June 2011 Vol. 33 No.

23 Self-Leveling Slab Formwork

Tables Boost Efficiency
June 2011 Vol. 33 No. 6 Formwork

23 Self-Leveling Slab Formwork Tables Boost Efficiency

Innovative formwork system used in construction of the Calgary
South Health Campus medical center

27 Comparison of Three Methods to Measure Formwork Pressure

When Using SCC
Field study shows feasible alternatives to predictive methods
by Richard McCarthy and Johan Silfwerbrand

33 Field Validation of SCC Formwork Pressure Prediction Models

Formwork pressure exerted by SCC can be evaluated using thixotropy
of concrete
by Kamal H. Khayat and Ahmed F. Omran

34 ALSO FEATURING

20 ACI Board Committee Members Thanked

22 Technical Committee Chairs Appointed

41 How to Develop Better Project Specifications

Guidance for incorporating ACI 301 and other reference specifications
in project specifications
by W. Calvin McCall

47 Performance-Based Requirements for Concrete

A summary of ITG-8R-10
by Nicholas J. Carino

53 Detailing Corner
Battered Concrete Retaining Walls

59 Why the Special Inspector Certification Program is Special

The program is gaining international recognition
by Luke M. Snell

74 Congratulations, Long-Time Members of ACI

79 Concrete Q&A
Using an Elastic Frame Model for Column Slenderness Calculations

70
Concrete international / June 2011 3

Concrete international
Publisher
John C. Glumb, CAE
(John.Glumb@concrete.org)
Editor-in-Chief
Rex C. Donahey, PE, LEED AP
(Rex.Donahey@concrete.org)
engineering editor
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(Agata.Pyc@concrete.org)
Managing Editor
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(Keith.Tosolt@concrete.org)
assistant EDITOR
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ADMINISTRATIVE Assistant
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American Concrete Institute
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Tel. (248) 848-3700
Fax. (248) 848-3150
4 June 2011 / Concrete international
June
29
departments
7 Presidents Memo
10 News
14 On the Move
15 Calls for Papers
18 Chapter Reports
26 Educational Seminars
62 Products & Practice
Slab tables at the Calgary South 66 Special Products & Practice
Health Campus near Calgary,
AB, Canada. The innovative Showcase
slab tables are supported at 68 Public Discussion
the column-slab interface and
automatically compensate for 69 Spanish Translation Synopses
deflections occurring during
concrete placement. The system 70 Industry Focus
requires no shores, reshores,
71 Meetings
or special embedments in the
concrete columns. For more 72 Bookshelf
photos and information, see
p. 23. (Photo courtesy of PERI 73 Whats New, Whats Coming
GmbH).
77 Membership Application
78 Bulletin Board
78 Advertisers Index
Copyright 2011 American Concrete Institute. Printed in the United States of America. All correspondence should be directed to the
headquarters office: P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094. Telephone: (248) 848-3700. Facsimile (FAX): (248) 848-3701.
Concrete International (US ISSN 0162-4075) is published monthly by the American Concrete Institute, 38800 Country Club Drive,
Farmington Hills, Mich. 48331. Periodicals postage paid at Farmington, Mich., and at additional mailing offices. Concrete
International has title registration with the U.S. Patent Trademark Office. Subscription rates: $161 per year (U.S. and
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POSTMASTER: send address changes to Concrete International, P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094. The Institute is not
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 American Concrete Institute
Board of Direction
President Directors
Kenneth C. Hover Dennis C. Ahal Ron Klemencic
Past President Neal S. Anderson David A. Lange
Board Members Emmanuel K. Attiogbe Denis Mitchell
David Darwin Khaled W. Awad Jack Moehle
Luis E. Garca James R. Harris David H. Sanders
Florian G. Barth Cecil L. Jones Joseph C. Sanders

Vice Presidents Executive Vice President

James K. Wight Anne M. Ellis Ronald Burg
June 2011
Technical Activities Educational Activities Certification Programs
Committee Committee Committee
chair chair chair
David A. Lange David M. Suchorski G. Terry Harris

O n March 9, 2011, the Canadian

Construction Association (CCA)
presented EllisDon Corporation with
secretary
Daniel W. Falconer
staff liaison
Michael L. Tholen
staff liaison
John W. Nehasil
Sergio M. Alcocer Jeffrey W. Coleman Khaled W. Awad
the CCA Excellence in Innovation Award David J. Bird Alejandro Duran-Herrera Heather J. Brown
for participating with PERI GmbH Chiara F. Ferraris Frances T. Griffith Mark A. Cheek
in the development of a deflection- Ronald J. Janowiak Tarek S. Kahn Cesar A. Constantino
compensating slab formwork table Michael E. Kreger Kimberly E. Kurtis Jean-Franois Dufour
Kevin A. MacDonald Thomas O. Malerk Alejandro Duran-Herrera
system. The system uses a feedback Antonio Nanni John J. Myers J. Mitchell Englestead
control system to monitor and respond Hani H. Nassif William D. Palmer Jr. Frances T. Griffith
to table deflections. With this system, Jan Olek Andrea J. Schokker Charles S. Hanskat
EllisDon placed more than 4000 m3 Michael M. Sprinkel Lawrence L. Sutter Joe Hug
Pericles C. Stivaros Lawrence H. Taber Colin L. Lobo
of concrete per week, increased Eldon Tipping David W. Whitmore Thomas O. Malerk
productivity by 50%, and advanced Ed T. McGuire
the construction schedule of a William D. Palmer Jr.
medical center project (p. 23). John J. Schemmel
Vinicio Suarez
Safe, yet rapid placement of George R. Wargo
self-consolidating concrete (SCC)
ACI Staff
requires that the placement rate is
Executive Vice President: Ronald Burg (Ron.Burg@concrete.org)
controlled to limit the pressures
imposed on wall and column forms. Senior Managing Director: John C. Glumb (John.Glumb@concrete.org)
An efficient way to control the Certification and chapters: Professional development:
placement rate is to directly monitor John W. Nehasil, Michael L. Tholen,
Managing Director Managing Director
the response of formwork elements (John.Nehasil@concrete.org) (Mike.Tholen@concrete.org)
to pressures generated by the SCC
Customer and member support: Sales and membership:
and notify workers when pressures Melinda G. Reynolds, Manager Diane L. Baloh, Director
are outside an optimum range. (Melinda.Reynolds@concrete.org) (Diane.Baloh@concrete.org)
Workers or automated systems can Engineering: Strategic Development Council/
respond to alarms and slow or Daniel W. Falconer, Marketing, sales, and industry relations:
increase the placement rate (p. 27). Managing Director Douglas J. Sordyl,
(Daniel.Falconer@concrete.org) Managing Director
By setting performance limits (Douglas.Sordyl@concrete.org)
Finance and administration:
and defining monitoring systems,
Donna G. Halstead, Sustainability:
specifications (p. 47 and p. 41) can Managing Director Kevin P. Mlutkowski, Director
be considered process control (Donna.Halstead@concrete.org) (Kevin.Mlutkowski@concrete.org)
systems for construction projects. Publishing and event services:
Specification writing will probably Rene J. Lewis, Director
never be (nor should it be) totally (Renee.Lewis@concrete.org)
automated, but expert systems are
being developed for generating Sustaining Members
specifications based on project See pages 8-9 for a list of ACIs Sustaining Members.
requirementswell have more To learn more about our sustaining members, go to the ACI Web site at
details in a future issue. www.concrete.org/members/mem_sustaining.htm.
RCD

Concrete international / June 2011 5

 St. Johns On The Lake, Milwaukee, WI

Craig Wilson,
Concrete Superintendent
Concrete Structures, Inc.,
Peoria, AZ
This is the first time using
PERIs ACS and RCS
systems and we were able
to cycle the core and three
shear walls in one day
with only four men.
We have used SKYDECK
in the past with good
results, and the addition
of UNIPORTAL perimeter
tables allowed us to move
large areas of formwork
quickly and with increased
safety. The ongoing support
and engineering from PERI
allows for a successful
project.

SKYDECK TRIO RUNDFLEX MULTIPROP

Panelized Slab Formwork System Wall Formwork System Wall Formwork System Aluminium Shoring System

PERI offers Labor Efficient Formwork and Shoring

Systems for every Type of Concrete Project

PERI Northeast Phone 410-712-7225 Fax 410-712-7080 Formwork

PERI Midwest Phone 708-489-6800 Fax 708-489-6735
PERI Northwest Phone 360-225-1722 Fax 360-225-9982
Shoring
PERI Southeast Phone 407-438-9366 Fax 407-438-1494 Scaffolding
PERI Southwest Phone 949-474-1930 Fax 949-474-0989
PERI South Central Phone 817-413-0424 Fax 817-413-0425 In the US call toll free 1-800-350-PERI www.peri-usa.com
USA PERI 11.108
 First Contact
A CI is always on the lookout
for new members to not
only share the load but also to
bring new ideas, experiences,
energy, and motivation to the
work of the Institute. Member-
ship and leadership in all of
the progressive groups within
Kenneth C. Hover, the Institute are frequently
ACI President refreshed whether were
talking about committees, task
groups, the Board of Direction, the Executive Committee,
or chapters. So where does the new blood come from?
Some folks meet us because theyve read or heard
about one of our conventions coming to town. Others
connect through the certification program, face-to-face
seminars, or online educational programs. Many find out
about us and decide to check us out because theyre
familiar with our documents and are curious about how
those things are developed or want to participate. Those
with a story to tell or an article to write see us as a forum
for displaying and transferring ideas. Others come to our
meetings to hear the stories, to see where their industry
is headed, catch late-breaking news, or acquire our
publications to read the articles.
Our chapters play a critical role in recruitment
through monthly meetings, hot topic speakers, award
programs, and social events. My own involvement in ACI
began with membership in the Greater Miami Valley
Chapter in southwestern Ohio, and when I became a
chapter officer I was required to join National. (Little
did I know what excitement that would lead to!)
But even more important than my official local, national,
and now international ACI membership was development
of the network of personal connections that started to
grow from the local chapter. I met the trendsetters in the
local design, build, and materials industries, and enjoyed
contact with my fellow alums and faculty from the
University of Cincinnati. When I became program Chair
for the chapter, I coordinated with our visiting speakers
and had the honor of meeting luminaries like Bill Phelan
at the airport and escorting them to the meeting venue. In
fact, it was local chapter member John Ashby who
advised me on graduate programs specializing in concrete
materials study that set me off in a different career
direction. (During a monthly dinner, John wrote a list of
10 international universities, literally on the back of an
envelope, including schools in his native Australia.)
A few years later when I was tentatively exploring
participation at the national level, it was once again the
local chapter crew that showed me the ropes, especially
Boyd Ringo, my mentor and academic advisor in Cincinnati,
OH, who showed me that sitting in on an ACI committee
meeting is not nearly as scary as it looks and that actually
joining an ACI committee can be downright exciting! That
same local-national connection is obvious at all of our
conventions, where many of the local hosts are already
known to the rest of us from their valuable contributions
at the national level.
ACIs Construction Liaison Committee, a.k.a. CLC,
recently conducted an impromptu survey and found that
each of their committee members owes their ACI
connection to at least one other trusted colleague who
initially got them involved. Even though ACI has a
well-developed mentor and convention guide program
for some of our younger members, we all need to recognize
our role in helping those first timers. A persons first
experience with ACI might be at a convention, be it a
technical session, a committee meeting, or the mixer.
(The green Convention #1 ribbons help you to spot
them.) Or it might be a persons first ACI chapter meeting
or certification program.
But becoming a mentor or, shall I say, friending a
visitor is more than just giving directions to a hard-to-find
meeting room at convention. Help them get what THEY
want to get out of ACI and, by all means, make sure you
wear them out by introducing them to everyone you
know who is within reach or shouting distance.
To us insiders and veterans, ACI is a wonderful,
rewarding communitywe listen, we speak, we argue, we
relish our arguments as well as our resolutions, we learn,
and we enjoy our social events and our camaraderie.
Most of us wouldnt have it any other way. But to an
outsider looking in, quite frankly, it can appear a bit
overwhelming. So whatever our roles in ACI, lets help the
next wave of new folks make (and enjoy) first contact.
Kenneth C. Hover
Concrete international / june 2011 7
 are the foundation of our success.

To provide additional exposure to ACI Sustaining Members,

Concrete International includes a 1/3-page member profile and a listing
of all Sustaining Member organizations. All Sustaining Members receive
the 1/3-page profile section on a rotating basis.

ACS Manufacturing Corporation ICS Penetron International Ltd

Ash Grove Cement Company
Ashford Formula
Baker Concrete Construction, Inc.
Barrier-1
BASF Corporation
BCS
Buzzi Unicem USA
Cantera Concrete Company
CECO Concrete Construction
Chryso, Inc.
Commercial Contracting Corporation
Concrete Engineering Specialists
Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute
CTLGroup
Dayton Superior
e.construct
The Euclid Chemical Co.
Fibercon International, Inc.
Francis Harvey & Sons
Future Tech Consultants
Golden Relief Resources LLC
W.R. Grace & Co.
Headwaters Resources, Inc.
Holcim (US) Inc.
Keystone Structural Concrete, LLC
Kleinfelder
Lafarge North America
Lehigh Cement Co.
Lithko Contracting, Inc.
Meadow Burke
W. R. Meadows, Inc.
Metromont Corporation
Municipal Testing
Operating Engineers Training Trust
Oztec Industries, Inc.
Portland Cement Association
Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute
LM Scofield
Schmitt Technical Services, Inc.
Sika Corp.
S.K. Ghosh Associates, Inc.
Structural Group
Structural Services, Inc.
Triad Engineering, Inc.
Urban Concrete Contractors Ltd.
Wacker Neuson
Westroc, Inc.
The Euclid Chemical Company
serves the global building market as
a worldwide quality supplier of specialty
concrete products with state-of-the-
art lab and specification services.
We offer a full line of concrete
admixtures and repair products based
on the latest technology while striving
to bring new technologies, such as
Tuf-Strand SF structural fibers and
Eucon Intergral ARC lithium admixtures,
and Sentinel cathodic protection to
the concrete, masonry, and under-
ground construction marketplace.
Euclid acquired a full line of
decorative concrete products,
marketed under the brand name of
INCRETE, and has added liquid and
powdered integral colors, stamps,
form liners, and stains to meet all
your needs associated with decorative
concrete projects.
We provide advanced support
services for the industry. Our ISO
9001:2000 certification ensures that
the products delivered meet the
highest quality standards.
Euclid Chemical products can
contribute to LEED points, providing
green building solutions, serving as
a single source solution that eliminates
your project challenges.
Our solutions are available through
a global network of over 1200 building
materials distributors, ready mix
producers, and masonry suppliers.
To learn more about Euclid,
please visit their Web site at
www.euclidchemical.com or call
800-321-7628.

To learn more about our sustaining members, visit our Web site at www.concrete.org/members/mem_sustaining.htm
 LEADING THE NATION IN
CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION FROM
CONCEPT TO COMPLETION
Coast to coast, Ceco Concrete
Construction has been involved in
cast-in-place concrete since 1912.
Our offices are staffed by professional
engineers who can value engineer
cast-in-place concrete frame solutions
for designers, owners, and builders.
We welcome inquiries concerning
structural design, forming costs,
framing costs, and time estimates.
Cecos experienced work crews
bring exceptionally high levels of
quality, productivity, and safety to
any job site. We provide our clients
peak performance from the first day
to the last.
With offices in 18 cities throughout
the United States, we are poised to
provide our clients the high quality
of service and execution we are
regarded for anywhere in the nation.
To learn more about how CECO
can help you, please visit their Web
site at www.cecoconcrete.com.
Grace Construction Products
(www.graceconstruction.com) is a
global leader in developing and
marketing products for the construction
industry, with more than 1900
employees in 125 locations through-
out the world and customers in over
40 countries.
Grace is a provider of technically
superior concrete admixtures, fibers,
surface treatments, and liquid
pigments that make concrete stronger,
longer-lasting, crack resistant,
aesthetically pleasing, and cost-efficient.
The company also manufactures
cement-processing additives; concrete
masonry products; air and vapor
barriers; roofing underlayments;
self-adhered window, door, and deck
flashings; structural waterproofing
systems; and fire protection products.
Grace is known for innovation in
product development and technology
as well as world-class technical
services, facilities, and staff. Graces
quality construction materials can be
found in nearly every major project
around the globe, from the White
House to the Pentagon, the Library of
Congress to the Smithsonian, the
London Underground to the Bank
of China in Hong Kong, and the
infrastructures of the Middle East
and Eastern Europe.
To learn more about Grace
Construction Products, please visit
their Web site at www.grace
construction.com.
Barrier-1, Inc. is a veteran-owned,
U.S.-based manufacturer of a high-
performance concrete admixture that
completely shuts down the route of
moisture vapor emission from and
through concrete. The Barrier-1
Admixture and Topical Systems were
developed by individuals with over
four decades of experience in the floor
covering industry and are specifically
designed to solve the annual, multi-
billion dollar problem of flooring
failures due to moisture migration.
Barrier-1, Inc. provides the
technical support, marketing,
distribution, manufacturing, and
on-site training for Barrier-1 products
and celebrates seven years of zero
performance failures.
Further, as a registered AIA/CES
HSW/SD provider, Barrier-1 provides
hundreds of continuing educational
programs each year across the
country. Our seminar goes in depth
to discuss the magnitude of the
problem and various causes, and
offers solutions to permanently avoid
costly construction delays, owner/
occupant dissatisfaction, and
catastrophic flooring failures. We
would be pleased to share our
expertise with you through an
educational presentation. Please
contact us by phone at 877-224-5850
or e-mail at info@barrier-1.com.
Barrier-1: The most proactive,
cost-effective approach to addressing
concrete moisture and failed floors!
CIM Announces Executive
MBA Program
A unique Master of Business
Administration (MBA) degree in
concrete industry management will
soon be available through the
Concrete Industry Management (CIM)
program. The Executive MBA program
will be offered through the Jennings A.
Jones College of Business at Middle
Tennessee State University (MTSU).
This new program was announced
at a press conference at the 2011
CONEXPO-CON/AGG show in
Las Vegas, NV, in March 2011.
Beginning in August 2012, with an
initial recruiting class of 25, the
18-month-long program will be
administered in 10-week blocks at the
MTSU campus in Murfreesboro, TN.
The format will include distance
learning, Webinars, and on-campus
visits to MTSU. This distinctive
program will be a partner structure for
networking and sharing experiences,
while fostering a collaborative
learning environment and allowing
national recruitment with limited
campus visits that are intensive and
focused. According to Heather
Brown, Director and Associate
Professor of the CIM program at MTSU,
The Executive model for specific
industries has been developed at
other institutions for banking, health
care, education, and technical fields.
It is our intention to make this a
top-notch program that serves the
entire country with a concrete- and
construction-infused MBA.
We are very pleased to have this
opportunity to work with the concrete
industry, remarked Jim Burton,
Dean of the Jones College of Business.
The undergraduate programs have
been very successful and we intend
to make this MBA an international
example of cooperation between
academia and industry.
Industry professionals participating
in the proposed CIM MBA program
will have a minimum of 5 years of
experience in the industry and hold
at least supervisory positions or
above in their respective organizations.
Academically, all participants will
have at least an undergraduate
degree from an accredited institution.
While participants must have at
least a bachelors degree, that
degree does not have to be in
business. The cost of the pilot CIM
Executive MBA program will be
$39,000 per participant.
For more information about the
CIM MBA, contact Troy A. Festervand,
Associate Dean, Jones College of
Business, telephone: (615) 898-2368,
e-mail: fester@mtsu.edu; or Heather
J. Brown, telephone: (615) 904-8060,
e-mail: hjbrown@mtsu.edu.

ASCC Webinar Series

MEETING WITH FIHP
The American Society of Concrete
Contractors (ASCC) offers Webinar
presentations on a variety of topics
of importance to contractors. These
presentations are designed for
small- and medium-sized contractors,
but all are welcome to participate.
The Webinars are approximately
40 minutes in length and are held once
a month on the second Wednesday, at
3 p.m. central time. There is no cost
to ASCC members. The remaining
schedule includes:
June 8, Approaching Business as
a Process by Rocky Geans;
July 13, Job Safety Analysis
Forms by Janet Greco;
Representatives of the Iberoamerican Federation of Ready Mixed Concrete (FIHP),
an ACI International Partner based in Bogot, Colombia, visited ACI headquarters August 10, Using Sustainability as
in March 2011 to discuss future collaborative efforts. From left: Michael L. Tholen, a Marketing Tool by Phil Williams;
ACI Managing Director, Professional Development; Douglas J. Sordyl, ACI and
Managing Director, Marketing, Sales, and Industry Relations; John W. Nehasil,
ACI Managing Director, Certification; Daniel W. Falconer, ACI Managing Director, September 14, Profile of a Profit-
Engineering; Jose Arce, FIHP President; Manuel Lascarro, FIHP Executive Director; able Contractor by CAN.
and Ronald Burg, ACI Executive Vice President Register for a Webinar by sending
an e-mail to mdallman@ascconline.

