Product Leaflet / p 1

Electrostatic Coalescers
(Dehydrators / Desalters)

Dehydration

High-Voltage In the process of removing water from oil,

Transformer
Connection electrostatic treatment is typically preceded by

Electrostatic
Electrostatic
2-phase or 3-phase bulk Coalescers
separation in the upstream
Grids Oil Outlet process. Electrostatic coalescers are applied as the
Collector Building on more than 25 years of combined in-house coalescer engineering
final separation step to break up emulsions and
has developed its proprietary Electrostatic Coalescer design. The sizing of Fr
alescers
reduce theis characterized by a clever
remaining water combination
fraction of physics and empirical da
(dehydration).
be reliable and has been proven over the years. Frames Electrostatic Coalesc
This is the the
guarantee reason whyperformance
required they are typically applied
whilst keeping in size and layout cos
their
upstream applications.

Calming Baffle Electrostatic Treatment DESALTING
Crude oil contains water and other Frames values Besides for de
(for FPSOs)
Desalting
contaminants that need to be re- reliability and Coalescers ar
Inlet Distributor moved to improve the economics of salting: reduc
operational
Electrostatic coalescers are also applied for
transport, limit the requirements of the crude. Th
simplicity and as such
desalting in equipment
downstream order to and
reduce the crudes salt
to pre- ter, so a redu
has embraced the AC-
Water Collector vent negative effects on downstream automatically
content. Because salts are soluble technology
in water, aat the core
refining processes. The Electrotatic Desalting ofte
reduction in water
Coalescer that is used fraction of its Coalescer
will automatically
for this pur- designs
reduce the first stage
pose, is one of the many products lowed by a se
the crudes salt content. Desalting therefore often
Frames offers the Oil & Gas industry. where the sal
3D model of Frames Electrostatic Coalescer
tion of wash water between
occurs in two stages: the first stage (dehydration)
The removal of water and contaminants generally (Dehydrator) and the seco
is comprises
followedofby
twoaprinciples:
second dehydration
stage (desalting),
and desalt-where
The main aim of having a s
Product Definition ing.
the For this
salts arepurpose
dilutedCoalescers
by the are applied in
addition ofboth tem is to ensure a high dilu
wash water
upstream and downstream applications. In oilfields, water and water fraction in
between the isfirst
the emphasis coalescer
generally (dehydrator)
on a combination and the
of dehy- necessary since dehydration
Frames proprietary electrostatic coalescers are 2-phase dration (desalter).
second and desalting,The
whereas
mainin refineries ficient to reach typical salin
the focusa second
aim of having
is primarily on desalting. crude (~10 - 100 PTB).
separators that utilize an electrostatic field to remove water and stage in the system is to ensure a high dilution rate
salts from crude oil, allowing cost-effective transport and protect (ratio of wash water and water fraction in the crude).
DEHYDRATION
The first step in the removal of water from oil
downstream processes. This dilution is necessary since dehydration alone is
(dehydration) typically involves two or three phase
usually not sufficient
bulk separation upstream.to reach typical
Electrostatic salinity
treatment is values
here the final separation step, applied to break up
in the export crude (~10 - 100 PTB).
the emulsions and reduce the remaining water frac-
Process Description tion. Dehydration is typically applied in Upstream
applications.
Typical 2-stage d

Frames builds on its vast experience in coalescer engineering, enabling

How does it
us to give our clients a competitive advantage when it comes to The Frames in
cleaning crude oil. By efficiently and effectively removing undesirable just below t
tween the gr
water and salts, our clients are able to increase the quality of their sent in the
crude oil, cut their transport costs and protect their downstream electrostatic
(salt) ions wit
processes and equipment. Droplets will
as a result co
fall out (2) o
Removal of water and contaminants generally comprises two steps: The treated c
of the vessel
dehydration and desalting. Frames coalescers are designed for
collected at th
both steps, and are applied in upstream as well as downstream
applications. In oilfields, the emphasis is generally on a combination
of dehydration and desalting, whereas in refineries the focus is Working principle of coalescence (1) and separation (2)

primarily on desalting. inside Electrostatic Coalescer

Frames
Separation Technologies
Glazenmakersweg 3 +31 88 00 333 00
3449 JK Woerden separation@frames-group.com
The Netherlands frames-group.com
 Product Leaflet / p 2

