Infrared Physics & Technology 44 (2003) 109119

www.elsevier.com/locate/infrared

FPA camera standardisation

N. Horny *

Unit

e de Thermique et dAnalyses Physiques, Laboratoire dEnerg

etique et dOptique, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles,
Campus du Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
Received 14 August 2001

Abstract

The temperature standardisation of an infrared camera is generally done with an internal black body. However,
some cameras do not have such correction and some particular eects like Narcissus or other internal contributions
disturb the measurements. The determination of the dierent contributions of the thermosignal given by the camera
allows us to propose a procedure in order to obtain an absolute temperature with a precision of one degree.

2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

PACS: 07.60.Dq; 07.57.Kp

Keywords: Infrared detector; Focal plane array camera; Infrared radiometry; Temperature standardisation; Narcissus eect

1. Introduction detector, a simple rotation allows one to avoid

In most infrared systems, the sensor is a cooled
quantum detector which is cooled to reduce self-
emission. However, this low temperature detector
is not without eect on the signal given by the
detector. A ray coming from the detector can be
reected on the object and return to the detector.
This is called the Narcissus eect, from the myth-
ological Greek character, because the detector sees
a part of itself when it looks at the object.
This eect is dependent on the infrared device
and on the sample studied. It can give observed
temperature variations from few degrees [1] to
more than thirty degrees in our case. For a single
*
Tel.: +33-3-2691-3371/2292; fax: +33-3-2691-3250.
E-mail address: nicolas.horny@univ-reims.fr (N. Horny).
the Narcissus eect. For scanning infrared sys-
tems (telescope, scanning camera), there is a sin-
gle detector and a scanner mirror setting which
allows one to reconstitute the image of the object.
In this case, the Narcissus eect is localised at the
centre of the eld. For focal plane array devices
with even for ecient optical devices and anti
reection coatings [2], it can inuence the entire
picture.
The inuence of the Narcissus eect can be
calculated by ray tracing [35] but all the experi-
mental device components must be known and this
is not always the case for commercial cameras.
Alternatively, the signal voltage given by the in-
frared device can be standardised in temperature
with a black body. Thus, knowing the emissivity
and the radiative environment, we can generate
some calibrated temperature images. However

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110 N. Horny / Infrared Physics & Technology 44 (2003) 109119

temperature standardisation is more dicult when 3. Classical standardisation

the Narcissus eect is not negligible. When we
calculate the radiative balance, the reected parts In the classical case, the radiative balance of the
are not only due to objects at the ambient tem- eective radiance received by a detector can be
perature but there is also a contribution at the modeled as [8]:
detector temperature.
In the rst part of this paper, we present Lmeasured T seL0 T s1  eL0 Ta
the camera used and the classical procedure to 1  sL0 Tatm 2
standardise the infrared detector. Next, we see
how the Narcissus eect inuences the quality of where L0 is the eective black body emittance on
the image and why the temperature standardisa- the spectral range of detector, s is the eective
tion is inuenced by the characteristics of the atmosphere transmission coecient, e is eective
camera. In the second part, we establish a model of sample emissivity, Tatm and Ta are respectively the
the dierent radiance focused on the detector. atmospheric and radiative environment tempera-
Then some results are shown and a method to tures, T is the sample temperature.
perform a temperature standardisation is pro- The temperature standardisation of an infrared
posed. optical system is usually done with a black body
cavity [9]. In this case, we have e 1 and s is taken
equal to 1 at the standardisation distance:
2. Camera presentation Lmeasured  1  sL0 Tatm
L0 T 3
s
The camera used here is an infrared focal plane Afterwards, we t with a function, which has the
array camera CEDIP IRC 320-4 LW. The infrared same shape as the Plancks law:
response is recorded in a spectral window ranging R
from 7.5 to 9.5 lm by a Sofradir detector [6,7]. The L0 T O 4
eB=TF
detector array has 320
240 pixels and the surface
The R, B, F and O constants are called the stan-
of one pixel is 30 lm2 . A computer manages the
dardisation constants. This function can be then
acquisition system. The three important parame-
replaced in Eq. (2):
ters are the gain G, which determines the scale of

digitisation, the oset Of, which translates the R
Lmeasured T se B=T O
scale and the integration time ti which is the time e F
of aperture. G and Of are used to digitise the