10 june 2011 / Concrete international

Call for Entries for TCA Awards
The Tilt-Up Concrete Association (TCA) is inviting
entries for the 21st installment of the Tilt-Up Achievement
Awards Competition, which recognizes outstanding
site-cast tilt-up structures and advances in technology,
products, and methods used in the tilt-up industry.
Submitters must be a member of TCA and are required
to submit a one-page abstract of the project that includes
the best photo and the top three reasons why the project
is worthy of consideration for an Achievement Award.
Additional project details are requested, including the
participants, key features and statistics, and the industry
technology and materials involved.
Entry forms for the 21st annual competition must
be submitted by June 30, 2011. Submittal forms and
directions can be found on the TCA Web site, www.
tilt-up.org, by selecting the Awards button or you can
contact TCA at (319) 895-6911.
Workshop on ASTM E60 Standards
on Sustainability
A workshop on Implications of ASTM E60 Standards
on Sustainability for Cement and Concrete will be held
June 14, 2011, at the Marriott Anaheim in Anaheim, CA.
Sponsored by ASTM Committee C01, Cement, the workshop
is being held in conjunction with the June standards
development meetings of the committee.
Sustainability is a concern for every manufacturing
process in todays society. This is particularly true for
hydraulic cements and the various concrete products
produced with them. ASTM Committee E60, Sustainability,
has adopted standards that could have implications for
cement and concrete-based building materials, including
ASTM E1991, Standard Guide for Environmental Life
Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Building Materials/Products,
and ASTM E2129, Standard Practice for Data Collection
for Sustainability Assessment of Building Products.
Concrete international / june 2011 11
 This workshop will introduce the concepts and
terminology used in E60 standards and help facilitate
collaborative efforts regarding the manufacture of
cement- and concrete-based building products.
Visit www.astm.org/c01work0611.htm for more
information. Additional technical information is available
from the workshop Chairs D. Stephen Lane, VTRC,
Charlottesville, VA, telephone: (434) 293-1953, e-mail:
dsl5e@virginia.edu; or Jenny L. Hitch, Portland Cement
Association, Vancouver, WA, telephone: (702) 321-2114,
e-mail: jhitch@cement.org.
New Officers of the AMERICAN
SHOTCRETE ASSOCIATION
The American Shotcrete Association (ASA) recently
elected several individuals to leadership positions with
the association; the terms began on February 2, 2011.
The ASA membership re-elected Michael Cotter,
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12 june 2011 / Concrete international
Consultant, to a 1-year term as Secretary and Ted Sofis,
Sofis Company, Inc., to a 1-year term as Treasurer. These
two individuals will serve with President Patrick Bridger,
Allentown Shotcrete Technology, Inc.; Vice President
Joe Hutter, King Packaged Materials Company; and
immediate Past President Chris Zynda, Joseph J.
Albanese, Inc., on the 2011 ASA Executive Committee.
Three ASA Directors were re-elected to 3-year terms.
They are Tom Norman, Airplaco Equipment Company;
Ryan Poole, DOMTEC International LLC; and Dan Millette,
The Euclid Chemical Company.
The three re-elected Directors join six previously
elected Directors (Marcus Von der Hoffen, Johnson
Western Gunite Company; Curt White, Coastal Gunite
Construction Company; William T. Drakeley Jr., Drakeley
Industries, LLC; Charles Hanskat, Concrete Engineering
Group, LLC; Lihe John Zhang, AMEC Earth & Environ-
mental; and Ray Schallom III, RCS Consulting & Construction
Company, Inc.) and the ASA Executive Committee to form
the 14-member ASA Board of Direction.
In memoriam
ACI Honorary Member John F. McLaughlin, 83, died
March 29, 2011, in West Lafayette, IN. He was ACI President
in 1979-1980 and also chaired the Technical Activities
Committee and the Educational Activities Committee.
He was a member of the faculty at Purdue University for
many years, where he served as Department Head, and
Assistant, Associate, and Interim Dean of the College of
Engineering. McLaughlin was named Professor Emeritus
in 1995. He received his bachelors degree from Syracuse
University in 1950 and his masters degree in 1953 and
PhD in 1957, both from Purdue University.
McLaughlin was a Fellow of the American Society of
Civil Engineers and ASTM International. He was a licensed
professional engineer in Kansas.
Errata for ACI Documents
In spite of the best efforts of ACI committee members
and staff, errors and omissions can occur during the
production of committee documents. Errata are posted
at www.concrete.org/Committees/SearchErrata.aspx.
The postings can also be found at the Errata page on
the Bookstore & Publications pull-down menu at
www.concrete.org. Its also possible to submit errata via
a form found at the Errata page.
Recent postings include errata from the first printings of:
Specification for Tolerances for Concrete Construction
and Materials (ACI 117-10) and Commentary;
Specifications for Structural Concrete (ACI 301-10);
 Guide to Cold Weather Concreting (ACI 306R-10); and
Specification for Tightness Testing of Environmental
Engineering Concrete Containment Structures
(ACI 350.1-10) and Commentary.
NRMCA Chooses new Board Chairman
The membership of the National
Ready Mixed Concrete Association
(NRMCA) elected Karl Watson Jr.,
Cemex, West Palm Beach, FL, as
Chairman of its Board of Directors at the
NRMCA annual meeting in March 2011.
He succeeds Tim Becken, Cemstone
Concrete Products, Mendota Heights, MN.
Karl Watson Jr. Watson has previously served on
the NRMCA Board and Executive
Committee and various other NRMCA committees,
including Government Affairs, Legal Activities, Educational
Activities, and Vision Strategic Planning. He is a member
To learn more, call toll free at 877.518.7665
or visit www.MeadowBurke.com
of ACI and the Association of Building Contractors.
Watson has served on the Board of the Florida Concrete &
Products Association and also was Chairman of that
organization. He also served as Chairman of the Board of
Trustees of the RMC Research & Education Foundation.
Watson received his BS in business and his MBA.
I am extremely proud to have Karl as our Chairman
for 2011-2012, said NRMCA President Robert Garbini.
He has a long history of involvement with NRMCA
and is well versed in the issues confronting our
industry as it moves forward from this most challenging
economic time.
Correction
The article New Concrete Additive Aids Lightweight
Concrete Pumping and Finishing in the February 2011
issue contained the following statement on p. 60: A
lithium densifier was applied to complete the installation.
Please note that a colloidal silica densifier was actually used.
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Concrete international / june 2011 13
 Palmer Gilbert Bennink Lyons
After 4 years with Complete Construction Consultants,
Bill Palmer has returned to Hanley Wood as Editorial
Director for the Commercial Construction Group. In
addition to his Department Director responsibilities
(overseeing Concrete Surfaces, The Concrete Producer, and
Public Works), Palmer will be Editor-in-Chief of Concrete
Construction. He was a Hanley Wood employee from 1998
to 2007, working first as Editor of Masonry Construction
and then for nearly 7 years as Editor-in-Chief of Concrete
Construction, helping to guide the brand through its
greatest growth in its 50-year history.
Spancrete recently announced additions to its staff.
Chuck Gilbert has been named Regional Sales Manager in
Illinois, where he will oversee sales of Spancrete products
and services throughout the state. Gilbert brings more than
30 years of construction and precast concrete experience
to his new role and will use his extensive knowledge of
precast building systems to build customer relationships
and grow the companys Illinois precast business.
Previously, Gilbert was a sales professional with a
precaster in the Illinois area. Dan Willems is now Vice
President and General Manager of Spancrete Machinery
Corporation, where he will oversee every operational
aspect, including sales initiatives and manufacturing
excellence. Willems will be responsible for developing
corporate strategy and improving business operations for
the machinery division, which includes increasing sales,
identifying new revenue streams, improving manufacturing
quality, and growing the parts and service business.
Willems most recently worked in senior management
roles involving project management, engineering and
research, and product development.
Buckland & Taylor Ltd.s new Seattle, WA, office will
be led by Scott Roux. Founded in 1972, Buckland &
Taylor is an internationally recognized leader in the
design, evaluation, rehabilitation, seismic retrofit, and
construction engineering of bridges of all sizes and types.
Roux has 15 years of technical structural engineering
experience, working on a wide range of infrastructure
projects in Canada, the U.S., and internationally. Scott
received his bachelors and masters degrees from the
University of British Columbia, and his MBA from the
University of Iowa. He is a licensed structural engineer in
Hawaii, as well as a licensed professional engineer in
Washington, British Columbia, and Alberta. New hires in
the Seattle office include two Senior Bridge Engineers,
14 june 2011 / Concrete international
Greg Griffin and Alan Cukurs; three Junior Bridge
Engineers, Brandon McGinnis, Aaron Pettis, and Emily
Roche; and a Marketing and Business Development
Coordinator, Melissa Philpott.
Nitterhouse Concrete Products, Inc., recently announced
the transition of sales coverage for New Jersey and
New York City, effective January 1, 2011. Hendrik (Henk)
Bennink handed the reins over to Justin J. Lyons.
Bennink will remain involved to team with Lyons on a
limited, consultative basis. Lyons is a 5-year Nitterhouse
veteran who will handle all new inquiries for precast
concrete design assistance and proposals for New Jersey
and New York City. In addition to his experience with
Nitterhouse, Lyons has an extensive background in the
precast concrete construction industry, having been a
union contractor specializing in precast concrete erection.
James Focareto is the new Vice President of Finance
and CFO for Putzmeister America, Inc. Based out of the
Sturtevant, WI, headquarters, Focaretos responsibilities
include directing the finance, information systems (MIS),
and materials management functions. He will also serve as
a strategic and tactical advisor to Dave Adams, President
and CEO of Putzmeister America, Inc., providing leadership
on both financial and operational matters with a focus on
growth and profitability. Prior to his new position, Focareto
most recently was the Corporate Finance Director for
Solutia Inc., a global manufacturer of chemicals and high-
technology composites. Hes also held a variety of
senior financial and operational roles in international
organizations, including Borg Warner and Danaher.
Honors and Awards
Two ACI members were named Distinguished Members
of the American Society of Civil Engineers for 2011. John
Breen was recognized for seminal research contributions
in the areas of reinforced and post-tensioned concrete
bridge design, for leadership in development of code
provisions for loads and reinforced concrete, and for a
career dedicated to educating and mentoring generations
of structural engineers. Neil M. Hawkins was honored
for acknowledged eminence as a leader in developing
codes and standards for structural engineering
practice, for his research on reinforced and prestressed
concrete and the transfer of his results into practice,
and for his achievements in the education of civil
engineering students.

Composite and Steel
Plate Reinforced
Modular Structures
Meeting: Technical session on
Recent Advances in Composite
Structures and Steel Plate Reinforced
Concrete Modular Structures at
the ACI Spring 2012 Convention,
March 18-22, 2012, in Dallas, TX.
ACI Committee 335, Composite and
Hybrid Structures, is the main
sponsor of this session and ACI
Committee 349, Concrete Nuclear
Structures, is the cosponsor.
Solicited: Presentations on the
latest methods of analysis, design,
applicable codes and standards,
connections, testing, construction,
and inspection of composite structures
or steel plate reinforced concrete
modular structures and components.
The focus areas are application to
general building structures and
nuclear safety-related structures.
Requirements: 1) Presentation
title; 2) author/speaker name(s), job
title, organization, mailing address,
telephone, and e-mail; and 3) an
abstract of about 300 words written
in English.
Deadlines: Abstracts are due by
June 30, 2011; final papers are due by
December 15, 2011.
Send to: Gustavo Parra-Montesinos,
gjpm@umich.edu, or Herman Graves,
herman.graves@nrc.gov.
Architectural Concrete
in Hot Weather
Meeting: Technical session on
Architectural Concrete in Hot
Weather at the ACI Spring 2012
Convention, March 18-22, 2012, in
Dallas, TX; sponsored by ACI
Committee 305, Hot Weather
Concreting.
Solicited: Four 30-minute presen-
tations focused on the production/
placement of architectural concrete
in hot weather.
Requirements: 1) Presentation
title; 2) author/speaker name(s), job
title, organization, mailing address,
telephone, and e-mail; and 3)
abstract of 500 words maximum.
Deadlines: Abstracts are due by
July 1, 2011; final papers are due by
January 10, 2012.
Send to: Terry Harris, W.R. Grace,
telephone: (904) 591-8929; fax: (813)
354-4542; e-mail: terry.harris@grace.
com; or Jonathan Poole, CTLGroup,
telephone: (512) 219-4075; e-mail:
jpoole@CTLGroup.com.
Concrete Structures
for Sustainable
Community
Meeting: fib Symposium 2012,
June 11-14, 2012, Stockholm, Sweden.
Solicited: Papers are welcome
in the following areas: alternative
binders; carbon dioxide capturing;
carbonation and carbon dioxide
uptake; case studies; classification
systems (such as LEED); durability;
LCC and LCA; recycling; repair,
renovation, and upgrading for
improved sustainability; sustainable
concrete materials; sustainable
concrete production; sustainable
concrete structures; and thermal
mass and energy storage.
Requirements: 1) Presentation
title; 2) author/speaker name(s), job
title, organization, mailing address,
telephone, fax, and e-mail; and 3)
abstract, written in English, of
300 words or less.
Deadline: Abstracts are due
by July 1, 2011. Abstracts can be
uploaded at www.fibstockholm2012.se.
Contact: Ann-Thrse Sderqvist,
Swedish Cement and Concrete Research
Institute, e-mail: annsod@cbi.se.
Notable Concrete in
Cincinnati and Vicinity
Document: Compendium of
notable concrete in Cincinnati and
Concrete international
tore at
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ww w. m yc rs i.o rg for
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Industry Standards NOW ON
for Reinforced Concrete CD-ROM!
The 28th edition of the Manual of Standard
Practice contains information on recommended
industry practices for estimating, detailing,
fabricating, and placing reinforcing steel for
reinforced concrete construction.
The Must Have Design Resource
The CRSI Design Handbook has been the refer-
ence book for cast-in-place reinforced concrete
design since 1952. The 10th edition provides
the necessary information needed for common
reinforced concrete structural members such as
columns, beams, footings, pile caps, retaining
walls, and floor systems.
A Definitive Resource
CRSIs unique and popular Placing Reinforcing
Bars presents the best accepted current field
practices in placing reinforcing bars. It is written
for apprentices, journeymen ironworkers and
inspectors. Definitive resource for preparing pro-
visions in project specifications.
Your Complete Source
Reinforcing Bars: Anchorages and Splices con-
tains complete information on development and
splicing of reinforcing bars.
The Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute is an
established, professional trade association
representing every aspect of the reinforcing
steel industry. From technical publications
and design aids to educational seminars
and membership functions, CRSI offers a
complete network of industry information
and support for all its members.
1-847-517-1200
Regional offices nationwide.
/ june 2011 15
vicinity for publication at the ACI Fall 2011 Convention,
October 16-20, 2011, in Cincinnati, OH; compiled by
ACI Committee 124, Concrete Aesthetics, and cosponsored
by the American Institute of Architects Cincinnati Chapter.
Document will also be available as an electronic file on
the ACI Web site.
Solicited: Image and brief description of notable
concretecast-in-place, precast, post-tensioned, FRP,
masonry, or tilt-upin all types of uses: buildings,
monuments, pavement, silos, bridges, crypts, furniture,
retaining walls, utility poles, tanks, sculpture, culverts,
fountains, plazas, and whatever else has caught your
attention. Significance may be historical, aesthetic,
functional, structural, construction-related, unusual
use or application, or simply personal affection.
Requirements: 1) Name and location of submission;
2) image (photograph, drawing, or sketch) that is not
copyrighted; 3) brief description that establishes
significance and lists credits; and 4) submitters name,
title, organization, city and state, telephone number, and
e-mail. Location information should be sufficient to
enable discovery by reader. Submit all information in
electronic format: image as JPEG or TIFF file at least 1 MB
(but no more than 4 MB); text in e-mail or as MS Word
document (100 words maximum).
Deadline: Submissions are due by July 1, 2011.
Send to: Michael J. Paul, Duffield Associates,
Philadelphia, PA; telephone: (215) 545-7295; e-mail:
mpaul@duffnet.com.
RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
Meeting: Half-day technical session on Research in
Progress during the ACI Fall 2011 Convention,
October 16-20, 2011, in Cincinnati, OH; sponsored by ACI
Committee 123, Research and Current Developments.
Solicited: Short presentations (typically 12 to 14
minutes) in the area of concrete structures and materials
related to any aspect of an ongoing research program
highlighting the overall scope of the research, methods of
investigation, test procedures, results, and conclusions
to date. The purpose of this session is to offer an open
forum for presentation of recent technical information
that does not fit into other sessions scheduled for this
convention.
Requirements: 1) Presentation title, 2) author/speaker
name(s), job title, organization, mailing address, telephone,
and e-mail; and 3) abstract of 250 words or less. One
See the events calendar at
www.concreteinternational.com for more listings
16 june 2011 / Concrete international
Calls for Papers:
Submission Guidelines
We recommend that notices of calls for papers be submitted to Concrete
International at least 9 months (or sooner) prior to the prospective sessions.
This timetable generally allows publishing of the notification in three issues
of the magazine. Please send meeting information, papers/presentations
being solicited, abstract requirements and deadline, along with full contact
information to: Keith A. Tosolt, Managing Editor, Concrete International,
P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094; fax: (248) 848-3150;
e-mail: Keith.Tosolt@concrete.org. Visit www.callforpapers.concrete.org for
more information.
relevant figure may be included, but is not required.
Deadlines: Abstracts must be submitted electronically
no later than September 5, 2011. Authors/speakers will
be notified of the review decision for acceptance by
September 12, 2011.
Send to: Thomas Schumacher, University of Delaware,
telephone: (302) 831-4559, e-mail: schumact@udel.edu; or
Aleksandra Radlinska, Villanova University, telephone:
(610) 519-7631, e-mail: aleksandra.radlinska@villanova.edu.
Energy Modeling of Concrete and
Masonry Buildings
Meeting: Technical session on Energy Modeling of
Concrete and Masonry Buildings at the ACI Spring 2012
Convention, March 18-22, 2012, in Dallas, TX. This session
is sponsored by Joint ACI-TMS Committee 122, Energy
Efficiency of Concrete and Masonry Systems, and ACI
Committees 130, Sustainability of Concrete; and 236,
Material Science of Concrete.
Solicited: Energy efficiency concerns are driving
material selection decisions as designers and building
developers embrace green building strategies like never
before. This session will review the design process as it
relates to energy modeling tools and how thermal mass
and construction system selection are integrated into the
design process. The objective of the session is to identify
modeling tools that integrate concrete and masonry
construction into building design and analysis to achieve
optimized energy efficiency. Case studies that address
computer modeling programs and thermal mass are
specifically requested. Papers that describe the energy
modeling process, the tools/software used, and how and
where the thermal mass was integrated into the design
are requested.
Requirements: Speakers will deliver a 20- to 30-minute
presentation during the session. A special publication is
planned, so speakers willing to author papers will be
given priority.
Deadlines: Abstracts are due September 30, 2011; final
papers are due February 28, 2012.
 Send to: Larry Rowland, Lehigh Deadlines: Abstracts are due by ABAM, 800 Gessner Rd., Suite 1280,
Cement Company, 7660 Imperial July 18, 2011; final papers are due by Houston, TX, 77024; telephone: (832)
Way, Allentown, PA 18195; tele- December 17, 2011. 384-7820; fax: (832) 384-7801; e-mail:
phone: (610) 366-4645; fax: (610) Send to: Carlos E. Ospina, Berger carlos.ospina@abam.com.
366-4638; e-mail: lrowland@
lehighcement.com; and Steve Szoke,
Portland Cement Association, 5420
Old Orchard Road, Skokie, IL 60077;
telephone: (847) 972-9078; fax:
(847) 972-9079; e-mail: SSzoke@
cement.org.

Concrete Piles in Marine

Structures in Seismic
Regions
Meeting: Technical session on
Recent Advances in the Design of
Prestressed Concrete Piles in Marine
Structures in Seismic Regions at the
ACI Spring 2012 Convention, March
18-22, 2012, in Dallas, TX. ACI
Committee 543, Concrete Piles, is
the main sponsor of this session;
cosponsors include ACI Committee
357, Offshore and Marine Concrete
Structures, and Joint ACI-ASCE
Committee 423, Prestressed Concrete.
Solicited: The objective of this
session is to present the latest
procedures and experimental
evidence related to the study of
slenderness effects on pile capacity;
design and detailing of pile-deck
connections; development of
fragility functions for pile-deck
connections; ductility evaluation;
multi-axial loading effects; shear and
torsional response; interaction
with soil; serviceability design; and
strengthening/rehabilitation of
prestressed concrete piles in piers,
wharves, and marine infrastructure
subjected to lateral loads stemming
from either seismic activity or the
berthing/mooring of vessels.
Requirements: 1) Presentation
title; 2) author/speaker name(s), job
title, organization, mailing address,
telephone, and e-mail; and 3) an
extended abstract of 500 words
or more.

Concrete international / june 2011 17

NCSU Student Chapter VISITS PANAMA
CANAL SITE
The spring break of 2011 will hold a special memory
for 10 students from the Civil, Construction, and Environ-
mental Engineering (CCEE) Department of North Carolina
State University (NCSU). During the fall of 2010, these
young engineers, all members of the ACI Student Chapter
at NCSU, decided to start planning a visit to the Panama
Canal expansion project during the second week of
March 2011.
After almost 6 months of hard work, this unique
engineering and cultural experience was achieved
with financial support from the traveling students
themselves, the CCEE Department (and its alumni),
and the ACI North Carolina Chapter. Once the funding
was in place, the NCSU students, under the super
vision of their NCSU Faculty Advisor Roberto Nuez, NCSU students conducted an ACI Concrete Field Testing
Technician Grade I class and exam in Panama
secured valuable logistical cooperation from the
Panamanian Association of Concrete Producers
(APACRETO), the Autoridad del Canal de Panam
(ACP, the entity in charge of the Panama Canal Admin
istration and Expansion), and Grupo Unidos por el
Canal (GUPC, the Panama Canal Expansion Project
General Contractor).
The students ambitious agenda included a meeting
with representatives from ACP, a visit to the Panama
Canal main lock operations, a field trip to the canals
construction site, a ceremony to donate NCSU-collected
books to enhance the engineering library of the Universidad
Tecnolgica de Panam (UTP), a meeting with the
expansion project General Contractor (Antonio Zaffaroni,
GUPCs General Manager), a conference on High Rise
Concrete Building Design and Construction (by Oscar
Ramirez, renowned structural engineer and Trump
Ocean Club designer), a field trip to the nearly finished
Trump Ocean Club, and a visit to historical places
around Panama City.
The NCSU students also wanted to break new ground
through an innovative cooperative effort. As a trip
prerequisite, all members of the NCSU student team The NCSU contingent at the Panama Canal expansion project site
became certified as ACI Concrete Field Testing Technicians
Grade I. Then, these students were trained as supplemental
examiners through the NCSU Concrete School that ACI Concrete Field Testing Technician Grade I examination
annually certifies approximately 200 concrete technicians to a group of 13 Panamanian concrete professionals.
and engineers. At that point, the students set an innovative The trip and the experience proved to be valuable to
goal for their trip: organize a concrete school in Panama the NCSU students. Jake Hofmann, President of the ACI
to provide certification to a group of Panamanian NCSU Student Chapter said, Teaching the ACI course is
concrete technicians and engineers. This unique program a great opportunity for students like me to learn how to
was successfully achieved, after the NCSU students (in communicate with concrete professionals. Traveling to
cooperation with APACRETO and UTP) administered an Panama, seeing concrete infrastructure projects that are

18 June 2011 / Concrete international

unique in the world, meeting a group of extraordinary
engineering professionals, and performing the ACI
certification exam was a once in a lifetime experience.
When asked about the Canal expansion, Travis Cox,
senior in construction engineering, replied, The magnitude
of the Canal site was overwhelming. It was a great
experience to visit the site of one of the largest engineering
projects in the world.
The visit to Trump Tower also impressed the NCSU
engineering students. Senior Errikos Anagnostopoulos
stated, Being able to see the construction of such a
big project from the inside was a great experience; I was
impressed to hear of a building that large being made
of concrete and it looks even more impressive than I
had imagined.
The other NCSU students who were part of the visit
included Tyler Cannon, Bruce Clark, Hal Huffman,
Michael Lopez, Katie Massengill, Michelle Prouty, and
John Suther. NCSUs Roberto Nuez, his son and high
school student Jonathan, and Kaye Gantt of the North
Carolina Institute of Minority Economic Development
also traveled with the group.
Central New York chapter
ACI President Kenneth C. Hover gave an entertaining
and informative talk at a monthly meeting of the ACI
Central New York Chapter in February 2011. Kens talk
titled Twins Separated at Birth focused on the differences
between concrete that is sampled and tested, and
concrete that is placed in a structure. The event was
well-attended and included members of the Eastern and
Western New York Chapters.
At the ACI Central New York Chapter meeting (from left): Sam
Conley, Nick Carparelli, Dan Owens, Don Streeter, Niel Zuern,
ACI President Kenneth C. Hover, Christopher Latreille, Gary
Markinson, Don Gresko, Greg Novitzki, Ken King, and
Tom Hitchings
University of Central Florida
Student Chapter
The ACI Chapter Activities Committee has approved
the University of Central Florida (UCF) Student Chapter.
The student officers were presented with a banner by
John Conn, ACI Manager, Chapters, during a membership
drive held on campus on April 18, 2011.
The ACI Central Florida Chapter is sponsoring the UCF
Student Chapter and providing opportunities for UCF
engineering students to learn more about concrete and
concrete products. The goal of the student chapter will
be to provide hands-on opportunities to take the text-
book to real-life applications. They are also planning to
enter a team into the student concrete competition at the
ACI convention in Cincinnati, OH. For more information,
contact ACI.UCF@gmail.com.
Presentation of the UCF ACI Student Chapter banner (from left):
Hae-Bum Yun, Faculty Advisor and Assistant Professor; Robert
Slade, Treasurer and UCF Graduate Teaching Assistant;
Alejandro Estrella, Secretary; Michael J. (MJ) Levy, Vice
President; Rebekka Byrnes, President; and John Conn, ACI
Manager, Chapters
Advertise in CI
For more information, contact:
Jeff Rhodes, Sales Manager
Network Media Partners
(410) 584-8487
E-mail: concrete@networkmediapartners.com
Concrete international / June 2011 19
 ACI Board Committee
Members Thanked
I cannot thank our ACI committee members enough for
their service and assistance during my transition to the
ACI Presidency after Dick Stehlys sudden passing. To the
following members who have ended terms on Standing
Board Committees as of the ACI Spring 2011 Convention,
I appreciate your efforts and dedication.
Kenneth C. Hover, ACI President
Certification Programs Committee: Terry Collins,
Portland Cement Association, Wheaton, IL; Jon Mullarky,
Chester, MD; and Peter Maloney, Latham, NY.
Chapter Activities Committee: Alain Belanger,
National Concrete Accessories, Etobicoke, ON, Canada;
William Fitzsimmons, W.R. Grace, Calgary, AB, Canada;
Hank Keiper, The SEFA Group, Mechanicsville, VA; Tanya
Schnier, Reynolds Smith and Hills, Inc., Tampa, FL; and
John Vaughan, Irving Materials, Inc., Louisville, KY.
Educational Activities Committee: Darrell Elliot,
Buzzi Unicem USA, Metairie, LA; William Rushing Jr.,
W.S. Nelson Co., Kenner, LA; and Kari Yuers, Kryton
International, Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Fellows Nomination Committee: Debrethann Orsak,
Cagley & Associates, Inc., Rockville, MD.
Financial Advisory Committee: Debrethann Orsak,
Cagley & Associates, Inc., Rockville, MD; and George
Wargo, Construction Engineering Consultants,
Pittsburgh, PA.
Honors and Awards Committee, Commemorative
Lecture Series: Anthony Fiorato, Glenview, IL.
International Committee: Rolf Eligehausen, University
of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany; Vilas Mujumdar, VSM
Associates, Vienna, VA; and Johan Silfwerbrand,
Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute,
Stockholm, Sweden.
20 june 2011 / Concrete international
Marketing Committee: Tyler Ley, Oklahoma State
University, Stillwater, OK.
Membership Committee: Ken Bondy, Consulting
Structural Engineer, West Hills, CA; Tarek Khan (Chair),
BASF Admixtures, Inc., Granite Bay, CA; and Andrea
Schokker, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN.
Publications Committee: JoAnn Browning, University
of Kansas, Lawrence, KS; Richard Klingner, University of
Texas at Austin, Austin, TX; Andres Lepage, Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, PA; and Jan Olek,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
Responsibility in Concrete Construction Committee:
Jim Kretz, Walbridge Aldinger, Detroit, MI; Matthew
Offenberg, W.R. Grace, Canton, GA; and Boyd Clark,
CTLGroup, Skokie, IL.
Student and Young Professional Activities Committee:
Stephan Durham, University of Colorado, Denver, CO;
and Andrea Schokker, University of Minnesota-Duluth,
Duluth, MN.
Upcoming
Themes
JulyFloors & Foundations
AugustDecorative &
Architectural Concrete
SeptemberDesign & Technology
For advertising details, contact Jeff Rhodes Phone (410)
584-8487 e-mail: concrete@networkmediapartners.com
 Technical Committee
Chairs Appointed
B efore the ACI Spring 2011 Convention in Tampa, FL,
the ACI Technical Activities Committee selected
27 Chairs for ACI technical committees. These actions
became effective after the recent convention.
New Appointments
Thirteen Chairs assumed new posts. The new and
outgoing Chairs are:
209, Creep and Shrinkage in Concrete: Mario Alberto
Chiorino, Politecnico di Torino Architettura, Torino, Italy,
replaced Carlos Videla, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de
Chile, Santiago, Chile.
221, Aggregates: Alfred Gardiner, Braun Intertec,
Tecumseh, MI, replaced Mark R. Lukkarila, GCC of
America, Denver, CO.
222, Corrosion of Metals in Concrete: David Trejo, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, OR, replaced Mohammad S.
Khan, Professional Service Industries, Inc. (PSI), Oak Hill, VA.
231, Properties of Concrete at Early Ages: Anton
Karel Schindler, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, replaced
Will Hansen, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
303, Architectural Cast-in-Place Concrete: Daniel P.
Dorfmueller, DP Dorfmueller Co., Inc., Lebanon, OH, replaced
Chris A. Forster, Morley Builders, Santa Monica, CA.
313, Concrete Bins and Silos: Shahriar Shahriar, Van
Sickle Allen & Associates, Plymouth, MN, replaced Stephen G.
Frankosky, Ibberson Engineering, Inc., Hopkins, MN.
314, Simplified Design of Concrete Buildings: Michael C.
Mota, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Williamstown, NJ,
replaced JoAnn P. Browning, University of Kansas,
Lawrence, KS.
325, Concrete Pavements: David W. Pittman, U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers, Clinton, MS, replaced Neeraj J.
Buch, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.
360, Design of Slabs on Ground: Barry E. Foreman,
TranSystems, Mount Joy, PA, replaced Wayne W. Walker,
Structural Services, Inc., Norcross, GA.
365, Service Life Prediction: Evan C. Bentz, University
of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, replaced Tracy D.
Marcotte, CVM Facilities Renewal, Oaks, PA.
374, Performance-Based Seismic Design of Concrete
Buildings: Andrew W. Taylor, KPFF Consulting Engineers,
Seattle, WA, replaced Sergio M. Alcocer, National University
of Mexico, Mexico, DF, Mexico.
546, Repair of Concrete: John S. Lund, Martin/Martin,
22 june 2011 / Concrete international
Inc., Lakewood, CO, replaced Paul E. Gaudette, Wiss,
Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., Chicago, IL.
563, Specifications for Repair of Structural Concrete
in Buildings: Tracy D. Marcotte, CVM Facilities Renewal,
Oaks, PA, replaced Myles A. Murray, MAM LLC, Larkspur, CO.
Previously, on January 17, 2011, Herman L. Graves III,
Silver Spring, MD, was appointed Chair of 349,
Concrete Nuclear Structures, after the passing of Ranjit L.
Bandyopadhyay.
Reappointments
The Chairs of the following technical committees were
reappointed to new terms that began at the conclusion of
the ACI Spring 2011 Convention:
118, Use of Computers: Ryan Keith Riehle, BuildWays
Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA.
211, Proportioning Concrete Mixtures: Gary F. Knight,
Heidelberg Cement Group, Doraville, GA.
223, Shrinkage-Compensating Concrete: John W. Rohrer,
John Rohrer Contracting Company, Inc., Kansas City, KS.
225, Hydraulic Cements: James I. Turici Jr., Cemex
USA, Sewickley, PA.
232, Fly Ash and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete:
Karthik H. Obla, National Ready Mixed Concrete Association,
Silver Spring, MD.
307, Concrete Chimneys: Shu-Jin Fang, Sargent &
Lundy, Chicago, IL.
310, Decorative Concrete: Michael S. Smith, Concrete
Artisans, LLC, Broomall, PA.
336, Footings, Mats and Drilled Piers: William H.
Oliver Jr., Conoco Phillips Company, Houston, TX.
343 (Joint ACI-ASCE), Concrete Bridge Design: Nur
Yazdani, University of Texas-Arlington, Arlington, TX.
351, Foundations for Equipment and Machinery:
David Kerins, ExxonMobil Research & Engineering,
Fairfax, VA.
363, High-Strength Concrete: John J. Myers, Missouri
University of Science & Technology, Rolla, MO.
369, Seismic Repair and Rehabilitation: Kenneth J.
Elwood, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
BC, Canada.
439, Steel Reinforcement: Mark D. Marvin, The Marvin
Group, Inc., Fairacres, NM.
522, Pervious Concrete: Matthew A. Offenberg, W.R.
Grace, Canton, GA.
 Self-Leveling Slab
Formwork Tables
Boost Efficiency
Innovative formwork system used in construction of the
Calgary South Health Campus medical center

