Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Sufficiently
near practicalpurposes.
correctness It must be borne
for all
in mind,
A hectoliter =
S liters.
JVo.
A store =
Qass. ML I
I hectoliter.
A stere = ,
/j I hectoliter,
f]/ }
A
A
gram
kilogram =
=
Cast Book-
"4. 1/
'
stere.
5 stores.
A kilogram = i gram.
A tonneau =
/"7? !J J
kilogram.
kilogram.
9
.4536 kilogram,
.9071 tonneau.
From i to 1 "
l-12th "
14 to 20 2-3d8
1 to 2 years l-8th " 20 to 63 the full dose.
2 to 3 "
l-6th " 63 to 77 Il-12th8 "
3 to 4 "
l-5th "
"
After 77 5-6th8
"
4 to 7 "
l-3d " "
100 23da
"
GOODHOLME'S
DOMESTIC CYCLOPyiiDIA.
will
expositionof principles,
unpretentious find it one of the most practicalof all this Cyclopedia's
guides to rightliving.Mr. Babb is one of half a dozen experts whose names are publishedin connection
for example, we have Drs. Austin Flint, Jr.,Jacobi,and Lusk ; in the Culinary Department, Mrs. E.
S. Miller and Giuseppe Rudmani are responsible; Col. Geo. E. Waring, Jr.,deals.with Drainage, the
"
Throughout its various departmentsthere is evidence of great care, accuracy of statement and
and
scientific precision, it is no exaggeration to assert that, considering its scope object,it'isthe
and
most valuably cyclopaediain its kind that has hitherto appearedin the English language." Bostott "
Gazette.
"
It aims to give a 'shortcut' to the knowledge which housekeepers are always wanting at a
moment's notice, and to find which they know not where to go. That the book is highly successful in
"
The information is copious and valuable." " N. Y. Tribune.
"Turning the pages of the handsome volume at random, one finds such subjectsas 'Alcohol,'
'Biscuit,' 'Cabe,' 'Canning Fniits,''Copper Ware,' 'Decoration,' 'Drugs,' 'Food,' 'Furnishing,'
'House,' 'Infant,''Mincemeat,' Parrots,' Potatoes,' 'Reed-Birds,' Sarsaparilla,' 'Snake Bites,' ' ' '
'
Tea,' Turkey,' Velvet,' Warming,' White
'
Fish,' Wine,' etc.
' This will show the great value of
' ' '
the work. So far as we know, no similar publicationhas hitherto been issued in this country, and we
are sure the book will meet a 'felt want.'" "
Independent. "
"
The h^s been to confine the work strictly
to the field marked out by its title,
and the
purpose
first impression which receives opening it is one of surprise,
at the very largenumber of mat-
ters
one upon
about which information
practical is wanted . . .
tke work will be reallyinvaluable." " A'. K
"
A book for emergencie^. . . .
That is to say, that from jelly-bagsto compound fractures,
the matter of the book is based on the best authorities,and that with it the operationsof every house
.
"We have examined
carefully i*,and do not hesitate to say that a more practicaland useful book
for the house and familyhas never published. Its information"
been covering a whole range of house-
hold
topics " is justwhat every household needs, and, as stated in the title of the work, has either been
directly
contributed, or thoroughlystrutinized and amended, by as high authorities in the various
"The work is so wide in its range, and thoroughin its dealingwith its manifold topics,that it would
be harder to say what it did not contain than to tell what is found in it.
is,moreover, capitally
It
indexed, so that its consultation is rendered very easy. The completeness of the Cylopaedia is
equaled by its Cincinnati
reliability." "
Gazette,
A
DOMESTIC CYCLOPEDIA
PRACTICAL INFORMATION
CALVEET VAUX, Architect of tlie Central Park, and THOMAS WISEDELL, Architect: LOCA T/NG,
BUILDING, AND REPAIRING.
COL. GEORGE E. WARING, of Ogden Farm: DRAINAGE, THE. GARDEN, THE DAIRY.
GEORGE FLETCHER BASB, Architect : DECORA TION as affiled to Walls, Floors, and Furniture.
MRS. ELIZABETH S. MILLER, Author of "In the Kitchen," and GTJISEPPE EUDMANI, late
Cook in the Cooking School, St. Mark's Place, New York, and Chef de Cuisine, Newport :
AUSTIN FLINT, Jr., M.D., Professor in Bellevue Medical College: dietetics and
ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.
ABRAHAM JACOBI, M.D., Professor in the College of Physicians and Surgeons: DISEASES and
HYGIENE OF CHILDREN.
WILLIAM T. LUSK, M.S., Professor in Bellevue Medical College,late Editor of the New York
Medical Journal : GENERAL MEDICINE.
EDITED BY
TODD S. GOODHOLME ct
I L LUSTRA TED.
3^ ^o^i
NEW YORK
1S78
Copyright 1877,
By Henry Holt.
By traBBfer faem
AprU 1*14.
10 to 20 Astor Place.
HINTS TO THE READER.
It is hoped that this book reach many readers besides those used to handling
may
boolcs of reference, and that they find the following suggestions of use.
may
Glance through the book, running eye over each page, to get a general idea of
your
what it contains. Many particulars worth knowing cannot be ascertained without doing
this.
The arrangement of the main topics in the book is always alphabetical, and that of the
fitted to the topic under treatment. For instance, under Horse, the diseases have been
given alphabetically, but the general advice regarding selection and treatment has been
"Preserves," not to "Quince ;" or for Oyster Sauce, turn to "Sauces," not to "Oyster."
In some few cases, the recipe has come more naturally under the qualifying term.
In the medical of the book, after reading what is said about the
consulting portion
disease, read what be said about the medicine that be recommended in its
may may proper
Pains have been taken to give such information as might enable an intelligent person to
act effectively in sickness, and not to give such details as would tempt the ignorant to
commit the folly of attempting to dispense altogether with professional aid. Therefore in
where directions not full the reader could wish, it is probably because
any case are as as
The general articles on Bathing, Drainage, E.xercise, Food, Diet, House, Ventilation,
Warming, Water, and other hygienic subjects are it is hoped worthy of being carefully
read and even studied by one responsible for the health of a household. Those
every
on Children, Infants, Fevers, the Sick-Room, Nursing, and Wet-Nursing, are in a lar
simi-
In cookery exact proportions are so important that we have generally given the recipes
in of the standard tables of and Where the ments
instru-
terms weights measures. necessary
are not at hand, consult the table of equivalent weights and measures printed on
As rule, list of the needed has been prefixed each recipe, to the
a a ingredients to save
necessity of reading all the directions before knowing if the ingredients are within reach,
and to lessen the danger of overlooking any
in getting them together. .
the of few articles, comparing them with the prices given in the
stores current prices a
It will be readily understood, that most of the best authorities in housekeeping are sons
per-
the of of the advisers who have most benefited this book not
wishes, names some are
the learned seldom realize what portions of their knowledge be understood and
that can
been made in the articles themselves. The principal appropriation has been, by ment
arrange-
editions. The directions and statements of fact in the book cannot fall far short of
twenty-five thousand, and those that might have been property included are probably
practice requires.
DOMESTIC CYCLOPEDIA.
one head, look for it under the other. For example : in looking for Quince Preserves, turn
first to PRESERVES, not to Quince; or for Oyster Sauce, to SAUCE, not to Oyster.
If in glancing through an article, you do not find what you want, see if there is not,
at the end, a cross-reference to some kindred article.
; if
skin. Wash wound vein is cut, compress it below.
surface of the gently to remove a
great pain apply a soft poultice, renewed sourness is not perceptible ; but if a piece of
several times a day. When the abscess is ripe, blue litmus paper (to be had at the druggists,)
open with a lancet. For so-called abscesses be dropped in, its color will be changed to red.
in the head, see Ear. The principal domestic acids are the ing:
follow-
ABSINTHE. "
An alcoholic tincture of the
leaves of the Absinthe, wormwood,
or the Acetic represented by Vinegar.
Acid,
roots of lingwood and aromatic cane, aniseed, Citric giving their sourness
Acid, to the
leaves of dittany, origan, fennel, mint and lemon, orange, citron and cranberry, and, mixed
balm mint, and a little essence of cumin. It with malic acid, existingalso in the gooseberry,
is used largelyby the French. Taken tually
habi- red-currant, strawberry, raspberry, and cherry.
in excess, it is apt to lead to softening It is extracted from lemon juice,and sold in
of the brain and general paralysis. the form of crystals,which can be re-dissolved
ACACIA. "
The Flo^vering Acacia. A in water, flavored with a little essence of lemon
small tree pretty in foliage,growing and so used as an artificial lemon juice.
very where
any-
and
always flowering well. When in Malic Acid, the peculiar acid of apples, but
bloom, in June, it is covered with a profusion of found in most American fruits, and in tomatoes.
pea-shaped pinkish white flowers clustered on Oxalic Acid. Poison. {See Oxalic Acid.)
short stems. Tannic Acid combines with iron and forms
Rose Acacia, smaller than the flowering, the basis of most writing inks. It is found
inj
but more beautiful. It has clustered branches the bark of many trees, and gall nuts, has a^
in
of pink pea-shaped flowers ; is easily grown, weak acid taste, and is astringentand bitter.
and be trained Tartaric Acid, found in a state in
requires no attention. It should pure
to a single stem, but its tendency to throw up grapes, and some other fruits. It is a cheap
suckers renders it troublesome in small substitute for citric acid, but inferior. It is one
a garden.
ACCIDENTS." Professor Wilder, of nell
Cor- of the two ingredients composing the Soda or
I
AGAVE AIR
name being given it on account of a mistaken ague is to brace and strengthenthe system, the
idea that it blooms only once in a century. In patient ought to take as much exercise between
this latitude it reaches maturity at a period the paroxysms as he can bear, and not to give
varying from lo to 70 years, and then blooms up to the indolence which is one of the accom-
paniments
withers and dies. The aloe is applied to many high and dry one is also excellent,and times
some-
in its stem, and from pulque is distilled they demand the skill of an experienced phy- sician.
a singularly fieryspiritknown as Vino Mezcal.
A coarse sort of thread known as the pitafla.\, AIR. The atmosphere in which we live is so
"
is made from the fibres of its leaves ; and from thin and invisible,and so totallyunlike other
an extract of the leaves balls are made which objects,that we are apt to forgetthat it is a
lather in water like soap. It grows in moder-
ately real substance, possessed of weightand
power
rich soil,and needs protectionin winter. of resistance,and that as one of the most sential
es-
Ague, or Intermittent
"
chills and fever as
"
it is popularlycalled, is in the economy of life. We are immersed in this
caused by a miasma believed to be due to cayingthin elastic fluid as a fish is in clear water,
de-
organic matter. It is generated most which to him is, no doubt, equally invisible,
abundantly in marshy ground, and is capable and it presses down upon the earth with a
of being wafted along plainsto a considerable force proportionate to its weight. Upon every
distance from its source. There are three square inch of the earth's surface there rests
thirst; and, finally,of the sweating stac^e, as oxygen and hydrogen combine to
in which perspirationcomes on, first showing form water, but are simply mixed together;
itself on the face and neck, and graduallyex- tending and although various influences tend to mix
over the whole body. This latter them so perfectlythat the proportion in a given
always affords relief and marks the abatement volume at different places is nearly the same,
of the paroxysm. it is not absolutelyso, and one of the gases
Treatment." Quinine is the onlyremedy with- in may, with the greatest ease, be separated from
reach of domestic medicine, in a dose of 10 the other. Such separation takes place, in
grainsfor an adult in the period immediately fol- lowingfact,in breathing. We draw the air into our
the sweating stage of the last lungs,which divide it into its two component
paroxysm.
It is desirable that sufficient quinine should be parts, retainingthe oxygen, which then mixes
given to produce ringingof the ears. If this is not with our blood and enters into our entire sys-
tem,
effected by the first dose it should be repeated while the nitrogen passes out of the
in three or four hours. When the cold stage, body as it entered it without undergoing any
or chill,appears, the patient should be put in change. O.xygen is one of the prime essen-
tials
bed, and covered sufficiently with bed-clothes. of life,alike in animals and plants,and
If the
succeedingparoxysm is not prevented, any material reduction of the proportion which
the same course should be pursued. A third it bears to the other atmospheric gases means
administration of quinine in large doses is death to every living creature. Nitrogen,
rarely required. It is desirable to continue on the other hand, is a negative or inert
with the drug in doses of two
grains three times substance, its chief use being to dilute or
a day for some weeks after the chills are temper the other active ingredientsto a proper
broken. The bed-clothes should be removed degree of strength. Here, then, is the princi- ple
as reaction sets in, and cooling drinks may be by which the relation of air to animal life
given if called for by the patient. Between the is made plain. Pure air,in its normal condi-
ALABASTER ALCOHOL
tion, contains about twenty parts of oxygen, to marble, but in its pure state more rent.
transpa-
seventy-nineof nitrogen,and one of aqueous There are two kinds. One is a carbonate
therefore of the same
vapor, and ^A^j of carbonic acid gas ; and any of lime, and composition
causes which decrease the proportionof oxygen as marble,but has been formed in the manner
injureby so much its health-sustaining qualities.of stalactites by water dripping in a cavern ;
By breathing,and the burning of fuel and lights,though very transparent, it is also hard, and
large quantitiesof oxygen are removed from consequentlylittleused for sculpture.The other
the air,while at the same time carbonic acid is a sulphateof lime, and the same substance as
in nearly equal bulk takes its place. In gypsum, from which plasterof Paris is made.
gas
the case of fuel,if the combustion is perfect, Gypseous alabaster, being soft and
easy to cut,
the air that has been changed is carried up the and often very transparent and beautiful, is
chimney ; but not so in respiration and illumina-
tion, more employed in the manufacture of vases,
the air spoiledby these processes remains clock-stands, statuary, and similar articles.
in the room unless removed by specialventila-ting Alabaster is apt to become yellow,especially
arrangements. {See Ventilation and if exposed to smoke, but mav be restored by
Warming.) Air is also contaminated in a con-
siderable washing with soap and water (cold)and after-
wards
degree, as has already been hinted, polishing with shave-grass.Grease spots
by the exhalations of the human being. "Streams may be removed by rubbing the places with
of subtle and almost intangibleputrescent mat- ter," powder of French chalk. As alabaster is very
says Professor are, all through fragile,
"
Youmans, articles made of it, if valuable, should
life,exhaling from each livinganimal body into be kept under glass. Broken parts may be
the air. The fluid thrown from the lungs and joined together again by quicklime mixed
skin is not pure water. It not only holds in with white of egg to a paste.
solution carbonic acid, but it contains also AliBUMEN." A sutsfance, familiarlyrep- resented
animal matter X]\t exact nature of which has not by the white of eggs, which exists
been determined." This source of contamina-
tion abundantly in all animals, and in the juices,
becomes very obvious when in the morning, seeds, grain,and other parts of plants. It is
from the pure outer air,we enter an unventilated by far the most important single element of
bedroom, where one or two people have slept food, since it contains nutritive matter in a com-
pact
and not only is the atmosphere vitiated, but of foods very diverse in other re.'pects,
two persons occupying a bed for eight hours whilst it is adapted to every varietyof taste.
impart to the sheets by insensible perspiration Its composition is the same in all other forms
not less than a pound of watery vapor charged as in the blood and tissues of man and other
with latent animal poison. Gaseous tions
exhala- animals ; therefore it is incorporated into the
of every sort also escape from the kitchen system with the greatest ease, though it is ne- cessary
and from the cellar,if perishable substances that it firstbe decomposed, so as to form
be kept there, and are diffused through the new ccmbinations. White of eggs is almost
house ; from the imperfect burning of gas-jets,pure albumen with four-fifths of water, and for
also, there arise emanations most injurious to this reason, an egg is in proportion to its weight
health. Stoves, furnaces, and steam pipes are the most nutritious article of food known to man.
it is
scarcelytoo strong an expression to as it is then converte^linto a solid no longer
soluble in water, and if,after coagulation, it be
say that every thought and act of man, every
vital change in his body, and everv process gradually exposed to a higher temperature, it is
by which he regulatesthe condition of his daily reduced to a firm, transparent solid. Fluids,
life,is accompanied by the deterioration of coffee in particular, are often clarified by means
white of
the air upon which his health depends. The of albumen. When any kind of it,as
the
only rem.edy for all these evils lies in proper eggs, is put into a muddy liquid, boiling
on
and adequate ventilation, in other words, in the liquidthe albumen coagulates in a flaky man- ner,
rises
providingof such artificial means as will insure and, entanglingwith it the impurities,
the constant substitution of pure air for that to the surface as scum, or sinks to the bottom,
whose oxygen has already been more or less according to the weight of the fluid holding it.
consumed, and will prevent vitiated air from ALCOHOL." The common and active prin-
ciple
in spirituous liquors, obtained from
reaching the lungs. No subject in the entire
range of hygiene and domestic When the produce of
economy is more sugar by fermentation.
important,and it is one which should engage fermentation is distilled,the spirit, being ex-
the thoughtful attention of every head "of a tremelv volatile,rises in vapor, and in passing
household. At this point we have only dealt through a long cool tube is condensed into a
for
with the principles of the subject; their practi-
cal liquid,which, however, is not pure alcohol,
application is indicated in the articles on a quantity of water and other impuritiesrise
Drainage, with it. It is necessary that it should be distilled
re-
Ventilation, and Warming.
