the motor's direction of rotation now?

The motor rotates clockwise

Training content: "Speed Control"

Assembly instructions: "Speed Control"

Assemble the circuits as specified in the circuit diagram and set-up

Circuit diagram for DC shunt-wound motor

Set-up for DC shunt-wound motor

Record characteristics "Ia and "n" as a function of "Ua

Adjustable DC power supply (armature circuit voltage): 220V

Ua/V n/(1/min) Ia/A

Record the characteristic of n" as a function of "M" using the

Classic series: "PC Mode"

Field regulator: minimum value (0 )