N ear Calgary, AB, Canada, an innovative formwork

system was used to meet a remarkably accelerated
construction schedule for the Calgary South Health
typical 9.6 m (31 ft) column grid. The construction schedule
has been designed to ensure that building construction takes
place on several levels at the same time.
Campus medical center. The $1.15 billion project, one of
the largest hospital projects in Canada, is currently under Automatic Deflection Compensation
construction by EllisDon Corporation. The projects The PERI IntElliDeck tables incorporate sensors and
ground-breaking ceremony took place in 2007. The hydraulic cylinders (Fig. 1 and 2). When concrete is
structural work for the main building, part of the projects placed, sensors on each table detect deflections at five
first phase, is scheduled to be finished at the end of 2011. points. Based on the sensors output, the hydraulic
Work on the entire campus will continue until 2018. cylinders are actuated to automatically correct the slab
To construct the projects 200,000 m2 (2,153,000 ft2) of deflection within a tolerance of 2 mm (0.08 in.). Up to
floor space as cost effectively as possible, PERI Formwork 10 slab tables can be controlled at the same time through
Systems Inc. worked with a team of EllisDons professionals, a common hydraulic power unit.
led by Chief Engineer George Charitou, to develop the PERI
IntElliDeck System. The innovative system comprises slab No shoring or reshoring
tables, supported at the column-slab interface, that automati- The table structure transfers loads to the concrete
cally compensate for deflections occurring during concrete structure using clamping frames with swivel-mounted
placement. After the floor concrete has reached sufficient brackets (Fig. 1). The PERI IntElliDeck System transfers
strength to carry self-weight and construction loads, the load to the columns by means of slab shear at the
tables are lowered and manually rolled to outrigger platforms
outside the building, allowing simple and fast cycling.
EllisDon used 57 PERI IntElliDeck tables, each with an
approximate area of 84 m2 (904 ft2). Because of the tables
low weight (only 2 kg/m2 [47.5 lb/ft2]) and horizontal
maneuverability, EllisDon required only four cranes
instead of the originally planned six cranes. Due to
efficiencies of the system, after only the first two place-
ments, formwork operation was off the EllisDon project
managers critical path.

Unique slab table solution

The main building of the medical facility comprises two
basements and eight upper levels, each approximately
20,000 m2 (215,300 ft2) in area, with story heights of 4.5 m
(15 ft). The 250 to 300 mm (10 to 12 in.) thick suspended slabs
are supported on square reinforced concrete columns on a
Fig 1: Loads are transferred via four corner supports at the
column-slab interface. Shoring or reshoring is eliminated, and
no load-transfer hardware is needed in the concrete columns
themselves (all photos courtesy of PERI GmbH)

Concrete international / june 2011 23

 column-slab interface, without the need for additional
mounting accessories on or through the columns them-
selves. Each frame is capable of transferring up to 237 kN
(53.3 kip) to each of the six swivel brackets. To standardize
dimensions of the swivel-mounted brackets, EllisDon
negotiated with the projects structural engineers to
design all columns with the same cross section rather
than reducing column cross sections with building
height. This was efficiently achieved by reducing
concrete strength in the columns at the upper floors.

Simple and fast cycling

To move the table structures, the column brackets are
swiveled at the column frames. Then the systems specially
designed trolleys, with their own hydraulic cylinders, are
used to lower the tables about 400 mm (16 in.) (Fig. 3).
Workers then use the trolleys to easily and quickly roll the
tables across the floor. The trolleys allow the system to roll
in two directions so workers can avoid barriers such as
elevator shafts, shear walls, and openings in the slabs as the
tables are moved to landing platforms (outriggers) where
cranes move them to the next casting level (Fig. 4).
PERI was able to deliver the first tables to the construction
site after 8 months of planning, development, and testing. The
high-tech slab tables allow an impressive 2800 m2 (30,140 ft2)
of slab area to be completed each week (Fig. 5).

PERI GmbH
Fig. 2: The PERI IntElliDeck slab table is self-leveling. When EllisDon
deflections are sensed during concrete placement, a control www.peri.com
system automatically compensates by actuating hydraulic
rams within queen posts in a truss system that supports the www.ellisdon.com
formwork system Selected for reader interest by the editors.

Fig. 3: Specially designed trolleys are used to move the tables horizontally within each floor. Tables can be rolled easily by workers
pushing in either direction, avoiding barriers such as elevator shafts, shear walls, and openings in the slabs

24 june 2011 / Concrete international

Fig. 4: A landing platform (outrigger) is used to stage the slab table before its lifted to the next level

Fig. 5: A total of 200,000 m3 (261,590 yd3) of concrete will be placed to construct the Calgary South Health Campus medical
center. Because of the low weight and the horizontal maneuverability of the tables, EllisDon used only four cranes instead of
the originally planned six

Concrete international / june 2011 25

 ACI Custom Seminars
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the time, and the topic, and well make it happen!
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Fees
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for ACI organizational and sustaining members.
Contact
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American Concrete Institute
P.O. Box 9094
Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094
Phone: 248-848-3754
Fax: 248-848-3792
Eva.Korzeniewski@concrete.org
www.concreteseminars.com
Topics
ACI/PCA 318-08 Building Code Requirements for
Structural Concrete
ACI/PCA Simplified Design of Concrete Buildings of
Moderate Size and Height
ACI/PCI Design and Construction of Concrete
Parking Structures
Basics of Concrete Materials and Testing
Concrete Repair Basics
Construction of Concrete Slabs-on-Ground
Design of Concrete Slabs-on-Ground
Environmental Engineering ConcreteDesign and Details
Portland Cement Concrete Overlays: State of the Technology
Reinforced Concrete Design
Repair of Concrete Bridges, Parking Decks, and Other
Transportation Structures
Repair of Concrete Workshop
Seismic and Wind Design Considerations for
Concrete Buildings
Seismic Design of Liquid-Containing Concrete Structures
Troubleshooting Concrete Construction
Troubleshooting Concrete Floor Problems
Troubleshooting Concrete Forming and Shoring
NE W! Cement Physical Tester Training
For more information regarding
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visit www.concreteseminars.com and
click on Custom Seminars.

26 June 2011 / Concrete international

 Comparison of Three
Methods to Measure
Formwork Pressure
When Using SCC
Field study shows feasible alternatives to predictive methods
by Richard McCarthy and Johan Silfwerbrand
A lthough self-consolidating concrete (SCC) can provide
an improved working environment and increased
productivity, SCC currently holds less than a 10% share
of the cast-in-place concrete market in Sweden (the share
in the precast concrete industry is substantially higher).
One of the factors leading to this low level of acceptance
is the difficulty of predicting formwork pressures associated
with SCC.
The design standards for formwork were established
well before SCC was developed, and the predictive
equations in the standards tend to have gross simplifications
of many of the parameters known to influence pressure.
Also, because the plastic behavior of SCC mixtures can be
very sensitive to varying properties of the constituents
and varying moisture content in the fine aggregate,1,2
designers must make conservative assumptions regarding
those parameters.
Many existing codes recommend designing formwork
for full hydrostatic pressure unless methods based on
experimental data are available. Such restrictions can
result in overly conservative designs (added costs) or
reduced casting rates (reduced productivity). If the
actual formwork pressure can be monitored in real time,
however, the concrete contractor will be able to adjust
the casting rate to maintain the formwork pressure below
a safe threshold. For that purpose, we compared different
methods of measuring formwork pressure.
Project Wall
In August 2007, NCC Construction was commissioned
by Specialfastigheter Sweden to expand an existing
prison in Hrnsand, a city 450 km (280 miles) north of
Stockholm. Part of the project required construction of a
0.27 m (11 in.) thick, 6 m (20 ft) tall, and 400 m (1312 ft)
long security wall. Using SCC, the wall was cast in sections
ranging from 10.8 to 12 m (35 to 39 ft) in length using
steel-framed panels. Two sections were cast each week.
We measured the pressure exerted by the SCC during the
walls construction.
The formwork was supplied by PERIform Sverige and
consisted of film-faced 15-mm (0.6-in.) thick plywood
panels mounted on steel frames. The typical steel frame
element was 2.4 m (8 ft) wide and 3.3 m (11 ft) high and
was fabricated from two vertical hollow, cold-formed
steel KKR profiles (100 x 100 x 5 mm [4 x 4 x 0.2 in.]) and
multiple horizontal hollow, hot-formed steel VKR profiles
(100 x 40 x 2.5 mm [4 x 1.6 x 0.1 in.]).
The ready mixed SCC was delivered by Grus & Betong i
Norrland, part of the Skanska group. Wall reinforcing
comprised two layers of welded-wire reinforcing and
12-mm (0.5-in.) diameter deformed reinforcing bars.
Technologies
For this study, we measured lateral pressure on the
formwork (using flush-mounted pressure sensors),
tension forces in the form ties, and strain in the formwork
framing members.
Direct measurement of pressure
Flush-mounted pressure sensors can be installed in holes
in the formwork facing, with the sensor diaphragm in direct
contact with the concrete. While such sensors allow
Concrete international / June 2011 27
pressure to be monitored directly with no conversion for
tributary area, they may be difficult to install, remove, and
maintain. Also, readings may not be consistent, as concrete
can bridge over the sensor diaphragm or the diaphragm
may not respond to decreasing pressures.3,4
Tension forces in form ties
The tension force in a form tie can be evaluated by
measuring the compressive force developed between the
formwork framing and the anchor plate on the tie. Typically,
this is done using a hollow-core load cell that measures
force with electrical resistance strain gauges or hydraulic
pressure gauges. While load cells can be relatively easy to
install on either side of the formwork, some of the form ties
may be subjected to greater load than others.
Strains in the formwork framing
Formwork pressure can also be determined by measuring
strains in formwork framing members. Pressure values
are calculated using calibration data that correlate
measured strains against pressure sensor data or the
results of structural analyses of the formwork system.
The strains can be measured using electrical resistance
(a)
Fig. 1: Formwork element instrumentation: (a) locations of pressure sensors, strain gauges, and load cells; (b) pressure sensor mount;
(c) strain gauge with protective cover; and (d) load cell mounted between formwork frame and tie anchor plate (1 mm = 0.04 in.)
28 June 2011 / Concrete international
strain gauges, fiber optic sensors, or vibrating wire strain
gauges mounted on the formwork framing members.
Instrumentation
We instrumented three identical form elements
(Elements 1, 2, and 3) and used them alternately to
ensure an effective production cycle. Each instrumented
element included pressure sensors, load cells on the form
ties, and strain gauges glued on the horizontal profiles of
the steel frame (Fig. 1).
For each wall section placement, an instrumented
element was installed at the base of the form, near the
middle of the placement section (Fig. 2 and 3), and sensor
signals (in mV) were amplified and gathered by signal
processors that transferred digitized data to a computer
for storage and analysis.
Pressure sensors
To directly measure concrete pressure, we used
Honeywell ABH100PSC1B pressure sensors rated for 0 to
689 kPa (0 to 100 psi). Sensors were flush mounted using
custom threaded steel sockets, plugs, and rubber gaskets.
Sensors were located at 110, 530, 1130, 1730, and
(b) (c)
(d)
2630 mm (4, 21, 45, 68, and 104 in.) from the base of
the form (Fig. 1).
Load cells on form ties
To measure tension in the form ties, we used custom
load cells manufactured by the staff of the Division of
Structural Design and Bridges, KTH Royal Institute of
Technology in Stockholm. Load cells were located 575,
1650, and 2725 mm (23, 65, and 107 in.) above the base
of the formwork. The load area for each tie bar was
estimated to be 1.3 m2 (14 ft2).
Strain gauges
To measure strains in the frame members, we used
HBM K-LY41-6/120 linear metal strain gauges mounted on
horizontal profiles of the formwork. The gauges were
self-temperature compensated for steel and were rated
for maximum elongations of 20,000 m/m. Gauges were
adhesively bonded to the profiles located at 600, 1200,
1800, and 2700 mm (24, 47, 71, and 106 in.) from the base
of the form. Gauges were covered with paste and
Fig. 2: Location of an instrumented form element in a recently completed section
aluminum foil for protection. The tributary width for each
horizontal profile was 300 mm (12 in.).
Placements
About 20 m3 (26 yd3) of SCC was placed for each
section of the wall. Concrete was delivered by four
concrete trucks and was placed in lifts of about 1.5 m
(5 ft) using a concrete pump. The discharge location
was alternated at each lift (Fig. 3). The casting rate
varied from 1 to 3.5 m (3 to 12 ft) per hour. Pressure and
load values were continuously monitored on the data
acquisition computer. The ready mixed concrete plant
was located only 250 m (820 ft) from the building site.
Direct communication with staff members at the concrete
plant and the pump truck operator made it possible to
reduce the casting rate if the pressure and load values
were too high.
The delivered concrete had a water-cement ratio
(w/c) of 0.50, a water-paste ratio of 0.33, and a paste
content of 446 L/m3 (44.6% by volume). The mixture
proportions are shown in Table 1. The amounts of
Concrete international / June 2011 29
 admixtures varied somewhat to
maintain uniform fresh concrete
properties. All placements had
sufficient flow to be classified
as SCC.
The wall was built between August
2008 and May 2009. Measurements
were made during 12 (of a total of 33)
placements (Table 2). After the con-
crete wall was completed, two of the
instrumented form elements were
mounted together to create a 3.3 m (11
ft) high wall form. This form was then
filled with water (the water temperature
measured 9C [48F]) to an elevation of
2.7 m (9 ft). Readings were then taken
Fig. 3: Panel layout and pump hose discharge locations. Panel widths and heights are using the sensors on Element 1.
shown in m. The middle panel (*) was 1.2 m (3.9 ft) wide for some placements (1 m =
3.3 ft) Results
Verification of the pressure
Table 1: sensors using water in the
Mixture proportions for the SCC mixture, quantities are per m3 formwork
CEM II (portland-limestone), kg (lb/yd3) 400 (674) Figure 4 shows water pressure as a
function of water depth (head), using
Limestone filler, kg (lb/yd )3
200 (337)
pressure values from the pressure
Aggregate 0 to 8 mm (natural sand), kg (lb/yd ) 3
1015 (1711) sensors and using calculated values
Aggregate 8 to 16 mm (crushed), kg (lb/yd ) 3
485 (817) based on the density of water. The
Water, kg (lb/yd3) 200 (337) measured water pressure correlates
well with the calculated water pressure.
High-range water-reducing admixture, kg (lb/yd3) Approximately 2.5 (4.2) These values were within 0.17% at
Air-entraining agent, kg (lb/yd ) 3
Approximately 1.1 (1.9) 110 mm (4 in.) from the base. The
largest difference, 4.11%, was at
2630 mm (104 in.) from the base, where
Table 2:
the water pressure was very small.
Placement data
Outside air temperature Placement rate, Strain in steel frames and
Date Element (mean value), C (F) m/h (ft/h) form tie tension force
1 2 3 Figure 5 provides example plots of
10/8/08 X 6 (43) 1.4 (4.6) strain in the steel frame member
versus pressure sensor readings. A
10/10/08 X 8 (46) 1.5 (4.9) trend line and the coefficient of
10/15/08 X 1.5 (4.9) determination (R2) are shown on
10/22/08 X 7 (45) 1.3 (4.3) each plot. The R2 values are very
close to 1, indicating a very strong
11/7/08 X 3 (37) 1.5 (4.9)
correlation. Based on all of the
11/14/08 X 2 (36) 1.5 (4.9) placements, the relationship between
11/19/08 X 2 (28) 1.3 (4.3) strain and measured pressure was
found to have a slope ranging from
1/14/09 X 2 (28) 1.3 (4.3)
4.6 to 9.5 (m/m)/kPa. Figure 6 shows
1/28/09 X 1 (30) 1.7 (5.6) example plots of form tie tension
2/11/09 X 10 (14) 2.5 (8.2) versus pressure sensor readings. The
3/25/09 X 4 (25) 3.5 (11.5) data show that the relationship
between tie tension and measured
4/27/09 X 3.3 (10.8) pressure is slightly progressive.

30 June 2011 / Concrete international

 2.7 Formwork base
3.0
3.0

600
Pressure, kPa 600
500
0 10 20 30 500 R2 = 0.9975

m/m
0.0 400 R2 = 0.9975
R2 = 0.9511

m/m
Pressure sensor data 400
300 R2 = 0.9511 10 Oct 2008

Strain,
Hydrostatic pressure 300 R2 = 0.9982
10 Oct 2008
22

Strain,
200 R2 = 0.9982
200 R2 = 0.9707 22 Jan
14 Oct 2008
2009
100 R2 = 0.9707
1.0 1000 2.7 m water
14 Jan 2009
2.7 m water
Total head, m

0 0 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 pressure,
Sensor 60 kPa 80 100
(a)
Sensor pressure, kPa
2.0

600
2.7 Formwork base 600
500
3.0 500
m/m
400
R2 = 0.9592 R2 = 0.9988
m/m
Fig. 4: Pressure data obtained using pressure sensors in Element 1. 400
The form was filled with water to an elevation of 2.7 m (9 ft). 300
Strain, R 2
= 0.9592 R2 = 0.9988
(1 kPa = 0.145 psi; 1 m = 3.3 ft) 300 R2 = 0.9979 15 Oct 2008
Strain,
200 R2 = 0.9979
200 15 Nov
14 Oct 2008
2008
100
Analyses 1000
14 Nov 2008
2.7 m water
Relationship between pressure sensor 2.7 m water
600 0 20 40 60 80 100
values and strain in steel frames (b) 0
500 relationship between pressure2 sensor values and
The
0 20 40 pressure,
Sensor 60 kPa 80 100
R = 0.9975 Sensor pressure, kPa
Strain, m/m

strain
400in the steel frames showed very good correlation
throughout the whole series R = 0.9511
2
of placements, regardless of Fig. 5: Relationship between strain in the steel frame element
300
form element R and level. We observed 10 Oct 2008
that the relationships and pressure sensor values: (a) data from Element 1, with strain
2
= 0.9982 data taken at 600 mm (24 in.) from the base and pressure data
200 sensor values and strains
between were linear 22 Oct
and the2008 taken at 530 mm (21 in.) from the base; and (b) data from
associated trend line tended toRgo
2
= 0.9707
through the 14 Jan
origin 20095).
(Fig. Element 3, with strain data taken at 1200 mm (47 in.) from the
100
The trend line for each form element and level, 2.7however,
m water base and pressure data taken at 1130 mm (45 in.) from the base.
0
has its own slope. Because the formwork comprises a
(1 kPa = 0.145 psi)
0 20 40 60 80 100
statically indeterminate system and there are imperfections
Sensor pressure, kPa
in the plywood panels, the tributary width for the load conventional concrete. It took only 8 months to finish the
varies from level to level and from form element to form wall with SCC, and it was estimated that construction with
element. Even so, the repeatability is good from day to day conventional concrete would have taken twice as long. The
at a particular form element and level. After calibration of foreman and manager indicated that SCC improved the
600 element, its therefore possible to estimate the
the form working environment, and the contractor was very
500 pressure with sufficient accuracy by measuring
formwork satisfied with the quality of the finished surface.
the strain in the steel frame. During this field study, pressure sensor values, strains
Strain, m/m

400
R2 = 0.9592 R2 = 0.9988 in the form members, and form tie tension force were
300
Relationship between pressure sensor measured. The measurements displayed very good
R2 = 0.9979
200 and form tie tension force 15 Oct 2008
values correlation between pressure and strain and good
While relatively good repeatability was observed 14 Nov(Fig.
20086), correlation between pressure and form tie tension force.
100
one cannot expect a linear relationship between2.7 m water
pressure This means that any of the methods could be used to
sensor0 values and tie force. The tension force in the tie estimate the load on the formwork. We believe the most
depends0not only 20 40
on the pressure at a 60 80 but 100
specific level, practical (and accurate) method, however, is to measure
also on the total distribution Sensor pressure, kPa
of pressure and the geometry the strain in steel-framed formwork that has been calibrated
of the framing. using a known water pressure head.

Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments

The Site Foreman and the Site Manager reported that The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support provided
the rapid placement allowed by SCC led to about a 10% by the Swedish Road Administration, the Development Fund of the
reduction in installation cost relative to a wall placed with Swedish Construction Industry (SBUF), and the Swedish Consortium

Concrete international / June 2011 31

 0 20 40 60 80
Sensor pressure, kPa
Sensor pressure, kPa

90
80
90
kN kN

70
90 90
80
tie tension,

60
80 80

tension,kNkN
50
70 70
70
40 60
tension,

60

Formtietietension,
60
30
50 22 Oct 2008 50
50
Form tieForm

20
40 14 Jan 2009 40
40
10
30 22 Oct
2.7 2008
m water 30
30

Form
200 14 Jan 2009 20
20 22
22 Oct
Oct 2008
2008
10 0 40 60 2.7 m water 80 10 14
20 10
00 14 Jan
Jan 2009
2009
0 Sensor pressure, kPa
0 20 40 60 80 00 20 40
40 60
60 80
80
20
(a)
Sensor pressure, kPa (c) Sensor
Sensor pressure,
pressure, kPa
kPa
90 90
80 90
80
80
kN kN

70
90

tension,kNkN
70
70
tie tension,

60
80 60

Formtietietension,
50
70 60
50
50
40
tension,

60 40
30
50 22 Oct 2008 40
30
Form tieForm

20 14 Jan 2009 30
Form
40 20 14
10
30 22 Oct
2.7 2008
m water 20
10 14 Nov
Nov 2008
2008
10 2.7
2.7 m
m water
water
200 14 Jan 2009 00
10 0 40 20 602.7 m water 80 20 40
40 60
60 00 80
80
(b) Sensor pressure, kPa
0 (d) 20
Sensor pressure, kPa
Sensor pressure, kPa
20 0 40 60 80
Fig. 6: Relationship betweenSensor pressure, kPa
pressure sensor values and form tie tension force: (a) data from Element 1, with pressure data taken at
530 mm (21 in.) from the base and form tie load taken at 575 mm (23 in.) from the base; (b) data from Element 1, with pressure data
taken at 1730 mm (68 in.) from the base and form tie load taken at 1650 mm (65 in.) from the base; (c) data from Element 1, with
pressure data taken at 2630 mm (104 in.) from the base and form tie load taken at 2725 mm (107 in.) from the base; and (d) data
from90Element 3, with pressure data taken at 530 mm (21 in.) from the base and form tie load taken at 575 mm (23 in.) from the base.
80= 0.145 psi; 1 kN = 0.225 kip)
(1 kPa
kN kN

70
90
tie tension,

60
80
for Financing Basic Research in the Concrete Field. Special thanks go to
50
those70who contributed with expert help regarding measurements: S.
40
tension,

60 and C. Kullberg at the Division of Structural Design and Bridges,

Trillkott
KTH 3050
Form tieForm

Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. The great support from

NCC 2040
Construction, especially L. Vestman and P.-A. Kllman,22made
Oct 2008
this ACI member Richard McCarthy is Managing
10
30 14 Jan Sverige
project possible and very rewarding. Finally, thanks to PERIform 2009 Director at the Swedish Concrete Association
200 & Betong i Norrland for technical support.
and Grus 22 Oct 2008 and Manager of the Dissemination of
10 0 20 40 60 14 Jan 2009 80
Knowledge Section of the Swedish Cement
0
References
Sensor pressure, kPa and Concrete Research Institute. He is a
0 20 40 60 80
1. Billberg, P., and Westerholm, M., Robustness of Fresh member of ACI Committees 237, Self-
90
VMA-Modified
Sensor pressure, kPa
SCC to Varying Aggregate Moisture, Nordic Concrete Consolidating Concrete; 238, Workability of
80
Research, V. 38, No. 2, Norsk Betongforening, Oslo, Norway, 2008, Fresh Concrete; and 347, Formwork for
kN kN

70
90
pp. 103-119. Concrete. His interests include research,
tie tension,

60
80
2. Wallevik, O.H.; Kubens, S.; and Mller, F., Influence of Cement- new technologies, project development and management,
50
70
40
Admixture Interaction on the Stability of Production Properties of education and training, marketing, and professional networking.
tension,

60
SCC,30Proceedings of the Fifth International RILEM Symposium on
50
Form tieForm

20
40
Self-Compacting 14 eds.,
Concrete, V. 1, G. De Schutter and V. Boel, Nov 2008
RILEM Johan Silfwerbrand, FACI, is President of
10
30
Publications SARL, Bagneux, France, 2007, pp. 211-216. 2.7 m water the Swedish Cement and Concrete Research
0
3.20
Gardner, N.J., Pressure of Concrete on FormworkA 14 NovReview,
2008 Institute and Professor in Structural
ACI J10 0 Proceedings20V. 82, No. 5, American
ournal 40 60 2.7Institute,
Concrete m water 80 Design and Bridges at KTH Royal Institute
0
Farmington Sensor
Hills, MI, Sept.-Oct. 1985,pressure, kPa
pp. 744-753. of Technology. He is a member of ACI
0
4. Khayat, 20
K.H., Self-Consolidating40Concrete Formwork
60 Pressure80 Committees 342, Evaluation of Concrete
Research Final Report, 2009,Sensor pressure, kPa
www.concretesdc.org/projects/ Bridges and Bridge Elements; 345, Concrete
SCC_Form_Pressure_Research.htm. Bridge Construction, Maintenance, and
Repair; International Partnerships &
Selected for reader interest by the editors. Publications; and Membership.

32 June 2011 / Concrete international

Field Validation of SCC
Formwork Pressure
Prediction Models
Formwork pressure exerted by SCC can be evaluated using thixotropy of concrete
by Kamal H. Khayat and Ahmed F. Omran
A t high placement rates, self-consolidating concrete
(SCC) can produce high lateral pressures on wall and
column formwork. Aware of this, many formwork system
designers have made the conservative choice to use full
equivalent hydrostatic pressure. While this is conservative
and avoids restrictions on placement rates, it can also
significantly increase formwork costs.
Recently, mathematical models have been developed
for making realistic estimates of the lateral pressure
envelope using calibration data for a given SCC mixture.
Calibration methods for SCC mixtures have included
evaluating final measurement of pressure decay in an
instrumented column1 or evaluation of thixotropy.2-5
Thixotropy can be defined as the decrease of plastic
viscosity in time of a material subjected to constant shear
stress or shear rate, followed by a gradual recovery when
the stress or shear rate is removed.6 It can be evaluated
by determining the structural breakdown of the material
at various shear rates or by determining the structural
buildup of the material at different periods of rest.
Pressure decay is initially affected mainly by the increase
in the structural buildup of the concrete, which is
reversible. At a later time, both thixotropy and cement
hydration (nonreversible) affect pressure decay.
A major laboratory investigation was carried out at the
Universit de Sherbrooke to develop models for estimating
SCC formwork pressure based on calibration data for
structural buildup at rest.7 The models incorporate the
influence of the concrete height H, rate of casting R, concrete
temperature T, and minimum formwork width Dmin.
Field-oriented test methodsthe portable vane (PV)
and inclined plane (IP) testswere proposed for estimating
the evolution of structural buildup with rest time by
periodically measuring the static yield stress 0rest. The PV
test consists of measuring the torque needed to shear an
SCC mixture using vaned shafts at four rest times (typically
15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes). The torque is used to find 0rest.
The IP test involves placing SCC in a cylindrical mold resting
on a horizontal plate of a given roughness. The mold is
removed, allowing the SCC to spread, and the plate is
inclined until the flow of the SCC starts. The angle of the plate
is used to find 0rest. Four IP tests are performed after various
rest periods to evaluate the rate of increase in 0rest with
time. The PV and IP methods are described in more detail
in a previous Concrete International article5 and in papers.8,9
Portable pressure devices were also employed to
evaluate the maximum lateral pressure Pmax exerted by
SCC.5 One device, the Sherbrooke pressure device, is a
cylindrical pressure vessel with an internal diameter of
200 mm (8 in.). To test a mixture, the vessel is filled with
concrete to a height of 0.5 m (20 in.) at a given rate R.
The vessel is then closed and air pressure is gradually
increased above the concrete to simulate an increasing
hydrostatic head corresponding to ongoing placement
of concrete at rate R. The pressure in the concrete is
monitored using flush-mounted gauges and the maximum
lateral pressure Pmax is measured. A sacrificial 1.2 m (4 ft)
tall PVC column was also used for evaluation of lateral
pressure until pressure cancelation.
Empirical prediction models for formwork pressure
were derived using the experimental results of about
800 data points. The models take into consideration the
structural buildup at rest of the concrete (determined
by the PV and IP tests) and the expected placement
characteristics, including R, T, H, and Dmin.5 Modification
factors related to the waiting period between successive
lifts WP and the maximum size of aggregate (MSA) are
also considered.
Concrete international / June 2011 33
 (a) (b)

Fig. 1: CFI Lab construction: (a) overview; and (b) wall placement with SCC

Table 1:
Test variables for wall elements
Effect of casting rate Effect of thixotropy
Wall 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Mixture CVC SCC1 SCC1 SCC1 CVC SCC1 SCC2 SCC3
Wall height, m 3.7 4.4
Slump flow or
120 30* 650 25 120 30* 650 25
slump,* mm
HRWRA type PCE PCE PNS
Relative paste
0.30 0.33 0.30 0.33 0.37 0.33
volume (Vp)
Casting rate, m/h 7.5 5 10 15 7.5 10
w/cm 0.40 0.35 0.40 0.37 0.35 0.42 + VMA
Notes: Air content 3.5%, T = 22 to 30C; concrete was cast from top using pump; 1 m = 3.28 ft; 1 mm = 0.04 in.; 1 m/h = 3.28 ft/h; F = 9/5 (C + 32)

In this article, data obtained during the placement of
eight wall elements and eight columns are used to validate
the form pressure prediction models for SCC presented
in Reference 7. The wall elements were cast during the
construction of the Integrated Research Laboratory on
Materials Valorization and Innovative and Durable Structures
(CFI Lab) at the Universit de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC,
Canada, and the column elements were cast at the CTLGroup
facility in Skokie, IL. Various placement rates and SCC
mixtures of different thixotropic properties were used.
Testing Program
The new CFI Lab (Fig. 1), inaugurated in July 2009, is
a 3900 m2 (41,980 ft2) facility dedicated to research in
construction materials and structural engineering. During
its construction, the laboratory served as a test bench,
and SCC was used for construction of column, beam,
and wall elements. A summary of the testing program
undertaken for casting the wall elements is given in
Table 1. Walls 1 through 4 measured 3.7 m (12 ft) in
height, and Walls 5 through 8 were 4.4 m (14.4 ft) in
height. The walls were 0.2 m (8 in.) thick and 5.6 m (18.4 ft)
long. Each had a double curtain of steel reinforcement.
The concrete was placed from the top of the formwork
using a pump, and R ranged from 5 to 15 m/h (16 to 49 ft/h).
Three SCC mixtures (SCC1, SCC2, and SCC3) and a
conventional vibrated concrete (CVC) mixture were used.
The respective target slump flow and slump values were
650 25 mm (26 1 in.) and 120 30 mm (5 1.2 in.). The
mixture proportions are given in Table 2. CSA Type
GUb-F/S and GUb-S cements were used for the SCC and
CVC mixtures, respectively. The GUb-F/S cement contains
approximately 20% Class F fly ash and 8% slag replacements.
Similarly, the GUb-S cement has approximately 15% slag
substitution. The Blaine fineness values of these cements
are 450 and 390 m2/kg (2200 and 1900 ft2/lb), respectively.

34 June 2011 / Concrete international

Table 2:
Mixture proportions of the investigated concrete for casting the eight walls
Materials Units SCC1 SCC2 SCC3 CVC
Cement type GUb-S 410
Cement type GUb-F/S kg/m 3
450 500 420
Water 157 185 175 165
w/cm 0.35 0.37 0.42 0.41
Paste volume (Vp) L/m 3
330 370 330 300
Sand/total aggregate by volume 0.48 0.49 0.5 0.44
Sand, 0 to 5 mm 872 840 910 810
Coarse aggregate, 2.5 to 10 mm kg/m3 755 685 717 829
Coarse aggregate, 5 to 20 mm 189 175 183 211
PNS HRWRA 5.9 3.7
PCE HRWRA 5.11 5.5
VMA L/m3 0.86 1 1.5
Set-retarding admixture 0.54 0.62 0.20
Water-reducing admixture 0.82 0.91 0.96 0.94
1 kg/m = 1.69 lb/yd3; 1 L/m3 = 0.20 gal./yd3; 1 mm = 0.04 in.

Read
SCC1 and SCC3 were proportioned with relative paste
volume Vp of 0.33; SCC2 and CVC had Vp values of 0.37 and
0.30, respectively. The water-cementitious material ratio
(w/cm) varied between 0.35 and 0.42. Crushed limestone
aggregates with MSA values of 10 and 20 mm (0.4 and 0.8
in.) and siliceous riverbed sand were used. The grain-size

Ci online
distributions of the coarse aggregate and sand were
within CSA A.23.1 recommended limits. The absorption
values of the two coarse aggregates and sand were 0.57%,
0.36%, and 1.16%, respectively. A number of chemical
admixtures were incorporated, including two types of high-
range water-reducing admixtures (HRWRAs): polycarboxylate
ether (PCE) and polynaphthalene sulphonate (PNS)
with solid contents of 32% and 40%, respectively. A
liquid-based polysaccharide viscosity-modifying
admixture (VMA) with 44% solids content and 1.21
specific gravity was used. A set-retarding admixture and
water-reducing admixture were employed in some mixtures.
Variations of lateral pressure were monitored using A flip-book version of the entire current issue
six pressure sensors set flush with the inner surface of
of CI is available to ACI members by logging in
the cast concrete walls using steel plates fixed to the
formwork. The sensors were mounted at 0.5 m (20 in.)
at www.concreteinternational.com.
intervals along the height of each wall. Two thermocouples
were attached at the center of each wall 1 m (3.3 ft) Access the flip book by clicking on the cover
below the surface. Data from the pressure sensors and image on the CI Web site home page.
thermocouples were collected at 90-second intervals for
24 hours following casting.
The testing conducted at the CTLGroup facility included
casting concrete in eight circular steel column forms American Concrete Institute

measuring 3.7 m (12 ft) in height and 0.6 m (2 ft) in Advancing concrete knowledge

diameter. The columns were cast with three SCC mixtures

Concrete international / June 2011 35

Table 3:
Fresh concrete properties used to cast the wall and column elements
Wall 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Mixture CVC SCC1 SCC1 SCC1 CVC SCC1 SCC2 SCC3
Concrete temperature for field casting, C 13.3 22 25.3 21.8 13.6 23.5 15 25.7
Air content, % 1.8 2 1.5 1.4 1.5 2.7 1.7 1.6
Unit weight, kg/m 3
2389 2388 2401 2381 2386 2406 2385 2391
Slump flow/slump* 130* 620 670 630 90* 630 655 665
PV0rest@15min@T=222C, Pa 3170 445 200 340 3250 400 380 450
PV0rest@ T=222C (t), Pa/min 37.5 8.6 6.1 6.2 19.4 6.0 6.5 13.3
IP0rest@15min@T=222C, Pa 360 230 375 395 470 270
IP0rest@T=222C (t), Pa/min 5.1 2.3 4.1 2.8 6.5 3.7
Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Mixture SCC4 SCC6 SCC6 SCC5
Slump flow, mm 640 600 600 620
Air volume, % 5.5 3 3.6 4.7
Unit weight, kg/m3 2330 2386 2358 2323
Concrete temperature for field casting, C 22.2 12.8 8.1 16.7
PV0rest@15min@ T=222C, Pa 355 1960 3575 980
PV0rest@ T=222C (t), Pa/min 3.6 42 191 25.7
1 kg/m = 1.69 lb/yd3; F = 9/5 (C + 32); 1 Pa = 0.02 lb/ft2; 1 mm = 0.04 in.

of various degrees of thixotropy. Each column was
instrumented with two pressure sensors at depths of 2.7
and 3.4 m (9 and 11 ft). The concrete was placed at R
ranging between 2 and 22 m/h (7 and 72 ft/h). The casting
of Column 8 (R = 5 m/h [16.4 ft/h]) was interrupted with a
WP of 20 minutes at mid-casting.7,10
The Sherbrooke pressure device was employed to
evaluate Pmax at casting depths corresponding to field
values. Lateral pressure decay until the time of pressure
cancellation tc was determined using an instrumented
sacrificial free-standing 1.2 m tall PVC column. The
structural buildup at rest was determined using the PV
and IP tests at 22 2C (71.6 3.6F). The thixotropic
characteristics obtained from two tests included the
determination of 0rest after 15 minutes of rest
(PV0rest@15min@T=222C and IP0rest@15min@T=222C) as well as the
rate of increase in 0rest between 15 and 60 minutes
(PV0rest@T=222C(t) and IP0rest@T=222C(t)).5,8,9 Air content
(ASTM C231), unit weight (ASTM C138), and slump flow
(ASTM C1611) of the tested concrete are given in Table 3.
Lateral Pressure Results
The variations of lateral pressure with time obtained
at various depths for Wall 6 cast with SCC1 at 10 m/h
(33 ft/h) are compared with pressure decay obtained
using the 1.2 m high PVC column in Fig. 2. The lateral
pressure is shown to increase with depth. Pmax values of
36, 51, and 58 kPa (752, 1065, and 1210 lb/ft2) were obtained
at concrete depths of 1.8, 3.3, and 3.9 m (6, 11, and 12.6 ft),
respectively. The sacrificial PVC column showed lateral
pressure decay in the initial 400 minutes after placement.
The decay rate was similar to that from field measurements,
and both systems yielded the same tc, which was observed
around the time of an increase in concrete temperature.
The lateral pressure envelope for Wall 6 cast with SCC1
is compared with that of Wall 5 cast with the CVC mixture
in Fig. 3. Although the CVC mixture was cast at R = 7.5 m/h
(26.6 ft/h) and SCC1 was cast at R = 10 m/h (33 ft/h), internal
consolidation of the CVC mixture resulted in lateral
pressure during vibration that exceeded the equivalent
hydrostatic pressure at the pressure sensor located at 3.5 m
(11.5 ft). The lateral pressure envelopes for Walls 6 and 7
cast with SCC1 and SCC2, respectively, at R = 10 m/h (33 ft/h)
are compared in Fig. 4. The two mixtures had Vp values of
330 and 370 L/m3, respectively. As expected, the reduction
in Vp corresponding to an increase in aggregate content
led to a reduction in lateral pressure.
The Pmax values determined at various casting depths
for the eight wall and eight column elements cast with
SCC and CVC mixtures are plotted against the corresponding

36 June 2011 / Concrete international

 1.0 m Casting point Lateral pressure, kPa
0 30 60 90 120
Column 0.0
Pressure 1.82 m R = 10 m/h

4.4 m
sensors 0.5
70 Sensor depth 2.33 m
45
3.85 m
3.33 m
60 1.0
Lateral pressure, kPa

3.85 m 1.3 m
3.33 m 40

Casting depth, m
Equivalent hydrostatic

Temperature , oC
50 1.5 pressure
5.59 m
40 2.0 Wall 7
2.33 m
35 SCC2
30 1.82 m
2.5 V p = 370 L/m3
Temperature
20 3.0
30
10 3.5 Wall 6
PVC column SCC1
0 25 V p = 330 L/m3
4.0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Time, minute 4.5

Fig. 2: Concrete temperature and lateral pressure at four sensor Fig. 4: Effect of SCC mixture design on lateral pressure envelope
depths for Wall 6, SCC1, R = 10 m/h, as functions of time obtained from field measurements (1 kPa = 20.88 lb/ft2;
(1 kPa = 20.88 lb/ft2; F = 9/5 (C+32); 1 m = 3.28 ft) 1 m = 3.28 ft; 1 L/m3 = 0.20 gal./yd3)

Lateral pressure, kPa 100

0 30 60 90 120

Pmax from field measurements, kPa

0.0
80
0.5 y = 1.06x
R = 0.95
1.0 60
Equivalent hydrostatic
Casting depth, m

1.5 pressure

40
2.0 Wall 5
Wall 6 CVC
2.5 R = 7.5 m/h 20
SCC1
R = 10 m/h
3.0 Pressure
determined
during internal
0
3.5
vibration 0 20 40 60 80 100
4.0
Pmax from pressure device, kPa
4.5

Fig. 3: Comparison between lateral pressure envelopes of CVC Fig. 5: Maximum lateral pressure Pmax determined from
and SCC1 mixtures used in casting Walls 5 and 6 (1 kPa = Sherbrooke pressure device at different casting depths versus
20.88 lb/ft2; 1 m = 3.28 ft) the corresponding field measurements for SCC and CVC mixtures
used to cast the eight wall and eight column elements
(1 kPa = 20.88 lb/ft2)

values determined from the Sherbrooke pressure device using the PV test after the first rest time of 15 minutes,
in Fig. 5. The approximately 1:1 relationship (indicated by and Eq. (3) accounts for the corresponding buildup using
R2 = 0.95) shows that lateral pressure measurements the IP test. In this study, both were measured on a concrete
determined with the pressure device correspond closely of temperature of 22 2C (71.6 3.6F), which corresponds
to those determined from the actual field casting. No to laboratory temperature that can be applicable for the
cancellation times were recorded for the column elements development of the concrete mixture. The actual concrete
due to thermal expansion of the concrete. temperature T that is expected in the job site is then
included in Eq. (2) and (3) to estimate Pmax.
Validation of Formwork Pressure
Models K 0 (%) =
Pmax
100 =
Pmax
100 (1)
Maximum lateral pressure models Phyd gH

The models we used for estimating maximum lateral 1000

pressure were developed at the Universit de Sherbrooke
and are indicated in Eq. (1) in conjunction with Eq. (2) or (2)
Eq. (3). Equation (2) accounts for the structural buildup
at rest of concrete (described by 0rest) as determined

Concrete international / June 2011 37

 100
100 Columns 3 and 6 are 0.5

MeasuredK(t)(0 to tc), %/min.

Columns 3 andnot6 are
included in the 0.5 6 walls cast with SCC

MeasuredK(t)(0 to tc), %/min.

80 in correlation
not included the 6 walls cast with
at SCC
CFI Lab
at CFI
0.4Lab

Measured Pmax , kPa

80 correlation
0.4
Measured Pmax , kPa

60 y = 1.01x 1
60 y = 1.01x R = 0.97 0.3
0.3 1
R = 0.97
40 1
0.2 1
40 0.2
6 walls cast with SCC
20 6 walls cast with
at SCC
CFI Lab 0.1
20 at CFI Lab 6 columns cast 0.1
6 columns castat CTLGroup
0 at CTLGroup 0.0
0 20 0 40 60 80 0.0 100 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0 20 40 60
Predicted 80P ,100kPa 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 K(t)(0
Predicted 0.4 to
0.5t ), %/min.
max c
(a) Predicted Pmax , kPa (b)
Predicted K(t)(0 to tc), %/min.
Fig. 6: Measured-to-predicted maximum lateral pressure: (a) maximum pressure Pmax; and (b) pressure decay K(t)(0 to tc)
for wall and column elements cast with SCC mixtures (1 kPa = 20.88 lb/ft2)

mid-casting. The results for Columns 3 and 6 were

(3) excluded from the correlation due to a difference in the
shear histories of concrete samples used for the PV test
and the concrete cast in the columns. The upper and
where lower limits noted in the figure correspond to a 90%
Pmax is the maximum lateral pressure, kPa; confidence interval. Excellent correlation between
Phyd is the hydrostatic pressure, kPa; measured and predicted Pmax values is obtained, indicating
is the unit weight of concrete, kg/m3; the validity of the proposed model to determine SCC
g is the gravitational acceleration, 9.81 m/s2; formwork pressure. Similar results were obtained using
H is the concrete height, m, (1 H 13 m); Pmax values that are based on thixotropic indexes
R is the casting rate, m/h, (2 R 30 m/h); determined using the IP test method.
T is the actual concrete temperature in the job site, C,
(10 T 32C); Lateral pressure decay models
Dmin is the minimum formwork dimension, m, Based on the laboratory investigation, several models
(0.2 Dmin 0.4 m); to calculate the lateral pressure decay until pressure
PV0rest@15min@T=222C and IP0rest@15min@T=222C are the static cancellation (K(t)(0 to tc) in %/min) have been established
yield stresses (in Pa) for the SCC mixture at 22 2C based on the structural buildup at rest of the concrete
(71.6 3.6F), measured after 15 minutes of rest and and Dmin.7 Equation (4) presents an estimate of pressure
respectively obtained using the PV and IP tests; decay as a function of structural buildup determined with
MSA is the modification factor for maximum size the PV test.
aggregate (MSA); MSA is generally 1.0, but can be as high
as 1.1 for MSA = 10 mm when the SCC mixture has low
thixotropic properties (PV0rest@15min@T=222C 700 Pa); and (4)
WP is the modification factor to account for delay
between two successive lifts; WP is generally 1.0, but can Because no cancellation times were recorded for the
decrease to 0.85 for highly thixotropic SCC placed with a column elements, only the data points for the six walls
30-minute rest period between two lifts. cast with SCC mixtures were considered in the comparison
Pmax values monitored using pressure sensors mounted between the measured and predicted K(t)(0 to tc)
at different depths of six wall elements cast with SCC values from Eq. (4), as presented in Fig. 6(b). The
(Walls 2 to 4 and 6 to 8) and six column elements K(t)(0 to tc) was determined for the field measurements
(Columns 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8) are compared in Fig. 6(a) to using the deepest pressure sensor of the six walls. The
values obtained from the prediction model, Eq. (2). WP findings indicate that the prediction model for the rate of
was always taken as 1.0 except for Column 8, where the pressure drop offers a good estimate of in-place lateral
placement was interrupted by a WP of 20 minutes at pressure decay.