ATiABASTER. A substance similar and pass through other processes
"
very
ALE ALMONDS
ular.
called rectified spirit,or common spirit of and sweetish to the taste ; and a small
wine, the purest form in which it is manufac-
tured quantity of it produces intoxication in those
on a large scale, and the form in which it who are not accustomed
to it. The best English
usually enters into alcoholic liquors. Few ales are Bass and
Allsopp's. Scotch Ale, espe-
cially
subjects have been more discussed and puted
dis- the Edinburgh brands,has a paleflavor ex-
tremely
about than whether alcohol and alcoholic vinous and very like some of the light
beverages are entitled to rank as food or ment
nutri- French wines. It is mild in its effect,
pale in
; but the best opinion seems now to be color, and the taste of the hops does not pre-dominate
that any such claim is inadmissible. They as in the India Pale Ale tured
(manufac-
cannot, it is said, replacewater in the system, especiallyfor the Indian market) and sopp's.
All-
because water is the appointed solvent within Scotch ales are also said to be less
the livingbody, and the solvent powers of al-
coholliable to adulteration than the English. Amer-
ican
the of water Ales
are not same as those ; what are very light,rarely containing
water dissolves, alcohol may not, and Tice versa. more than 3 per cent, of alcohol,and resemble
Alcoholic liquidscoagulateand precipitate the what is known in England as "table beer."
pepsin dissolved in the watery gastricjuice, and They are for the most part pure, however, and
if not quicklyaljsorbed by the stomach into the when fresh make a very mild and agreeable
blood, they would in this way put a stop to beverage. The best are made in the limestone
digestion. It is argued further that alcohol districts of the Northwest.
contains no nitrogen,and cannot, therefore, ALKALIES. A class of substances mon
com- "
be transformed into tissue or flesh. And the to the mineral and vegetable kingdoms,
assumption that alcohol feeds respirationand and embracing some of our most familiar'house-
supplies heat is met by the response that what hold materials, such as soda, ammonia, and
heat it gives rise to, is immature and injurious,potash. They are distinguished by a very
and that it acts in such a rapid as to nauseous taste, called alkaline, which cannot
way duce
pro-
excitement and irritation in the system. be described but may be understood by tasting
It causes temporary stimulation,but this is ex- tremely carbonate of soda; they change vegetableblues
transient, and is followed by corre-
sponding to
green, and yellow ones to brown, and they
depressionand retardation of the vital neutralize and reverse the action of acids, re- storing
powers. This is a subject,however, which is the blue color to such vegetable so-lutions
dividingcivilized nations into two hostile and as have been rendered red by them.
opposing camps ; and since the various bever-
ages Combined with acids, they produce the sub- stances
into which alcohol enters " ardent spirits, known as Salts. Potash and soda are
solvent qualitiesmake it extremely useful in thought to combine the flavor of cinnamon, nut-
meg,
medicine ; and it is much used by naturalists and cloves. It is the berry of a handsome
in preservingtheir "specimens," since it does tree that grows to the height of twenty feet in
not dissolve either albumen or muscular fibre. the West Indies and South America. The
Its cleansingproperties,especially
where fruit is allowed
grease not to ripen,but is ered
gath-
is_to be removed, well known wives.
house- while
are to yet green ; when dried in the sun
better than the soft-shell kinds, if for no other of both white and fed wines which compare
reason, because they are preserved. The
better favorablywith those of similar grade from any
brown skin of the almond easilyconies off by part of the world, and at the Paris Exposition
pressing with the fingers, when they are put of 1867 it is said by Dr. Edward Smith that
into boilingwater; they are then dried till they none of the less expensive vintages met with
are brittle,and being white in the interior are greater acceptance than the sparklingwines of
said to be blanched. Their skin sometimes our Atlantic coast. It is usual in treatingof the
native wines to class them
disagreeswith the stomach, and for this reason as wines of the At-
lantic
almonds should be blanched when brought to coast and wines of the Pacific coast, or, "
the table as dessert. The bitter almond is used as the latter are commonly called,California
in flavoring many preparations.It should, how- ever, wines. The wines of the firstdivision resemble
be very aarefullyused, as in process of those of Germany and France, containingmore
distillation it produces a violent poison. acid, more sprightliness, flavor,and bouquet;
Sauce (almond). This is a Spanish dish. while the CaUfornia wines contain but littleacid,
"
Blanch and pound sweet almonds ; then add a good deal of spirits, and little flavor or bou-
enough Bechamel sauce to make it of the con-
sistency cjuet, thus more nearly resembling the wines of
of thickened gravy. When mutton
Spain and Southern Europe. The cause of
chops are broiled pour thissauce over them and this difference is to be found partlyin the soil,
serve at once. but chieflyin climatic influences : the heat of a
Syrup (of almonds). .5"^^ Orgeat. " southern or semi-tropicalclimate, like that of
ALPACA. A "
descriptionof cloth woven California,for instance, develops a largeamount
from the wool of the Alpaca, or South can
Ameri- of sugar in the grape, and the acids are spondingly
corre-
in
sheep, extensivelymanufactured land
Eng- diminished. {Sec Wine.)
and used chieflyfor clothing. It is also Of the White Wines, Catawba is far more tensively
ex-
much used as a covering for umbrellas, being used than any other. It varies greatly
more durable and finer than cotton and less with the different locations in which
grape the
expensive than silk. English alpaca is sidered
con- is grown, the wine of New York, northern Ohio,
the best, and comes in double and and northern but
Illinois containing less spirits,
singlewidths. a high flavor and a good deal of acid, while the
AMARANTH. " Globe Amaranth, one of wine of Missouri and further south is smoother,
the hardy garden annuals. It requires to be heavier, and less acid and astringent. It makes
brought forward in a hot-bed, but when grown an excellent sparkling wine, equal to many im-
ported,
The soil for it should be moderately rich and a stillwine it resembles the lightRhine and Mo-
selle
moist. The flovvers are purplish-red, white, or wines of Germany, though it has a peculiar
; and when dried form very pretty bou-
quets and characteristic flavor. Next to the Catawba
orange
for winter. They can generallybe bought the most popular white wine is the Delaware.
in pots at the florist's. This wine is of a yellow color, fine flavor, and
ALTERATIVES." This is
good body, closelyresembling some
term of the finer
applied to
medicines which are supposed to alter the nu-
trition Rhine wines ; the still wine is best, the spark-
ling
of the body without producing any phe-
nomena. being somewhat flat and acid. Other good
Thus, small doses of the mercurial white wines, which we can only mention, are
preparationsare regarded as alterative. the lona, Isabella, Massasoit. Maxatawney,
AMBERGRIS. "
A substance much used Herbemont, and Louisiana. The two latter are
in the composition of perfumes. Its originis produced chiefly in the Southern and South-
western
not yet satisfactorily ascertained, but it is sup- posed States.
to be a morbid secretion in the sperm- the native Red Wines, Concord fills
aceti Among
whale, and is found usually on the sea- shore the same place as Catawba among the White.
or floatingon the sea. It is found sionally
occa- There is nearlyas much of it made as of Catawba,
in masses of fifty or one hundred ounces, and Mr. George Hussman says of
it in the new
but as a general thing the pieces are very much edition of the American CyclopcFdia: "it is ef- fectually
smaller. Ambergris is quite similar in appear- ance and truly the poor man's wine, as it
to amber; but it is opaque, fatty,and in- flammable,
can be produced very cheaply, and has a pe- culiarly
remarkably light, melts readilywhen enliveningand invigoratingeffect upon
subjected to heat, and is scarcely soluble in the wine it has
system. For a light summer
alcohol. There are several varieties : gray, not its equal as yet, and it ought to supplant
black, and dark-brown ; the gray is the best, all the cheap French clarets, as it is better,
easiest to break, and lightest,and has the more wholesome, and can be made cheaper."
strongest odor. This odor is so powerful that The wine if fermented in the barrels,varies from
if the box in which it is contained be
left open light red to dark red, has a strong flavor bling
resem-
found upon American tables, and even now for Catawba. Norton's Virginia(common-
ly
Catawba is the only one that can be said to be called Virginia Port), is generallyrecognized
in general use, yet there are several varieties as the best medicinal wine made in America.
AMERICAN WINES ANESTHETICS
6
extends to Europe, and it is generally have a high and deserved reputation. The
of the best red wines in the Brotherhood Wines include Catawba, sweet,
regarded as one
"world. good
Other red wines are those made dry, and sparkling; Delaware, sweet, and dry ;
Wilder, and Concord, and several kinds of Port, including
of the Cynthiana, Catawissa,
Dcvereaux The Catawissa is a claret the Virginia.
grapes.
wine of very line flavor, and the Devereaux is AMMONIA (Spirits of An
H"rtshorn)."
an excellent dark red wine of the Burgundy alkali which is the result of decomposition in
is wine made from and
class. Sctippcrnong a a animal vegetable substances. It exists
grape peculiarto the Southern States ; it is pale almost universally in the air, and can be
yellow in color, and has a strong flavor and obtained in many ways ; but the article
heavy body. usuaUy comes from of the dis-tillation
commerce
qualities.The California Port, made hot water, dip in a flannel cloth,and then wipe
principally in Los Angeles, is dark red, strong the woodwork scrubbing will be neces- sary.
; no
and sweet, very probably made so by the ad-dition
For taking grease spots from any
of alcohol and sugar. Angelica is a fabric,apply ammonia nearly pure, then lay
sweet wine, a favorite among ladies ; it is not them and iron
white-blotting paper over
a pure wine, and is stronger than is generally lightly. In washing lace, put about twelve
supposed, since alcohol, distilled from the clean silver,
drops in a pint of warm suds. To
grapes, is added to it. Madeira, Sherry,Claret, mix two teaspoonfuls of ammonia in a quart
and Muscatel are all made, though in com- paratively
of hot suds ; put in the silverware and wash,
small quantityand of inferior quality.
using an old nail brush or tooth brush for the
The sparklingwines of the Sonoma Valley are purpose. For cleaning hair brushes, etc.,
scarcelyif at all inferior to the Catawba of the
simply shake the brushes up and down in a
Atlantic States, or to the best imported French mixture of one tablespoonfulof ammonia to one
and German sparklingwines. pintof hot water ; when they are cleansed, rinse
" There is one fact about California wine," them in cold water and stand them in the wind
Mr. Charles Nordhoff in his work on
says place to dry. For washing finger- or marks
in a hot
California,"which entitles it to the preference windows
from looking-glasses or put a few
of wine-drinkers it is pure grape-juice. The of
"
from the grapes which yield the wine, the whole part of the
is
insensibility on or
and is added by the vineyardist. It no secret
used in surgical
human body. They are much
at all ; and I am persuaded that he who wants in midwifery,and in all cases where
operations,
pure grape-juicecan buy it in California with- out
is be mitigated ment
excite-
acute pain to or nervous
the danger of being cheated by adultera-
tions."
reduced. It is impossibleto overrate the
judicioususe in such
advantages of their cases;
Of course, as in the case with foreign wines, countless lives have been saved by them, and
the
so with American, a great deal depends upon their discovery has enormously diminished the
cuous use, and the administeringof them l)y in hot water, is often given to infants to relieve
unskilled persons, are to be censured in the colic and flatulence.
strongest terms. Fatal results under such cumstances
cir- ANTHRACITE." The
densest and stoniest
are extremely likelyto follow; and, form of coal and much
the purest. Next to the
in case a mistake is made, certain. (See Chlo-
ral, diamond it approaches nearer than any other
Chloroform, Ether, and Laughing substance carbon, and it emits very
to pure
Gas.) little smoke gas in burning. East of the
or
oil. They may also be served with hard-boiled in the room, to the serious detriment of
ANEMONE. One "of the most beautiful of physicianmust be sent for immediately; and all
our spring flowers, the common varieties that can "
not too sunny. The bulbs are tender in this premonitory symptoms of apoplexy are giddi- ness,
latitude,and should be kegtin the house until pain in the head, drowsiness, noise in the
spring,in a cool,dry place,and set out as soon ears, loss of memory and muscular power,
as the ground is well thawed. They bloom ter nightmare, and
af- the like. When any or all of
the earlier bulbs are especiallyif the patienthas had a
gone, and their flowers these occur,
last a long time.
previous attack, medical aid should be at once
ANIMAL FOOD. (See Food.) summoned. The above symptoms, however,
ANISE SEED." A spice which comes from while they may excite suspicion, are often expe-rienced
Egypt, and is much used for flavoring, cially
espe- by persons sufferingfrom a varietyof
in confectionery;also as a condiment. disorders.