R
thermosignal V in a convenient manner. The s1  e B=Ta O
e F
digitisation relationship is:

R

 1  s B=Tatm O 5
V e F
G=20
NL 10  Of 4096 8192 1 So the temperature can be deduced as:
2
B
T !
The result is given in numerical level (NL). In this R
paper, all important experimental data are given in Ln L 0 0 F
measured s1eL Ta 1sL Tatm
es
O
voltage, thus, we are not dependent on both pa-
rameters G and Of. Only illustrating pictures are 6
given in NL. The Lmeasured value is in practice the thermosignal V
Two dierent lenses are available, one with a which is proportional to the received radiance. We
diameter of 50 mm and a eld of 20 and the other now have a relation between the signal value given
which has a 1:1 magnication but only the second by the camera and the temperature of a black body
lens is of interest in this paper. (the emissivity of the sample must be known).
 N. Horny / Infrared Physics & Technology 44 (2003) 109119 111

cause the thermosignal is dependent on the emission

Fig. 1. Black body standardisation: (  ) experimental values,
() t.
Fig. 1 shows the standardisation curve V
f T obtained with the focal plane array camera
with the 1:1 magnication lens. The black body
used is a cavity black body HGH Ing
enierie
systemes infrarouge RCN 900. The thermosignal
V is the average of a hundred pixels placed on the
centre of the array.
This curve is tted by the function of Eq. (4)
and the standardisation constants are (to simplify,
F is taken equal to 1):
8 The contributions caused by experimental setup,
>
> R 1:029700
< by the detector and by the sample are studied below.
B 74:024973
7
>
> F 1:000000
: 4.1. Narcissus eect illustration
O 1:363438
The function obtained represents the eective
equivalent black body radiance on the cameras
wavelength. We will see next that this function is
not sucient to obtain absolute temperature be-
and reection properties of the observed sample.
This previous temperature standardisation can
be done for a single detector where the environ-
ment reected by the sample is only at ambient
temperature (or well known). It allows good ther-
mal resolution of temperature (few mK in periodic
regime) [10] and a worse precision on absolute
temperatures (about 2 C). However, the temper-
ature standardisation is not so easy with a focal
plane array. We will see in the next part that the
study of a black body is necessary but not sucient
to standardise the detector-lens-sample setup be-
cause we must take into account other phenome-
non when we look at a sample which is not a black
body. Nevertheless, the black body radiance is the
reference and the above temperature standardisa-
tion is useful in the following sections.
4. Focal plane array case
For a focal plane array, the zone of detection is
larger than for a single detector: 9:6
7:2 mm2 for
the focal plane array and 0.10.2 mm2 for a single
detector. These large dimensions cause some prob-
lems which are not present with a single detector.
Fig. 2 shows a coin at ambient temperature with
the 50 mm lens. The scales of NL are the same on
both pictures. In Fig. 2(a), we have good contrast,
the black area seems to be cold and the reliefs

Fig. 2. Coin picture.