38 June 2011 / Concrete international

Conclusions
Based on field validation of lateral pressure exerted by
SCC on full-scale wall and column elements, we conclude
the following:
The thixotropy level and casting rate of SCC have
significant influence on lateral pressure exerted by
SCC. Concrete with high thixotropy can exhibit a
sharp decrease in lateral pressure. Thixotropy can be
determined on the job site or in laboratory using the
portable vane and inclined plane tests;
Lateral pressure envelopes determined using the
Sherbrooke pressure device were comparable to
pressure envelopes measured in the field within the
wall and column elements. Similarly, pressure decay
obtained from the sacrificial free-standing PVC column
was comparable to the pressure decay measured
within the wall elements;
The developed empirical models, which include the
structural buildup at rest (thixotropy), casting rate,
concrete temperature, and minimum formwork width,
provide good predictions of lateral pressure due to
SCC during casting of full-scale wall and column
elements; and
The empirical model proposed to evaluate the rate of
pressure decay until pressure cancellation offers good
prediction of pressure decay.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the RMC Research &
Education Foundation, the ACI Strategic Development Council (SDC),
and various SDC members for sponsoring this project. The support
of Mr. Bonneau of Universit de Sherbrooke and Mr. DAmbrosia of
CTLGroup for coordinating field casting, as well as the assistance
of colleagues in the Cement and Concrete Research Group at
the Universit de Sherbrooke in evaluating concrete properties,
are acknowledged.
References
1. Lange, D.A.; Birch, B.; Henschen, J.; Liu, Y.-S.; Tejeda-Dominguez, F.;
and Struble, L.J., Modeling Formwork Pressure of SCC, Proceedings of
the Third North American Conference on the Design and Use of Self-
Consolidating Concrete (SCC 2008), S.P. Shah, ed., Chicago, IL, 2008,
pp. 295-300.
2. Assaad, J.; Khayat, K.H.; and Mesbah, H., Influence of Thixotropy
on Variations of Formwork Pressure of Flowable and Self-Consolidating
ConcreteLaboratory Tests, ACI Materials Journal, V. 100, No. 1,
Jan.-Feb. 2003, pp. 29-37.
3. Roussel, N., and Ovarlez, G., A Physical Model for the Prediction of
Pressure Profiles in a Formwork, Proceedings of the Second North
American Conference on the Design and Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete
(SCC 2005) and the Fourth International RILEM Symposium on
Self-Compacting Concrete, S.P. Shah, ed., Chicago, IL, 2005, pp. 647-654.
4. Billberg, P., Development of SCC Static Yield Stress at Rest
and its Effect on the Lateral Form Pressure, Proceedings of the Second
North American Conference on the Design and Use of Self-Consolidating
Concrete (SCC 2005) and the Fourth International RILEM Symposium on
Self-Compacting Concrete, S.P. Shah, ed., Chicago, IL, 2005, pp. 583-589.
5. Khayat, K.H., and Omran, A.F., Evaluation of SCC Formwork
Pressure, Concrete International, V. 32, No. 6, June 2010, pp. 30-34.
6. Barnes, H.A.; Hutton, J.F.; and Walters, K., An Introduction to
Rheology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989, 199 pp.
7. Khayat, K.H., and Omran, A.F., State-of-the-Art Review of
Form Pressure Exerted by Self-Consolidating Concrete, Dec. 2009,
549 pp., www.concretesdc.org/projects/SCCreport.htm.
8. Omran, A.F.; Naji, S.; and Khayat, K.H., Portable Vane Test to
Assess Structural Buildup at Rest of Self-Consolidating Concrete,
ACI Materials Journal. (in press)
9. Khayat, K.H.; Omran, A.F.; and Pavate, T., Inclined Plane Test
Method to Determine Structural Buildup at Rest of Self-Consolidating
Concrete, ACI Materials Journal, V. 107, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2010, pp. 515-522.
Note: Additional information on the ASTM and CSA standards
discussed in this article can be found at www.astm.org and www.csa.ca.
Received and reviewed under Institute publication policies.
Kamal H. Khayat, FACI, is a Professor of
Civil Engineering and Director of the
Integrated Research Laboratory in the
Valorization of Materials and Innovative
and Durable Structures at the Universit de
Sherbrooke, QC, Canada. He received
undergraduate and graduate degrees in
civil engineering from the University of
California at Berkeley. He has conducted
pioneering work in the rheology of specialty cement-based
materials, including SCC, HPC, underwater repair materials, and
cementitious grouts. Khayat is Chair of ACI Committee 237,
Self-Consolidating Concrete, and serves on ACI Committees 234,
Silica Fume in Concrete; 236, Material Science of Concrete; 238,
Workability of Fresh Concrete; 347, Formwork for Concrete; and 552,
Cementitious Grouting.
ACI member Ahmed F. Omran is a
Postdoctoral Fellow of the Department of
Civil Engineering at the Universit de
Sherbrooke and Assistant Professor at the
University of Minufiya, Egypt. He received
his BS and MS degrees in civil engineering
from the University of Minufiya. He received
his PhD from the Universit de Sherbrooke
in 2009. His research interests include
formwork pressure and concrete rheology.
Concrete international / June 2011 39
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Visit www.ACI Certification.org for:
Upcoming tour locations are: Descriptions of ACI Certification
June 2011 July 2011
Programs Includes program
Georgia Georgia requirements and reference/
New Jersey Ohio resource materials.
North Carolina Pennsylvania
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Directory of Certified Individuals
Confirm an individuals certification
To schedule your lab for CCRL inspection, and to arrange for
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40 june 2011 / Concrete international
 How to Develop
Better Project
Specifications
Guidance for incorporating ACI 301 and
other reference specifications in project specifications
by W. Calvin McCall
T his is the third and final article on ACI 301-10,
Specifications for Structural Concrete.1 The first
article discussed major changes since the last edition of
ACI 301 and the second discussed some of the key items
in ACI 301-10.1 This article contains information on how
to develop clear, concise specifications, with specific
emphasis on how to better use ACI 301 as a project
specification for structural concrete projects or as
part of the specification package for more complex
building projects.
ACI 301 is typically incorporated by reference into the
contract documents. Once ACI 301 is referenced in the
contract documents, the requirements in ACI 301 become
part of the project specifications. The architect/engineer
(A/E) must be aware that he or she has specified these
requirements and should be certain that the requirements
are appropriate for the specific project. The contractor
must also review ACI 301 and understand that requirements
in ACI 301 are part of the project specifications.
On many occasions, Ive heard Jeffrey W. Coleman, an
ACI colleague, engineer, and attorney, comment:
It is not good enough for specifications to
be written so that they can be understood;
specifications must be written so that they cannot
be misunderstood.
Producing specifications that cannot be misunderstood
can be difficult, even under the best of circumstances.
A big step toward that goal is to clearly state requirements
for a project, state them only once, and only reference
documents that are written in mandatory language.
Proper use of ACI 301 can also help achieve that goal.
What Should Specifications Include?
A projects specifications should list only the requirements
that apply to that particular project. The A/E should
know what is required to meet the specific project code
requirements and the owners requirements and understand
which reference documents can help to define those
requirements for the contractor.
Each document that is referenced in the project
specifications should only be referenced if it provides
specific instructions to the contractor. Documents should
not be referenced for any other reason.
It appears that in some cases, however, the A/E
references documents that do not provide specific
requirements to the contractor; some of these documents
are written in nonmandatory language and do not pertain
to the specific project. They appear to be referenced only
because they were in previous specifications. In the
course of my consulting practice, Ive found that many
A/Es are not familiar with the requirements specified in
their own contract documents. An even larger number of
these professionals are unfamiliar with the requirements
in documents referenced in their specifications.
This article is Part 3 of a three-part series contributed
for ACI Committee E707, Specification Education. The
author is a member of ACI Committee E707 and was
Chair of ACI Committee 301, Specifications for Concrete,
during the writing and balloting of ACI 301-10.
Concrete international / june 2011 41
Satisfying building code requirements
Project specifications must include minimum
requirements listed in the governing building code.
Because almost all local jurisdictions reference ACI 3182
or ACI 349,3 the specification developed by the A/E must
be at least as restrictive as the code requirements in
those documents. In most cases, however, the specification
should not reference ACI 318 or ACI 349, as the language
in an ACI code requirements document is directed to the
designer, not the contractor. The introduction to ACI 318
emphasizes the documents purpose, stating:
The Code provides a means of establishing minimum
standards for acceptance of designs and construction
by legally appointed building officials or their
designated representatives. ...General references
requiring compliance with the Code in the project
specifications should be avoided since the contractor
is rarely in a position to accept responsibility for
design details or construction requirements that
depend on a detailed knowledge of the design.
Design-build construction contractors, however,
typically combine the design and construction
responsibility. Generally, the drawings, specifications,
and contract documents should contain all of the
necessary requirements to ensure compliance with
the Code. In part, this can be accomplished by
reference to specific Code sections in the project
specifications. Other ACI publications, such as
Specifications for Structural Concrete (ACI 301),
are written specifically for use as contract documents
for construction.
ACI 301 contains specifications for the materials and
construction requirements that are required in ACI 318
or ACI 349; however, ACI 301 states them in specification
language directed to the contractor. So, if the A/E
references ACI 301 in the specification for the project,

Table 1:
Descriptions of ACI codes, specifications, guides, manuals, and reports

ACI document type Language Description*

An ACI code provides minimum requirements for concrete or masonry structures

within its scope to safeguard the public safety, health, and general welfare. ACI
Code requirements
codes are written with the expectation that they will be adopted by a generalized
(Codes) Mandatory
building code or a regulatory agency. Code requirements are written to the
design professional. They are not written to direct other members of the design
and construction team, such as a contractor.

Construction specifications are reference specifications written as part of a

contract between an owner and a builder. ACI specifications are written to the
Construction
Mandatory contractor. ACI specifications do not include commentaries. The attached Notes
specifications
to Specifiers are written to specifiers in nonmandatory language and are not a
part of the specification.

ACI guides present committee recommendations for analysis, design,

Guides Nonmandatory specifying, selection, evaluation, testing, construction, or repair of
concrete materials or structures.

Handbooks provide information and guidance on how to apply design

Handbooks Nonmandatory standards in practice and typically contain charts and tables to facilitate
the design of concrete structures.

Manuals generally provide guidance and instructions to field personnel involved

Manuals Nonmandatory
in different aspects of concrete construction.

Reports provide information on concrete technology. Reports may include

recommended action but are not required to do so. Reports can cover topics
Reports Nonmandatory
such as research results, design or construction methods, or current
knowledge on a particular concrete technology.
*
Descriptions excerpted from Reference 6

42 june 2011 / Concrete international

the construction and materials requirements in ACI 318
and ACI 349 are covered.
ACI 318 should only be included in project specifications
when the contractor is required to design parts of the
structure. For example, precast structural concrete is
designed by the contractor through the precast
manufacturer, so the A/E for a precast concrete building
may need to specify design requirements contained in
ACI 318. When ACI 318 is referenced in the contract
documents, the specific parts of the structure that must
be designed in accordance with ACI 318 should be
clearly indicated.
Avoiding conflicts
The specifications for most building projects follow
MasterFormat,4 a numbered and titled list that has been
developed to organize construction specifications.
Depending on the edition, this system breaks the
specification into 16 or 50 divisions. The A/E should review
the full set of specifications to identify conflicts within
the specification and remove inappropriate requirements.
Tolerances are critical items covered in the project
specifications. They must be achievable, clearly stated,
and coordinated among the various divisions. For
example, the floor flatness requirements for the concrete
contactor in the concrete section of the specification
(Division 3) may or may not meet the needs of the
flooring contractor (whose work is governed in Division 9).
These requirements should be coordinated to avoid
confusion between the respective contractors.
The A/Es specifications typically reference ACI 117,
Specification for Tolerances for Concrete Construction
and Materials5 (ACI 117 is also a reference in ACI 301).
If the tolerances shown in ACI 117 are not adequate, the
A/E should modify the tolerances and explicitly state the
tolerances in the project specifications. The A/E should
also realize, however, that there is no perfection in the
construction industry, so terms like perfectly, flat, language, it really does the opposite. It creates confusion
level, or smooth should not be used in a specification. because there will almost always be conflicting
What Should Not be in a Specification?
ACI publishes different types of documents, many of
which are written in nonmandatory language (Table 1).6
Specifications should never reference documents that are
not written in mandatory language. Unfortunately, many
specifications include such documents. This increases
the chances for confusion and misinterpretation; in a few
specifications, I have seen the entire Manual of Concrete
Practice (MCP) referenced.
The MCP is a very useful compilation that includes
documents written in mandatory language, but it also
includes many guides and reports. Guides and reports
are written in nonmandatory language and they are not
intended to be included in contract documents (Fig. 1).
ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Standard Practices,
and Commentaries are intended for guidance in
planning, designing, executing, and inspecting
construction. This document is intended for the use
of individuals who are competent to evaluate the
significance and limitations of its content and
recommendations and who will accept responsi-
bility for the application of the information it
contains. ACI disclaims any and all responsibility
for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be
liable for any loss or damage arising there from.
Reference to this document shall not be made in
contract documents. If items found in this document
are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part
of the contract documents, they shall be restated in
mandatory language for incorporation by the
Architect/Engineer.
Fig. 1: The ACI Technical Committee Manual6 requires this
information to be provided on the first page of nonmandatory
language documents
When guides and reports are referenced in project
specifications, it appears that the A/E is trying to create a
specification that covers any and every possibility. In
fact, such a scattershot approach has the opposite effect,
as the many contradictory requirements and instructions
render the specification confusing.
In other cases, Ive seen specifications that include
the following statement: Whenever should or may
is used in the referenced documents, it should be
replaced with shall. While such a statement seems
to effectively convert instructions into mandatory
requirements when recommendations, as they are listed
in guides and reports, are converted to requirements.
An example is provided in Fig. 2, which illustrates
the effects of converting sections of ACI 309R-05,
Guide for Consolidation of Concrete,7 into mandatory
language. Although ACI 309R provides some of the best
information available regarding consolidating concrete,
converting the document to mandatory language
creates confusion and conflicts. It may also place the
A/E in the position of assuming responsibility for means
and methods.
As indicated in the previous section, ACI 318 and ACI 349
are not construction standards and they should not be
referenced in a project specification unless the contractor
is designing a portion of the structure.
Concrete international / june 2011 43

CHAPTER 7RECOMMENDED VIBRATION
PRACTICES FOR GENERAL CONSTRUCTION
7.1General
Internal vibration is generally best suited for normal
construction, provided the section is large enough for the
vibrator to be effectively used. External vibration or
consolidation aids, however, may shall be needed to
supplement internal vibration in areas congested with
reinforcement or otherwise inaccessible (Chapter 18). In
many thin sections, especially in precast work and slabs,
external vibration should shall be the primary method of
consolidation.
CHAPTER 10NORMAL-DENSITY
CONCRETE FLOOR SLABS
10.3Structural slabs
Structural slabs that contain reinforcement and embedded
items such as conduits, pipes, pipe sleeves, etc., should
shall be internally vibrated. Vibrating screeds are also used
to facilitate finishing; a high-frequency, low-amplitude
type may shall be used in this case.
Fig. 2: Examples of the contradictory statements created when a
guide (Reference 7) is converted into mandatory language
Referencing ACI 301 into the
Contract Documents
ACI 301-10 provides requirements to the contractor;
however, notes to the A/E for using ACI 301-10 are
provided in the same binding but are not part of the
specification. These instructions to the A/E, listed in a
section titled, Notes to Specifier, indicate the proper
way to incorporate ACI 301 into project specifications.
The notes to the specifier include three checklists for
the A/E to use in incorporating ACI 301 into the concrete
specification. The first of these checklists, the Mandatory
Requirements Checklist, indicates specific qualities,
procedures, and performance criteria that the specifier
must define in a project specification. The second, the
Optional Requirements Checklist, identifies choices and
alternatives that the specifier can include as requirements
in a specification. The third, the Submittals Checklist,
identifies items that will be submitted by the contractor
and reviewed by the A/E.
There are different ways of referencing ACI 301 into the
contract documents, depending on the specific format
that the A/E uses to develop the project specifications.
The A/E must specify the items in the Mandatory
Requirements Checklist. These will always include
44 june 2011 / Concrete international
information required for Sections 1 through 5 of ACI 301-10.
The A/E will also need to review ACI 301-10, Sections 6
through 14, to determine which of the special concrete
requirements are needed for the specific project. When
these sections are included in the contract documents,
there are additional items in the Mandatory Require-
ments Checklist that must be included in the contract
documents.
The A/E must recognize that just because something
is clear to the design team, it may not be clear to the
construction team. For example, the design team may
design a portion of a structure using architectural
concrete; however, the contractor may not realize that
the particular area is designed to be architectural
concrete. It should be noted that there is a mandatory
requirement that the A/E state which portions of the
structure must be constructed in accordance with
Section 6, Architectural Concrete:
Mandatory Requirements Checklist 6.1.1.1:
Designate areas to be treated as architectural
concrete. Describe special requirements of each
designated area.
The A/E should also review the Optional Requirements
Checklist to determine if alternative tolerances or other
specification items will be required. These alternatives
should be included in the specification.
Referencing ACI 301 into specifications that
do not use MasterFormat
On projects that only involve structural concrete, or if
the specifications are delineated so that only the structural
concrete requirements are issued in a package, ACI 301
can be the basis for specifications for the project. This
method of developing specifications can be used on small
or large projects. The most direct way to reference ACI 301
is to use general note G3, provided in the notes to the
specifier section of ACI 301:
Work on (Project Title) shall conform to all
requirements of ACI 301-10, Specifications for
Structural Concrete, published by the American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan,
except as modified by these Contract Documents.
When only Sections 1 through 5 of ACI 301 are applicable,
the A/E must specify up to a maximum of 11 mandatory
items. The requirements for the items listed in the
Mandatory Requirements Checklist can easily be included
as part of the notes on the drawings.
This is an efficient way to use ACI 301 in developing
the specifications, but it should be noted that the default
requirements in ACI 301 are somewhat conservative; the
requirements may not be needed for all projects and may
pose additional, unnecessary costs. This may be acceptable
for small projects, but for larger projects, the A/E should
review the Optional Requirements Checklist and make
changes to the specifications based on specific needs. In
cases where the optional requirements are invoked, the
A/E must incorporate them into the contract documents.
Referencing ACI 301 into specifications
that use MasterFormat
ACI 301-10 can and should be used as the basis for
MasterFormats Division 3, Concrete, for projects that
contain a variety of different types of concrete materials,
including cast-in-place, architectural, lightweight,
shrinkage-compensating, mass, post-tensioned, and
precast concrete items; industrial floor slabs; and tilt-up
panels. Section 1 of Division 3 normally contains a list of
documents that are used in this part of the specification.
ACI 301, along with all of the other reference documents
that are also referenced, is included in this list.
ACI 301 is different from most of the other reference
documents because the requirements in ACI 301 pertain
to many different parts of the specifications and should
be referenced in the project specifications at the
appropriate locations. For example, when the A/E
specifies that concrete must meet the requirements of
ASTM C94, this requirement can be clearly stated in the
materials section, as it relates to ready mixed concrete.
ACI 301 covers such a wide range of subjects in the
project specifications, it would also have to be referenced
for the formwork, reinforcement, reinforcement placing,
materials to be used on concrete, requirements for
developing concrete mixture proportions, placing
concrete, curing concrete, hot weather concrete, cold
weather concrete, protection requirements, and many
more items.
It is critical that the A/E convey to the construction
team that the requirements in Division 3 of the project
specifications are based on the specifications written
by the A/E and on ACI 301 and the other reference
specifications. It may be beneficial to add the following
words to the project specifications:
The requirements herein are based on ACI 301-10,
Specifications for Structural Concrete, published
by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington
Hills, Michigan, except as modified by these
Contract Documents.
Because ACI 301 is listed in the project specifications,
this statement does not change the requirements in the
specifications; however, it does clarify to the contractor
that ACI 301 is part of the specified requirements and
must be complied with.
How Should the Contractor Use ACI 301?
The obvious answer: the contactor should thoroughly
review the specification, including the reference
specifications. This includes ACI 301. The contractor
should ask for clarification on items that are not clear. To
reiterate, the reference documents should also be part of
this review. They may contain many items that the
contractor decides to ignore, as he or she is of the
opinion that they do not apply to the particular project.
If these items are ignored, however, they have a way of
becoming an issue at some point in the project.
As most contactors are aware, there are floor flatness
and levelness requirements for industrial floor slabs;
however, many contractors are not aware that there are
finish requirements for all concrete slabs. ACI 301 has the
following default requirements for floor flatness:
5.3.4.2.c Trowel finishFloat concrete surface,
then trowel the surface. Unless otherwise specified,
tolerances for concrete floors shall be for a conven-
tional surface in accordance with ACI 117. Addition
of water to surface during finishing is prohibited.
Unless the contractor reads ACI 301 thoroughly, this
and other details may be overlooked.
The contractor can always ask for a variance to the
specification; where ACI 301 contains the phrase unless
otherwise permitted, the committee intended this as a
suggestion to the contractor that he or she may want
to ask for an alternative requirement. In effect, while
ACI Committee 301 reached consensus that a specific
requirement was necessary, the committee also
acknowledged that there could be different ways to
accomplish the same goal. For every place that contains
the term unless otherwise permitted, there is an item
in the Submittals Checklist to alert the A/E that the
contractor may choose to submit an alternative item.
The contractor should realize that ACI 117 is typically
part of the reference documents within the A/Es
specifications. If it is not referenced by the A/E, however,
ACI 117 is referenced in ACI 301. The contractor should
review these requirements and be sure that he or she
can construct the structure within those tolerances or
ask for a variance.
It is common to require that subcontractors and
materials suppliers complete their specific tasks in
accordance with contract documents. ACI 301 is written
to the contractor, not to subcontractors or materials
suppliers. If the contractor wants subcontractors and
materials suppliers to follow the requirements in the
project specifications, the contractor should make
specification requirements part of the contract for the
subcontractor services.
The A/E or contractor should not expect the
materials supplier or subcontractor to follow the
code requirements if they are not in the specifications.
For example, the concrete producer should not be
responsible for the design of durable concrete. If the
engineer specifies concrete that does not meet the code
requirements for durable concrete, or the contractor
does not order what is specified by the A/E, the
Concrete international / june 2011 45
concrete producer is required to provide concrete that
meets the purchase order requirements rather than the
general code requirements. The A/E should not expect
the subcontractor or materials supplier to be familiar
with the code requirements and produce a product
that meets these requirements; it is the responsibility
of the A/E to state his or her requirements in the
project specifications.
Recommendations
My best advice to the A/E is to:
Determine the needs and wants of the owner and
develop specifications that represent the requirements
for the project, rather than those of previous projects.
Be assured that if the project is constructed within the
project specifications, the owner will get the product
that he or she desires;
Reference ACI 301 when the project is designed in
accordance with ACI 318 or ACI 349; this assures the
designer that the requirements that are in ACI 318 or
ACI 349 are written in specification language;
Strive to develop a reputation that your firm
enforces the project specifications. This eliminates
confusion both within your office and on the part of
the contractor;
State the project requirements concisely and only once;
Eliminate specification references to documents that
are written in nonmandatory language. They do not
provide requirements and they will most likely make
the specification confusing;
If appearance is a concern, require the construction of
mockups and require approval by the A/E team prior
to construction;
Do not use ACI 318 or ACI 349 as a reference in the
specification unless the contractor will be required to
develop plans and specifications for the project;
Eliminate specification gapscoordinate specifications
among the various contractors so that all MasterFormat
divisions are in agreement;
Ensure that the project requirements will provide the
owner with a structure that meets the code requirements
and the owners desires if it is constructed within the
specified tolerances; and
Evaluate variances from the specifications and determine
their impacts on the structure.
My best advice to the contractor is to:
Read the project specifications;
Review and understand ACI 301 and other reference
documents in a project specification;
Plan to construct the structure in accordance with the
contract documents;
Before agreeing to a contract, be sure you understand
the project specifications and are willing to adhere to
all of the requirements; and
46 june 2011 / Concrete international
Submit requests for information if the specifications
have ambiguities, apparent omissions, errors, or conflicts.
One of the most important tools for a successful
project is a clear, concise, accurate specification that is
written so that it cannot be misunderstood. The proper
incorporation of ACI 301-10 in a specification will increase
the chances of producing such a document and that it
will be used as a resource document during construction.
References
1. ACI Committee 301, Specifications for Structural Concrete
(ACI 301-10), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI,
2010, 77 pp.
2. ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete (ACI 318-08) and Commentary, American Concrete
Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2008, 473 pp.
3. ACI Committee 349, Code Requirements for Nuclear Safety-
Related Concrete Structures (ACI 349-06) and Commentary,
American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2006, 153 pp.
4. MasterFormat 2011 Update, The Construction Specifications
Institute, Alexandria, VA.
5. ACI Committee 117, Specification for Tolerances for Concrete
Construction and Materials (ACI 117-10) and Commentary,
American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2010, 76 pp.
6. ACI Technical Activities Committee, ACI Technical Committee
Manual (2011 TCM), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI,
2011, 63 pp.
7. ACI Committee 309, Guide for Consolidation of Concrete
(ACI 309R-05), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI,
2005, 36 pp.
Note: Additional information on the ASTM standards discussed in
this article can be found at www.astm.org.
Selected for reader interest by the editors.
W. Calvin McCall, FACI, is a Principal with
Concrete Engineering Specialists, LLC,
Charlotte, NC. A member of several
ACI technical committees, including
Responsibility in Concrete Construction
and the TAC Construction Standards
Committee, he is the past Chair of ACI
Committee 301, Specifications for Concrete,
and a previous member of ACI Committee 318,
Structural Concrete Building Code.
 Performance-Based
Requirements for
Concrete
A summary of ITG-8R-10
by Nicholas J. Carino
T his is the second in a series of three articles dealing
with performance-based requirements for concrete.
The first article by Mark Chrzanowski appeared in the
May 2011 issue of CI and provided an introduction to this
hot topic within the concrete industry.1 In this article,
Ill summarize the content of the report ITG-8R-10,2
prepared by Innovation Task Group (ITG) 8. Ill also
provide examples of the topics covered in the report,
which is the first ACI document devoted to the subject
of performance-based requirements for concrete. The
third article will review case studies of projects that
used performance specification.
Objectives and Content
The objectives of ITG-8R-102 are to:
Introduce performance specification and compare it
with prescriptive specification;
Discuss the essential features of performance
specification; and
Discuss how performance-based requirements can be
used as an alternative to prescriptive requirements.
The report includes seven chapters and a list of
references. Chapter 1 provides a brief history of the
formation of ITG 8, much of which was summarized in
Chrzanowskis article. The first chapter also compares
the advantages and disadvantages of performance-
based requirements. This comparison is based largely
on the P2P Phase I Report.3 It should be emphasized
that performance specification does not preclude the
inclusion of some prescriptive requirements if the latter
approach is more practical.
Chapter 2 provides an extensive list of definitions of
common terms used in the report. Some of these
definitions are based on AASHTO R94 and the Glossary
of Highway Quality Assurance Terms.4 The report avoids
the use of the term performance-based specifications,
a term with a very specific meaning in the highway
pavement community that is not applicable (at this
time) to the building community.
Chapter 3 focuses on the elements of performance-
based requirements and the test methods that are
available for assessing compliance with acceptance
criteria. While many test methods exist for evaluating
different aspects of durability, there is no suite of
practical methods for routine quality assurance testing
for durability.
Chapter 4 takes a closer look at the factors involved
in developing the acceptance criteria for performance-
based requirements. Key among these is quantifying the
purchasers and producers risk associated with the
acceptance criteria.
Chapter 5 covers some of the factors to consider in
implementing performance-based requirements on a
project. While effective communication among the
various members of the owners team and the
construction team is always important for effective
project delivery, its critical to the success of
performance-based projects. The responsibilities of
Concrete international / June 2011 47
the various team members need to be stated clearly
and understood. The chapter also discusses the use of
pay-factor adjustments as an alternative to the more
common accept-or-reject approach used in prescriptive
specifications. It concludes with a discussion of the
challenges in implementing performance specifications in
the building industry.
Chapter 6 presents examples of how the current
prescriptive requirements for durability in ACI 318-085
might be presented in terms of performance. These
examples are based largely on the P2P Phase II Report.6
The examples are illustrative and additional consensus
is required before they would be considered for
presentation to the building code committee.
Chapter 7 summarizes the key ideas in the report and
discusses eight topics that may prove to be important for
the widespread implementation of performance-based
requirements for concrete.
ACI codes and specifications
Their audience and purpose
ACI committees produce two types of documents
standardized and nonstandardized. The former are
written in mandatory language, go through the ACI
standardization process, and are designated as ACI
standards. Two important types of ACI standards are
ACI code requirements (ACI codes) and ACI reference
specifications. ACI codes provide minimum requirements
for the design of structures to safeguard public safety,
health, and general welfare. They are written for
Licensed Design Professionals (LDPs) and they become
law when adopted by local authorities. Reference
specifications, on the other hand, are written for
contractors and provide an explicit set of requirements
to complete the work defined within the documents
scope. When referenced in a project specification, ACI
reference specifications become part of the binding
contract between owner and contractor.
ACI codes, such as ACI 318, contain minimum
construction requirements to ensure that the completed
structure will meet basic design assumptions. As such,
project specifications have been known to reference
ACI 318 for construction requirements. As stated in
the introduction of ACI 318-08,5 this practice should be
avoided because the contractor is rarely in a position
to accept responsibility for design details or construction
requirements that depend on a detailed knowledge of
the design. The exception is if the project is governed
by a design-build contract. The construction requirements
in ACI 318 are intended to be placed into the contract
documents by the LDP. Alternatively, the design
professional can reference ACI 301-10,7,8 which is written
to satisfy the minimum construction requirements of
ACI 318.
48 June 2011 / Concrete international
Prescription to performance
Both ACI 318 and ACI 301 have a combination of
prescriptive and performance-based requirements for
concrete. Chapter 4 of ACI 318-085 contains durability
requirements for various exposure conditions in terms of
the maximum water-cementitious material ratio (w/cm),
minimum specified compressive strength, total air
content, limits on chloride content, and requirements for
cement types. While these requirements are prescriptive
in nature, there are no limits on the amounts of cement,
supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), or water.
The only exception is a limit on the amount of SCMs for
concrete exposed to deicers.
In 2008, a new provision was added to ACI 318 that
captures the essence of performance-based requirements.
The new provision permits the use of alternative
combinations of cementitious materials to provide
sulfate resistance by referencing a standard test method
for demonstrating performance and specifying limits
for acceptability.
ACI 301 is largely prescriptive in nature and contains
default requirements that are generally conservative.
The intent is to provide a set of defaults that will
result in an acceptable structure. The specifier,
however, is permitted to modify certain provisions to
take advantage of the abilities of more sophisticated and
knowledgeable contractors. The Optional Requirements
Checklist in ACI 301 guides the specifier in making
these decisions.
Chapter 6 of ITG-8R-102 discusses the nature of the
prescriptive requirements in ACI 318 and ACI 301 in greater
detail. It discusses performance-based requirements for
concrete as alternatives to w/cm and c limits given for
the different exposure classes. As recommended
in the P2P Phase II Report,6 coulomb limits based on
ASTM C1202-10 are suggested as alternative limits
when the primary objective is to provide resistance
to fluid penetration. The challenge for ACI committees
will be to develop a consensus on the exact acceptance
criteria for these alternative performance-based
requirements.
Testing
Prequalification testing
Under a performance specification, the likelihood of
having unacceptable hardened in-place concrete may
be reduced by requiring evidence that the proposed
concrete mixture has the potential to meet specification
requirements. The component materials and concrete
mixtures may need to be prequalified on the basis of
historical performance records or by providing laboratory
performance test data. Ideally, acceptability should be
based on the results of performance tests that measure
properties that control in-place performance.
Identity tests
Because of the inherent variability in concrete
production, even if a mixture has been prequalified, its
still necessary to confirm that the delivered concrete
is the same as the prequalified mixture. As part of
prequalification testing, the fresh and hardened properties
of the concrete are also measured using routine test
methods. During construction, the owner performs a
suite of identity tests to verify that the delivered concrete
is not different from the prequalified concrete. Such
identity testing could be some combination of tests for
water content, fresh density, air content, or strength at a
specified age. To confirm in-place properties, there may
also be periodic performance tests on cores extracted
from the structure.
Surrogate tests
The owner generally prefers to use performance
tests to evaluate the suitability of the final product.
Unfortunately, some performance tests are impractical as
acceptance tests because of cost, complexity, or the long
time to obtain test results. Thus, the owner may elect to
base final acceptance on the results of surrogate tests.
The acceptance limits for results of the surrogate tests
should be based on correlations with performance tests
developed during prequalification testing. A standard
statistical procedure will have to be developed to define
the appropriate limits for the results of surrogate tests.
Point of delivery versus point of placement
Ready mixed concrete is generally delivered in a mixer
truck and samples for testing are taken routinely from the
truck chute, which may be defined as the point of delivery.
Because the owner is interested in the concrete properties
in the structure, sampling at point of delivery may not
be adequate for performance specifications. Thus, a
performance specification might require sampling at the
point of placement. Unfortunately, there are no standard
practices for sampling at the point of placement and the
project specification will have to include specific directives
to be used for such sampling.
There is a significant difference in terms of responsibility
between sampling at the point of delivery versus sampling
at the point of placement. In the former case, testing
evaluates the quality of concrete as delivered, which is the
responsibility of the producer. In the latter case, placement
and curing procedures affect the in-place properties, which
results in shared responsibility between the concrete
producer and the contractor. The agreement between the
concrete producer and purchaser should clearly state
how shared responsibilities will be handled if the owner
requires sampling at the point of placement. The producer
may, for example, perform tests at the point of delivery to
document the properties of the concrete as delivered.
Acceptance criteria
Key elements
A performance specification defines required results
and the criteria that will be used to judge actual
performance. Performance criteria are defined as a set
of explicit and quantitative rules to determine whether
the work meets the performance specified.2 Effective
acceptance criteria are essential for successful
performance specification. The key elements of effective
criteria include:
The properties to be used as the basis for acceptance
and the specified value of that property;
The plan used to obtain representative samples from
the lot to be evaluated;
A standardized procedure for preparing and conditioning
the test specimens;
A standardized procedure for measuring the
relevant properties;
The criteria to evaluate whether the test results
indicate an acceptable level of performance, including
the statistical methods; and
Actions to be taken if test specimens fail to meet
the criteria.
The acceptance criteria for concrete strength given
in ACI 318 provide a good illustration of properly
formulated acceptance criteria. Our challenge will be to
develop corresponding acceptance criteria for durability-
related properties.
Controlling risks
Ideal acceptance criteria would result in the rejection
of concrete that is unacceptable and the acceptance of
concrete that is acceptable. Unfortunately, due to
uncertainties associated with various elements and the
inherent variability of concrete, acceptance criteria will
have a certain probability of accepting a lot of concrete
thats unacceptable or rejecting concrete thats accept-
able. The first probability is termed the purchasers
risk and the second is termed the producers risk.
Any acceptance criteria should result in equitable levels
of risk to both the purchaser and producer.
Operating characteristic curve
The behavior of acceptance criteria can be summarized
by the operating characteristic (OC) curve, which
indicates the probability of accepting a lot of concrete as
a function of the percent defective (PD). The PD indicates
the percentage of concrete in a lot that doesnt meet the
specification limit(s). Figure 1 illustrates the concept of
an OC curve. The vertical axis is the probability of
acceptance of the lot and the horizontal axis is the PD.
The acceptable quality level (AQL) is the value of
the PD that the purchaser is willing to accept for full
payment. The rejectable quality level (RQL) is the value
Concrete international / June 2011 49