A mild decoction,made by steeping the seed APPLE. None of our fruits can
"
be
8 APPLE APRICOT
and Grindstones. Good cooking apples can to the kettle and boil down, stirring all the
specifying the time, until the mass is of the consistencyof
generally be bought without
kind. The hard, acid kind, are unwholesome soft soap, and brown in color. Spice or flavor
if eaten raw ; but by the process of
cooking to taste.Keep in stone jarsin a cool,dry place.
acid is decomposed Dried Apples. Use winter apples ripe,but
the greatest part of the "
them about a week before they are ripe,so Greenings, quarter and core, but do not pare
that the ripening or maturation of the fruit them ; have hot drippings ready in the frying
shall take place after they are gathered. pan, and laythe apples in,the skin side down ;
Some dry,moderately cool spot, where the frost sprinkle with brown sugar, and when nearly
never penetrates should be chosen, and the cooked turn and brown thoroughly.
apples laid on shelves in such a positionthat Ice (Apple). Boil dark
green, unripe, sour
"
they will not come in contact with each other. apples,without peelingor coring. When soft,
Choice ones may be wrapped singlyin paper drain ; press through a sieve, add an equal
and put into glazedjarswith covers ; or packed quantity of cream, make very sweet, freeze.
in baskets with dry straw. The harder kinds Syrup, Apple. (^SeeSyrup.)
of winter apples can be kept several months Stewed Apples. (I) Pare, quarter and core "
packed away in barrels and out of the frost. sour apples and nearly cover with cold water ;
Baked Apples. Cut out
"
blossom end of cover the saucepan, and when the apples begin
sweet apples ; wash, but do not pare ; pack to boil,stir them ; re-cover and boil,stirring oc-
casionally
them in a largepudding dish, pour a cupful of until perfectly soft. Sweeten to the
water in the bottom, and cover closely with taste, and pour in an earthen dish to cool.
another dish or pan ; set in a moderately hot (II) Put a quart of hot water and three gills of
oven, and steam until tender all through. Pour crushed sugar in a milk pan ; when boiling, lay
the liquorover them while hot, and repeat as in as many Spitzenbergsor Greenings pared, "
they cool. Eat with powdered sugar and cream. quartered and cored as the syrup will half "
them again of a round shape with a paste-cut- ter, slice thin,pour on a pint of boilingwater,
and of the size of the apples. Spread some and let stand till cold. Then pour off the
butter on each slice and placean apple upon it. water, and sweeten and flavor to taste.
Butter a bakepan, put in the apples and bread, "Water (Apple). A pleasant and nutritious "
fillthe hole made in the middle of the appleby drink for the sick. Roast two or three apples
coring with sugar ; place on the top of the' su- gar thoroughly; put them into a pitcher,turn on a
a piece of butter the size of a hazel-nut,and pint of boilingwater and add a little sugar.
set in a warm, but not quick oven. When about See Compote, Jam, Jelly, Pies, Pre- serves,
half done fillthe hole again with sugar and a and Puddings.
of cinnamon, place butter on top as APRICOT. A fruit native to Asia and
Eiece
"
efore,and finish the cooking. Serve warm. Africa,where it forms an important item of
Butter (Apple.) "
Boil down a kettleful food. Its cultivation in this country is fined
con-
of cider to originalquantity.
two-thirds the mostly to the Southern States, though
Pare, cut and core juicy apples, and put as the fruit is found in the Northern markets.
into the cider as it will cover. Boil slowly, The young fruit makes an excellent jam.
many
stirring often, and when the apples are tender Ice (Apricot). Take very ripe apricots; "
to breaking,take them out with a perforated pulp them through a sieve, and proceed as
skimmer, draining well against the sides of with apple ice, described above.
ARBUTUS ARRACK 9
supposed that this was the lamp has been applied to the construction
result of imperfect com- bustion, of a "burner" for gas. It has all the advan-
tages
and that this in over the ordinarygas-jets which the lamp
turn arose from want of has over the common lamp, and should be used
the access of sufficient ygen.
ox- whenever gaslightis made use of for work or
He therefore ceived
con- study.
the idea of ting
admit- ARNICA. " A perennial herbaceous plant,
air into the centre of growing wild in the western States and
the flame, and for this throughout the cooler parts of Europe. The
liftthem the instant they are done, place them add a tablespoonfulof butter, and season with
upright in the dish in which they are to be salt and
pepper. Into this custard put the
served, and cover them with nearly half a asparagus, minced fine. Do not let it boil,but
pint of cream thickened with a dessertspoonfulremove from the fire as soon as the asparagus
of flour,mixed with an ounce and a half of is fairlyin. Fill the rolls with the mixture,
put
on the tops, fitting them carefully; set in the
oven three minutes, after which
arrange on a
dish. To be eaten hot.
Boiled Asparagus. Wash and tie
"
evenly in
small bundles : drop in boiling water slightly
salted, and boil twenty minutes ; take up with
Artichoke la Reine. skimmer and
a a place on buttered toast which
butter, and seasoned with little and has first been quicklydipped in the hot
a mace gus
aspara-
some salt. When cream cannot be procured, water. Pour over it a little melted butter,
milk, and increase the with and salt,or drawn butter.
use new proportion of pepper some
wood can be put to many uses. Mixed with containinga cupful of rich drawn butter ;
lime and sand of heat togetherto a boil,season with pepper and
(one part ashes, one lime, and
the other sand) they increase the strength of salt,and pour into a buttered dish. Break half
building-mortar, and prevent its cracking. a dozen eggs over the surface, put a bit of but- ter
Wood ashes also supply a valuable manure. upon each, sprinkle with salt and pepper,
The principal use which and put in the oven until the eggs are
to they are put, set.
however, is in the making of soaps. Water Fried Asparagus. Blanch the asparagus a "
soaked through them gradually becomes a couple of minutes, and then drain it ; dip each
strong lye ; and this boiled down with oil,or piece in batter and fry it in hot fat. When
grease of any kind, makes a good soap. It is done, sprinklewith salt, and serve hot. This
from ashes, too, that the potash of commerce is is nice and easy to prepare.
derived. {See Lye.) Stewed Asparagus Professor Blot recom- mends
ASPARAGUS Though not tious,
nutri- this : Select young and tender shoots,
" very
asparagus is easilydigested. In raising, cut them in pieces about half an inch long,
the seed should be plantedin dry and extremely and blanch for three minutes. Take off and
rich soil, the qualityof which must be kept up drain ; and then put them in a saucepan on
by powerful manures. Plant in the spring,in the fire with two or three tablespoonfulsof
rows about a foot apart and six inches from broth ; stir now and then for a couple of min- utes,
each other in the row, and leave untouched add a teaspoonful of flour; stir again,
except by thorough weeding during the first two and as soon as the whole is thoroughly mixed,
years. Half the shoots may be cut in the add an ounce of butter, salt, pepper, and ped
chop-
third year, and should be cut an inch or two parsley. When the butter is melted, 'serve.
below the surface, and after that the full crop, ASPHALTUM. "
A bituminous substance,
as long as the bed lasts,which will be, under of about the consistencyof resin, and times
some-
Both bloom about midsummer, and last six ASTRAL on.." A refined and purifiedform
weeks. Asphodel
" was planted in the neigh- borhood of the kerosene oil. It is nearly odorless,
of sepulchres by the ancients, who had burns more steadily,and has the great advan- tage
a superstition that the manes of the dead drew over the common oil that it is entirelysafe
nourishment from its roots. under all the usual conditions of domestic use.
garden culture, and offering an extraordinary subjects all who use it, should banish it
known from the
variety. Full two hundred species are household ; and we know of no tute
substi-
to florists,and these include every variety of which fulfils all the conditions of safety
colors and shades. In culture, the seed should and economy so well as the "astral oil."
be sown in a hot-bed about the middle of April, ASTRINGENTS. "
Those medicines which
and transplanted to the garden about a month produce contractions of the fibres with which
later. They require a dry, rich soil, and erate
mod- they come in contact. When given internally
exposure to the sun ; and a
very pretty they contract the walls of the blood-vessels,
effect is produced by planting in suitable beds, and thus are useful in passive hemorrhages.
setting the
plants one foot apart each way. When employed locally,the contraction they
The best varieties areChtnensis, Dwarf, Chry- produce makes them useful in restraining dis-
charges
santhemu?ii, German, Hedgehog, Palny, Flow- ered, of blood and mucus.
other time. A paro.xysm of asthma usually hap-pens Tablespoonful every 3 hours for passive
after exposure to the damp, violent emo- tional uterine hemorrhage.
excitement, unusual e.xercise of any kind, AVIARY. (See Bird Cage.)
or the taking of some food which the stomach AZAIjEA. "
One of the most beautiful of our
cannot digest. Persons in the decline of life are native shrubs. It is hardy, and in some of its
more liable to asthma than the It seldom numerous species is found everywhere from
young.
admits of cure, and on the other hand it rarely Maine to the Gulf of Mexico. The bush grows
shortens life,except when precautions from four to ten feet high, is beautifully pro-
portioned
proper
are neglected in case of and leaved, and bears profuse umbel-
paroxysms.
Treatment. The treatment of led clusters of white, orange, purple, or varie-
gated
"
paroxysms
consists in administering narcotics and spasmodics,
anti- flowers, some of which are unsurpassed
if possible as soon the first toms by other of our plants. In cultivation the
as symp- any
are felt. Ether, chloral and laudanum in azalea loves shady spots,
sandy, loamy soil. and a
be used : as the syrup of squills,or them plentifully but not too often. Florists
niac.
gum-ammo-
A teaspoonful of the squills may be always have them.
BABY BAKING 13
B.
BABT. (Sfg Infant.) vessel, the inner one can never be heated to a
BACON. "
That part of the hog which cludes
in- temperature higher than 212" Fahr., and the
the
thin portion.sof the ribs and belly.
This preserved in several ways, generallyby
is
rubbing in salt and saltpetre and drying,and also
quite frequentlyby smoking. In curing,rub
a mixture of four pounds of salt and half a
pound of saltpetreinto every part of the pork
and repeat the process at regular intervals for
about three weeks, during which time the flesh
Bain-Marie.
should be kept in a cool place. Afterwards
remove and dry. In England, the preparation amount of heat can be regulatedvery easilyby
of bacon is different. There, instead of the pouring in cold water or increasing the fire.
hair being scalded off the hog as with us, it is The water-bath can be bought at most house-
and are then covered with fine salt mi.xed with on one side and sometimes without, according
four pounds
saltpetre, to half apound; a pound to the uses to which it is intended to be put.
and soft, and is generallyused for
of brown sugar is added to give flavor. The It is warm
flitches, the several called, liningclothes and for table-covers and the like.
as parts are now
are laid upon one another and resalted with It is usuallydyed green.
the mi.xture dailyfor about three weeks, the BAKING.- The process of cooking in a
"
taste. Good bacon has a peculiarly rich and and hardens the outside and leaves a flavor
proportion of fresh vegetables,is one of the Nearly all so-called "roast" meats, however,
most wholesome and digestibleof foods. In are simply baked, and it is a process not likelyto
select that which has a thin be given up in our kitchens. The reader is
choosing bacon
rind, with firm fat which should be tinged red earnestlyrecommended to read the article on
by the curing; the flesh should be of a clean Roasting. Meats and fish are much improved
red, without intermixture of yellow,and adher- ing in the baking when covered with a piece of
bone. buttered In baking bread and pastry
firmly to the paper.
To Cook. Bacon
" is generallyfried or boiled. the foregoing objections
There is a kind called breakfast bacon which, do not apply of course ;
when cut into thin slices and fried,either by but it is a process whose
itself or with liver, is very palatable; in the success demands close
in mind that each oven has a temperature of wine, one quart. Digest them in a gentle
of its own, and that some dishes require heat for three days and then strain and bottle.
more heat than others. Watch the object in This preparationis also administered internally
process of baking from time to time, especiallyto relieve coughs,asthma, and other complaints
at the beginning, so as to turn it round if of the breast. The dose is from 20 to 60 drops,
one cooking faster than the other, and
side is three times a day.
also to regulatethe temperature if necessary. BANANA " A varietyof the plantain,found
and
Special directions will be given in the case of in the West Indies and South America,
each article of food. throughout the tropicalregions of both pheres.
hemis-
BASING POWDERS." These consist of In the countries v/here it grows it is
powders contain alum in considerable quanti- ties. wine and orange juice. It is also roasted,fried
The safest plan, therefore, is to make or boiled, and "is made into fritters, preserves,
them at home. and marmalades. It is dried in the sun and
and
twenty teaspoonfulsof cream-tartar
Take presen,-edas figs; meal is extracted from it by
ten of carbonate of soda; roll smooth and mix
pounding and made into something resembling
well together. Keep in a jar or bottle tightly bread ; and the fermented juiceaffords an ex-
cellent
corked, and use three teaspoonfulsto a quart wine. With us it is brought to the table
of flour. as dessert, and proves universallyacceptable.
BAIiM An herb, the leaves of which are The best kind, when they can be procured
usuallybrought in a dried state from the south lady-fingers as they are called. " "
fresh,are the
and from its matured
Italy.In markets from March to
of France state
They are^ound in our
BALSAM." One of the hardy annuals most flannel, of various widths and of any length,
often found gardens, where
in it is popularly much used in medicine and surgery. The best
called slipper." The seed should be material for bandages is stout, unbleached
Lady's
" lin
mus-
sown in April in a hot-bed, or in the house, and ; but a stripof sheeting,or strip of an old
transplantedto the garden in May. They will petticoator dress, will usually answer every
grow vigorously in any moderately rich soil, purpose. As the manner in which the band-
age
and when once started, will spring up fresh is bound round the limb makes all the dif-ference
each year in great numbers. The plant is from in the comfort of the patient, the lowing
fol-
one to two feet high, and the different varieties directions in relation to the use and
have white, red, pink, flesh-color,red and pur- ple, applicationof bandages taken from Druitt's
and variegated flowers, blooming from "
System of Modern
"
Surgery," a standard au- thority
June to October. There are also single and with physicians and surgeons, may be
double varieties, the double being most tive.
effec- of service.
Plant the slipsat least two feet apart. "I. Bandages usually consist of strips of
BALSAMS. A " class of substances much linen, calico or flannel, varying in breadth from
used in medicine, but also entering into the one to three, five or more inches, and in length
composition of varnishes, etc. They are both from one to six, eight or twelve yards. Some- times
solid and fluid ; and consist of resin of some they are made of India-rubber web, or
kind, volatile oil, and cinnamic acid, without of a substance like stockings; but for most
the last of which they are not balsams. stout unbleached ^.alico, or thin fine
purposes,
The balsam of Peru, benzoin, and the sam
bal- calico,will answer. They are generallyrolled
of Tolu are genuine balsams ; the once up longitudinally
for use, and hence have re- ceived
famous Copaiba balsam is not a balsam at all. the name of rollers. Bandages may often
Peruvian balsam is largelyused as a stimulant be made of handkerchiefs, or square pieces of
applicationto sluggishulcers. The compound linen.
tincture of benzoin is likewise used for the "II. The chief uses of bandages are, ist,
same purpose. The syrup of Tolu is an to keep on dressings,to protect a diseased part
agreeable mixture much used in formulae for from injury, and put some little restraint upon
cough mixtures. The following preparation its motions ; 2dly, to afford a support to relax- ed
is strongly recommended for recent wounds muscles, ligaments,and vessels. Deprive
and bruises : Take of powdered benzoin three its normal support, and varicose
any part of
ounces; balsam of Peru, two ounces; hepatic veins and dropsicaleffusions are sure to cur
oc-
aloes, powdered, half an ounce; rectified spirits and conversely many chronic swellings of
;
BANDAGES 15
Fig. 3-
Fig. I.
a simple strip of linen that may be wound two circular turns around the wrist.
round the fingera few times with the requisite " VI. For the Forearm. " After applyingit
tightness. It must be fastened neatlywithout
Fig.4-
about the hand and wrist as just described, "VII. For the Foot. Let the roller be first
-carry it up the forearm,and in every turn fold round the flat of the foot between the
passed "
the bandage sharply and smoothly back toe and heel and then carried up round the
upon "
itself,
in such a way that it lie smoothly on may ankle, and back again round the foot exactly
as
the patella,or
knee-pan. (Fig. 6.) Fig. 6.