112 N. Horny / Infrared Physics & Technology 44 (2003) 109119
seem to be hot. Fig. 2(b) is exactly the same coin
but turned around the vertical axis by a small
angle. The contrast has disappeared. The reected
background in this case is not the array detector
but a part of the room at ambient temperature.
This is the contribution of the environment at room
temperature, which is reected and focused on the
detector.
The black areas on the second picture are the
ones which reect a part of the detector array. In
infrared thermography, the picture of an object at
ambient temperature in an isothermal room must
show an isoradiance picture. Only the reections
of the object at other temperatures (the focal plane
array in our case) produce the contrast. So it is the
relief of the coin and the temperature detector,
which yield the contrast. If all the parts of the
room were at the same temperature, the picture
should not have any contrast.
In Fig. 3, we see a part of the same coin pictured
with the 1:1 lens. We can see that the central area
seems to be colder (black area) than the edges or
than the relief like on the rst picture of Fig. 2.
This is the Narcissus eect which cannot be avoi-
ded without damaging the focusing of the picture
contrary to the picture with the 50 mm lens. We
can note, as shown in Fig. 4 [9], that emissivity
depends on the angle of emission but this eect is
negligible for small angles.
These properties of reection of background are
interesting to highlight the relief but if we want to
know the real temperature of a point, it is more
Fig. 3. Same coin as in Fig. 2 but with the G1 lens.
Fig. 4. Directional spectral emissivity [9]: black body (a),
Lambertian body (b), dielectric (c) and polished surface (d).
dicult because we do not know what part of the
environment is reected and what part of the en-
vironment is scattered by the sample surface. In
order to perform radiometric measurements, we
must know on one hand the black body stan-
dardisation and on the other hand the reection
properties of the sample. These last characteristics
are given by the bidirectional reection distribu-
tion function (BRDF) [9] which take into account
both specular and scattering reections. However,
it is dicult to measure this function; hence we
propose a standardisation free from it.
4.2. Internal camera inuence
In single detector devices, a cold shield (7080
K according the setup) is placed in front of the
detector to remove the ux which does not come
from the sample via the lens (see Fig. 5). The ra-
diance emitted by the cold shield is neglected in
comparison to that from the sample.
For the focal plane array detectors, a cold
shield is placed in front of the detector too (see
Fig. 6) but it does not remove the entire eld which
does not come from the sample. A pixel receives a
nonfocused ux come from the internal camera
environment. This environment is not isothermal,
it depends on the equilibrium temperature between
the heat ux produce by the Stirling cycle motor
inside the camera and the ambient temperature.
 N. Horny / Infrared Physics & Technology 44 (2003) 109119 113

Fig. 5. Cold shield; case of single detector.

Fig. 7. Dierent contributions of signal camera.

perature, Xa and Xd are the solid angle corre-

sponding respectively to the ambient and detector
contribution (see Fig. 7),
R frk is the BRDF.
We dene qa x; y Xa frk cos h0 dX0 the fraction
of the directional hemispherical spectral reectiv-
R
ity due to the environment, qd x; y Xd frk

cos h0 dX0 the fraction of the directional hemi-
Fig. 6. Cold shield; case of focal plane array. spherical spectral reectivity due to the detectors.
The x; y dependence of Lk is caused by the
spatial dependence of qa and qd .
5. Equations The thermosignal V is the sum of two terms.
The rst is the integral of the radiance of Eq. (8)
The black body standardisation is not sucient over the appropriate wavelength range and over
to use the camera as a radiometer. However, it is the detection solid angle. The second, corre-
possible to dene some experimental conditions, sponding to the nonfocused contribution at the
which allow some radiometric measurement. internal camera temperature, is essentially due to
In the case of the focal plane array camera, the the lens imperfections combinated to the used of
reected ux on the sample has two dierent the array detector (see Figs. 6 and 7). This term is
contributions: one due to the reections of the represented by the Cx; yL0 Tc function. The
environment and the other one due to the reec- signal obtained is the thermosignal V given by the
tions of the array detectors. These contributions camera:
Z Z Z
are not the same for each detector and so there is a
spatial dependence of the standardisation. V T x; y RkSkLk T x; y
S;k;Xdetection
The radiance coming from a sample (we neglect
the atmosphere absorption) with a e emissivity and
dS dk cos h dX Cx; yL0 Tc 9
at a T temperature is: Substituting Eq. (8) in Eq. (9), we obtain:
Z Z Z
Lk x; y; T ek L0k x; y; T
|{z} V T x; y RkSk dS dk
self emission S;k;Xdet
Z