Fig. 1: Schematic of operating characteristic (OC) curves
of the PD at which the purchaser can require removal
and replacement.
An ideal OC curve would have the shape shown by the
blue dashed line in Fig. 1. The probability of acceptance
is 1.0 when the PD is less than the AQL; the probability
of acceptance is 0 if the PD exceeds the AQL. Real OC
curves, however, have shapes similar to the curve shown
by the solid line. The producers and purchasers risks
are also indicated in the plot.
Pay factor adjustments
In a prescriptive specification with accept-or-reject
criteria, the owner has the right to reject a lot of concrete
if the test results fail to meet specification requirements.
Lot rejection might not be necessary if the concrete can
provide a lower level of acceptable performance, even
if its not in strict compliance with the requirements. In
statistically based acceptance plans, the average X
and standard deviation s of the test results for a lot of
concrete in combination with the specification limit
(SL) can be used to calculate the quality index (QI) for
that lot
X SL
QI =
s assess the reliability of different proposed models.
The QI and the number of test results, in turn, will
define the percentage within limits (PWL) of the lot
(Chapter 5 of ITG-8R). The PWL can be used by the owner
to establish payment adjustment factors, whereby
50 June 2011 / Concrete international
concrete with less than fully acceptable levels of quality
may be accepted at reduced payments, provided that the
safety of the structure is not compromised. Conversely,
the owner may choose to provide a bonus payment for
quality exceeding the AQL. Pay adjustment factors have
been used successfully in highway projects.9 The
challenge will be to examine whether similar provisions
can be established for the building industry, for which
there are different life safety considerations.
Durability design code
Service life
A major focus in the move toward performance
specifications is the development of a set of performance-
based requirements as alternatives to current prescriptive
requirements for durability, as given in Chapter 4 of
ACI 318-08.5 A major challenge is to develop property
limits for relevant performance tests that will ensure the
desired service life. The development of an ACI durability
design code would provide a standardized approach for
arriving at such limits.
Current ACI codes, such as ACI 318, focus on structural
safety and include certain limits to provide some degree
of durability in the finished structure. That intended
degree of durability, however, is not defined explicitly.
With a durability design code, on the other hand,
structures will be designed to sustain environmental
loads associated with different exposure conditions for
a desired service life. The limit states will depend on the
exposure conditions; for example, a limit state could be
the initiation of corrosion due to either carbonation or
chloride ion ingress. Whereas a structural code aims to
control the risk that the actual structural capacity is
less than the imposed loads, a durability code would
minimize the risk that the actual service life is less than
the required design life.
Service-life models
For durability design, the designer will consider the
exposure conditions and design the structure to meet
the owners service-life requirement. The designer will,
therefore, need mathematical models for computing
service life under the anticipated exposure conditions.
The development of reliable models for predicting
service life is a challenge. The complexities of different
degradation mechanisms and the long time scales
involved make it difficult to verify the accuracy of model
predictions. Without such verification, its difficult to
Summary
This article offers just a glimpse of the topics covered
in ITG-8R-10.2 The ITG-8 report is the first step in the
development of useable performance specifications
as alternatives to traditional
prescriptive specifications. ACI
Committee 329, Performance Criteria
for Ready Mixed Concrete, is in the
process of adopting ITG-8R-10 as
a committee report and is planning
the next steps to promote performance
specification.
Implementation of performance
specification will require a
construction team that understands
the responsibilities of the team
members and is committed to the
success of the project. Performance
specification wont be the most
practical method of project delivery
in all cases. By focusing on the
end result, however, performance
specification will lead to structures
with predictable performance and will
foster innovation and sustainability
within the concrete industry.
References
1. Chrzanowski, M.F., Performance-
Based Requirements for Concrete 101,
Concrete International, V. 33, No. 5,
May 2011, pp. 49-52.
2. ACI Innovation Task Group 8, Report
on Performance-Based Requirements for
Concrete (ACI ITG-8R-10), American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI,
2010, 46 pp.
3. Bickley, J.R.; Hooton, R.D.; and Hover,
K.C., Preparation of a Performance-Based
Specification for Cast-in-Place Concrete,
RMC Research Foundation, 2006, 155 pp.
4. Transportation Research Board,
Glossary of Highway Quality Assurance
Terms, Research Circular E-C137,
Washington, DC, 2009, 44 pp.
5. ACI Committee 318, Building Code
Requirements for Structural Concrete
(ACI 318-08) and Commentary, American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI,
2008, 473 pp.
6. Bickley, J.R.; Hooton, R.D.; and
Hover, K.C., Guide to Specifying Concrete
Performance, RMC Research Foundation,
2008, 53 pp.
7. ACI Committee 301, Specifications for
Structural Concrete (ACI 301-10), American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI,
2008, 77 pp.
8. McCall, W.C., The New ACI 301,
Specifications for Structural Concrete,
Concrete International, V. 33, No. 4,
Apr. 2011, pp. 66-69.
9. Ozyildirim, C., Virginias End-Result
Specifications, Concrete International,
V. 33, No. 3, Mar. 2011, pp. 41-45.
Note: Additional information on the
AASHTO and ASTM standards discussed
in this article can be found at
www.transportation.org and
www.astm.org, respectively.
Selected for reader interest by the editors.
ACI Honorary
Member Nicholas J.
Carino is a Concrete
Technology
Consultant in
Chagrin Falls, OH.
Formerly, he was a
Research Structural
Engineer at the
National Institute of Standards and
Technology, from which he retired after
25 years of service. He is well known for
his work in nondestructive testing of
concrete and standards development.
He has been an active member of ACI
and ASTM International for more than
30 years and has received numerous
awards in recognition of his contributions
to research and standards development.
Carino currently serves on ACI Committees
228, Nondestructive Testing of Concrete;
301, Specifications for Concrete; 329,
Performance Criteria for Ready Mixed
Concrete; 437, Strength Evaluation of
Existing Concrete Structures; and ACI
Subcommittee 318A, General, Concrete,
and Construction. He also serves on
new ACI Committee E707, Specification
Education. He is a graduate of
Cornell University.
Concrete international / June 2011 51
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Detailing Corner
Battered Concrete
Retaining Walls
C antilever concrete retaining walls with heights greater
than 10 to 12 ft (3 to 3.7 m) will likely have battered or
sloped faces. At the wall stem intersection with the footing
(toe or heel), the maximum wall thickness is usually
selected considering the flexural and shear demands
exerted by the retained earth pressures and possible
surcharge. The top thickness of the wall is usually on the
order of 8 to 12 in. (200 to 300 mm); some state DOTs
may have standard minimum top wall thicknesses.
In some instances, a New Jersey-type traffic barrier wall
is set atop the retaining wall because of the close proximity
of traffic. Impact load application to the top of the wall
may be a load case to be considered in design, and thus
influence the top wall thickness and reinforcement
detailing requirements.
Wall Batter and Thickness
A concrete retaining wall stem is usually battered to
reduce the concrete dead load on the footing. The
thickness up the wall can roughly correspond to the
flexural demands on the cantilever wall; as the elevation
increases and the soil pressure decreases, the thickness
of the concrete section can be reduced. Stem thickness
up the wall can also be selected based on serviceability to
limit the horizontal deflection of the wall due to the retained
material or potential forward tilting due to settlement of
the toe. Concrete cover requirements or construction
conditions can also dictate the stem wall thickness.
A minimum batter of 1:48 (or 1/4 in. per ft) of height is
usually recommended for the front face. When the wall
deflects or the footing tilts forward after backfilling, the
wall will have a resultant vertical appearance.
Some state DOTs have standard retaining wall details
that call for batter on the back face of the stem wall;
Caltrans has standard details where the design batter is
located on the back face. Caltrans also has a requirement
that the top of the wall be offset toward the backfill side
of the wall when constructed. Thus, after backfilling, the
assumption is made that the wall will tilt and/or deflect to
a vertical or almost plumb condition. Figure 1 shows the
offset values used by Caltrans, from their standard base
sheet B3-8, Retaining Wall Details, No. 1.1 Caltrans is
thus requiring the wall to be formed with batter on the
front and back faces, which can be challenging in the field.
Dealing with Geometry
Battered walls often present problems for detailers and
contractors when the top and bottom of the wall are not
parallel, or when the top or bottom of the wall is stepped.
In any consideration of the issues relating to battered
walls, there are two universal assumptions. First, the
angle of batter is assumed to be constant throughout the
entire battered face of the wall. Second, the top of the
wall is assumed to have a uniform thickness along its entire
length. In cases where the top of the wall is stepped, each
step has a different thickness; but that thickness is
constant along the length of the step.
This Detailing Corner will deal with walls with only one
battered face. The issues are the same for walls with two
battered faces but are merely compounded.
DETAILING CORNER
Joint ACI-CRSI Committee 315-B,
Details of Concrete Reinforcement-
Constructibility, has developed forums
dealing with constructibility issues for
reinforced concrete. To assist the
Committee with disseminating this
information, staff at the Concrete Reinforcing Steel
Institute (CRSI) are presenting these topics in a
regular series of articles. If you have a detailing
question you would like to see covered in a future
article, please send an e-mail to Neal Anderson, CRSIs
Vice President of Engineering, at nanderson@crsi.org
with the subject line Detailing Corner.
Concrete international / june 2011 53
 DWLS
Vertical layout line TABLE BOW
TOW
H, ft Offset
See Table ONLY DWLS ON BATTERED
H FACE SHOWN FOR CLARITY
for Offset 4 to 12
200
PLAN TOW
H B
14 to 16
160
Stem as H DWLS BOW
18 to 20
constructed 140 DWLS
H
22 to 24 BOW
130
22 to 24 2 1/2 in.
ELEV B SEC B

Fig. 1: Wall construction details when the batter is located on the Fig. 4: Schematic of simple battered wall with sloped bottom
back face (based on Reference 1) (1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 in. = 25.4 mm)

DWLS
BOW Simple battered wall with parallel top and
TOW bottom
ONLY DWLS ON BATTERED Figure 2 illustrates a simple battered wall with a
FACE SHOWN FOR CLARITY parallel top and bottom. The thickness of both the top
and bottom is constant. In the plan view, the top and
PLAN TOW
B bottom of the wall are parallel to each other. Correctly
locating the footing dowels or other vertical reinforcement
to be spliced with the wall vertical reinforcing bars is a
simple procedure.
DWLS
DWLS
BOW
Simple battered wall with stepped bottom
Figure 3 shows a battered wall with a parallel top and
bottom but with a stepped bottom. The thickness of the
ELEV B SEC B bottom of the wall is constant along the length of each
step, but the wall is thicker at the lower elevation step.
Fig. 2: Schematic of battered wall with parallel top and bottom Note that the rate of batter of the wall (that is, change in
height divided by the change in thickness) is constant. In
BOW DWLS BOW the plan view, the top and bottom of the wall are parallel
TOW
to each other. Correctly locating the dowels for the wall
vertical bars is not quite so simple. The battered face
ONLY DWLS ON BATTERED dowels are not in line; rather, theyre at different locations
FACE SHOWN FOR CLARITY in plan at each step location. Theyre parallel to the
PLAN
TOW
battered back face of the wall. Care must be taken when
B determining the location of the battered face.
DWLS
Simple battered wall with sloped bottom
Figure 4 represents a battered wall with a sloped
DWLS DWLS bottom. The thickness along the bottom varies throughout
BOW the length of the wall, with the wall stem becoming
thicker as the footing drops in elevation. As shown in Fig. 4,
the dowels are parallel to the battered back face, but
ELEV SEC B
B each is at a different distance from the vertical front face
Fig. 3: Schematic of battered wall with stepped bottom of the wall.

54 june 2011 / Concrete international

 DWLS BOW DWLS BOW
TOW TOW

ONLY DWLS ON BATTERED ONLY DWLS ON BATTERED

FACE SHOWN FOR CLARITY FACE SHOWN FOR CLARITY

PLAN PLAN TOW

TOW
B
This portion
B
of wall
NOT battered

DWLS DWLS
DWLS DWLS
BOW BOW

ELEV SEC B ELEV B SEC B

B

Fig. 5: Schematic of battered wall with stepped top Fig. 6: Schematic of hybrid battered wall with uniform width
stepped top

DWLS BOW

Simple battered wall with stepped top TOW

Figure 5 shows a simple battered wall with a stepped ONLY DWLS ON BATTERED
top. The top wall thickness at the higher step is smaller FACE SHOWN FOR CLARITY
than the top wall thickness at the lower step. In this PLAN TOW
type of configuration, its impossible to have the same B
thickness at both upper and lower steps. If there is
some special architectural need to have the two
dimensions identical, then a type of hybrid battered
wall is required (Fig. 6). DWLS
DWLS
BOW
Hybrid battered wall with uniform width
stepped top
Figure 6 illustrates a special case of a simple battered ELEV B SEC B
wall with a stepped top, with the added requirement that
Fig. 7: Schematic of battered wall with sloped top
the top of the wall at both steps be uniform in thickness.
This may be necessary for architectural reasons, such as
the installation of a metal rail or masonry wall above. In
this case, the wall can be battered only up to the lowest Dowel and Vertical Reinforcing Bar
step at the top of the wall. The entire wall above this Details
step cannot be battered and must maintain the same Regarding the vertical reinforcement in the stem of
thickness as the top of the wall at the lowest step. The the retaining wall, the maximum design moment occurs
battered face dowels are in a straight line, parallel to the at the bottom, where the stem intersects the base.
vertical face. Because the design moment decreases rapidly moving
up from the base, however, there is an opportunity to
Simple battered wall with sloped top adjust the reinforcement details accordingly, based on
Figure 7 represents a simple battered wall with the top the height of the wall.
of the wall sloped from one end to the other. If the top
wall thickness is maintained uniform along its entire Low walls
length, the batter angle will vary along the length. When the stem is up to 4 to 5 ft (1.2 to 1.5 m) high, its
Moreover, the thickness of the bottom of the wall varies most economical to simply extend the dowels from the
along its length, becoming narrower as the wall becomes base to the full height of the stem (Fig. 8(a)). This will
shorter. As shown in Fig. 7, the dowels are parallel to the require accurate fastening of the dowel bars during
battered back face, not the vertical face of the wall. concrete placement to ensure correct location.