If that bone is to be
coveredthe bandage must
be passed lightlyover it "
X. For the Groin. "
Having passed a roller
afterwards,several times, round the lower part of the abdomen and cured
se-
Fig. 5
Fig. T
fected groin,then round the back of the thigh,a common handkerchief folded crosswise under
next round the abdomen and so on in a figure-the arm pit,cross it over the shoulder, and
of-eightform with the folds crossingeach other carry the ends one before and one behind the
over the groin. chest to tie under the opposite arm-pit.
"XII. For the Head. "
A roller having been
carried round
horizontally the forehead and back
of the head and secured
by a stitch,let it be car-
ried
successive turns with gum, plasterof Paris, crops are reapedf rom one sowing. Barley was
glue, paste, or white of egg, which speedily one of the chief articles of food among the
sets, serving the double purpose of bandage ancients, is still used largelyon the continent
and splints. (Scr Fractures.) of Europe, and to a considerable extent in
BANK. It is well for the inexperiencedto
"
Scotland and Northern England ; but with us
know that banks do not pay money to holders it is rarelyused except for feeding cattle and
of checks and drafts unless some officer knows barn-yard stock, and for the manufacture of
the holder to be the person he professesto be. beer. Barley hulled and ground makes a coarse,
They even often decline checks payable to heavy kind of bread, wholesome to eat, and not
bearer, unless they are satisfied that tlie holder disagreeable in taste. Its nutritive value is not
came by them properly. Neither do banks equal, however, to wheaten bread ; and spite
de-
take from unintroduced strangers deposits its cheapness it is not very likelyto be- come
subject to check, though they will usuallyre- ceive soon a staple article of our diet. The
cash from a stranger, giving him in turn only forms in which it is used in cooking are
for it a Certificate of Deposit
"
payable to the preparationsdescribed "
below.
bearer or to the order of any person named. Pearl Barley, the kind kept in the stores, is
These certificates of deposit can be indorsed the small round kernel which remains after the
and passed from hand to hand or sent by mail, skin and outer portions of the kernel have been
justas checks are. (See Check.) ground off. For this purpose, the Spring ley
bar-
BANTING'S CURB." The name given to is chosen ; it is steamed to soften the skin,
a system of dietetics by William ing,
Bant- dried, and passed through a mill of a
devised peculiar
a London (though it is identical kind to take off the husk, all except what lies
merchant
with that previouslyrecommended by Brillat- in the deep furrow of the seed. It makes cellent
ex-
Savarin), for the cure of corpulence. Its merits broth, is much approved as the farin-
aceous
have been very energetically disputed,and it ingredientin puddings,and when boiled
has latelyas a whole fallen rather into disre-
pute with new milk and flavored with sugar, and oc-casionally
; but Banting cured himself by it,and was spices,makes a delicate and deli-
cious
evidentlyan enthusiastic believer in its efficacy. food more nutritious than rice.
The method consists in the use of a large pro-
portion Patent Barley is the pearlbarleyground to
of nitrogenousanimal food, and absti-
nence flour.
from all farinaceous, saccharine, or oily Infants (Barley for). Barleywill of ten agree "
matters, which conduce to the productionof fat with infants when their stomachs rejectmilk.
in the human system. He especiallyforbids To prepare, take two tablespoonfulsof pearl
the use of bread, pastry, potatoes, milk, butter, barley,carefully washed, soak it half an hour in
beer; sweet wines, such as port wine, cham-
pagne, a little lukewarm water, then stir it without
and the like ; pork, herrings,eels, mon
sal- straining into two cupfulsof boilingwater. Add
and other fat fish and meats ; and mends
recom- a pinch of salt ; simmer an often;
hour, stirring
leanmeat, poultry,game, fruit, dry then strain, and sweeten with two teaspoonfuls
toast, claret, dry sherry, madeira, all green of white sugar. This is an excellent substitute
vegetables, except parsnips, beets, turnips, and for milk during infantile diarrhoea.
carrots ; permittingthe moderate use of soft- Sugar (Barley). Properly speaking,barley
"
grows wild in woods and shady places, and sugar. (See Candy.)
though not very abundant, can generally be "Water (Barley), is a very soothing and nu- tritious
found in market in September and October. drink for the sick. To make, take two
The fruit is crimson in color, grows in clusters, ounces of pearl barlev, put it in half a pint of
and has small It is extremely boilingwater, and
roundish seeds. let it simmer five minutes ;
acid and sour, but makes
coolingand grateful then pour off the water, add two quarts of boil-
a ing
drink ; and is used for pickles,sweetmeats, water, two ounces of sliced figs, and two of
jellies,soups, and garnishing. The leaves of stoned raisins,and boil tillit is reduced to a
sugar
to wheat, over which it has the advan-
tage lemon or nutmeg.
that it be A highlyaromatic
BASIL. herb, often used
can grown over a greater range "
I, and in California three or four successive made use of, but there is a large species,
BATH 19
process until the whole body has been bathed, i cold bath, but the shock from the shower
inhere this bath greater than that from simple immersion,
nary
The writer knows instanees is
also for asthma, in the intervals between the bath. When the result is beneficial the
when the system is in other respects glow is felt almost immediately,consequently
paroxysms,
in condition for it. When there is a when recourse is had to it,the bather should
a proper
tendency to colds and rheumatism, the cold bath withdraw immediately after the shock; if its
is prolonged it quickly lowers, and last
is an excellent preventive; for this purpose use at
it should be used continuously throughout the destroys the sensibility, and is then highlyin-
jurious.
It is improper in the case of those who For delicate persons, the tepidshower
year.
have tendency
a consumption, or who to are bath is preferable; and salt added to the water
cold bath before their breakfast is digested. frequentlyadopted in cases of fever, to cool
{See Douche Bath.) the surface of the body ; but as its action is
is very different from that of the cold bath. is also used successfullyas a tonic to ward q"
There is no .shock,but the temperature is grate-
ful disease. It is found especiallyserviceable
to the bather ; the blood circulates more when a person is disposed to asthma or is suf-
fering
and gentleglow pervades the body from cough. For this the
rapidly, a ; a purpose
the skin absorbs water, is softened, and throws chest be sponged daily,and afterwards
may
off the scales of decomposed matter which may well rubbed and dried, so as to produce a glow
have accumulated on it ; pain is allayed,and on the surface. In some cases vinegar and
nervous irritation is soothed. The warm bath water, or salt and water are preferable,and
is especially gratefuland beneficial after exces-sive then much rubbing is not necessarj'. This is
muscular exertion, or after the fatigueand an excellent method for bathing very young
excitement of travelling.It refreshes and tran- quillizes children. In the country or in the cityhouses
the system ; but on the other hajid it
has none of the tonic influence of the cold bath,
and frequent use tends to relax and debili-
its tate,
while
rendering the system more sensible
to changes of temperature. The best tempera-
ture
for the bath of a healthy person is what is
called tepid^and it is also the most agreeable.
A distinctly warm bath taken justbefore going
to bed will probably cure any tendency to wake-
fulness,
especially if the wakefulness come from
over use of the brain. No bath whatever
should be taken while digestion is going on "
Sponging Bath.
say in less than two hours after a meal.
Hot Bath. "
This has a temperature ranging
from 98" (blood-heat) to 1 2". It is a very on high ground,in both of which places econo-
my
1 ful
power-
stimulant, and should never be used by sons
per- of water is apt to be an object,or in all
in a good state of health. Even in cases cases where expeditionis desirable, the ing
follow-
of is recommended Have tin
disease,it should only be taken under a cian's
physi- arrangement : a
advice. As the objectis to stimulate the pan made six inches deep, half an inch shorter
vital actions, the bather should never remain than the width of the bath tub at the top, and
wide enough to extend good distance be- yond
long enough in the bath to produce exhaustion," a
the average time is from ten to fifteen minutes. the faucets. On the two short sides and
The best way to obtain the full beneficial effect on one long sides, let it have a rim an
of the
of the hot bath is inch widethe edge of the rim
with rolled over
to commence with tepid water
and a substantial wire to give strength. Slide this
graduallyincrease the temperature. The
It will be supported by
hot bath is chieflyused where it is desirable to pan under the faucets.
produce abundant perspiration,when it should the edges of three sides of the bath-tub coming
be followed by rollingthe patient in blankets. under its rim. Supply it from the faucets and
ShO'wer Bath. " When cold water is used, the pour the water over the body from a large
effect of this bath is similar to that of the ordi- Thus very little water need be used
sponge.
20 BATH BRICK BEAR-MEAT
With most people it will be best to begin with frost is out of the ground, in a rich deep soil
it and to let the cool-water faucet which they do not exhaust and in which they
jirettywarm
run so as to cool it graduallywhile it isbeing ap- grow rapidly. Plant three at a time, in holes
on the rest of the body. foot high the weeds cannot hurt them. Snap
important or stringbeans, grown either as "
Sea Bathing. Although the most
"
pole beans "
effects of bathing are produced by the tempera- ture or as bush beans," are plucked young
"
and
of the water, there can be no doubt that eaten in the pods. They are ready for the mar- ket
from that of the sea. Where the object is with a succession of crops until Novem-
ber.
to bring on a reaction, and to stimulate and The Lima and kidney beans come in
brace the system, sea bathing is greatly to be about the ist of May, and continue throughout
preferred. The manner of going into the bath, the year, although during the winter months
and the time of remaining in it,depend chiefly they are apt to be hard and dry.
on the condition of the bather. Some plunge To Bry. Lima beans pulledwhile young and
"
in at once in order to obtain the full advantage tender and dried in the sun, may be put away
of the shock ; others are recommended to take and kept for use at any time. They should be
at first one or two dips,to test the power of re- action,thoroughly soaked before using.
and gradually to immerse the entire Kidney Beans. Shell into cold water; boil "
body in water. In the head should be until tender with a piece of fat bacon. Serve
any case
wet thoroughly before the feet become chilled. bacon and beans together.
Moving about as much as possiblewhile in the liima or Butter Beans. Shell into cold "
water is highly advantageous, and if the bather water ; let them lie awhile, and then put into
can swim, all the better. On coming out, the a pot with plenty of boiling water, and a little
body should be quickly and well dried with a salt, and boil fast, until tender. Drain, and
coarse towel, and the clothes put on without butter well when dished, peppering to taste.
delay; though this precaution is not so neces- sary Pork and Beans. Put a quart of dried "
as when bathing in fresh water, as the par- ticles white beans over the fire with two quarts of
of salt remaining on the skin after the cold water; after boiling a few minutes drain
water has dried, stimulate it even more than and add the same quantity of boiling water.
rubbing. The most common error in the prac-
tice When the skins begin to crack, drain the beans
"
of sea bathing,and one which should be and put them in a "bean pot or in a deep
carefullyavoided, is remaining so long in the bakingdish ; place in the centre a pound of
water that the heat of the body is lowered low sweet
be- pork, the rind carefullyscored in small
the proper degree, and the consequence is squares ; pour a quart of hot water over the
a feelingof chilliness that is both disagreeable whole and bake slowly,for three hours.
and injurious. The only time of the year adapt- ed Some persons think this dish improved by a
for sea bathing on our coasts, north of spoonful or two of molasses added while baking.
Florida, is the summer and autumn months ; Salad of Snap Beans. " Boil as above till
the best time of day depends on the localitytender; put them in a crockery dish, a few at a
and on the state of the tide,which should be time, and sprinkle with salt and pepper; then
taken at the full. Under no circumstances, cover over and leave to stand three or four
however, should a bath be taken in less than hours. Drain out the water; put the beans in
three hours after a hearty meal. {See Russian, a salad-dish with sweet oil,vinegar,and parsley
SiTz, Turkish, and Vapor Baths.) chopped fine ; and serve cold.
BATH BRICK." A preparation of calcare-
ous String Beans. "
Prepare by breaking off
earth, sold in the shape of a brick. It is both ends, and after "stringing" pare both
much better than sand for scouring knives and edges with a sharp knife. Then cut the beans
forks, brass and tin the ware, and the
into pieces an inch long,soak in cold water
like : with
particlesare not hard, but
readilycrushed
so a little salt for twenty minutes
are ; drain them and
into smaller pieces in the process of rubbing, put into a sauce-pan of boiling water, boil
and do not leave scratches, while they have quickly about forty minutes, or until tender.
sufficient hardness in cullender until water drip
to remove a portion of the Drain ceases to
surface. In using,scrape of
off a portion with a from them ; and dish with a large spoonful
knife, and apply with a damp cloth or cork; butter. The taste of beans is greatlyimproved
when it can be had, a corn cob makes the best by boilinga bit of bacon with them ; though it
of all scrubbers. is not necessary.
BBANS. The only beans used to any BEAR-MEAT." The flesh of the black
tent
ex-
"
in
cooking are the string or " snap," the bear is the only kind ever offered for sale in
Lima, and the kidney. All these are easilyraised; our markets, and this can generallybe had in
they will grow abundantly in the open fields the late fall or winter months, some years in
alongwith corn. But to obtain them at their great plenty. It is very nutritious and heating
BEAR-SKIN BEDS AND BEDDING 21
to tlie and
blood, digestseasily, has a decided freely,or for warm weather, the sea-mo.ss and
but taste. The flesh of a paper-shavings are the best materials ; and as
very savory young
bear, nearlygrown fat,is considered
and rather the latter can be obtained everywhere, a mat-
tress
the best. It can be had cut into steaks, but is made of it is often a very gratefuladdition
best roasted. Cook like beef or venison, and to the furniture of a bed. Feathers and down
excellent dish for exceptional sufficiently soft for comfort and not hot enough
popular and
occasions. Cook and serve like ordinaryhams. to promote perspiration. Wool mattresses are
BEAR-SKIN. A thick woollen cloth, very healthy and pleasant to lie upon, though
very "
with a long nap or pile,dyed various colors, at first they feel rather hard and unyielding
and used for making overcoats, cloaks, and to those accustomed to feathers ; by placinga
other heavy clothing. It should be shrunk spring mattress under thein they are rendered
thoroughly before cutting. yieldingenough for any one. The best of all
BED-BUGS. (Si-n Bugs.) materials for beds, however, is hair. It is
purposes should above all things be light, than any of the cheaper materials, and is
cheerful, and thorouglilyventilated. A third equally serviceable in summer and winter.
of our lives is necessarily spent in these rooms, Mattresses of it can be made thick or otherwise
and where the current practiceof reservingthe according as springs or other mattresses are
parlor for "company" obtains, a great deal more. used ; and though expensive, the same hair
An ample supply of fresh air should be secured can be made over several times and so made
at all times and everywhere, but its necessity to do many years' service. Straw mattresses
is peculiarlyurgent in the case of bedrooms. are seldom used except for puttingunder hair
We are much more susceptibleto injurious or feather-beds ; where used for a top mattress
influences when asleep than when awake, and the straw is generally mixed with moss or
these accumulate with startlingrapidityin an cotton. For the cheaper kinds of beds the mate- rial
"
unventilated in which called excelsior is superiorto
any other.