ek L0k T x; y qa x; yL0k Ta
L0k x; y; Ta frk cos h0 dX0
Xa
|{z} qd x; yL0k Td
cos h dX
ambient contribution
Z Cx; yL0 Tc 10
0
Lk x; y; Td frk cos h0 dX0 8 This is the radiometric equation which governs
Xd
|{z} the thermosignal V at the output of the detec-
detector contribution
tors. It has four terms which can be considered
where the index a corresponds to the ambient as an eective equivalent thermosignal. Eq. (10)
temperature and the index d to the detector tem- can be written as a simplied function of these
114 N. Horny / Infrared Physics & Technology 44 (2003) 109119

thermosignals called L0 corresponding to dierent body standardisation of the Section 3 gives using
black body temperatures: the radiometric equation (11):

V T x; y eL0 T x; y qa x; yL0 Ta T
B
!
0 0 R
qd x; yL Td Cx; yL Tc 11 Ln Vmeasured qa L0 x;y;Ta qd L0 x;y;Td Cx;yL0 Tc
F
e
O
The Cx; yL0 Tc function does not depend, in 12
contrast to the other, on the sample characteristics
but only on the balance temperature Tc inside of The problem is to know the value of qa L0 x; y; Ta
the camera. qd L0 x; y; Td Cx; yL0 Tc for a given sample.
The thermosignal given by one pixel is the The measurement of the thermosignal for sample
contribution of four terms: with a known emissivity gives:

the rst corresponds to the useful signal, com- V1 x; y; Ta eL0 x; y; Ta qa L0 x; y; Ta

ing from the sample; qd L0 x; y; Td Cx; yL0 Tc 13
the second one corresponds to the reection
Eq. (20) gives directly the expected value:
of the background ux at the ambient tempera-
ture; qa L0 x; y; Ta qd L0 x; y; Td Cx; yL0 Tc
the third one corresponds to the reection of
V1 x; y; Ta  eL0 x; y; Ta 14
rays coming from the detector;
the last term corresponds to the nonfocused Indeed, the V1 x; y; Ta value is measured and the
background contribution outside the detection L0 x; y; Ta value is given by the black body stan-
solid angle. dardisation (Eq. (4)). Replacing Eq. (14) in Eq.
(12), we obtain:
Contrary to the case of the single detector
standardisation where the background is supposed B
T ! 15
to be isothermal, the qa x; yL0 Ta qd x; yL0 Td R
term takes into account the reection properties of Ln Vmeasured L1 Ta x;y eL0 Ta x;y
F
e
O
the sample and the inuence of the nonuniformity
of the environment. Both term qa and qd are In this way, we obtain a relation giving the tem-
contained between 0 and 1 and are dependent on perature of an object (knowing its emissivity)
the state of surface of the sample studied. corresponding to the measured thermosignal level.
For alternative photothermal radiometric mea- This procedure gives the temperature standardi-
surement, only the rst part of Eq. (11) is taken sation for a given ambient temperature and change
into account. All the temporally constant contri- with this temperature. It corrects the dip eect
butions are eliminated. The Narcissus eect does (see proles in Figs. 1114) caused by the Narcis-
not inuence the alternative measures but only the sus eect and allows us to access to absolute
set point (see Fig. 1) [11]. temperatures.