Concrete international / june 2011 55

Medium walls REDUCE BAR SIZE
As the stem wall height increases AND/OR DROP
ALTERNATE BARS
past roughly 5 ft (1.5 m), the reinforce-
ment details can be adjusted to take

LAP LENGTH
advantage of the decreasing design
REDUCE BAR SIZE
moment. A handy rule of thumb: AND/OR DROP
assuming only equivalent fluid ALTERNATE BARS
pressure behind the stem, the
design moment is reduced to half
EXTEND
its maximum value at one-fifth the

DEVELOPMENT
DOWELS
stem height. Similarly, the design

LENGTH
FULL
moment is reduced to one-third its HEIGHT
maximum value at three-tenths the
stem height. As an example, for a
15 ft (4.6 m) high stem, the design
moment is one-half its maximum HOOKED BAR
value at 3 ft (0.9 m) above the base EMBEDMENT
and is one-third its maximum value (a) (b) (c)
at 4.5 ft (1.4 m) above the base. Fig. 8: Dowel and vertical bar details: (a) low walls; (b) medium walls; and (c) high walls
The height of the dowels extending (based on Reference 3)

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56 june 2011 / Concrete international

up from the footing can be discontinued For this example, the designer will point at which it is no longer
at a certain height. Figure 8(b) shows need to verify that 0.760 in.2/ft of neededa distance equal to the
an example detail where the dowels reinforcement is adequate for the effective depth or 12 bar diameters,
are lap spliced to straight vertical design moment at 2 ft (600 mm) whichever is greater.2
bars and the diameter of these above the base footing. If the stem is battered, the effective
vertical bars can be reduced in size depth decreases moving up the
(compared with the diameter of the High walls stem. The varying effective depth
dowels) or the reinforcing bar size When the stem exceeds roughly must be considered when deter-
can be kept the same but dropping 20 ft (6.1 m) in height, a further mining the required amount of
alternate bars. The dowel bars would adjustment in the reinforcement flexural reinforcement at a specific
essentially be used to resist the details is possible. As shown in stem elevation.
maximum moment demand and then Fig. 8(c), the dowel bars extend When the reinforcement details
extended until theyre no longer needed. above the base a distance equal to become complicated, as illustrated
When determining the configuration the tension development length of in Fig. 8(c), the engineer should
of the stem reinforcing steel, the these bars. The remaining vertical document the design moments,
designer must be careful in choosing reinforcement is provided by two effective depths, required reinforce-
the specific reinforcement details. (or more) runs of straight bars that ment, and actual reinforcement at
Various key elevations up the stem are lap spliced up the stem. Some several elevations up the stem. A
(at the base, midway up the dowels, important points to remember: spreadsheet is a convenient tool
at the top of the dowels, etc.) should The moment capacity at the wall for this.
be checked to verify that the rein- base is dependent on the rein-
forcement provided by both the forcement provided by the dowels, Summary
dowels and the straight vertical bars so these bars must extend up into The placement of the vertical
is adequate in flexure. the stem a distance of at least the dowel bars and the vertical reinforcing
As an example, lets assume that tension development length or bars is dependent on the retaining
the dowels are No. 8 (No. 25) bars at the required lap splice length, wall configurationsloped, stepped,
12 in. (300 mm) on center and that whichever is greater. When the and/or uniform top wall thickness.
they extend 4 ft (1.2 m) up the stem, dowel bars are a different size When the wall batter is factored into
which is the tension development than the straight vertical bars, the geometry, the reinforcing bar
length for the dowels in 4000 psi Section 12.15.3 of ACI 318-08 location is not straightforward and
(28 MPa) concrete. Lets also assume requires that the lap splice length should be detailed appropriately on
the designer has selected No. 6 be the larger of the tension the drawings.
(No. 19) bars for the straight vertical development length of the larger
bars and these bars have a tension bar and the tension lap splice References
development length of 29 in. (737 mm). length of the smaller bar.2 1. Retaining Wall Details No. 1, Standard
These bars are placed so their ends When determining where the Plan B3-8, State of California, Department of
rest on the already cast base footing. vertical reinforcement is cut off Transportation, Sacramento, CA.
At 2 ft (600 mm) above the base, in the stem, consideration must 2. ACI Committee 318, Building Code
the dowel bars and vertical wall be given to Section 12.10.3 of Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI
reinforcement are partially developed. ACI 318-08, which requires that 318-08) and Commentary, American
Calculations would be: reinforcement extends beyond the Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI,
2008, 473 pp.
3. Brooks, H., Basics of Retaining Wall
No. 8 @ 12 in. on center = 0.79 in.2/ft
Design, eighth edition, HBA Publications,
Dowels: Percentage of bar development = 50%
Corona del Mar, CA, 2010, 220 pp.
Effective reinforcement @ 2 ft = 0.50 (0.79) = 0.395 in.2/ft
No. 6 @ 12 in. on center = 0.44 in.2/ft Thanks to Dick Birley of Condor Rebar
Verticals: Percentage of bar development = 24/29 x 100 = 83% Consultants, Inc., and Neal Anderson of CRSI
Effective reinforcement @ 2 ft = 0.83 (0.44) = 0.365 in.2/ft for providing the information in this article.

Total area: 0.395 + 0.365 = 0.760 in.2/ft

Selected for reader interest by the editors.

Concrete international / june 2011 57

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 Why the
Special Inspector
Certification Program
is Special
The program is gaining international recognition

by Luke M. Snell

T he ACI Concrete Construction Special Inspector

certification program was designed to provide the
necessary link between design and construction. A
Concrete Construction Special Inspector is defined as
a person qualified to inspect and record the results of
concrete construction inspection based on codes and
job specifications.
The program covers inspection during preplacement,
placement, and post-placement operations. To qualify for
certification, knowledge of concrete construction is
required, including plans reading, formwork installation
and removal, reinforcements, embedments, sampling and
testing freshly mixed concrete, conveying, placing,
consolidation, finishing, jointing, curing, and protection.

requirements Candidates for the ACI Concrete Construction Special Inspector

This program is one of the most comprehensive
programs currently offered by ACI. It takes a person
through the current literature on concrete technology
and then tests his or her ability to find answers to most
of the technical problems that an inspector might face on
a concrete construction site.
The technical resource materials used in these programs
include the following ACI publications:
Manual of Concrete Inspection, SP-2(07);
ACI Concrete Terminology;
Specifications for Tolerances for Concrete Construction
and Materials (ACI 117-10) and Commentary;
certification program in Saudi Arabia
Guide for Structural Lightweight-Aggregate Concrete
(ACI 213R-03);
Specifications for Structural Concrete (ACI 301-10);
Guide for Concrete Floor and Slab Construction
(ACI 302.1R-04);
Guide for Measuring, Mixing, Transporting, and
Placing Concrete (ACI 304R-00);
Placing Concrete by Pumping Methods (ACI 304.2R-96);

Concrete international / june 2011 59

 Guide to Hot Weather Concreting (ACI 305R-10);
Guide to Cold Weather Concreting (ACI 306R-10);
Guide to Curing Concrete (ACI 308R-01);
Guide for Consolidation of Concrete (ACI 309R-05);
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
(ACI 318-08) and Commentary; and
Guide to Formwork for Concrete (ACI 347-04).
Other industry reference materials and standards
used include ATSM C29, Standard Test Method for Bulk
Density (Unit Weight) and Voids in Aggregate; ASTM C94,
Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed Concrete;
ASTM E329, Standard Specification for Agencies Engaged
in Construction Inspection, Special Inspection, or Testing
Materials Used in Construction; Manual of Standard
Practice, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute (CRSI); and
Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures, Portland Cement
Association (PCA).
The educational and work requirements as spelled out
on the ACI Web site at www.concrete.org/certification/
cert_prog.asp must be met. Applicants must also pass a
3-hour open-book exam that covers the technical material
and a 1-hour closed book exam on plans reading.
Sample Exam Questions
1. The maximum size of aggregate used in structural
concrete must not be more than:
A. One-fifth the narrowest dimension between sides
of forms.
B. One-third the depth of the slab.
C. Three-fourths the minimum clear spacing between
the reinforcing bars.
D. All of the above.
Answer: D (ACI 318.3.3.2).
2. The proper way to fix a rock pocket detected during
concrete placement is to:
A. Shovel mortar on top of it.
B. Shovel soft or very fluid concrete onto it.
C. Shovel rocks from the rock pocket into the softer
sanded area.
D. Shovel mortar on top of it and revibrate the entire
area.
Answer: C (ACI 304R, Fig. 5.3(d)).
3. Which one of the following statements is false?
A. Concrete placed in hot weather develops higher
early strengths.
B. Concrete placed in hot weather has increased
durability.
C. Concrete placed in hot weather has generally lower
strengths at 28 days or later.
D. Concrete demands more water when placed in hot
weather.
Answer: B (PCA, Design and Control, p. 234).
60 june 2011 / Concrete international
Luke Snell teaching the training class for ACI Concrete
Construction Special Inspector certification
4. What is the fineness modulus for a fine aggregate with
the following gradation?
Sieve Size % Passing
No. 4 99
No. 8 82
No. 16 67
No. 30 39
No. 50 16
No. 100 2
A. 3.05
B. 2.75
C. 2.60
D. 2.95
Answer: D (PCA, Design and Control, pp. 83-84).
Training
Anyone can take the certification exam by studying the
material on their own; however, from my experience,
thats not advisable. The exam covers so much material
that a person is much better off taking a class that covers
the material in a digestible way. I, along with many
others, have developed a training class that helps the
students grasp this material in a classroom environment.
Some instructors hold their classes one night per week
over an extended period of time. This is an excellent
approach for those who can commit to the class without
interruptions to their work schedules. Other instructors
(myself included) run the class over 3 to 4 consecutive
days. This immersion approach allows the students to
concentrate just on concrete technology during that
period of time. Homework assignments (refer to the
sidebar) are given each night and students are
encouraged to form study groups so they gain confidence
in solving problems they might face on a concrete
construction site.
 The purpose of the training class is more than just
helping the students get through the exam. It essentially
becomes an educational program that takes the student
through a review of the concrete technology concepts in
an organized manner.
Benefits of Special Inspector
Certification
The ACI Concrete Construction Special Inspector
certification is obviously geared to the field engineer and
to those who are involved with the inspection process.
As this certification program has gone international, its
being viewed in a different way. Many countries dont
have professional engineering registration, nor do they
have detailed university courses in concrete technology.
Thus, the Special Inspector training and the certification
program function as a way for an engineer to become
updated on concrete technology. Taking and passing the
Special Inspector certification test indicates a basic
understanding of concrete technology and how it can be
applied to concrete construction.
According to Mohammed Al Nagadi, President of the
Saudi Building Code National Committee and President of
the ACI Saudi Arabia Chapter, the ACI Concrete Construction
Special Inspector certification program has introduced
the concept that engineers must have more than a
bachelors degree in engineering. They also must have
both documented work experience and be able to show
their competence by passing an engineering-based exam.
This is especially needed in a place like Saudi Arabia.
With its construction boom, there are engineers coming
to Saudi Arabia from all over the world. By having these
engineers participate in the ACI Concrete Construction
Special Inspector certification program, the Saudi Arabian
construction community can have more confidence in the
technical competence of these engineers and their
understanding of good construction practices and
concrete technologies. Many of the construction companies
in Saudi Arabia require that the personnel in their quality
control departments take the Special Inspector course
and complete the entire requirement for this certification.
The U.S. building code requires that concrete be tested
by a Field Grade I Technician (ACI certification or an
equivalent certification). As technicians become more
experienced and ready to assume more responsibilities,
certification as an ACI Concrete Construction Special
Inspector documents that they have the work experience
and knowledge for the additional responsibilities. It can
also be an excellent educational program for those who
work in quality control/quality assurance or who are
working as field engineers.
Several Concrete Construction Special Inspector
certification classes and exams are given worldwide. To
locate one that fits your schedule and needs, visit the
ACI certification Web site at www.concrete.org/
CERTIFICATION/cert.asp.
Selected for reader interest by the editors.
Sample Homework Problems
1. If you are designing a concrete mixture with design
strength of 4000 psi and the standard deviation is 483 psi,
what is the required average compressive strength?
Answer: 4647 psi (ACI 318, Table 5.3.2.1).
2. What four values must be known to calculate the
evaporation rate and to determine if plastic shrinkage
cracking is likely to occur?
Answer: Air temperature, relative humidity,
concrete temperature, and wind velocity (ACI 308,
Fig. 4.1).
3. We have a 1-hour delivery time for an open dump
body truck that is delivering concrete to our job site.
The required concrete temperature on the job site is
50F and the air temperature is 25F. What is the
required concrete temperature at the batch plant?
Answer: 55F (ACI 306.3.8).
4. What is a dropchute?
Answer: A device used to confine or direct the flow
of a falling stream of fresh concrete (ACI Concrete
Terminology).
Luke M. Snell, FACI, is a Senior Construction
Materials Engineer with Western Technologies,
Phoenix, AZ. He has done extensive
consulting work on construction and
concrete problems throughout the U.S.,
Saudi Arabia, Mongolia, and Algeria. He is
the Chair of the ACI International Committee
and past Chair of ACI Committee 120,
History of Concrete. He is a member of
several ACI committees, including the Young Member Award for
Professional Achievement; the Board Advisory Committee on
ISO TC-71; the Chapter Activities Committee; 214, Evaluation of
Results of Tests Used to Determine the Strength of Concrete;
E702, Designing Concrete Structures; S801, Student Activities;
and S802, Teaching Methods and Educational Materials.
Concrete international / june 2011 61
Pin anchor system makes anchoring easier
The Pin Anchor Drive System has been engineered to reduce contractors
frustrations associated with attaching anchors to concrete. The system is
ideal for mechanical, masonry, concrete, electrical, and general contractors
who commonly use pin anchors to fasten PVC pipe, conduit, unistrut, and
other light loads requiring 3/16 or 1/4 in. (5 or 6 mm) holes. By using a rotary
hammer to drive an anchor into the hole, the innovative system eliminates
several steps, including users having to put their rotary hammer down and
locate their hammer to finish the application. Once users have drilled a hole
into concrete using their rotary hammer, the pin anchor sleeve slides over
the SDS Plus bit and locks into place. When the sleeve is locked and the pin
anchor is in place, the rotary hammer drives the anchor into the hole,
eliminating the need for any additional hammering.
DeWalt
www.dewalt.com

Anchor works in cracked and uncracked concrete

The Strong-Bolt 2 wedge anchor is a next-generation wedge anchor for cracked concrete, building
on the best attributes of its predecessor. Made of carbon steel, its a Category 1 wedge anchor, featuring
a redesigned, tri-segmented clip made of a special high-strength alloy. Its available in 3/8, 1/2, and 5/8 in.
(10, 13, and 16 mm) diameters. The 3/8 in. version can be used for shallow embedment in 3-1/4 in. (82 mm)
thick cracked concrete and is ideal for mechanical, electrical, and plumbing applications, such as
hanging pipes, struts, equipment anchorage, and other fixtures overhead. Its also the anchor of choice
for lightweight concrete applications, including concrete over metal decking, and is available in type
316 stainless steel. The Strong-Bolt 2 wedge anchor is code-listed by ICC-ES ESR-3037 under the 2009
International Building Code requirements for post-installed anchors in cracked and uncracked concrete.
Simpson Strong-Tie
www.simpsonanchors.com

Trowel redesigned with

user-friendly features
The Allen MP 315 is a total redesign of the MP 305
Mechanical Drive Riding Trowel. The MP 315 is an
entry-level riding trowel with the features found in larger
riders. The higher horsepower gasoline engine and
heavy-duty drive train are packed in an easy-to-service
frame. The standard-duty gearboxes and four-bladed
rotors are proven performers in the field. The MP 315 is
now equipped with a torque converter clutch, giving the
operator full variable-speed control of the rotors.
Allen Engineering
www.alleneng.com

62 june 2011 / Concrete international

 Bits easily cut through reinforcing bar
Bosch has added straight shank reinforcing bar cutters to
its lineup for use with hammer drills and rotary drills.
Designed to work in rotation mode, the bar cutter has a
unique flute geometry that employs a steep spiral design that
quickly removes debris. A relief hole is incorporated into the
cutting surface to dissipate heat and facilitate slug removal.
The body design and shank are tapered to reduce weight for
smoother drilling and to reduce the amount of vibration that
often leads to fatigue. Users simply drill with a carbide bit
until making contact with reinforcing bar. They then use the
reinforcing bar cutter to cut through the bar until contacting
concrete. Once the bar is cut, the user simply switches back
to the carbide bit to complete the hole. Bits come in 12 in.
(300 mm) lengths with drilling diameter from 3/8 to 1-1/2 in.
(10 to 38 mm). The line also includes 18 in. (450 mm) lengths
for 1/2, 5/8, and 3/4 in. (13, 16, and 19 mm) diameters, as well
as 6 and 12 in. (150 and 300 mm) extensions.
Bosch
www.boschtools.com

Form panel alignment made easy

Beam is now fire-rated
In accordance with UL263 and ASTM E119 standards,
Peikkos Deltabeam is now approved for ratings of 1,
1-1/2, and 2 hours, depending on the beam depth.
Deltabeam factories in both Canada and the U.S. have
also been accredited by Underwriters Laboratories (UL),
which allows excellent flexibility to minimize delivery
periods. A report summary is available in the UL online
directory, www.ul.com, listed as design K918.
Peikko Group
www.peikko.ca
The Hilti X-FS Formstop is a fast and simple
solution to a common application performed
every day by concrete contractors. Proper
positioning of concrete wall or column forms is
critical to allow proper flow of concrete in and
around reinforcing bar as well as controlling the
thickness of the wall. The X-FS is designed to aid
in the precise positioning of manufactured
concrete wall form panels or conventional wood
frame applications. Installation of the X-FS
Formstop is four to five times faster than
traditional drilling methods, allowing for increased
productivity. It can be quickly installed with the
Hilti DX 460 Powder Actuated Tool (with or
without magazine) or the Hilti DX 36 Powder
Actuated Tool, using a variety of powder-actuated
nails to suit specific needs. Because the X-FS
Formstop is made from high-impact polyethylene
plastic, it absorbs impact from panel placement
and wont corrode after concrete is placed.
Hilti, Inc.
www.us.hilti.com

Concrete international / june 2011 63

 Information on the items reported in Products & Practice is furnished by the product manufacturers, suppliers, or developers who are
responsible for the accuracy of the information. Also, the descriptions of these items do not represent endorsement by this magazine, by the
American Concrete Institute, or any of its staff. They are published here simply as a service to our readers.

Mixer can be used in hazardous environments

CS Unitecs Model 7 1112 0010 pneumatic-powered mixer is ideal for
mortar, concrete, refractory cement, and other materials in hazardous
environments. This mixer is ATEX approved for use in Ex Zones
with hazardous atmospheres. It can also be used around water
with no fear of shock or blown circuitry. Its 1.5 hp air motor
has two speeds, and it can mix batches of material up to 110 lb
(50 kg). CS Unitec offers stirring paddles for mixing
medium- to high-viscosity materials. Efficient blending of
material is achieved by CS Unitecs special helical paddle
design, which stirs the product from the bottom up,
thus preventing air from being pulled down into the
material during mixing. Paddles are made of robust welded
steel and are galvanized to prevent corrosion or abrasion. The
stirring paddles are also available in stainless steel. CS Unitec paddles
have a threaded connection for quick and easy attachment to the mixing
motor.
CS Unitec, Inc.
www.csunitec.com
Winches help position forms
In a recent bridge construction project, a work crew required a method to
accurately and securely position concrete formwork. The contractors
primary concern was keeping large concrete forms level during
positioning. Thern provided the solution: six winch systems configured
for simultaneous operation to concurrently lower the forms while
keeping them level during the move.
These winch units were custom built to user specifications to
provide the accurate control needed for the operation. Designed for
two-part rigging, each winch provided 30,000 lb (13,600 kg) load
capacity and 100 ft (30 m) of travel using economical helical-spur
gear sets. To facilitate simultaneous operation, all six winches
were controlled by a single 460-volt, three-phase, variable frequency
drive control system, eliminating the hassle of controlling
multiple units individually.
The crew positioned the winches on premade sleds located
above the concrete deck. Using a system of directional sheaves,
they connected the winches to the forms below and carefully
lowered the forms via six-point rigging back to the ground. Winch
brake motors maintained constant positive load control during the
operation, providing maximum load security. The operation was a success
due to the versatility, reliability, and performance of Thern power winches
tailored specifically to the needs of the project.
Thern, Inc.
www.thern.com

64 june 2011 / Concrete international

 New site showcases product range
Sika North America has launched new Web sites for Sika Corporation (U.S.),
Sika Canada, and Sika Mexico. The new sites provide customers with a
complete view of Sikas portfolio of specialty chemical products and comprehensive
application solutions for sealing and bonding, as well as additional information on
Sikas global initiatives. The Sika Corporation U.S. site, www.sikausa.com, show-
cases Sikas extensive product ranges in both the Construction and Industry
Products Divisions. The Construction Products Division link encompasses a range
of technologies and expertise to support Sikas Roof to Floor initiatives in concrete
repair and protection, roofing, flooring, waterproofing, wood floor bonding, and the
DIY/home center markets. Visitors will find a simpler and more easily navigable site
with direct links to product applications and a Document Download Center. Immediate
access to expanded content, including hundreds of documents, brochures, case studies, product data sheets, and
material safety data sheets, allows customers to have the information they need right at their fingertips.

New from CSDA

The Concrete Sawing & Drilling Association (CSDA) has released three
new Best Practice documents: Polished Concrete Floors (CSDA-BP-008),
Green Construction (CSDA-BP-009), and Hi-Cycle Concrete Cutting Equipment
(CSDA-BP-010).
CSDA-BP-008 promotes the benefits of polished concrete floors and,
more importantly, aids sawing and drilling professionals who wish to offer this service to their customers. This
document complements a CSDA specification (CSDA-PC-113) on the same subject.
An increasing number of companies are recycling on the job site and in the office to be both environmentally
friendly and cost effective. CSDA-BP-009 is specific to the sawing and drilling industry and provides insight and
guidance in the creation of a site-specific plan for environmentally friendly work practices to be performed by
sawing and drilling operators. It also provides tips and suggestions for making a shop or office more green.
CSDA-BP-010 focuses on the application of hi-cycle cutting equipment. There is increasing pressure from
general contractors and government municipalities for cutting contractors to provide alternatives to hydraulic
equipment, so the increased availability and serviceability of hi-cycle/high-frequency systems is helping many
contractors make the switch. The document provides detailed information on hi-cycle equipment and cutting
methods, including power, available systems, and a list of common terms and definitions to educate contractors.
To obtain copies of any of these documents, visit www.csda.org.

The ADA Companion Guide

by Marcella Abadi Rhoads
Architects, interior designers, engineers, facility
managers, and other building professionals will find
this handy guide to the latest Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines
(ADAAG), adopted in July 2010. These guidelines have been revamped to offer more cohesive
architectural guidance that improves accessibility for people with special needs. This book
details the essentials of the revised guidelineswhats changed, what hasnt, how to apply
the guidelines, and what effect theyll have on both the private and public sectors. It features
an easy-to-use format that follows the same organization as the revised ADAAG. A chapter focuses on the
Architectural Barriers Act, which is specific to federal building and facilities funded by the federal government.
Crucial or hard-to-understand examples are illustrated with photos that show practical applications of the guidelines.
Wiley, www.wiley.com;
price: $40; 400 pp.; ISBN: 9780470583920

Concrete international / june 2011 65

Wall and Column Forms
Worldtech Coatings, Inc.
ECO NO-OIL plywood form panels eliminate the
need for release agents. Because panels release so
cleanly, forms can be stripped and quickly reset with
little or no cleaning, meaning less down time between
cycles. The hard, flexible polymeric resin that covers
the panel face provides excellent impact, abrasion,
and moisture resistance. The panel coating also acts
as a barrier to keep moisture in the concrete, thus
enhancing hydration; it also prevents sugar migration,
resulting in a cleaner, dust-free surface. The factory-
coated panels arrive at the job site ready for use. The
concrete produced is visibly lighter and more uniform
in color and texture. The formed surface is so dense
and uniform that the need for sacking is greatly
reduced or eliminated.
Worldtech Coatings, Inc.
www.worldtechcoatings.com

Doka
Frami Xlife is a complete system for forming
walls, columns, and foundations. Its light enough
to be manhandled, yet strong enough for crane-
assisted forming, while capable of producing a
smooth concrete finish. The panels feature a
high-grade layered wooden core thats weather-
proof, providing strength and major structural
stability. The Xlife special surface sheet provides a
high number of reuse cycles and a clean concrete
finish. The system sets up quickly with just a
hammer. Built-in alignment ribs and a reusable
taper tie design eliminate all consumable lumber
and tie costs. The system can also be switched to
gang forms with no additional hardware. The
panels are available in six widths and four heights.
Doka
www.dokausa.com

66 june 2011 / Concrete international

 Meva Formwork Systems
The Imperial Wall Formwork system is strong and assembles
quickly. Panels come in heights of 12, 8, 4, and 2 ft (3.7, 2.4, 1.2, and
0.6 m) and widths from 8 to 1 ft (2.4 to 0.3 m), making the system
adaptable to projects with varying floor heights and unique floor
configurations. Articulated inside and outside corners are steplessly
adjustable from 70 to 220 degrees, with stop points at 70, 90, and
135 degrees. The panels feature Mevas alkus all-plastic facing, making
them easy to clean and resistant to corrosion.
Meva Formwork Systems
www.meva.de

Symons by Dayton Superior

The Sym-Ply forming system is designed and
manufactured in the U.S. to meet the demand for fast,
easy-to-use wall forming. Sym-Ply can be clamped or
bolted together and can also be directly attached to
Steel-Ply forming for maximum versatility. Sym-Ply is
built from 80 ksi steel to ensure strength and durability
yet remains lightweight (only 10 lb/ft2), allowing gangs to
be assembled without a crane. Accessory items such as
scaffold and lift brackets use an internal spring, eliminating
loose hardware. Sym-Ply uses standard taper ties or
she-bolts and supports up to a 10-degree batter. Other
Sym-Ply features include built-in tie-off bars to meet
OSHA requirements for fall protection, a profiled side
rail to allow pry bar access for adjusting gang forms to
the chalk line, and a plywood protector sleeve plate
buttressed by the tie box for extended sleeve life.
Symons by Dayton Superior
www.daytonsuperior.com
EFCO
The Hand-E-Form system is low cost, easy to use, and
manufactured for general-purpose concrete construction.
The simple mechanics of the system enable construction
crews to assemble and cycle the equipment quickly
and easily. The panels are lightweight and conveniently
sizedeven the largest panel can be set and cycled by
one crew member. The system is ideal for straight walls,
walls with inserts, pilasters and difficult corners,
round tanks, foundations, basement walls, abutments,
columns, tunnels, culverts, and more. EFCO is now
offering assembly, cycling, and safety videos to
accompany the Hand-E-Form system. These videos are
an excellent tool to quickly train an inexperienced crew
on EFCO formwork systems or to refamiliarize a crew
with the system.
EFCO
www.efcoforms.com

Concrete international / june 2011 67

Discussion
Public

No ACI draft standards are currently open for public discussion.

To see a summary of all ACI draft standards in process or recently completed,
please visit the ACI Web site at www.discussion.concrete.org.

