Ventilation Systems

Basic matters of ventilation systems and

examples of ventilation calculation

Produced by GT-ED-KE , 2012

Contents
1. Basic matters of ventilation systems
(1) Purposes of ventilation
(2) Systems and classification of ventilation
(3) Ventilation efficiency

2. Ventilation design
(1) Factors involved in ventilation
(2) Room standards and installation standards
(3) Ductless ventilation systems

3. Examples of ventilation calculation

(1) Calculation of general ventilation
(2) Ventilation air quantity of a room where fire is used (kitchens)
(3) Ventilation for heat source machine rooms and electric rooms
(4) Ventilation calculation based on standard values

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1. Basic matters of ventilation systems

(1) Purposes of ventilation

The general purpose of ventilation is the dilution or elimination of unnecessary things in the air to meet
certain conditions including the room environmental standards.

1. Purification of the room air

To exhaust pollutants generated by room pollution sources to the outside of rooms, and to maintain the good condition of
the room air environment by supplying fresh air from the outside of the room.

2. Elimination of heat
To remove the heat generated by machine rooms and the machinery in factories, and that generated by cooking
equipment in kitchens.

3. Supply of oxygen
To supply oxygen required for residents and the combustion of burning appliances from outside.

4. Elimination of steam
To exhaust the steam generated in rooms and humid air to the outside of rooms.

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1. Basic matters of ventilation systems

(2) Systems and classification of ventilation

The ventilation systems are roughly classified into two systems.
Mechanical Ventilation Systems
The power of machines including fans is used.
Natural Ventilation Systems
Air buoyancy is used. That is, the difference of air densities of different points of the natural wind or those of
the air flow caused by the difference of temperatures between the inside and outside of the building is used.

Mechanical ventilation systems are roughly classified into three classes as shown on the slide based on where
fans are installed.

Class 1 Ventilation: both air supply fans and exhaust fans are installed.
Class 2 Ventilation: only air supply fans are installed.
Class 3 Ventilation: only exhaust fans are installed.

Class 1 Ventilation system Class 2 Ventilation system Class 3 Ventilation system

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1. Basic matters of ventilation systems

(2) Systems and classification of ventilation

Natural ventilation systems: the natural power is used.

The following drawing is an example of natural ventilation systems.
By giving a difference in height between the supply air outlet and the flue, the updraft caused by
the temperature difference can be used for ventilation.

Required effective height

Less than 80cm

Air intake louver

Less
than
1/2 H

Natural Ventilation System by Building Construction Law in Japan

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1. Basic matters of ventilation systems

(2) Systems and classification of ventilation

Mechanical ventilation systems are roughly classified into two systems: general ventilation systems and
local ventilation systems.

General ventilation systems dilute the room pollutant density by replacing the room air with outdoor air.
Local ventilation systems ventilate the air from where pollutants are generated.

General ventilation systems:

Basically pollutants generated in rooms are diluted and diffused.
Depending on the type and quantity of the generated pollutant, a large quantity of air must be ventilated.

Local ventilation systems:

Pollutants near a pollution source can be picked up.
Therefore room environment conditions around the source are not so affected. In addition, less air is
needed to be ventilated.

Over-all whole ventilation system By removing contaminants generated spot near wall ventilator ,
putting wall ventilator possible to be changed to spot ventilation .

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1. Basic matters of ventilation systems

(3) Ventilation efficiency

1) Concept

1. Completely mixing
Room contaminants average density is same as exhaust air .

2. Short circuit example 3. Short circuit example

Contaminants generated spot is near from exhaust point , Contaminants generated spot is far from exhaust point ,
Room average density is lower . Room average density is higher .

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1. Basic matters of ventilation systems

(3) Ventilation efficiency

2) Ventilation efficiency indexes
1. Age of air
2. Air change efficiency
3. Contaminant removal effectiveness

Local age of air

Supply Air
The average Time moving from Air discharging air
outlet point to voluntary point in the room .

Remaining age
The Time moving from The point in the room to air inlet point .

Return Air

Local age of air Remaining age

Life of air or Remaining time
Life of air or Remaining time The time moving from air outlet point to air inlet point .