"
chamber two or more
persons spend the night. An excellent plan is Springs add greatlyto the comfort of a bed,
to open the window above and below ; lowering and they can be had now in any style and at
the upper sash, with an opening over the door, almost any price. Their cost is but little more
is also very effective. But if the bedroom than that of an under mattress, which can then
"
have fireplace,
no it should be connected by be dispensed with. But the " springmattress
tubes with the chimney-flue. At the same should never be used ; it almost inevitably
time the prevalent notion that a bedroom to becomes the harbor of bed-bugs and other
be healthful must be cold is altogethermistaken. vermin which cannot be got at without ing
destroy-
No room should be sleptin in winter that has The
the mattress. woven-wire mattress," "
not had a fire in it at least three times a week, a invention, is probably the most
recent perfect
and it is all the more wholesome if it have one apparatus of the kind ever devised, and though
every day. Warmth is in itself necessary to expensive, will stand many years of ordinary
thorough ventilation and the temperature use. The only objection to it we have heard
any ;
of a bedroom should not be suffered to fall is that when used long by heavy people it is
below 40". (5"v Furniture.) liable to sag.""
BEDS AND BEDDING." For beds an Pillows are seldom made of any other
elastic material is
required,with a variation in material feathers, though hair,sponge, or
than
its heat-conducting powers according to the chipped cork, is occasionallyused. Feather
season of the year and the age of the individual. pillows should never be stuffed very full,as
Thus, the infant and the aged, in both of whom this gives them a hardness and inelasticity
vitality is low, require the slowest conductor which disagreeable and also in-
is peculiarly jurious.
that can be procured, especiallyin the winter In buying them it is best to choose
season. For the middle-aged on the other the feathers first and have them made up to
hand, the same material which is desirable for suit ; select or chicken feathers of the
goose
the first and last periodsof life,would be much softest and most downy kind. Hair pillows
too warm and relaxing. In the order of their are cooler than feather, though not so soft
conducting the various materials for and yielding. They are recommended for
powers
beds stand
follows, beginning with the
as fulness m the head, persons with a tendency to
warmest or slowest conductor : i st, downs 2d, and for all young children. It is necessary to
feathers; 3d, wool; 4th, wool-flock; 5th, make them lower than those made of feathers.
hair; 6th, cotton-flock excellent pillow for invalids feeble
; 7th, '"'"excelsior;" 8th, An or
sea-moss; 9th, paper-shavings ; and loth, persons is sold at the drug stores in the shape
straw. Hence it follows that the first two are of an india-rubber sack, which can be inflated
peculiaryfitted for the very young and the old ; with air to any degree of flexibility.
desired
while wool and hair, holding an intermediate Sheets wereformerly almost universally
position,are best
adapted for healthy persons made of linen,but experience has proved that
of middle age. Where cool mat-
a particularly tress cotton is much better. Linen in any shape,
is required,as for those who perspire when brought into contact with the skin,con-
22 BEDSTEAD BEEF
air, and therefore confining perspiration,are moisture and become damp, and this is an-
other
sheeting; it will last twice as long as any perfectlydry is to invite disease ; therefore all
other, and though yellow at first will soon bed-clothes should be carefullyaired everyday.
bleach. It is a mistake to make sheets exactly The bed itself should be turned over, and the
sheets, blankets, and other ering,
cov-
styles.
Iron Bedsteads are made to
fold togetherin small space, and
are extremely durable and easy
to keep clean. For these sons,
rea-
simple squares of than that of any other meat, that its use not
so
"
as it requiresonly about two hours and three three weeks in the chimney-place or over a
color,a hard, skinny fat,and in old animals a incisions in the beef, and into these, thrust in
horny gristlerunning through the meat of the the stripsof pork so far down that the upper
ribs. A very good test of beef and one easily ends are just level with the surface, also work
applied,is to press the lean meat with the into each cavity a little of the force-meat.
finger; when the dent made by the pressure Proceed thus until the beef is fairly riddled
rises up quickly,the meat is from an animal and plugged with the pork. Fill the hole from
in its prime, but when it rises slowly or not at which the bone was taken with the dressing
all,the animal was old and the meat is of ferior
in- and bits of pork, and rub the upper side of the
quality. One rule which housekeepers meat with the force-meat. baking Put into .a
should bear in mind always is,that the best meat pan, with a little water to prevent burning ;
and the prime parts are cheapest in the end. turn a large pan over it to keep in the steam,
There is a greater proportion of gristle, bone, and roast slowlyfor five or six hours allowing "
and hard meat in the inferior joints; they may half an hour to each pound of meat. Do not
serve as the basis of soups, stews, and the like, remove the cover except to baste (which must
but it is false economy to buy them for ing
roast- be done often)until fifteen minutes before you
or boiling draw it from the oven. Set away, with the
To Corn Beef. " Take the thick, lean parts stringor band still about it,and pour the gravy
and cut into pieces of five to ten pounds each ; over the meat. When cold, liftfrom the gravy,
those with a streak of lean and a streak of fat cut and remove the string,and send the meat
are the choicest. For each twenty pounds of parsley or to the table cold, garnished with
beef takepounds three nasturtium of common
blossoms. Carve
salt,an in extremely thin
ounce of saltpetre, and two tablespoonfulsof slices. This dish will keep for a week in
brown sugar ; pour in enough water to cover winter, and in summer too, if kept in the
the whole. Beef may also be corned by simply refrigerator.
rubbing in salt that has been dried before a fire. II. A simpler way of making d, la mode beef
For ten pounds of beef take a pound and a half is this : Take a round of beef and cut numer-
ous
of common salt,rub in thoroughly,and set the holes entirely through it ; roll stripsof raw
meat in a saltingdish and keep in a cool place; salt pork in a seasoning made of half a tea-
spoonful
the brine that melts should be returned each of thyme, cloves, salt and
upon per
pep-
the meat every day, and if it is desired to have ; then draw these stripsthrough the holes
it red, add a little saltpetre. The length of in the beef. Put half a dozen small onions
time it is to remain in the salt depends into a sauce-pan with a quarter of a pound of
upon
how long it is to be kept,usuallyfrom three to butter and two tablespoonfulsof milk, and
ten weeks. stew until soft (or the onions can be cooked
To Smoke Beef. In cool weather with the beef
"
claret or port wine. This dish may be served thin and fine, with a knife,or on the potato
either warm or cold. sheer; measure a pint,without pressing; cover
Baked Beef. "
Our so-called roast meats are with cold water ; heat slowly and if very salt
almost invariably baked. beef, let it simmer
To bake a moment ; drain off the water,
select as for roasting. Have about a quarter add a gillof rich cream and season with pepper.
of an inch of cold water in the bake-pan, and Lacking cream, use milk with one ounce of
dash little
boiUng water
a over the meat just butter and a teaspoonful of flour. Served on
before puttinginto the oven. If the meat is splitcrackers or toast it requiresmore dressing.
preferred rare, allow a quarter of an hour to Hash (Beef). Chop cold roasfbeef or steak "
the surface. The time allowed for boilingis a a little salt to draw out the blood, and skim it
quarter of an hour to each pound of meat, and off as it rises to the surface. Take out the
when once thoroughly done do not let it boil a meat and strain the liquor; then return the
moment longer. meat to it with a sliced tablespoonful onion, a
turnip, an onion, and some large lump of butter. Stew until the is
one celery,all cut meat
small; cover with cold water and set onto tender, and then stir in a tablespoonfulof
boil ; as the scum rises remove it carefully.browned flour. Boil up once, and serve hot.
Keep it simmering for three or four hours, Kidneys (of Beef). Cut the kidney in four "
adding hot water as the water boils away ; pieces, trim off as carefullyas possible the
then draw off most of the soup and set it aside cartilage and fat that are inside. Trim and
to cool. To the vegetables,pre- into thin slices ; place the tire with
soup more viouslycut on
cut small and boiled by themselves, enough cold water to cover ; as soon as they
may be added ; or it may be served in a tureen boil,remove them and carefullywash in plenty
with vermicelli. The meat, from which the of cold water ; drain them free of water, put
bones should served, them
be in a sautoir
removed, may with 2 oz butter, and 2then be
garnished with the vegetables boiled with it. oz onion, cut fine ; brown well over a sharp
A sauce, made of the soup thickened with fire, then add l oz of flour, shaking it well
flour and butter and flavored with mustard and together,a gilland a half of gravy or broth,
the vinegar of pickled walnuts, is sometimes a glass of Madeira, and two tablespoonfuls
served with the meat. chopped and blanched parsley. Boil a minute
Corned Beef, Boiled. " The brisket is the or two. Dish up on an oval cronstade, range
ar-
most economical piece for a family dinner, but six or eight heart-shaped croutons.
the round is excellent. Wash the meat in Iiiver (of Beef). Cut in slices half an inch "
three or four waters (cold)and scrape all the thick, pour boiling water over it, and boil
salt from the outside ; put into a pot and cover it with half as much salt pork cut in thin
with cold water ; allow twenty minutes to each .slices,
and dipped in flour ; then cut up the liver
pound, and turn the meat while three
and pork into small bits, put them
times into a
cooking. When done, drain
dry, and frying-pan, with a little butter, pepper and salt,
very
serve with drawn butter. Turnips or cabbage and stew three or four minutes. Serve hot.
should be served with corn-beef; they may be Pie (Beef). Take cold roast beef or steak, "
boiled with it,or separately. cut into thin slices and put a layer into a pie-
Corned Beef, Boiled with Peas. " Take dish ; .shake over it a little flour,pepper and
six or eightpounds of corned beef, wash in cold salt,and add a tomato or an onion very fine
cut ;
water; put it in a large pot filled with cold then another layer of beef and seasoning; and
water, and add two quarts of dried Let so until the dish is filled. If you have any
peas. on
them boil till soft,and then season with sweet beef gravy, put it in ; if not, a little beef drip-
pings,
herbs; or it be served with other and water enough to make sufficient
may no
seasoning than a little pepper and the salt of Have ready a dozen potatoes, boiled
gravy.
the meat. and mashed, half a cup of milk or cream, and a
inch thick; then brush it over meat on the same dish, or in a separate
as a crust, an one,
with and b.ike half an hour. with horse-radish,grated and mi.\ed with the
egg,
steak with Oysters). Cut three drippings; or with stuffed tomatoes, placed
Pie (Beef "
catsup and Harvey sauce ; simmer until the ne.xt in favor are those cut from the hip.
thickened, pour it over the beef; in half an hour Generally speaking the best thickness for
cover with puff paste and bake an hour and a steaks is about three quarters of an inch.
half. In preparing to cook do not pound or beat
Pie (Beef, with Potato Crust). Take cold the steak with a steak-mallet, or stick it with
"
roast or corned beef, cut in bits, season with a knife under the impression that you are
mashed potato, and stick bits of butter thickly you do so at the sacrifice of taste, ness,
juici-
all it ; then another layer of meat; and so and It is much to be
over appearance.
on till near the top of the dish. For the crust preferred that when you buy your steak you
take a large cupful of mashed potato, two obtain it tender in the first place by having
melted butter, well-beaten it from good animal. If the steak is
teaspoonfuls of a cut a
of milk, and beat all together not tender cut, such as one taken from the
egg, two cups a
until very light; work in just enough flour to round, for example, it is better to stew than to
gravy made of warm water, butter, milk, and that the fire is quite clear, and at the same
mi.\ed with cold drippings, time not too great. Now open wide the
catsup, gravy or
cover the pie with a thick crust, cuttinga slit draughts so the "smoke will be well carried off.
in the top. Bake half an hour. The pie looks Have the gridiron very clean and smooth,
better brushed with beaten before it make it warm and rub it over with a piece of
over egg
goes to the oven. suet ; now lay on the steak, sprinkle a little
Pie (Beef Steak) Take a sirloin steak, beat salt on the fire to make it and
lively, put the
until tender, take off all the fat, cut gridiron over it,keeping it close down on the
very
strips,three inches long and one broad. Stew a few minutes to carbonize the surface
range
in enough water to cover, adding one medium- of the steak, then
turn it to carbonize the other
sized onion, grated, with salt and to surface. it is necessary
Now to expose the
pepper
taste. Boil until half done, thickening the gra-
vy steak to less heat, which may be done by turn-
ing
with browned flour. Put in a deep dish, on their edges two bricks and placing the
the sides of which have been lined with rich gridiron on them. The steak should be turned
paste ; cover with the same, slit the top, and often and carefully without sticking a fork
bake until a lightbrown. It may, if desired, be into it on account (tongs are best for
any
seasoned with tomato catsup, or Cliili sauce, this purpose). Do not use salt pepper or
and slices of hard-boiled egg added to the beef. while cooking, as it liberates the juice,which
Roast Beef. " The best pieces to roast are is thus lost in the fire. When the steak
the sirloin and thick ribs. Rub a little salt on feels rather firm to the touch it is rare, and
it and first turn the bony side to the fire till it if it is so to be served, remove from the
heated then the other side. The fire to hot dish which ounce of
gets : present a upon an
meat should be pl.acedas close to the fire as butter has been melted (with a teaspoonful
possible without if desired), and salt and
burning it,especiallytill the of lemon juice
outer crust is formed ; the sooner this crust pepper to taste. Turn the steak on its dish,
is achieved the better and more juicy will be and send to the table at once.
the meat. Baste frequently,at first with salt Steak (Beef) with Bggs. Cut
" the steak
and water, afterwards with the drippings. If into pieces of convenient size, dip them in
the be thick, allow
roasting-piece aljout beaten rolled in bread-crumbs, and then
twenty eggs,
minutes to the pound "
if thin, little less ; in
a broil. Serve either with potatoes or with mato
to-
and thicken with a little brown flour,seasoning butter ; let it stew until the onions are quite
with salt and It also be the whole the steak
pepper to taste.
may soft,and then turn over
served with fried potatoes placed all around the quitehot.
