Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Hendri, ST.MT.
Constraints on Human Resource Strategy
Figure 10.1
2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Job Design
2011 Pearson
Education, Inc.
Core Job Characteristics
Jobs should include the following
characteristics
1. Skill variety
2. Job identity
3. Job significance
4. Autonomy
5. Feedback
Self-directed teams
Tim yg mandiri
Empowerment
Pemberdayaan
Kemandirian
Enrichment
Pengayaan
Enlargement
Pemekaran
Specialization
Job expansion
Figure 10.3
7
Sharpen saw
Interdependence
Understand Synergize
5 PUBLIC 6
VICTORY
Think win-win
4
Independence
3
1st things 1st
PRIVATE
1 VICTORY 2
Be Proactive End in mind
Dependence
habit = knowledge
+ skill
+ desire
Ergonomics and the Work Environment
Ergonomi adalah
studi tentang
hubungan antara
manusia dan mesin
Sering disebut
faktor manusia
Operator input untuk
mesin
Job Design and Keyboards
E
R
G
O
N
O
M
i
Hubungan Pekerja Tempat Kerja dan Desain Pekerjaan
SEORANG SPESIALIS DI ERGONOMI, YANG DISEBUT
SEBUAH ERGONOMIS, MEMPELAJARI HUBUNGAN:
Pekerja (Worker),
Tempat Kerja (Workplace)
Desain Pekerjaan (Job Design)
WORKER
Pekerja
sehatCosts
& aman
Kursi
Putar
50 cm 80~100 cm 25 cm
Tempat Kerja (Workplace) Baik & Benar
www.cdc.gov/niosh/ docs/97-117/eptbtr6a.html
Desain Kerja
www.cdc.gov/niosh/ docs/97-117/eptbtr6a.html
Lingkunangan Fisik Kerja
Manusia dalam beraktivitas selalu dipengaruhi oleh dua faktor.
1. Faktor internal merupakan faktor yang berasal dari dalam diri sendiri,
seperti pengetahuan, motivasi dan skill (tahu,mau dan mampu).
2. Faktor ekternal merupakan faktor yang berasal dari luar diri yang salah
satunya adalah faktor lingkungan kerja.
Manusia dapat bekerja dengan baik jika ditunjang oleh lingkungan fisik
kerja yang baik.
Lingkungan fisik yang baik mempengaruhi kinerja, keamanan, dan kualitas
pekerjaan
Penerangan,
Kebisingan
Lingkungan
Getaran
Fisik yang
Kelembaban
Baik
Kualitas udara
suhu (tingkat produktifitas yang paling tinggi 24-270C)
Hadiguna, R. A. dan Setiawan, H. (2008)
Lingkunangan Fisik Kerja
Penerangan,
Kebisingan
Getaran
Kelembaban
Kualitas udara
Suhu (tingkat produktifitas yang paling tinggi 24-270C)
Tingkat Penerangan
Kondisi Tipe Tingkat Tipe
Pekerjaan Area Pekerjaan Penerangan Penerangan
(FT-C)*
Sangat detail, sangat Menjahit, memerikasa bahan 100 Lampu yang dipasang di
akurat yang berwarna gelap langit-langit dan lampu
meja
Objek berukuran besar Restoran, tangga, gudang 2-5 Lampu yang dipasang di
langit-langit
*FT-C (foot candle) adalah satuan pencahayaan pada permukaan seluas 1 ft2 yang terdapat pada aliran cahaya yang
didistibusi seragam dengan kecepatan sebesar 1 lumen.
1 LUX(1lx)=1 lumen (lm) per meter persegi. 1 lm = 0,1 Cd (Candle); maka 1 Lux=0,1 Cd per meter persegi.
Recommended Levels of Illumination
Figure 10.4A
2011 Pearson
Education, Inc.
Tingkat Kebisingan
Kebisingan Sumber
Kebisingan Decibels
Welding
From
Storage bins
press
mach. Paint
shop
Mach. 3 Mach. 4
Machine 1
Mach. 2
Machine 4 Welding
Machine 3
Paint
Machine 2 shop
Machine 1
From
press Storage
mach. bins
Figure 10.6
2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Operation Chart
Figure 10.7
2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
The Visual Workplace
Figure 10.8
2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
The Visual Workplace
Reorder
Line/machine point
stoppage
Parts/
maintenance
needed
All systems go
Part A Part B Part C
Andon
Figure 10.8
2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
The Visual Workplace
Figure 10.8
2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
PENGUKURAN KERJA
Pengukuran Kerja
Frederick W. Taylor
Lahir 1856; meninggal 1915
Melakukan studi kerja selama 25 tahun (1881-
1907) tentang pemotongan logam
Taylor juga mempelopori apa yang sekarang
ini disebut sebagai Pengukuran Kerja.
Pencetus prinsip efisiensi
Konsep Tata Cara Kerja
METHOD DESIGN
STUDI KERJA
WORK
MEASUREMENT
Labor Standards
1. Historical experience
2. Time studies
3. Predetermined time standards
4. Work sampling
1. Definisi Pekerjaan
2. Pembagian Elemen pekerjaan
3. Menentukan berapa kali melakukan
pengamatan
4. Mencatan waktu setiap elemen dan
tingkat perfomance
* Waktu yg diabaikan
15.36
= = 18.07 minutes
1 - .15
2
zs
Required sample size = n =
hx
2
Common z Values zs
Required sample size =n=
hx
Desired z Value
Confidence
where accuracy(standard
h =(%) level deviation required for
(acceptable error) desired in
desired level of confidence)
percent of the job element expressed as a
90.0 1.65
decimal
z =95.0 1.96
number of standard deviations required for
95.45 2.00
the desired level of confidence
s =99.0
standard deviation of 2.58
the initial sample
99.73 3.00
x = mean of the initial sample
n = required sample size Table 10.2
Variations
If desired accuracy h is expressed as an absolute
amount, substitute e for hx, where e is the absolute
amount of acceptable error
2
zs
n=
e
Figure 10.9
2011 Pearson
Education, Inc.
MTM Example
Table 10.4
2011 Pearson
Education, Inc.
Work Sampling
2011 Pearson
Education, Inc.
Work Sampling
2011 Pearson
Education, Inc.
Work Sampling Example
Wants employees idle 25% of the time
Sample should be accurate within 3%
Wants to have 95.45% confidence in the results
z2 p(1 - p)
n=
h2
where n = required sample size
z = 2 for a 95.45% confidence level
p = estimate of idle proportion = 25% = .25
h = acceptable error of 3% = .03
(2)2 (.25)(.75)
n= = 833 observations
(.03)2
2011 Pearson
Education, Inc.
Work Sampling Example
No. of
Observations Activity
485 On the phone or meeting with a welfare client
126 Idle
62 Personal time
23 Discussions with supervisor
137 Filing, meeting, and computer data entry
833
Salespeople
Sales in Travel
person 20%
20%
Telephone
sales Paperwork
12% 17%
Lunch and
personal
10%
Telephone
within firm Meetings
13% and other
8%
Figure 10.10
Startup/exercise
Assembly-Line 3%
Employees
Breaks and lunch
10%
Figure 10.10
2011 Pearson
Education, Inc.
Work Sampling
2011 Pearson
Education, Inc.
Ethics and the Work Environment