Public Discussion and Closure of Specification for Curing Concrete

(ACI 308.1-11)
The ACI Technical Activities Committee (TAC) approved the draft standard subject to satisfactory committee
response to TAC comments in April 2007. The committee responded adequately to TACs comments and all balloting
rules were adhered to. On June 23, 2009, the Standards Board granted approval to release the draft standard for
public discussion and to process it as a normal ACI standard. Public discussion was announced on August 1, 2009, and
closed on September 17, 2009. The committee responded to the public discussion. TAC reviewed the closure and
approved it on September 22, 2010. The ballot received one negative, and the comments were returned to the
committee for their approval and resolution of the negative. The committee properly resolved the negative at their
2011 spring meeting in Tampa. The Standards Board approved publication of the standard on April 29, 2011. The ACI
Normal Standardization Procedure is complete. The standard will appear in the 2012 ACI Manual of Concrete Practice
and will be available as a separate publication.
The public discussion and the committees response to the discussion are available on ACIs Web site,
www.concrete.org (click on Technical on the menu bar, and then on Upcoming Standards).

Public Discussion and Closure of Building Code Requirements for

Structural Concrete (ACI 318-11) and Commentary
The ACI Technical Activities Committee (TAC) approved the draft standard subject to satisfactory committee
response to TAC comments in September 2010. The committee responded adequately to TACs comments and all
balloting rules were adhered to. On November 9, 2010, the Standards Board granted approval to release the draft
standard for public discussion and to process it as a normal ACI standard. Public discussion was announced on
December 1, 2010, and closed on January 17, 2011. The committee responded to the public discussion. TAC reviewed
the closure and approved it on May 9, 2011. The Standards Board approved publication of the standard on May 24,
2011. The ACI Normal Standardization Procedure is complete. The standard will appear in the 2012 ACI Manual of
Concrete Practice and will be available as a separate publication.
The public discussion and the committees response to the discussion are available on ACIs Web site,
www.concrete.org (click on Technical on the menu bar, and then on Upcoming Standards).

68 june 2011 / Concrete international

Tablas de losas de encofrado autoniveladas para
mejorar la eficacia
Concrete International, V. 33, No. 6, junio de 2011,
pgs. 23-25
Para cumplir los exigentes plazos de construccin de un
centro mdico, se emple un innovador sistema de encofrado.
El sistema est formado por tablas de losas, con soporte en el
punto de contacto de la columna y la losa, que compensan
automticamente las deformaciones que se produzcan durante
la colocacin del hormign. Una vez que el suelo de hormign
ha alcanzado la fuerza suficiente para soportar las cargas de
construccin y de su propio peso, las tablas se bajan y se
enrollan manualmente en las plataformas centrales fuera del
edificio, lo que permite un proceso cclico rpido y sencillo.
Requisitos basados en el rendimiento del hormign
Carino, Nicholas J., Concrete International, V. 33, No. 6,
junio de 2011, pgs. 47-51
Este es el segundo de una serie de tres artculos centrados en
analizar los requisitos basados en el rendimiento del hormign.
Este artculo resume el contenido del informe, ITG-8R-10,
redactado por el grupo de trabajo para la innovacin (ITG) 8.
Se incluyen ejemplos de los asuntos analizados en el informe,
que es el primer documento del ACI dedicado al tema de los
requisitos basados en el rendimiento del hormign.
Muros de contencin de hormign inclinados
Personal de CRSI, Concrete International, V. 33, No. 6,
junio de 2011, pgs. 53-57
El muro de contencin de hormign suele estar inclinado
para reducir la carga permanente del hormign sobre la
zapata. La colocacin de las barras de espiga y de refuerzo
verticales depende de la configuracin del muro de contencin:
inclinado, escalonado y/o con un grosor del muro superior
uniforme. Cuando se tiene en cuenta la inclinacin del muro
en la geometra, el posicionamiento de la barra de refuerzo
no es sencillo y debe estar detallado de forma apropiada
en los planos.
Validacin de campo de los modelos de prediccin de
la presin del encofrado del SCC
Khayat, Kamal H. y Omran, Ahmed F.,
Concrete International, V. 33, No. 6, junio de 2011,
pgs. 33-39
A fin de determinar las presiones del encofrado durante la
colocacin, se probaron mezclas de hormign autocompactante
(self-consolidating concrete, SCC) y se instrumentaron
elementos en muros y columnas. Los hallazgos confirman
que se pueden utilizar mtodos de prueba para evaluar la
configuracin estructural del SCC junto con los modelos de
prediccin recientemente desarrollados para determinar la
presin mxima ejercida por el SCC. Un modelo adicional
permite la prediccin de la tasa de reduccin de la presin
con el paso del tiempo.
Cmo desarrollar mejores especificaciones para proyectos
McCall, W. Calvin, Concrete International, V. 33, No. 6,
junio de 2011, pgs. 41-46
Una de las herramientas ms importantes para un proyecto
satisfactorio es una especificacin clara, concisa y precisa
que est redactada de forma que no pueda ser malinterpretada.
Se proporcionan pautas para el uso adecuado de las
Especificaciones para el hormign estructural (ACI 301-10)
y otros documentos de referencia de la especificacin. Las
recomendaciones especficas incluyen el uso nicamente de
documentos de referencia que estn escritos en el idioma
obligatorio y proporcionen instrucciones especficas al
contratista.
Comparacin de los tres mtodos para medir la presin
del encofrado al usar SCC
McCarthy, Richard y Silfwerbrand, Johan,
Concrete International, V. 33, No. 6, junio de 2011,
pgs. 27-32
En la actualidad, el hormign autocompactante (SCC) acapara
menos del 10% del mercado del hormign moldeado in situ
en Suecia. Uno de los factores que conducen a este bajo
nivel de aceptacin es la dificultad para predecir las presiones
al enconfrado asociadas al uso del SCC. Si la presin del
enconfrado se puede medir en tiempo real, los contratistas
sern capaces de ajustar la velocidad de fundicin para
mantener la presin del encofrado por debajo del nivel de
seguridad. A tal fin, se comparan diferentes mtodos para
medir la presin del encofrado.
Por qu el programa de certificacin del Inspector
especial es especial
Snell, Luke M., Concrete International, V. 33, No. 6,
junio de 2011, pgs. 59-61
El programa de certificacin del Inspector especial de
construccin de hormign del ACI fue diseado para
proporcionar la conexin necesaria entre diseo y
construccin. La clase de formacin para el examen de
Inspector especial y el programa de certificacin sirven
para que el ingeniero actualice sus conocimientos en cuanto
a la tecnologa del hormign. Presentarse al examen de
certificacin del Inspector especial y aprobarlo indican
un entendimiento bsico de la tecnologa del hormign y
de cmo se puede aplicar a la construccin del hormign.
Como resultado, el programa est consiguiendo un
reconocimiento internacional.
Concrete international / june 2011 69
Strategic alliance increases
product offerings
W.R. Meadows, Inc., is now the exclusive distributor
for Gemite Products Inc.s unique waterproofing products
in the U.S. For more than 30 years, Gemite has delivered
the most efficient technologies for the protection,
restoration, and waterproofing of concrete and steel
structures worldwide. The initial product offerings in
the U.S. are Adicon CW Plus, an integral waterproofing
admixture; Cem-Kote CW Plus, a crystalline in-depth
waterproofing product; Cem-Kote Flex CR, a flexible,
chemically resistant waterproofing coating; and Cem-Kote
Flex ST, a positive and negative waterproofing product.
These products are specially formulated for wastewater
treatment plants, water tanks, containment structures,
and other applications.
Precaster creates large beams for
highway project
Hanson Structural Precast participated in the
$135 million EXPRESSLink project in Salt Lake City, UT, by
designing and manufacturing 92 of the largest concrete
girders in Utah. At 95 to 195 ft in length eacha total of
16,546 ftthe girders are also some of the largest in the
U.S. In addition, Hanson Structural Precast provided
50,594 ft2 of precast concrete deck panels for the 4 mile
highway expansion project. Hanson Structural Precasts
Salt Lake City facility was contacted by the projects
general contractor, Kiewit/Clyde, and provided a design
and plan incorporating high-strength concrete and large
amounts of prestressing to construct unusually long
girders. Using the design-build method, EXPRESSLink
overlaps two processes typically done in sequence.
Concrete was the best solution for the large size require-
ments and provided durability and fast installation, and
Hanson Structural provided a streamlined process.
One of the girders being delivered to the job site
70 June 2011 / Concrete international
Grace expands global reach
W.R. Grace & Co. has expanded its footprint in the Asia
Pacific region with the opening of a new manufacturing
facility in Chongqing, China. The facility houses manufac-
turing operations for cement additives and concrete
admixtures, as well as a quality control lab and office
areas for administrative and sales personnel. The facility
is a continuation of our investment strategy in emerging
regions and better positions us to benefit from increasing
infrastructure spending in Western China, commented
Andrew Bonham, President of Grace Construction
Products. The Chongqing facility joins four existing manu-
facturing facilities in Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou, and
Hong Kong. Grace also operates a research and develop-
ment center in Beijing that houses chemical and physical
testing facilities for cement additives, concrete admixtures,
and waterproofing and fireproofing products.
Fiber plant receives ISO certification
Bekaert has earned ISO 14001; Environmental Standard
Certification for its Dramix plant in Moen, Belgium, from
Bureau Veritas Certification, an internationally accredited
firm for management system standards. The ISO 14001
Standard is an internationally accepted specification for
environmental management systems created by the
International Organization for Standardization to help
organizations minimize how their operations affect the
environment and comply with related laws, regulations,
and requirements. By complying with internationally
accepted standards, Bekaert underscores its commitment
to continuously improve environmental assurance and
performance in all business activities. Dramix steel fibers
are used to reinforce concrete elements all over the world.
Fabcon Expands Board of Directors
Two prominent Twin Cities business leaders have
joined the board of Fabcon, a leading precast concrete
manufacturer. Bill Beer and Dave Goldberg started their
3-year terms on August 5, 2010. Beer is President and CEO
of the Wenger Corporation, which designs, manufactures,
and markets furniture and equipment for the music and
athletic markets. Goldberg is the Owner, President, and
CEO of APEX International Manufacturing, Inc., and
majority Owner, President, and Chairman of the Board of
the Village Company. During these challenging economic
times, Bill and Dave will build on our Boards strengths
with fresh perspective and new ideas, said Mike Le Jeune,
President and CEO of Fabcon. Their business savvy and
manufacturing industry knowledge will make them ideal
contributors to our success.
 16-19 September
2011 American Society of Concrete 12-15
Contractors CEO Forum, Pinehurst, NC Sixth International Symposium
www.ascconline.org on Sprayed Concrete, Troms,
June Norway
5-8 27-29 www.sprayedconcrete.no
11th North American Masonry Sustainability in Public Works,
Conference, Minneapolis, MN Portland, OR
www.apwa.net
13-15
www.masonrysociety.org/NAMC
Technology Transfer Concrete
Consortium and National Concrete
5-8 July Consortium Fall 2011 Meeting,
International Bridge Conference, 24-27 Rapid City, SD
Pittsburgh, PA 10th International Conference on www.cptechcenter.org
www.internationalbridgeconference.org Low-Volume Roads, Lake Buena
Vista, FL
www.trb.org
15-18
8-10 American Society of Concrete
2011 fib Symposium, Prague,
24-30 Contractors Annual Conference,
Czech Republic Grand Rapids, MI
19th Annual International
www.fib2011prague.com www.ascconline.org
Conference on Composites/Nano
Engineering (ICCE-19), Shanghai,
12-15 China 20-23
ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete www.icce-nano.org International Association for
and Concrete Aggregates, Anaheim, CA Bridge and Structural Engineering
www.astm.org/COMMIT/C09.htm
August and the International Association
3-6 for Shell and Spatial Structures
14 2011 Concrete Foundations Symposium 2011, London, UK
Workshop on Implications of Association Summer Convention, www.iabse-iass-2011.com
ASTM E60 Standards on Sustainability Wintergreen, VA
for Cement and Concrete, Anaheim, CA www.cfawalls.org 22-23
www.astm.org 7th Central European Congress
9-11 on Concrete Engineering, Balaton-
15-17 2011 International Concrete fred, Hungary
ASTM Committee C01 on Cement Sustainability Conference, www.fib.bme.hu/ccc2011
Meeting, Anaheim, CA Cambridge, MA
www.astm.org/COMMIT/C01.htm www.concretetechnologyforum.org
24-26
Architectural Precast Association
2011 Fall Workshop, Charlotte, NC
Upcoming ACI Conventions www.archprecast.org
The following is a list of scheduled ACI conventions:
2011 October 16-20, Millennium Hotel & Duke Energy Convention Center,
26-28
Cincinnati, OH.
4th International Conference on
2012 March 18-22, Hyatt Regency, Dallas, TX.
Concrete Repair, Dresden, Germany
2012 October 21-25, Sheraton Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada. www.concrete-solutions.info
2013 April 14-17, Hilton & Convention Center, Minneapolis, MN.
For additional information, contact:
Event Services, ACI, P.O. Box 9094 See the events calendar at
Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094 www.concreteinternational.com
Telephone: (248) 848-3795 E-mail: conventions@concrete.org for more listings

Concrete international / June 2011 71

 Publications Order Form Please feel free to copy this form
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 eLearning
Build Your
Guide to Evaluation of Strength Test
Results of ConcreteACI 214R-11
Success Online
Statistical procedures provide valuable tools for
evaluating the results of concrete strength tests. Information
derived from such procedures is valuable in defining
design criteria, specifications, and other parameters
needed for structural evaluation and repair. This guide
discusses variations that occur in concrete strength and
presents statistical procedures useful in interpreting
these variations with respect to specified testing and
criteria. Available in hard copy or PDF format.

Order Code: 21411.CI

Pages: 16
Price: $52.50 (ACI members $32.00)

Guide to Design and Construction

Practices to Mitigate Corrosion
of Reinforcement in Concrete
StructuresACI 222.3R-11
Corrosion of metals in concrete is a significant
problem throughout the world. In many instances,
corrosion can be avoided if proper attention is given to
detailing, concrete materials and mixture proportions,
and construction practices. This guide contains information
on aspects of each of these. In addition, the guide
contains recommendations for protecting in-service
structures exposed to corrosive conditions. The guide is
intended for designers, materials suppliers, contractors,
and all others engaged in concrete construction. Available
in hard copy or PDF format.
Order Code: 222311.CI
Pages: 28
Price: $65.50 (ACI members $40.00)
Summer/Fall 2011
Building Code Requirements and
Specification for Masonry Structures
and CommentaryACI 530-11
Building Code Requirements for
Structural Concrete and Commentary
ACI 318-11
Coming Soon:
Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM) Fundamentals
CLSM (also known as flowable fill) is a self-consolidating,
cementitious material used primarily as backfill in place of
compacted fill. This course covers the basics of CLSM
technology, including materials used to produce CLSM; plastic
and in-service properties; proportioning, mixing, transporting,
and placing; quality control; and common applications.
Concrete Sustainability: Basics
This course provides an introduction to the subject of
sustainability, with a special emphasis on the concrete industry.
Participants will study common definitions of sustainability,
identify greenwashing in the marketplace, understand the
three pillars of sustainability, and identify strategies for the
integration of concrete in sustainable development.
Concrete Sustainability: Incorporating Environmental,
Social, and Economic Aspects
This course provides an in-depth study of topics related to the
environmental, social, and economic impacts of using concrete
in sustainable development. Topics include the use of industrial
by-products, thermal mass, storm-water management, longevity,
and heat-island effect, among several others.

Concrete international / june 2011 73

Congratulations, Long-Time
Members of ACI
It is our pleasure to congratulate individuals who have supported ACI for 25 and 45 years. The support these
individuals have shown represents a level of interest and improvement in concrete technology that is the backbone
of the Institute. Members like these have made and continue to make ACI a vibrant and diverse organization and lend
stability to the Institute. Their unwavering support over the years has helped make ACI the global knowledge leader
on concrete.

Thank you

201125-year members Juan Manuel Dominguez John D. Kontodimas

Antonio Aguado De Cea Carlton W. Doncaster Jr. Larry B. Krauser
Gifford H. Albright Daniel P. Dorfmueller David W. Landis
James M. Aldred Robert E. Doyle Brian K. Leonardson
Scott D.B. Alexander Michael A. Ellias Colin L. Lobo
William L. Arent I-Kuang Fang Steven Joo Khim Loh
Toshio Asakawa Hamid Farzam Jeffrey J. Loureiro
Leonard Atkins William R. Feltz Darmawan Ludirdja
Gardner D. Atkinson Jr. Charles K. Fong Ronald L. Lynn
Jean-Pierre Audet Stephen G. Frankosky Gene C. Marter
Gary P. Austin Joe B. French Erich L. Martz
Frank J. Avbel Herbert G. Gelhardt III Bruno Massicotte
Ronald E. Barnett Todd L. Gerhart Steven L. McCabe
Joel L. Bartlett Ramon Emilio Gilsanz Gary L. McClellan
Cecil L. Bentley Sr. David H. Glabe Robert G. McCracken
David Black Gary M. Gordon James A. McGill
Michael A. Bongiovanni Dale A. Goss Robert K. McGrath
Michael D. Bonin Melvyn Green David I. McLean
William J. Brickey William J. Guerdan Roberto Meli
Dean A. Browning Nestor Eduardo Guitelman Gary R. Miller
David M. Buck Lawrence A. Hack Douglas D. Miller
Thomas D. Bush Jeffrey C. Hamann Douglas B. Mills
Diane M. Campione Rex V. Harrison Pierre Moffet
David A. Carlson William M. Hicks III Timothy Joel Monson
Paul D. Carter Thomas Joseph Hoenninger Scott J. Morrison
John J. Carty Jerry A. Holland Mark B. Moyes
Donald C. Cassier Dryver R. Huston Patrick L. Mustaine
Jenn-Chuan Chern Bernard J. Igusky Theodore L. Neff
Larry D. Church Keith Itzler Russell E. Neudeck
William Ciggelakis J. Scott Jin Junichiro Niwa
Jeff B. Clauss Robert R. Johnson Kevin B. OBoyle
Nancy E. Collins Larry A. Johnson Hector E. OReilly
Willis R. Conner Makoto Kagaya Khim Chye Gary Ong
John F. Cook John L. Kalisz Robert K. Onishi
Lonnie J. Coones John S. Kassees Michael A. Ozol
Tim Cost Wayne A. Kassian John Francis Palmer
Richard B. Cotter Seow Kiat-Huat James H. Parker
Tristan D. DeMille George A. Kiiskila Jr. John W. Parkin
Anast Demitt Jin-Keun Kim Arthur E. Parrish
Ernesto Diaz-Ramirez Keith R. Kirchner Timothy W. Parthemore
John E. Dingeldein David V. Kocot Kanu K. Patel

74 june 2011 / Concrete international

David S. Peterson Phillip James Thompson Harold Colton
Timothy W. Porritt Mang Tia Norberto Davila
D. Bruce Post Fadlo T. Touma James T. Dikeou
Jerry N. Rasmussen Thanasis C. Triantafillou Kenneth F. Dunker
Jeff Reeder Dennis R. Underwood Jr. William H. Erwin
Larry E. Riddle Timothy R. Unger Thomas R. Fitzpatrick
Peter J. Romano Jr. Manuel R. Vallarino Allan V. Fozzard
Edward D. Russell George R. Wargo Robert E. Griffith, Jr.
Vincent E. Sagan Richard L. Warren Hubert K. Hilsdorf
Manuel R. Sanchez Darryl K. Wayne Brian B. Hope
Mark P. Sarkisian Stephen Weintraut David W. Johnston
James W. Schmitt Phillip A. Whaley Stanley D. Lindsey
Terry P. Scholes Daniel Wilkins Albert A. Lovell, Jr.
William R. Schutt Steve J. Wilson Donald F. Meinheit
Bahram M. Shahrooz Geoffrey R. Wreford Vilas S. Mujumdar
Ava Shypula Eugenio I. Yrarrazaval Ben G. Olson
Ronald A. Starling Philip S. Zacarias William F. Perenchio
Pericles C. Stivaros Niel Zuern Franco G. Porcarelli
Manuel A. Suarez Mendez Avanti C. Shroff
David John Sulerzyski 201145-year members George Somerville
John Sumnicht Robert B. Anderson Ado Valge
Richard M. Szewczak Prabodh V. Banavalkar Thomas M. Velloff
Sante Adrian Taroli Carl Bimel William J. Wilhelm
Edwin C. Taylor Jr. Edwin G. Burdette L.F. Yasinko
Charles A. Taylor Carlos A. Casabonne
Susanto Teng Pinaki R. Chakrabarti
Hem R. Thakral Harold R. Cohen

The American Concrete Institute has a policy of reduced membership dues for long-time members whereby, upon
application, a retired member who reached age 65 and has been a member for 25 years is eligible for continued
membership at half of the regular dues. In the case of members who have belonged to ACI for 45 years or more, there
is no charge for continuing membership.

If you have questions regarding this policy or would like to apply for this type of membership, please contact the
Member Services Department by telephone at 248-848-3800, by fax at 248-848-3801, by e-mail at member-services@
concrete.org, or by writing to:
American Concrete Institute
Attn: Member Services
38800 Country Club Drive
Farmington Hills, MI 48331
USA

Concrete international / june 2011 75

 American Concrete Institute

Advancing concrete knowledge

The Edge Needed to Succeed

In todays market, it is imperative to be knowledgeable and have an edge over
the competition. ACI members have itthey are engaged, informed, and stay up
to date by taking advantage of benefits that ACI membership provides them.
Ask any of ACIs nearly 20,000 worldwide members and they will tell you how
ACI membership provides them with the edge needed to succeed in the design
and construction industry.

Join Now!
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of concrete and the opportunities are infinite.
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Fax: 248-848-3801 Founded in 1904, the American Concrete Institute is advancing concrete knowledge by conducting seminars,
managing certification programs, and publishing documents and periodicals. The American Concrete Institute
www.concrete.org currently has 98 chapters and 20,000 members spanning 108 countries.
2011 ACI Membership Application
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 PROFESSIONAL SERVICES
CI ADVERTISING
For more information, contact:
Jeff Rhodes, Sales Manager
Network Media Partners
(410) 584-8487
E-mail: concrete@networkmediapartners.com

Brand Energy & Infrastructure Services/ALUMA......Inside Back Cover

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78 june 2011 / Concrete international

 Using an Elastic
Frame Model for
Column Slenderness
Calculations
Q. As a standard practice, our office uses an elastic
frame analysis program to determine the design
forces for concrete frames. The program documentation
we find our program doesnt have this capability, how
many nodes do we need to add to the members to account
for magnification?
indicates the software is capable of second-order analyses,
but were not sure if the software accounts for magnification
between the ends of the elements. ACI 318-08, Section
10.10.2.2,1 states:
A. You can check a programs ability to account for
magnification between the ends using a model of a
slender column with an eccentrically applied axial load
Second-order effects shall be considered along the (Fig. 1). If the moment distribution between the ends of
length of compression members. It shall be permitted the column is linear, the program is not accounting for
to account for these effects using the moment magnification between the ends. If the program does not
magnification procedure outlined in 10.10.6. account for magnification between the ends, a minimum
The commentary to Section 10.10.2.2 states, While of two frame elements will be required per column.
second-order computer analysis programs may be used to Regardless of how the program accounts for magnification,
evaluate magnification of the end moments, magnification ACI 318-08, Section 10.10.6, provides the bending stiffness
between the ends may not be accounted for unless the (EI) that should be used for evaluating the effects of
member is subdivided along its length. Section 10.10.6
provides a procedure for amplifying the factored
moment using the factored axial force Pu and the effects P
of member curvature. e Pe Pe
We would like to avoid using moment magnification per P
Section 10.10.6. How can we check our software to deter-
mine if it accounts for magnification between the ends? If Linear

l
c
Questions in this column were asked by users of ACI documents Nonlinear
and have been answered by ACI staff or by a member or members
of ACI technical committees. The answers do not represent the
official position of an ACI committee. Only a published committee
document represents the formal consensus of the committee and Mc
the Institute. Linear Nonlinear
Deflected Model Moment Diagrams Load-Moment Curves
We invite comment on any of the questions and answers published
in this column. Write to the Editor, Concrete International, 38800 Fig. 1: Schematic of a simply supported column with an
Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331; contact us by fax at eccentrically applied axial load. If the analysis program includes
(248) 848-3701; or e-mail Rex.Donahey@concrete.org. magnification between the ends, the moment diagram and
load-moment curves will be nonlinear

Concrete international / june 2011 79

member curvature. Therefore, for second-order analyses,
the column stiffness would have to be reduced relative to
the value provided in Section 10.10.4.1, the value that is
commonly used for analysis of the structure as a whole.
The EI value defined in Section 10.10.6 was calibrated
specifically for reinforced concrete columns when
evaluating second-order effects between the ends. It includes
softening due to long-term load, cracking, nonlinear
concrete behavior, and yielding of the reinforcement.
In addition, it includes a lower stiffness reduction factor
(K = 0.75) than the factor included in Section 10.10.4.1
(K = 0.875).
Considering the complexities, applying Section 10.10.6
is typically the most efficient way to analyze and design
the columns. Each column in the model requires only one
element, only one analysis is required to generate the
column end moments, and these can be exported to a
spreadsheet or design software for application of moment
magnification per Section 10.10.6. Because Section 10.10.6.3
allows the use of an effective length factor k of 1.0
(a simplification reflecting the fact that beams framing
into a column will attract moment, crack, and soften as a
column approaches the buckling load), the calculations
are relatively simple to implement.
Some analysis programs will account for slenderness
effects in design post-processors (in effect, applying
moment magnification after the elastic analyses). Others
reportedly conduct nonlinear analyses. Software vendors
have been invited to summarize the methods used in
their programs and compare results against benchmarks.
References
1. ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for
Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08) and Commentary, American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2008, 473 pp.
Thanks to Robert Frosch, Purdue University, for reviewing the answer
to this question.

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