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1. Basic matters of ventilation systems

(3) Ventilation efficiency

2) Ventilation efficiency indexes
2. Air change efficiency

n n
Air change efficiency (a ) = 100 = 100 (%)
r 2<>
n ; Shortest Air change time
Nominal time constant / This is calculation air change time ( Room Volume / Ventilation flow rate )

r ; Actual Air change time

; Room mean age of air

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1. Basic matters of ventilation systems

(3) Ventilation efficiency

2) Ventilation efficiency indexes
2. Air change efficiency

Piston air flow Completely mixing

Air flow type Air change efficiency ( a )
The ideal piston flow 100%
Displacement ventilation 50 % < a < 100 %
Completely mixing 50%
Short circuit < 50 %

Displacement ventilation Short circuit

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1. Basic matters of ventilation systems

(3) Ventilation efficiency

2) Ventilation efficiency indexes
2. Air change efficiency

Displacement ventilation system

Exhaust air

Ascending air

Supply air

Displacement ventilation system Concept

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1. Basic matters of ventilation systems

(3) Ventilation efficiency

2) Ventilation efficiency indexes
3. Contaminant removal effectiveness

ce ce ; contaminant concentration in the exhaust air

Contaminant removal effectiveness ( c ) =
c
<c> ; mean contaminant concentration in the room

In the completely mixing condition , c = 1.0

Contaminants generated spot is Contaminants generated spot is

Completely mixing case near from exhaust point case far from exhaust point case

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2. Ventilation design

(1) Factors involved in ventilation

Factors required ventilation system is different for human and for subjects .
Main factors required ventilation for human environmental conditions are ,

1) Oxygen
2) Smell ( Tobacco and others )
3) Heat
4) Moisture , Wet
5) Dust , Suspended particulates
6) Poisonous gases ( CO2 / CO / NOx / SOx and others )
7) Formaldehude

and others .

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2. Ventilation design

(1) Factors involved in ventilation

2. Ventilation design

(2) Room standards and installation standards ( in Japan )

1) Room environmental standards
Standard conditions are provided by the Law & Regulation as below ( in Japan ) .

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Floating dust Below 0.15 mg / 1 m Air

CO content Below 10 / 1,000,000 ( 10 ppm )

CO2 content Below 1,000 / 1,000,000 (1,000 ppm )

Temperature 1). Below 28 / Upper 17

2). In case of making difference between room and outside , By not so large difference .

Relative humidity Below 70 % / Upper 40 %

Air current velocity Below 0.5 m/s

Formaldehyde content Below 0.1 mg / 1 m3 Air

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2. Ventilation design

(2) Room standards and installation standards ( in Japan )

2) Ventilation system installation standards based on the Building Standards Act ( in Japan )
Ventilation system setting for following rooms is obligated by the Building construction Law .

1. Living room

2. Fire using room ( kitchen / bath , others )

1. Calculation of ventilation air quantity for rooms

Mechanical ventilation volume (Effective air changing rate ) is calculated by the below formula .

20 Af V : Effective air changing rate (m3 / Hr. )

V = 20 : Air changing volume required per person ( m3 / (Hr.person) )
N Government regulation is 30 , Design using 20 30 .
Af : Room floor area ( m2 )
N : Floor are per person ( m2 / Person )
General N < 10
Place many persons gathering N < 3

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2. Ventilation design

(2) Room standards and installation standards ( in Japan )

2) Ventilation system installation standards based on the Building Standards Act ( in Japan )
2. Calculation of ventilation air quantity for rooms where fire is used

Shutter stopping reverse air flow

No Hood Exhaust stack with shutter

More than 10

More than 5cm

H 1m H 1m
More than 1/10 H More than 1/2 H

Exhaust Hood Type Exhaust Hood Type

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2. Ventilation design

(2) Room standards and installation standards ( in Japan )

2) Ventilation system installation standards based on the Building Standards Act ( in Japan )
2. Calculation of ventilation air quantity for rooms where fire is used

Effective air changing volume ( m3/Hr. )

is Fixed rate (2, 20, 30, 40) Theatrical abolition gas volume ( m3/(kWHr.)) or (m3/kg) Fuel consumption (kW) or (kg/Hr.)

Fixed rate is changed by Hood type and dimension conditions .

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2. Ventilation design

(2) Room standards and installation standards ( in Japan )

3) Calculation of ventilation air quantity based on permissible values and standard value

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2. Ventilation design

(2) Room standards and installation standards ( in Japan )

3) Calculation of ventilation air quantity based on permissible values and standard value
1. Ventilation air volume calculation by CO2 density
Example ,
Calculate required air changing rate of 100 persons office room .

Room allowed CO2 density ; 1,000 ppm

Outdoor air CO2 density ; 300 ppm
CO2 generated rate from human ; 0.022 m3/ Hr.