BEE-KEEPING 27
stalks of chives, six pepper-corns, tlie fourtli the trouble of swarming and hiving. The
part of an ox-foot cut in four pieces,salt,pepper, partitions are designed so as to separate
about two ounces of ham cut in bits, then three the brood combs ; a part of the bees are
pounds of double tripe on the whole ; spread divided off and placed by themselves to
go
two ounces of fat bacon cut in thin slices over
styes or the like. The hives should be placed with it so that as one becomes filled the
in a row on a raised platform elevated a few bees may pass on to the adjoiningone. Ordinary
inches or a foot above the earth, and should straw hives are best of all, however, on account
be not less than two feet apart. It is considered
best to have separate platform for each hive,
a
must be taken not to let snow or ice close up sulphur,place a few pieces under the hive, and
in that burn them slowly. In few minutes the bees
entirelythe apertures of the hives, as a
case the bees will inevitablybe smothered. will fall to the floor of the hive, where they
Thefeeding of bees in winter is an impor-
tant may be removed and buried to prevent tion.
resuscita-
branch of bee-keeping. To the hives The combs, being thus cleared of bees,
whose stock of honey is sufficient for supply-
ing may be cut out at leisure. the tion When
preserva-
it,no further attention need be given till of the bee is desired, the followingmethod
the breeding season arrives ; this, in warm of obtainingthe honey is a good one : Having
locations,will come about the end of May, and ascertained the weight of the hive and mined
deter-
in those which are cold, a month later. The on the amount of honey to be taken out,
young bees, for a short time before they leave begin the operation as soon as it is dark by
their cells and for sometime after,require to invertingthe full hive and placingover it one
be fed regularly; and if the honey in the hive be of exactly the same size. A sheet must be
exhausted, and the weather such that the bees tied round the whole to prevent the bees from
cannot go forth to collect food, they kill and molesting the operator. The hives being thus
throw out some of their larvae. To prevent arranged, beat the sides of the lower hive
such accidents it is advisable if it should rain gently with a stick ; the bees will then ascend
for two successive days to feed all the bees into the hive, which be known by a
upper may
indiscriminatelyduring the breeding season. loud humming noise inside. The bees may also
The to decide whether the bees will need be driven up with
by smoking slightly burning
way
feeding is to examine the hives about the paper. When all the bees have ascended, the
beginning of October, and if a large hive does upper hive may be placed upon the pedestal
not weigh thirtypounds, it will be necessary from which the full hive was removed, when
to allow them half a pound of honey or the the latter is taken into the house and the honey-
same quantityof sugar made into syrup, every extracted. Particular care must be taken to
day until the requiredamount is stored. Brown cut only one comb at a time, and not to take
boiled much. When sufficient quantity has
sugar dissolved in water, and to evapor-
ate too a
the water, is a good food for bees. The been obtained, the hive must be placed over
syrup should be boiled until it begins to be the one containing the bees, which must be
brittle when cooled. This or common reversed, and tillmorn-
both left in that position ing;
sugar
candy be fed to the bees, in the hives or it will then be found that the bees have taken
may
under them ; if fed to them in the liquidstate possessionof their former hive, and if the son
sea-
it be introduced into the hives in shallow prove favorable they will be able to make a
may
dishes, a couple of small sticks being laid sufficient quantityof honey to replace
comb and
across the surface to enable the bees to eat that which was lost. If the honey is taken
without gettinginto it. earlyin the season, immediately after the first
The worst foe that the bee-keeper has to swarming, the whole of it may be cut out, and
contend with is the bee moth, which remains the bees will probably make enough honey for
in hiding during the day and often be their winter store ; but in this case the hive
may
found around the hive, but hovers about during cannot be expected to be full of honey, because
the evening tryingto enter the hive and deposit the bees, in June and July,are chieflyoccupied
its eggs. The best safeguard againstthis pest in breeding ; and thus one if not two swarms
and vigorous,and to examine the hive daily all the liquors made from malted grain,and it
from the beginning of May until September or is so applied in England ; but in this country
October. Many moths be destroyed by the name "ale" is given to the heavier ous
spiritu-
may
catching them in shallow dishes containing kinds, and by beer is meant only the light
sweetened water and a little vinegar. Hollow fermented beverages,and decoctions from vari- ous
sticks,and similar things are often placed on roots. These are very numerous, and they
the bottom board, where the worms hatched are made differentlyin different parts of the
from the eggs may take refugeand be destroyed. country ; but the following recipes may be
These caterpillars at first are not thicker than recommended : "
a thread and are of a yellowish white color Dandelion Beer. Take .--"VJaXtr,2 galls; "
with a few brownish specks. They live in the dandelions, i peck; molasses, l quart; yeast,
wax, eating it, and fill the comb with webs, I pint.
protectingthemselves from the bees, meanwhile, Put two gallonsof water into a pot, and add
by a silken sack which they spin and in which a peck of dandelions ; boil them about 2 hours ",
they lodge. It is necessary to look often under strain it into a jug or keg, and add i quart of
BEER BEET 29
is
galls; way, except that white or brown sugar used
Ginger Beer." (I.) /"ii/C-f
.--Water, 9
instead of molasses, and it has a very superior
sugar, 10 lbs ; ginger-root, 1 1 oz ; lemon-juice,
brown or white sugar, eleven ounces of bruised water, 11 galls; sugar, 14 lbs; yeast, I pt.
nine of lemon-juice, half a Procure a ten-gallon cask, fit its head in, put
ginger-root, ounces
side one inch above the bottom,
pound of honey, and three pints of yeast ; boil a cock into the
the ginger half an hour in a gallonof the water, then make a hole in the top and stop it with a
then add the rest of the water and the other cork. Put a pound and a half of hops into
and it aside. When cold, strain convenient vessel and pour over them
ingredients, set any
it and add the white of one egg beaten, and eleven gallonsof (ifyou have a
boiling water
half an ounce of essence of lemon. Let it largeenough pot it is best to boil the hops and
stand four days, then bottle,and it will keep water five minutes); strain off the liquor and
rise for twelve hours ; then cork it tight,or complete the fermentation, and as this slackens
bottle,and it is ready for use. towards the latter part, the cork should be
Iiager. {See Lager kept in the hole most of the time to prevent
Beer.)
Quick Beer. the access of too much air; but the cork
Take fourteen pounds of molasses and six should be removed now and then to let the
ounces of hops, and boil them two hours in fixed air inside escape. When the tion
fermenta-
eleven gallons of water when
stopped, and the sweet
; cooked
taste of the ciently,
suffi- has
add one pint of good yeast. Let it sugar is barely perceptible, drive the cork in
work in a tub covered up for sixieen hours ; tight, and in four days the beer will be fit for
when the working is over, put it into a cask, draught or for bottling. Care must be taken
and let it work there three or four days ; then to ferment but not so long that the
sufficiently,
bung it down, or pour it from the cask and liquor becomes flat,as then it soon sours.
bottle it. The beer will be fit to drink in a White sugar makes beer of the purest flavor
week, and will be as strong as porter. If a and palestcolor,but brown will answer.
weaker beer for table use is desired, use more BEET. " The common beet is grown in
water in
proportionto the other ingredients. several varieties for table use, differingfrom
Sassafras Beer. 7",46V-Boiling water, 2 qts ;
" each other in size,shape, color, and sweetness.
cream-tartar, 2 tablespoonfuls ; oil of sassafras The large red kind is called the blood-beet,
"
10 drops; oil of wintergreen, 10 drops; oil and is much cultivated,but the "
small red
of spruce, 10 drops ; cold water, 8 qts; yeast, and the "
long yellow "
are the sweetest and
I pt ; sugar. most delicate and have the richest color when
Pour two quarts of boiling water upon two served. Beets must be grown in a rich,light,
large spoonfuls of cream-tartar, and add ten sandy soil which they can penetrate easily.
drops of oil of sassafras, ten drops of oil of Plant as soon as the frost is out of the ground
spruce, ten drops of oil of wintergreen; then in rows eighteen inches apart ; they can be
add eight quarts of cold water and a pint of obtained earlier in the season by raising the
good yeast, and sweeten to taste. Let it stand seeds in a hot bed till they are four or five
twenty-four hours and then bottle it. This inches high and then transplantingthem to the
makes a delicious summer beverage. garden.
Spruce Beer. Taie : -BoWmg "
water, iS Mangel-Wurzel is a
very large and coarse
gals; molasses or sugar, 12 lbs; essence of varietyof the beet which is extremely prolific
spruce, 140Z; yeast, i pt. and easilycultivated,and makes excellent food
A very wholesome effervescingbeer made for cattle and especially for milch cows.' The
of molasses and the extract of the spruce fir. sea beet is a perennial and one of the most
Brown Spruce beer is made thus : add valuable plants known for greens. It thrives
to eighteen gallons of boiling water twelve in gardens without any care at all,and is grown
pounds of molasses and fourteen ounces of from seeds which it produces in great abun- dance.
spruce. Let the mixture cool, and when The season for beets begins about June
lukewarm, add one pint of yeast and set aside 1st and continues throughout the year.
to ferment; in warm weather less yeast will Boiled Beets. " Set in a pan, cover them
suffice. While the fermentation is going on with cold water, place over a good fire and boil
remove the yeast by skimming, and when the till tender. They will require one hour in
fermentation becomes languiid,
which usually summer and three in winter. Beets must not
30 BEGONIA BEVERAGES
be bruised or have the skin broken before dose of belladonna is the dilation of the pupU
being cooked, they
or will lose their color and of the eye ; it also produces a peculiar dryness
most of their good qualities. A little salt add-
ed of the tongue and throat and marked quickening
to the water improves them. When done, of the pulse-beats.
rub off the skin, and split them lengthwiseif BENZINE." A colorless liquid,lighterthan
slice them round if large; butter well petroleum,and obtained from that oil in
young, or process
in the dish, and season to taste with salt of refinement. It is sometimes used as a burn-
ing
and Hot beets not healthy fluid,but is extremely dangerous ; also as a
pepper. are very
if eaten in considerable quantity;they substitute for turpentinein mi.xingpaints, but
any
be sliced when cold, and served in gar.
vine- its chief value in the household comes from its
may
of dissolvingfats,wax and
power paraffine
;
Boil above kind of spot on clothes may be
Pickled (or Canned) Beets." as ; every grease
when done them in jars and cover them removed by it. In using,saturate a woolen
put rag
with salt water. When cool, put the jars and rub over the spot, renewing several times.
very
in a boi'lerfull of cold water ; set on the fire Benzine must never be used near a fire or light
and boil from thirtyminutes, to then of any kind ; for it is inflammable to take
twenty so as
seal them immediately; set the jarsaway in a fire at a considerable distance. Keep it in a
salt and and little oil. less general use. Several of these are de-
pepper, a I
Stewed Beets. Boil sweet beets I scribed under Beer, and others, such as lemon-
"
young
till nearlydone ; skin and slice them. Serve 1ade, orangeade, orgeat, and sherbet, are given
in a gravy made as follows : Put into a pan
sauce- in their proper places; but there are others still,
two of butter,
tablespoonfuls two of vinegar, which cannot be classified and which therefore it
some salt and pepper, and add one shalot will be mostappropriateto group togetherhere.
minced and a little parsley; set on the fire and Eau SucrS. Sugar and water, a beverage
"
of the best window plants. The latter is often I bottle; water, lo qts ; brown sugar, i lb;
called coral drop," and
"
resembles the former ground ginger,2 oz.
.somewhat in appearance, but produces in all I. An agreeable and coolingbeverage for hot
.seasons its drooping coral flowers. Plant them weather may be made by mixing a bottle of ale
;n a compost made of equal quantitiesof loam or porter with ten quarts of water, adding a
and leaf mould, with a little sand mi.xed in. pound of coarse brown sugar and two ounces
Put them in the warmest possible situation of ground ginger. Bottle and cork tightly and
where they will get plenty of sun and light; set away for a few days. This is not exactly
but water seldom and sparingly. ginger beer, but if set on ice it is a coolingand
BELLADONNA. PoiSON Symptoms:
"
pleasantlyacid drink.
"
as epilepsyand chorea; for the relief of pain, ; citric acid or lemon juice,a few drops. A
either of the cutaneous or visceral nerves ; for pleasant and wholesome beverage is made by
habitual constipation and incontinence of urine ; adding to a cupful of milk a little solution of
to check certain secretions,and to prevent sup- citric acid,or lemon
puration. juice, which will curdle the
As an anodyne it is inferior to milk. Care must be taken not to add too much
opium ; and the claims made in its behalf as a of the juice: an experiment or two will show
preventativeof scarlet fever are not proven. the necessary quantity.
One of the most strikingeffects of a sufficient Beverages for the Sick.-i. Tamarinds soaked
BILBERRIES BILL OF EXCHANGE 31
in hot water and sweetened to taste make an A stated account is an account which has
admirable jjeveragefor invalids. To be drunk been accepted by both parties. Acceptance
cold. 2. JVitre IVIiey. This is sometimes by tlie debtor need not be e.xpressed in words.
given to the sick to promote perspiration. To If an account is not objected to within a reas-
onable
make : dikite half a pint of new milk with an time after it is received, it is presumed
equalquantityof hot water ; boil together,and in many cases that it has been accepted. {See
of the
while boiling, pour in a dessertspoonful Receipt and Law.)
of nitre. Sweeten it and let the BILL OF EXCHANGE." A bill of ex-
sweet spirits change,
tartar water. During the remission give ten Here Richard Roe is the drawer and
grains of quinine, and let the patient have Smith Brothers the drawees, and, after they
nourishing broths, raw eggs, and stimulants if have accepted it by writing the word cepted,''
"ac-
much depressed. To complete the cure the and their signatureacross the face of
directions given for patientsconvalescent from the bill, with the date, the acceptors. John Doe
intermittent fever, will be found appropriate. is the payee, and, after endorsement, the endor- ser.
After this fever, proper care should be taken So many days after sightmeans so many
to prevent a relapse. For this purpose the days after acceptance.
patient should continue to take the Peruvian When the bill is payable at sight,or a tain
cer-
bark for some time after he is well. He should number of days after sight,as in the form
also confine himself to a simple diet,avoiding given,it must be presented to the drawer for
confections,trashy fruits,and all kinds of flat- ulent his acceptance without unreasonable dela)',
food. The treatment of remittent fever otherwise, in case of non-acceptance, the edy
rem-
should always be confided physician.
to a againstthe drawer and endorser be
may
BILL. " This term is usuallyappliedto what lost. When payable at period after a certain
is legallycalled an account. It is a statement date, it need not be presented by the holder
in writing of the items of goods sold to, or for acceptance until then, although it is advisa-
ble
work done for, another person. to present it without delay,as thereby,if
It may be in the followingform : accepted, the additional security of the ac-ceptor
New York, May 9, 1876. is obtained, and, if not accepted, the
Mr. John Doe, drawer and endorsers become liable immedi-
ately.
1876. To Richard Roe, Dr. When the drawee refuses to accept the
April I, To binding 3 vols, in bill,it should be protested {see Protest, under
cloth,at 75c %z 25 Law) for non-acceptance, and notice thereof
April 1 5, To 2 packages of ter
let- given to the drawer and endorsers, in the same
paper, at $2 Ji^ 400 manner as in case of non-payment of a promis-
sory
note. {Which see.) Bills payable at sight,
?6 25 or a certain time after date, or after sight,are
An account like the foregoing,rendered entitled days of grace,
to to but in nearly all of
a debtor,is usuallytermed a bill. the States, bills payable on demand are not.
An is detailingthe Bills of exchange
open account an account are governed by the same
transactions between rules, with regard to
persons having mutual negotiability,transfer,
dealings,of which the balance has not been endorsement, presentment, and notice of payment,
non-
struck, or an account which has not been cepted
ac- as promissory notes. {^SeePromis-
sory
by both parties. Note.)
32 BILL OF FARE BIRDS
bits
Clams, mussels, oysters,
I. SPRING.
scallops,
tenjpins, turtle.
Vegetables.
March, April,May. Fisk, Artichokes, beets, dried
Sltell Fish. Gaine. beans, broccoli, cabbage, car-
rots,
Bass (black and striped),blue
celery,macaroni, onions,
Clams, hard crabs, lobster, Ducks and until May fish,cod, eels, flounders, had-
dock,
geese parsnips,potatoes (sweet and
mussels, oysters, prawns, lops,
scal- ist, pigeons,plover, snipe, muscalonge, perch, pick-
erel, wliite),rice,salsify,turnips,
shrimps, terrapins,tur-
tle. squabsi after April. pike, salmon, skate, winter squash, all canned
smelts, sturgeon, white fish. fruit.
Fish. Vegetables.
Meat,
Fruit.
Bass (black, striped and Beef, mutton,
Asparagus, Jerusalem chokes,
arti- pork.
sea), blue fish,cod, eels, had-
dock, Apples, bananas, cranber-
ries,
lettuce, potatoes dates, figs,ginger,lem-
ons,
halibut, herrings, mack-
erel,
(sweet and wliite), radishes, Poultry.
muscalonge, pickerel, oranges, pears, prunes,
spinach, sprouts, watercrcss- raisins. All kinds of canned
pompan, prawns, salmon, shad all the vegetables of
and
Capons, chickens, ducks,
es, fruits,and compotes of dried
(North River), sheepshead, geese, turkeys-
the Winter list. fruits.
shrimps, skate, smelts, soles,
Garne.
turboi, trout (brook, lake and
salmon. Fruit. Nuts.