6. Narcissus eect correction 7. Experimental results

The Narcissus eect creates a shift of the clas-
sical standardisation curve. This shift is constant
for a given sample. It is possible to determine it by
measuring the thermosignal level given by the
camera looking at the sample at a given tempera-
ture: for example the ambient level. The black
In this part, we will see three kinds of applica-
tions in relation to the above sections. The rst is
to determine the ambient thermal dependence of
the thermosignal given by the camera (see Section
5), the second to see the inuence of the Narcissus
eect on dierent kinds of sample and the last part
 N. Horny / Infrared Physics & Technology 44 (2003) 109119
Fig. 8. Ambient ux picture.
give an example of the Narcissus eect correction
(see Section 6).
7.1. Determination of C
To determine the C constant, we must measure
the ambient level so no sample is placed in front
of the camera and only the ambient radiance is
measured. The environment is approximated to a
black body at the ambient temperature Ta . In this
case, Eq. (11) gives:
Va L0 Ta Cx; yL0 Tc 16
La represents the ambient radiance. The ambient
level is taken as a reference of thermosignal. Fig. 8
shows the picture obtain without a sample and a
corresponding prole. We can see that the picture
is uniform; there is no spatial dependence. Since
the ambient ux is uniform, the function Cx; y
does not depend on x and y position of the pixel:
Cx; y C 17
The ambient level measurement can also be done
by turning the sample rack around the central axe
Fig. 9. Measure of the ambient level.
115
of about 45 as shown in Fig. 9. The ux reected
by the sample, on the axis line, comes only from
the background at ambient temperature. In this
case, qa is equal to (1  e) and qd is equal to zero.
Eq. (11) gives the same value as Eq. (16).
The C function takes into account the nonfo-
cused ux reaching the detectors. This ux comes
from the environment near the detector (see Sec-
tion 5) and is dependent of the ambient tempera-
ture. Furthermore, the Stirling cycle produces
some heat and some time is needed to equilibrate
the device.
The black body at a temperature of 150 C is
observed, the thermosignal V is measured from
turn on t 0 and converted into temperature
(only the DT is reported), the ambient temperature
and the camera box temperature are also measured
and plotted in Fig. 10. Thermal equilibration of
the detector-Stirling cycle-camera device takes
more than two hours. The equivalent temperature
change, between the rst and the last value of the
thermosignal, is about 3 C.
The internal balance temperature of the camera
Tc is only dependent on the ambient temperature
Ta and as Tc is unknown and also not uniform, C
cannot be determined. But we can suppose that
over the range of ambient temperature going from
20 to 30 C, the CL0 Tc function is proportional to
the ambient temperature:
CL0 Tc aTa 18
with Ta in kelvin.
To determinate the constant a, we measure
the same sample at dierent ambient temperatures.
116 N. Horny / Infrared Physics & Technology 44 (2003) 109119

Fig. 10. Balance time of the camera temperature: on left, the thermosignal V ; on right, the carter camera temperature (growing curve)
and the ambient temperature (at curve).

Given T0 the temperature of the sample and T1 and
T2 two ambient temperatures. Eq. (11) gives:
V1 T0 x; y eL0 T0 x; y qa x; yL0 Ta
qd x; yL0 Td aT1
V2 T0 x; y eL0 T0 x; y qa x; yL0 Ta
qd x; yL0 Td aT2
subtracting these both equations, we obtain:
V2  V1
a 21
T2  T1
7.2. Application
The observed scene is a black body at T0
150 C. After stabilisation, the thermosignal V1 is
3.59081 V for an ambient temperature of T1
21 C. The ambient temperature is increased to
T2 28:7 C and the thermosignal V2 is 3.60687 V.
Eq. (14) gives:
3:60687  3:59081
a A Plexiglas sample with a 0.96 emissivity is used
28:7  21
2:086
103 V=C
The knowledge of the C constant is not essential to
use the camera as a radiometer but it is interesting
to know the inuence of the ambient temperature
on the standardisation.
The following part presents pictures of samples
which have particular properties to illustrate the
above equations. All these samples are at ambient
temperature.
7.3. Specular reection samplelow emissivity
19
Fig. 11 shows a metal coating used as a quasi-
perfect mirror. We observe a spatial dependence
20 caused by the Narcissus eect. The component at
the temperature of detectors is more important at
the centre. The detectors placed on the edges of the
array receive more rays coming from an environ-
ment nearby ambient temperature.
The standardisation achieved in Section 3 with
a black body gives for the centre of the picture a
temperature of about )160 C while the real tem-
perature of the mirror is the ambient temperature.
So the detector temperature (80 K) greatly inu-
ences measurement on samples which are not
emissive.
7.4. Specular reection samplehigh emissivity
22 and the prole drawn on Fig. 12 shows that the
Narcissus eect is less important than for the
mirror. The thermosignal is essentially due to
the self emission of the sample, it is less sensitive at
the temperature of the detectors. The apparent
dierence of temperature between the centre of the
picture and the ambient temperature, given by the
black body standardisation, is about 8 C.
 N. Horny / Infrared Physics & Technology 44 (2003) 109119 117

Fig. 11. Picture of a quasiperfect mirror.