Calculation of M ( m3 /Hr.) ; CO2 generated volume in the room , Calculation of Required ventilation volume Q is ,
M = 100 0.022 = 2.2 m3 /Hr. Q = 2.2 / ( 0.001 0.0003 ) = 3,143 (m3 /Hr.)
And by conditions , 3,150 (m3 /Hr.)
ci : 0.001 (m3 /m3) , (1,000 ppm)
co : 0.0003 (m3 /m3) , (300 ppm)

Then , Required ventilation air volume per person is , 31.5 m3 /(Hr.Person)

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2. Ventilation design

(2) Room standards and installation standards ( in Japan )

3) Calculation of ventilation air quantity based on permissible values and standard value
2. Ventilation air volume calculation by dust & contaminants density
Example ,
Calculate required air changing rate of office room .
Air filter
Human in the room ; 20 person Dust generated from human
Outdoor air
Room allowed dust density ; 0.15 mg /m3
Outdoor air dust density ; 0.10 mg /m3 Supply fan Exhaust fan
Human dust generate rate ; 0.20 mg /(Hr.person)
Air filter efficiency ; 75 %

Calculation of M ( mg /Hr.) ; Dust & Contaminants generated rate , Calculation of Required ventilation volume Q is ,
M = 20 2 = 40 mg /Hr. Q = 40 / ( 0.15 0.10 ( 1 0.75 ) )
= 320 (m3 /Hr.)
And by conditions ,
ci : 0.15 (mg /Hr.)
co : 0.10 (mg /Hr.)
Then , Required ventilation air volume per person is , 16 m3 /(Hr.Person)
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2. Ventilation design

(3) Ductless ventilation systems

Parking Lot conditions Required Indoor Parking Lot ventilation air volume
( By Parking Lot Law in Japan )
Floor area ; 1,940 m2
Volume ; 6,120 m3 Air changing times ; More than 10 times /Hr.
Air changing volume ; 70,000 m3 Ventilation air volume ; 25 m3 /(Hr.m2)

Parking Lot

Air Fuse (Ductless Ventilation Fan)

Exhaust Fan
Supply Fan

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3. Example of ventilation calculation

(1) Calculation of general ventilation

Toilet ventilation / Storage ventilation and others ,
general ventilation is calculated by some specified air changing times .

Calculation formula is ,

Effective air changing volume (m3 /Hr.) = Room volume (m3) Air changing times (Times /Hr.)

Air changing times is selected by referring last page table and others specified rate .

Example ,
Calculation of room volume 100 m3 toilet ventilation volume ,
This toilet is in the commercial facility one , then frequency of using is high , and 15 Times /Hr. is selected .

Calculation of Required ventilation volume Q is ,

Q = 100 ( m3 ) 15 ( Times /Hr.)

= 1,500 (m3 /Hr.)

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3. Example of ventilation calculation

(2) Ventilation air quantity of a room where fire is used (kitchens)

Fire using room ( kitchen ) exhaust air changing ventilation is calculated by following methods .
1. Effective ventilation volume of exhaust hoods ( building construction standard law )
2. Hood face air velocity ( 0.3 m /s )
3. Air changing times ( 40 Times /Hr. )

1. Effective ventilation volume of exhaust hoods ( Building construction standard law in Japan )
K Q
Name of equipment Fuel Theatrical abolition gas volume Fuel consumption Hood type Fixed rate Effective ventilation Volume Remarks
( m3 /(kWHr) or (m3 /kg) (kW) or (kg /Hr.) (m3 /Hr.)
Gas Table Gas 0.93 20 Type 30 558
Fryer Gas 0.93 15 Type 30 419
Turning Oven Gas 0.93 25 Type 30 698
Fish Range Gas 0.93 10 Type 30 279
Gas Range Gas 0.93 80 Type 30 2,232
Dish Washer Gas 0.93 30 Type 30 837

5,022 ( Total )

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3. Example of ventilation calculation

(2) Ventilation air quantity of a room where fire is used (kitchens)

2. Hood face air velocity ( 0.3 m /s )
Name of equipment Fuel Hood face air velocity ; V Hood face area ; A Effective ventilation Volume Remarks
( m /s ) ( m2 ) (m3 /Hr.)
Gas Table Gas 0.30 1.00 1,080
Fryer Gas 0.30 1.00 1,080
Turning Oven Gas 0.30 1.00 1,080
Fish Range Gas 0.30 1.00 1,080
Gas Range Gas 0.30 2.00 2,160
Dish Washer Gas 0.30 1.00 1,080

7,560 ( Total )

3. Air changing times ( 40 Times /Hr. )

Room name Room area Room volume Air changing times Effective ventilation Volume Remarks
( m2 ) ( m3 ) ( Times /Hr.) (m3 /Hr.)

Kitchen 75.0 195.0 40 7,800

7,800 ( Total )

The largest effective ventilation volume is , Q = 7,800 (m3 /Hr.)

3. Example of ventilation calculation

(2) Ventilation air quantity of a room where fire is used (kitchens)

Ventilation air quantity for kitchens using electrical appliances ( in Japan )
We have no Law & Regulation of ventilation system requirement for electric kitchen due to no abolition gas exhausting .
Then , following ventilation system are guided ( Design standard of electric kitchen ventilation for business use )

1. Calculation based on electric kitchen rating electric capacity

Effective ventilation volume ( m3 /Hr.) = 30 Kitchen Rating electric capacity ( kW )
Hood is Type .