(May to July;. Brant until May, duck, wild,
until May, and wood duck til
un- Almonds, black walnuts,
Meat. The Winter list,with the
addition
Jan., geese until May, prai-
rie butternuts, cocoanuts, lish
Eng-
of pie plant, pine-
apple,
Beef, Iamb, mutton breads,
sweet- chicken, ruff grouse, snipe, walnuts, filberts, pecan
strawberries.
veal. venison until Feb., quail,rab- nuts, shell barks.
Pmdtry. Nuts.
BIHD'CAGE. " The sma^'^er such
bird-cages,
Capons, chickens, ducks, The Winter list,with the for instance as are used
canary for
birds, are
geese and turkeys. addition of Brazil nuts.
usuallymade entirelyof wire ; those of larger
sizes,for mocking-birds,pa/rots,and the like,
II. SUMMER.
are made partlyof wire and partly of wood.
They should be kept scrupulouslyclean, neg- lect
June, July, August. this pointoccasioningthe loss of many
on
Shell Fish
I Ga9?ie, pet birds and the injury of others ; and in
Clams, soft crabs, lobster, Snipe, woodcock after Julv order to ensure this,they should be washed
'
turtle in August- 3-
V
every day, and dipped occasionallyin lime-
egetables.
Fish. water. Whatever the bird that is kept in finement,
con-
String beans, beets, bage,
cab-
cauliflower, carrots, the bottom of the cage should
Bass (black and sea), blue
fish,eels,flounders, haddock, com, cucumbers, egg plant, always be covered with clean gravel and sand,
herring, mackerel, lettuce, macaroni, okra, on-
ions,
lonce, salmon,
miisca-
perch, pickerel, pike,salmon, various parts of the interior of the body ; and
sheepshead, skates, smelts, Vegetables. it has a flavor which is not agreeable,it
as
soles, sturgeon, trout (brook,
lake and salmon), white fish. enters but little into the food of man. The
Artichokes, beans, (Lima
Meat.
and other sliell-beans)beets, juicesare deficient in red blood, and have a
broccoli, cabbage,cauliflower,
mor^ delicate flavor than that of adult animals,
Beef, lamb, mutton. carrots, celery, com, bers,
cucum-
egg-plant, lettuce, maca-
roni, but do not differ greatlyfrom those of young
Poultry.
okra, onions, potatoes animals. The flesh of fowls differs little in
Capons, chickens, ducks, (white and sweet),rice,squash,
turkeys. structure from that of animals,and is quite as
geese, tomatoes, turnips.
BISCUITS 33
kinds of flesh ; but this is due rather to its largelyinto the family diet.
delicacy or absence of flavor,which leads man The flesh of all birds is sufficiently
similar to en-
able
us to it readilyfrom
distinguish other kinds should always be sifted. The oven too should
of meat; but there are also very appreciabledif-
ferences
be carefullylooked after, for upon its being of
according to the nature of the bird, the right temperature will depend much of the
its breed and feeding. The flesh of the domestic success of the baking.
fowl differs very greatly, both in fulness and deli-
cacy Flavored Biscuit. " Make biscuits as in rections
di-
of flavor, in different specimens ; and the for French, Hard, or Soda, and flavor
flesh of a graminivorous is easilydistinguished with any kind of essence, or with orange or
from that of a carnivorous bird. The flesh of the lemon peel grated.
former is always wholesome and agreeable,while French Biscuit. Take:-Y\o\a, 6 lbs ; butter,
"
that of the latter is almost invariablyrank and 6 oz ; milk, y, pts ; sugar, i yi teaspoonfuls;
l
disagreeable. The flavor of wild birds is fuller 6 yeast, % gi'lof distillery \ pt. of
eggs, ; or
and stronger than that of the domesticated bird, home brewed.
and the flesh is richer in nitrogenous and Take six pounds of flour ; six ounces of butter ;
generallypoorer in fat-producingmatter. The a pint and half of new
a milk; a cup and a half of
structure is also closer and firmer,so that in sugar ; six eggs and % gill of brewers or ""
the fresh state it is regarded as hard and tough ; pt. home brewed yeast. Melt the butter in the
and it is desirable,and sometimes necessary, to milk ; beat the eggs and add them. Then add
allow decomposition to commence, in order all the other ingredients,mix thoroughly,set it
to cause a separationand softeningof the fibres. to rise,and when very light mould
"into small
While a domestic fowl, therefore, is usually biscuits,
and bake tillbrown in a quick oven.
eaten quitefresh, a wild fowl is kept for many Graham Biscuits. "
Take i-Gxii^icm flour,3
days or even weeks, before it is cooked. The cupfuls; white flour, i cupful; milk, i y, cupfuls;
ilesh of the male bird, whether domesticated or lard, 2 tablespoonfuls ; sugar, i tablespoonful;
wild, generallyhas a fuller flavor than that of the soda, I teaspoonful ; cream-tartar, 2 fuls
teaspoon-
female ; and the capon retains some of the ; salt,Yi teaspoonful.
strengthof flavor of the male bird with much Take three cups of Graham flour ; one cup of
of the delicacyof the female. {See Poultry. white flour ; and
cupfuls of milk ;
one a half
For Pel Birds see their names.) two tablespoonfuls lard ; one tablespoonful
BIRTH. {See Infant.) of white sugar ; one teaspoonful soda ; two
BISCITITS. In making biscuit great teaspoonfuls cream-tartar half
"
care ; a teaspoonful
must be taken to get the exact proportions of of salt. Rub the soda and cream-tartar into
the several ingredients, too much or "too the flour and sift all together before they are
little of soda or of lard inevitablyspoils them. wet; then add the salt and next the
sugar;
The flour used should be the best and at least lard, rubbed rapidly and lightlyinto the pared
pre-
i/iree months old it is almost impossible to flour; and in the milk. Knead
; lastlypour
Biake lightbiscuits with new flour. The flour the dough rapidlyand with as few strokes as
BLACKBERRIES BLACK FISH 35
loth of July and last tillthe ist of September ; good ripe blackberries and put them in a pre-
serving
they are at their best, however, from about the kettle without water ; heat slowly and
micldle of July to the middle of August. stew until cooked. Allow a heaped spoonful
Eaten at this time, cold, with sugar and cream, of flour to every quart of fruit ; mix a little
they are only inferior to strawberries in flavor, sugar with it stir it in and stew until it thick-
ens.
,
and quite as wholesome. {See Compotes, Pour into moulds and place on ice. This
Jam, Jelly, Pies and Puddings.) is a delicious dessert, with cream and sugar.
To Dry. Dry carefullyin the sun, like ap-
"
and keep in a cool, dry place. This is a juice,I qt ; loaf sugar, ^ lb; nutmegs, cinna-
mon,
cheaper way than any other of preserving
them, and allspice,% oz each ; cloves, i table-
and they make excellent pies. spoonful; brandy, Yz pint.
Blackberry Cordial. Put the berries in a " Take one quart of blackberry juice; half a
kettle over the fire,with a very small quantity pound of loaf sugar ; quarter of an ounce each
of water in the bottom of the kettle ; let them of nutmegs, cinnamon, and allspice ; a table-
boil soft. Strain them through a bag, pressing spoonful of cloves. Pulverize the spice,and
them hard, until the juice is all separated from boil all for fifteen or twenty minutes. When
the seed. Put the juice on the fire again, cold, add half a pintof brandy. This is excel-
lent
and sweeten to the taste with white sugar; for summer complaint and cholera.
throw in a httle bag of stick cinnamon. Let it Blackberry Vinegar. Put the berries into "
boil half an hour; take it off, and stir in a stone jar,and mash them thoroughly; add
enough brandy or whiskey to make it of the enough cider-vinegar to cover it well ; stand in
desired strength. Bottle when cold and seal the sun all day and in the cellar all night,stir- ring
with wax. well now and then ; strain,and put as many
Blackberry Jam. " To each jar as were
pound of berries
in it before, pour the berries in the
allow a pound of sugar. Mix them well togeth-
er strained vinegar over them, mash, and set in
and let them stand half an hour ; then boil the sun all day ; strain a second time next day
slowly,mashing them and stirring frequently.To each quart of this juice add one pint of
When they have boiled half an hour, take a water and mix ; then to each three pintsof this
little of the syrup up in a cup and set it in a mixed juice,add five and a half pounds of
dish of cold water; if it shows the consistency white sugar. Place over the fire and stir until
of stiff jelly, take the whole from the fire, if the sugar is dissolved. Let it come to a boil;
not, boil till it does. remove the scum; and then take off and strain.
Blackberry Jelly. "
The following
is strongly Bottle while warm, and seal with wax.
recommended by "
Marion Harland :
"
Put the BIiACK FISH.^ " The name popularlygiven
berries in a stone jar; set this in a kettle of to tautog. It abounds all along the Atlantic
tepid water, and put it upon the fire. Cover coast from Long Island to Maine, and though
up tightly,and let it boil until the fruit is somewhat dry in flavor,is a favorite for cook-
ing.
broken to pieces; strain, pressing the bag (a Some do not like it boiled,but it is one
coarse, stout one) hard, putting in but a few
handfuls at a time, and between each squeezing
turning it inside out to scald off the pulp and
skins. To each pint of juice allow a pint of
sugar. Set the juice on alone to boil, and
while it is warming divide the sugar into
several different portions,and put into shallow
pie-dishes or pans that will fit into your ovens ;
heat in these,
opening the ovens now and then
to stir it and prevent burning. Boil the juice of the best of fishes for baking. It is generally
exactly twenty minutes from the moment it found alive in market, weighs from one to five
begins fairlyto boil. time
By this
the sugar pounds, and is in season
from June to Decem-
ber.
will be hot you cannot bear
so your hand in it. Those weighing about a pound are best
Should it melt around the edges do not be edalarm- for frying; and for baking those weighing three
; the burned parts will only form into lumps or four pounds are the choicest. For cooking,
in the liquidand can easilybe taken out. Throw See Bass and Blue Fish.
36 BLACKING BLANC-MANGE
plished
cheaper than it can be made at home. The to a boil,and then plunging in cold water.
Mix half a pound of black lead with the whites as the gelatinehas dissolved, remove from the
of three eggs, well beaten ; then dilute to a thin fire ; strain through a thin muslin bag,pressing
paste in
by stirring sour beer or porter. Apply hard to get the flavor of tlie almonds ; wet a
with cloth or brush, and rub with dry brush. mould with cold water, pour the blanc-mange
BLACK LBAD. " A familiar substance, into it,and set in a colflplace tillsolid.
much used for givinga black, shiny appearance Arroiwroot Blanc-Mange. " Take root,
.--Arrow-
to grates, fenders, stoves, and other articles of 4 tablespoonfuls; milk, i pt; sugar, and
cast-iron furniture. Notwithstanding its name, some flavoring
essence.
price is the cheapest ; the poorer kinds are while it just comes to a boil ; then
much adulterated, and there is no known stance
sub- remove from the fire,
turn into a mould, and set
the addition of which does not impair where it will cool. Serve cold with sugar and
the quality. The test is to observe the ness
bright- cream.
of the polishit will give with least trouble. Chocolate Blanc-Meinge "
Takc:-'M{\k. i qt;
BLACK PUDDING." A kind of sausage gelatine,i oz ; eggs, 3 ; grated chocolate, 4
very popular in Scotland, made of hogs' blood tablespoonfuls; sugar, nearly a cupful; vanilla,
with groats and various kinds of herbs such as 2 tablespoonfuls.
onions, shallots, thyme, sage, garlic,marjoram, Take a quart of sweet milk; one ounce of
and parsley,to which lumps of fat are added. gelatine,soaked in a cup of the milk an
which the corn starch has been to free itfrom its natural this is done by
smoothly grease;
mixed it for five scouring it with water mixed with stale wine.
; stir until thick and leave
minutes cook In using alkaline lyes for this purpose, great
to thoroughly. Pour into a
mould wet with cold water. Serve cold with caution must be used ; for though wool is in-
soluble
and boiling water it; leave it to which come from cuts and similar accidents are
pour over
stand about ten minutes. Then wash it out treated of elsewhere (^seeCut.s); but it is very
and throw it into cold water to rinse it. desirable that every one, even children,should
Put it into about three quarts of milk, and understand that in all cases of severe bleeding
boil ten minutes or till it thickens. Add sugar, the only thing which can be safelydepended on
away to cool.
Rice-Flour Blanc-Mange. Take .--Ground "
durable, blankets weight,a closeness must have anywhere below the middle of the thigh. It is
hardly likelythat in sudden emergencies the
of fabric,and a sufficient quantityof wool in
in
instrument speciallymade for the purpose will
them ; it is necessary therefore choosing
to look not merely at the nice appearance of
the pile,but also to the weight and texture.
times its quantity of water, which must be above the wound, a pocket-handkerchief or
38 BLISTERS BLOODROOT
fords
then, obtaininga pieceof tough stick, push it morphine,for instance,sprinkledon this
under the handkerchief, and, by turningthe raw surface,is quicklyabsorbed,and patients
stick, twist the handkerchief more and more may be thus relieved when direct remedies
until the bleedingceases. As soon could not be employed,as in violent colic or
tightly, as
this result has been attained,fasten the stick cholera. {See Morphine.)