Fig. 12. Picture of a Plexiglas sample.

7.5. Sample with diuse reectionslow emissivity
The only sample able to approach the ideal case
is a gold coating with a diuse surface (the surface
is composed of some little facets disposed in ran-
dom directions). Fig. 13 shows the picture ob-
tained with a such sample. The Narcissus eect is
again observed and the apparent dierence of
temperature between the centre and the ambient
temperature is about 80 C.
7.6. Sample with diuse reectionshigh emissivity
The sample used is a copper sheet covert by a
black paint which has a 0.96 emissivity. The pic-
ture of this sample is shown on Fig. 14. The same

Fig. 13. Picture of a diuse gold coating.

118 N. Horny / Infrared Physics & Technology 44 (2003) 109119

Fig. 14. Picture of a black paint.

hollow shape is observed, which means the Nar-
cissus eect is present even on sample with high
emissivity. The apparent dierence of temperature
between the centre and the ambient temperature is
about 6 C.
The Narcissus eect is present on all samples
which are not black bodies. Its inuence varies
according to the sample properties (emissivity,
surface state).
The hollow eect is only due to the Narcissus
eect and not to the nonfocused intern contribu-
Fig. 15. Ray tracing simulating Narcissus eect.
tion. The pixels on the edges of the array (ray 2 on
Fig. 15) receive more ambient temperature con-
tributions than the centre of the array (ray 1 on
Fig. 15) which only see the array detector at 80 K.
The diuse characteristics of the sample reduce the
inuence of the Narcissus eect, that why the
central dip is less important for the black paint
which is more diusing.
The use of the black body standardisation does
not allow us to have the real temperatures. Indeed,
the values qa x; y and qd x; y, which characterise
the radiative properties of the sample (it depends
of the BRDF), are not easy to measure.
The procedure given in Section 6 allows us to
eliminate the measurement of these values and
to obtain a good temperature standardisation. To
illustrate this procedure, the same mirror as the
one of the Fig. 11 is temperature regulated by a
Peltier eect module. The surface temperature is

Fig. 16. Metallic mirror: (a) below: ambient prole; next: prole at 40, 50, 60, and 80 C (b) corrected temperature prole.
 N. Horny / Infrared Physics & Technology 44 (2003) 109119
isothermal and measured by a Pt 1000 probe.
Horizontal proles of the picture of the mirror at
ambient temperature, at a temperature of 40, 50,
60, and 80 C and the corrected temperature pro-
le are given on Fig. 16.
The prole at the ambient temperature (below
on Fig. 16(a)) is used to correct the Narcissus ef-
fect. The corrected temperatures given by the
correction procedure (Fig. 16(b)) are centred
around the Pt 1000 measurement. We observe a
spatial dependence of the temperature, the central
dip eect is reversed and less marked. The farther
the temperature is from the corrected temperature
(the ambient temperature), the more marked the
central dip is. The precision on the temperature
given by this standardisation is better than one
degree.
8. Conclusion
The appearance of the focal plane array camera
allows some nonnegligible improvements for in-
frared thermography: rapidity, high spatial and
thermal resolution. However, if the thermosignal is
not corrected, temperature standardisation is not
easy. The black body standardisation and the ra-
diative balance of the radiance allowed us to bring
out the dierent contributions of the thermosignal
and to provide a procedure taking into account the
Narcissus eect and the surface properties of the
sample in order to obtain absolute temperatures.
This procedure corrects the central dip but it is
119
strongly dependent of the sample position and also
of the sample emissivity.
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