Electrostatic Coalescers
(Dehydrators / Desalters)

Product Description

The Frames inlet distributor injects crude just below the electrostatic
grids. Between the grids, the water droplets present in the crude are
exposed to the electrostatic field that rearranges the (salt) ions within
the droplets. Droplets will then attract each other and as a result
coalesce, grow in size and fall out of the upward flowing crude. The
treated crude is collected at the top of the vessel while the effluent
water is collected at the bottom.

Frames Dehydrator & Desalter Package (including Degassers)
AC-technology
Frames Electrostatic Coalescers are designed using Alternating
Current (AC). Although other types of power supply are available and
promoted (DC, AC+DC), these are operationally demanding and bring
significant draw-backs, for instance a tendency for arcing (short-
circuiting) and electrical complexity. Because Frames values reliability
and operational simplicity, we have embraced the AC technology at
the core of our designs.

Frames inlet distributor

Flow distribution with Frames Distributor
The unique Frames inlet distributor has been specifically designed
to ensure optimal (uniform) distribution of the oil-water mixture just
below the grid. This results in efficient use of the electrostatic area
and allows the use of smaller vessels compared to the traditional
distributors used in the industry. The number of headers and their
design are specifically sized for each application using design
rules developed by Frames. Under identical conditions the Frames
distributor shows a superior velocity distribution (uniform) than
the traditional designs.

Flow distribution with Disc Distributor

Flow distribution with Pipe Distributor Frames Electrostatic Coalescer

Frames
Separation Technologies
Glazenmakersweg 3 +31 88 00 333 00
3449 JK Woerden separation@frames-group.com
The Netherlands frames-group.com
 Product Leaflet / p 3

Electrostatic Coalescers
(Dehydrators / Desalters)

Project Management Added Value Frames

At Frames, we know that precise project management is only Engineered to match your unique crude oil

the starting point for completing complex oil and gas projects. composition and downstream processes

Our clients can rely on sharp thinking and a deep understanding Fully integrates into your production system

of their operating conditions to find the best solution. Our for continuous, trouble-free operation

quality management system focuses on a process of continuous Robust and reliable units designed with lean

improvement, and our team is always looking for new solutions engineering methods, using high-end materials

that improve productivity, cut operating costs, and give our clients
a competitive edge.
References (selection)
In a challenging industry, we understand that safety is a priority. We
also know that in order to deliver maximum value to our clients we Badra - Gazprom Neft, Iraq

must complete each project on schedule, on spec and within budget. PB-Litoral-A - PEMEX, Mexico

At Frames, our close-knit team of engineering experts is open, Shaybah CPF - Saudi Aramco, Saudi Arabia

honest, and focused on delivering you the best possible solutions. Kuito FPSO - Chevron, Angola

We are passionate about the oil and gas industry, and have been Stones FPSO - Shell, USA

a leading provider of safe, high-productivity systems for more Kraken FPSO - Enquest, United Kingdom

than 30 years. Itagau FPSO - Petrobras, Brasil

N Goma FPSO - ExxonMobil, Angola

Mangaratiba FPSO - Petrobras, Brasil

Technical Details Balneves FPSO - Apache, Australia

OSX-2 FPSO - Petrobras, Brasil

Efficiently removes water and salts from crude oil

Optimizes crude oil quality and cuts transport costs

Delivers clean oil ready for downstream processing

Robust and reliable design

Proven and cost-effective AC technology

Operational simplicity through application of essential

components only

Optimum flow distribution with unique Frames inlet distributor

Contact

+31 88 00 333 00

separation@frames-group.com

Frames
Separation Technologies
Glazenmakersweg 3 +31 88 00 333 00
3449 JK Woerden separation@frames-group.com
The Netherlands frames-group.com
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Frames
Separation Technologies
Glazenmakersweg 3 +31 88 00 333 00
10-2014

3449 JK Woerden separation@frames-group.com

The Netherlands frames-group.com