2. Calculation based on hood face velocity ( 0.3 m /s )

Effective ventilation volume ( m3 /Hr.) = 0.3 ( m /s ) Hood face area ( m2 ) 3,600 ( s /Hr.)

3. Calculation based on air changing times ( 20 Times /Hr. )

Effective ventilation volume ( m3 /Hr.) = Room volume ( m3 ) Air changing times ( Times /Kr.)

4. Set up standard for normal electric kitchen

Mini Kitchen ; Around 200 ( m3 /Hr.)
Electric Kitchen equipment ; More than 300 ( m3 /Hr.)

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3. Example of ventilation calculation

(2) Ventilation air quantity of a room where fire is used (kitchens)

Supply air rates for kitchens

Explanation to last page is air exhaust volume calculation .

The notice item of kitchen for business use is to stop smell going out from kitchen to canteen area ( Eating area ) .
Kitchen area have to be a little negative pressure , but if its negative is much canteen area air going in much ,
It means insanitary air is going in kitchen , then A little is important .

Air supply volume and air exhaust volume balance for kitchen

Exhaust air volume for kitchen Supply air volume for kitchen ( OA supply + Spot cooler and others supply )

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3. Example of ventilation calculation

(3) Ventilation for heat source machine rooms and electric rooms
1) Ventilation system for heat source machine room with fire equipments ( boiler and others )
It is calculated ventilation volume by following formula and concept , for machine room with boiler and
fire direct burning absorption type refrigerator .

1. To keep required air supply volume for fire burning .

2. To keep machine room temperature below allowed condition limit .

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3. Example of ventilation calculation

(3) Ventilation for heat source machine rooms and electric rooms
2) Machine rooms where co-generation system equipment is installed
It is calculated ventilation volume by following formula and concept , for machine room with boiler and
fire direct burning absorption type refrigerator , co-generation system machine room is nearly same as 1) machine room
which is linked with power generation plant .

1. To keep required air supply volume for fire burning .

2. To keep machine room temperature below allowed condition limit .

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3. Example of ventilation calculation

(3) Ventilation for heat source machine rooms and electric rooms
3) Refrigerated machine rooms ( compressed type )
Ventilation air volume for Refrigerator machine room ( compressed type ) is chosen larger air volume from
refrigerant RT capacity and air changing times .

1. Calculation from refrigerant RT capacity ( compressed refrigerator case )

2. Calculation from air changing times

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3. Example of ventilation calculation

(3) Ventilation for heat source machine rooms and electric rooms
4) Electric rooms ( transformer rooms )
Ventilation air volume for electric room is calculated from transformer generated heat / equipment heat and
room allowable temperature condition .

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3. Example of ventilation calculation

(3) Ventilation for heat source machine rooms and electric rooms
5) Generator rooms
It is calculated ventilation volume by following formula and concept , for generator room same as boiler / fire direct
burning absorption type refrigerator .

1. To keep required air supply volume for fire burning .

2. To keep machine room temperature below allowed condition limit .

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3. Example of ventilation calculation

(3) Ventilation for heat source machine rooms and electric rooms
6) Elevator machine rooms
Ventilation air volume for elevator machine room is calculated from generated heat in the room and room allowable
temperature condition .

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3. Example of ventilation calculation

(4) Ventilation calculation based on standard values

1) Calculation where CO2 density is adopted as the standard value
Ventilation air volume is calculated from room air allowable rate and in the room generated rate .

Calculation of Ventilation volume

Ventilation
Line name Room name Calculation formula Actual Calculation Remarks
Type

( Supposed ) Room M 0.02 M = 0.02

Q = An Q= 35.3 0.5
K K0 0.001 0.00035 K = 0.001
550 K0 = 0.00035
3
M : CO2 generation per person ( m /Hr.Person ) A = 35.3
3 3
K : Room allowable CO2 density in normal condition ( m /m ) n = 0.5
3 3
K0 : Outdoor air CO2 density ( m /m )
2
A : Room floor area (m )
2
n : Persons density in living room ( Person /m )

CO2 generation rate described by working style

Design rate ( m3 /Hr.Person )
Resting time 0.013
Very light worki 0.022
Light working 0.030
Middle load wor 0.046
Heavy working 0.074

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3. Example of ventilation calculation

(4) Ventilation calculation based on standard values

2) Calculation based on temperature & humidity
Ventilation air volume is calculated from room air allowable rate and in the room Sensible heat load & Latent heat load .

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 Ventilation Systems
Basic matters of ventilation systems and
examples of ventilation calculation

This is all of presentation , Thank you .

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