Dress
by another handkerchief tied round stick and To a Blister. " Great care must be
taken in dressinga blister; unless perfect
limb together. This rude tourniquet may save
life not unfrequently, by enablingthe injured cleanliness is observed, an unhealthysore is
person to be transported even for some distance, liable to be the result. Spread thinly, on a
without fear of further bleeding. linen cloth,an ointment composed of one third
Lungs (Bleeding at the) The escape of beeswa.x to two thirds of tallow ; laythis upon
"
Nose (Bleeding at the).^This is rather parts, coaguliim or clot, and the serum,
beneficial than otherwise, if not too profuse.and soon after it is drawn it separates into
When it requiresto be stopped,apply cold these spontaneously.The coagulum is the
water, ice,or cold keys to the back of the neck; part that becomes solid and has the red
throw back the head and raise the arms. If color ; it is very analogousto flesh and possesses
this does not stop it,dissolve a little alum in almost equal nutritive properties.The serum
water and squirtit up the nostril with a small IS nearlyidentical in substance with whites of
syringe. Should this fail, send for the doctor. eggs, and like it coagulatesby heat. The
It is not desirable to plug the nose, as the blood of animals is used as food,and is ex- tremely
bleedingfinds its way to the top of the throat. digestible and wholesome, that of the "
Make a roll of paper an inch long, and as hog and o.\ is used for making black puddings;
thick as a lead pencil, and crowd it, bent,under but there is a strong popularprejudice against
the upper lip. A chronic tendencyto nose- bleed it which has prevented its coming into general
may be permanentlycured by bathingthe use. Dr. Edward Smith, in his book on
neck with cold water every morning. Food," observes that this prejudice
"
is formed
Stomach (Bleeding at the). It is a start-
"
ling partlyontheprohibitionto the Jews as contained
sightto see a person vomitingblood,but in the Old Testament, and partly on the common
this is not always dangerous. It usuallybelief that blood may be diseased without show- ing
may
be checked by lyingon the back and taking any signswhereby the disease mightbe recog- nized.
occasional small draughts of iced water or "As to the former,"he says, "it may
lemonade. If the vomitingis severe, give two be scarcelynecessary to add, that we eat a
teaspoonfuls of vinegarand one teaspoonful of portionof blood in every kind of flesh, and that
Epsom salts in a wineglassof cold water, re- peatingeven when the animal is killed by cutting his
the dose every half hour tillthe bleed- ing throat after the Jewish fashion,it is not pos- sible
stops. to extract all the blood from the body,
BLISTERS. "Those which are caused by and that even the Jews must eat some of it.
burns or scalds are treated of in their proper Moreover, blood contains nutritive elements
places. (See Burns and Scalds.) Blisters of gi'eatvalue,and is inferior only to the flesh
are often produced purposelyin medical prac- tice which is made from it. If there be any . . .
on the principle that morbid action in one ground for fear lest diseased germs should
part of the body may be relieved or removed by exist in the blood, it may be set aside by the
counter-irritation in another and neighboringconsideration that a temperature of 212" (that
part ; but it is not well to apply them except of boiling) if freelyapplied, will suffice to
under a physician's advice. Many substances destroyall known elements of disease,and that
will produce a blister, such as mustard, iodine, blood when fresh and so cooked may be eaten
and croton-oil ; but the powder of the dry can- with impunity. I think it would be folly to ob-
ject
tharis,or Spanishfly, operates rapidlyand with to the use of blood as a food under proper
certainty, and is now almost invariblyused. restrictions, one of which should be that the ani-mal
The plaster of Cantharides is usually ed
employ- from which it was taken should not be in a
as a blister. It should be allowed to remain state of disease." {See Black Pudding.)
in contact with the skin about twelve hours. BLOODROOT." Poison ; Symptoms, thirst,
After its removal vesication is promoted by the faintness, dimness of vision ; Antidote: Emetic.
application of a poultice. A perennial
"
which is of a deep red color, hence its name. BOILING. " This consists in keeping the
is much used in medicine. It is dried food for a suflicient time in water heated to the
The root
and pulverized,and adminstered while fresh, boilingpoint; if the water does not quite boil,
either in the powder or in pillsprepared from it, it is called simmering. Most meats, to be prop-
the latter being preferable. A decoction is perlyboiled, should be put over the fire in ing
boil-
also made from it,in many parts of the try;
coun- water ; but fowls and white meat generally
but it should be used sparingly in any requirethe water but a littlewarm, that the heat
form. It is an acrid narcotic and emetic, and may penetrate graduallytothecentre. All cooks
over-doses have proved fatal in some cases. should understand that water is converted into
The diseases it has been
for which found most steam by being heated to the boiling point
useful coughs, colds, croup, and fevers : (212"),and that heat employed in the effort to
are
but it is also good for typhoid,pneumonia, scar- latina, raise it above that point is simply wasted. Some
rheumatism, jaundice,dyspepsia,etc. imagine that by using much fire,and causing
BLOUSE. {See Sacque.)
"
the water to bubble much, it is made hotter in
BLUEFISH. Abound along the North
"
"
Grecnjish;" in Carolina, "Slapjack," and in
Philadelphiaas " Taihrs."
Iron Boiler.
over the fish ; garnish it with sHces of lemon, different processes ; and that they can-
not
Broiled Bluefish. Split in the back, and a pieceof If on the other hand a well
"
sponge.
clean ; spread melted butter over it inside and cooked pieceof meat is desired, it should be
the water is boiling,
out ; set the flesh side to the fire and when
first, put whole in the pot when
this is browned turn the other side ; a fish and kept just under the boilingpoint till done;
this be used
weighing three pounds will take half an hour to the liquid after process may as a
broil. When done rub a little more butter on, basis for soup.
season with salt,and serve
pepper at once. and In boiling vegetables,some require so/i
Fried Spht in the back, clean water
Bluefish. " and others'hard{i. e., containing lime
thoroughly,and wipe dry ; then dip the fish in salts). Soft water has a greater solvent
milk, let it stand five minutes to dry, roll in power than hard, and when the object is to
flour, and fry. Another way is to wipe the extract the juiceof vegetables,as in making
fish dry, after cleaning,dip in beaten be used ;
egg, roll tea barley water, soft water
or must
put in when it is
boiling.Vegetablesto slow fire. Strain before using.
be digestible should he boiled thoroughly ; and BONE-FELON. A collection of matter "
some recommend boilingthem in two waters. formingbeneath the periosteum (the covering
In the case offish,as firmness after boilingof the bone) of a jointof a thumb or finger.
is a desirable quality, hard water is decidedly As the periosteum resists its working its way
the best, salt should, therefore, always be put outward, there are few things which cause so
into the water in which the fish are boiled and much sufferingwhile it lasts,and if allowed to
should not be put in until the water boils. (See have its own way, it may end in the loss of
Warren Cooker. the jointaffected and thus deform the hand
for life. Its coming is manifested by a peculiar
keen throbbing, and persistent
thrilling,, pain;
and, at this stage, progress may perhaps be
arrested by soaking the part in a mixture made
by dissolvinga tablespoonful of saleratus in
half a gill of vinegar. Let it be used as hot
as can be borne, and repeat as often as the
pain returns. Paintingthe part with tincture
of Iodine,and then placingthe fingerfor ten
or fifteen minutes under a stream of cool water
has been recommended. If matter has actually-
collected,however, it 7itust be lanced at once
down to the bone. This gives relief in an
hour, which well repays for the suffering caused
by the operation, which is really less than what
is endured in a minute from the felon itself.
Fish Kettle.
If allowed to go on, the felon not unfrequently
destroysthe bone, before coming to the surface
and thus causes from two to six weeks of
BOILS. {See Absces,s.) intense suffering and a life-long deformity. In
BOLOGNA-SAUSAGE." A largekind of such a case warm poulticesshould be con- stantly
with a view of lesseningthe
sausage, made in a peculiar way, and so named applied,
because manufactured first at Bologna,Italy.agony.
They are made of dry,preservedmeats ; and BONED FOWL Chop up and pound in a
"
their nutritive value is much greater than that mortar i lb white veal, i lb fat pork, A box
of fresh sausage, since they are composed of mushrooms, 2 tablespoonfuls parsley, \ nut-
meg,
being of silk and the woof of worsted. It can nose is reached, cut through itand the carcase
"
be had occasionally in colors;but it is generally is out. Make layersof the prepared/irrr/V and
black, and is used as an article of mourning filletsof and pork,insertingrows of
tongue
for female dress. mushrooms until full; sew it up the back, roll
BONE. "Bone consists chiefly of an earthy it in a long towel, secure it at each end, placeit
base, called phosphateof lime and an organicma- terial in a stew-pan with the scraps and trimmings
termed chondrin. Its numerous minute chopped fine, I carrot, 2 calls' feet,2 onions,4
cells and interstices are filled with marrow. cloves,I bay-leaf, 2 blades mace, a bouquet of
When bones are broken to piecesand boiled a parsley, garnishedwith 2 sprigsthyme,3 green
long time in water, the gelatine, ficationonions, the rind of i lemon, 2 glassesbrandy,
which is a modi-
of chondrin produced by cooking,and the \ pintwhite wine, and white broth to cover;
oilymatter are extracted, thus making an excel- lent boil slowly 2 hours, and press between two
soup or gravy. The nutritive value of bones dishes. Clarify the braise to garnishthe dish.
is not very great, stilltheymay be utilized in the BONNY CLABBER. {SecClabbeR.)
preparationof soup and thus give varietyto BOOKS. {SeeFURNITURE and LIBRARY.)
the table. Hundreds of pounds of good food BOOTS AND SHOES." The shoe consists
are thrown away every year, even lies, ofthesoleand
in poor fami- theupperleather. Thepart which
the upper is called the vamp, and the
by neglectingto utilize the bones. In covers
making soup from bones,break or rasp them part which surrounds the heel is called the two
BORDEAUX WINES BRAIN FEVER 41
quarters; these last are sewed very green, and the flowers,
together at the leaves are thick and
heel, and to the vamp at the middle quite small, grow in clusters all over
of the foot which are
are made usually of fewer pieces. The best it is unequalled for forming low hedges
boots and shoes, both for comfort and durability,or borderings for garden-wallsand flower-beds.
have the uppers made of soft well-seasoned calf- skin If kept smoothly trimmed these hedges are
and the soles of stout well-hammered iiea/s' very pretty, and once fairlystarted they will
leather. Various other kinds of leather, made last for years without requiringattention. To
from the skins of goats, horse.s,dogs, and seals, raise,procure plenty of shoots from the florist
are used especially for ladies' shoes ; but they and plant them in earlyspring close together
are lighter than calf-skin and not so effective in in a rich, dry, and slightlysandy soil. If in
keeping out the wet. A coarse heavy kind of growing, some of the bushes lag behind the
shoes, made with the uppers of canvas and the others considerably, pull them up and substitute
soles of wood have latelybeen introduced, but more vigorous plants.
though superiorto leather in point of durability BRAIN FEVER." A term often inexactly
and ventilation, they have met with little favor. used to denote a varietyof fevers in which
There is probably no portion of our dress in brain symptoms predominate. It may with
which fashion has wrought such mischief as in proprietybe employed to denote the fever re-
sulting
the case of boots and shoes. None of our from inflammation of the membranes
members are called upon to do more important covering the brain, or intense congestion of
work than the feet, yet instead
of rendering the brain itself. Exposure to a hot sun, is a
ladies have been wearing the last few years, not in a few days, it requiresthe most speedy treat-
ment
the entire leg, and destroy the equilibrium physicianshould be called immediately. When
which the body should maintain on the spinal the symptoms first present themselves, the
column. Boots and shoes alike should, while patient should be kept very quiet and only al- lowed
fitting snugly around the instep,be largeenough to partake sparinglyof farinaceous food,
to feel
easy at all times and especiallyto allow such as water-gruel, roasted or boiled fruits,jel-
lies,
the toes libertv of action. The best etc. Bleeding from the nose fords
af-
some preserves,
method of securing this is to have lasts made great relief, and when it comes of its own
especiallyfor the foot, and all shoes made on accord it is by no means to be stopped,but pro- moted
them. The heel also should be broad and low, by applying cloths dipped in warm water
and the sole flexible. to the part. Linen cloths wetted with vinegar
To make Boots and Shoes Waterproof. and water, cold spirituous
" lotions,diluted ether,
Melt in an earthen vessel, over a slow fire,half or iced water should be kept constantlyon the
a pint of linseed oil,one ounce of beeswax, temples and forehead, renewing them as often
half an ounce of rosin, and one ounce of oil of as they become dry. Cold applied to the top
turpentine. If new boots and shoes are rated
satu- of the head by means of wet cloths or pounded
with this mixture, and left to hang in a ice is also excellent. The feet should be fre-
quently
in and to assist in
warm place for a week or ten days, they will placed warm water;
not only be entirelywaterproof but the leather diminishing the tendency of blood to the head
will also be soft and pliable. T/ie soles may it should be elevated by pillows. The bowels
be rendered waterproof by applying a coat of if confined should be kept open with purgatives,
gum-copal varnish to them, and repeating it saline laxatives to be employed by preference,
until the pores of the leather are filled. and bromide of potassium, in fifteen to thirty
BOUCHEE." A small Pate (which see). grain doses, may be administered every 3 to 4
BORDEAUX WINES. (See Claret.) hours. Besides the application of cold to the
BOUILLON. (See SoUPS.) brain, the most important thing is to keep the
BOX. A comprehensive genus of plants, bracing sufferer and humor-
ed
"
To Make. Take a
"
pig's head weighing to a steady,even temperature. Too much
posed
about six pounds ; one pound of lean beef ; heat excites too rapid fermentation, and makes
one teaspoonful of salt; one half teaspoonful the bread sour; too little,
on the other hand,
each of black pepper, and mace; arrests the process, and makes the bread heavy,
pepper, cayenne
a pincliof cloves ; and a small onion minced lumpy, and soggy. Before being put into the
line. Clean the head carefully, and stew oven the dough should be kneaded till it is
very
with the beef in enough cold water to cover. elastic and flexible as india-rubber. The ing
bak-
When the bones will slip out easily,remove is the part of the process in which bread is
them, after draining off the liquor;chop frequently spoiled,and this should
the most be
meat up fine while it is hot, put in the carefullyattended to. The ovens must be of
seasonings,and pour all into a mould that has justthe right heat when the pans are first put
been wetted inside. By having specialmoulds in, and the heat must be kept uniform while
the brawn can be made into a great varietyof the cooking is in progress, if a mistake is made
fanciful shapes. in either case the baking is spoiled. As to the
BRAZIL-NUT. These "
nuts, as their name degree of heat, it depends somewhat on the
implies,are a native of South America. They substance of which the bread is made, but in
have a large,white kernel in a brown, rough, no case should the oven be too hot. The best
three-cornered shell, taste like the hazel-nut, plan is to use a thermometer and decide the
and are extremely rich and oily. They are in- digestible
degree by experiment ; but in the absence of
and should be eaten rarely; children, this,if the bared arm can be held in the oven
especially, should never be permittedto eat them. for half a minute it is about right for the
The fresh nuts arrive from March to May, but dough.
they are not good until they have dried several To Make (Plain).^Put eight quarts of
montlis. flour (sifted) into the tray ; pour in a pint of
BREAD. Bread
" is, in a peculiarsense, the home-made yeast, mix with a pint of warm
"
staff of life," and is one of the most important water ; then work them together till a thick
subjectsin the whole range of domestic econ- batter is made. Scatter a handful of flour over
omv. Badly cooked meats, or tables, this batter, lay a warm
pastry, or vege- towel over the whole,
may be endured with more or less of set it in a warm place to rise. This is called the
patienceprovided there is plentyof good whole- some sponge. When the sponge has risen so as to
bread to fall back upon, they may even
" crack the flour on the top, which will take from
be dispensed with for a time ; but if the bread three to five hours, scatter over it two table-
is bad, the health of the family cannot possibly spoonfulsof fine salt ; add, in small quantities
be maintained. Bread-making is an art which at a time, about two quarts of warm milk or
should be thoroughly mastered by every house-
keeper water ; knead the whole thoroughly, adding
in her earliest experience as such ; and flour enough to make a soft dough ; then shape
the young women should be taught it as they it into a round mass, and set it in a warm place ;
grow up,, even if they attempt no other branch when light,mould into loaves, and, when these
of t!ie art of cookery. P'or the making of good are light,bake from thirtyto sixtyminutes ac- cording
The flour should be the best that can be had, and Scotland, Norway and all countries where wheat
above all thingsdry j' new flour cannot be made will not grow, but is seldom made in this country.
to answer, it should be at least three months It is wholesome, however, and nutritious,and
old, and should also be elastic and odorless. palatable when eaten with butter.
very warm
New flour may sometimes be ripened for use Use no yeast ; but mix the barley-meal with
by spreadingenough for each baking in a large warm water and a little salt to the consistency
tray and exposing it to the hot sun for several of a stiff dough. Bake in flat cakes either in
hours, or by settingit near a fire for the same the oven or before the fire.
lengthof time ; but this is troublesome, and Boston Bro-wn Bread. " Take : Home-made
not always successful,and it is best to return yeast, iteacupful;flour,3 teacupfuls;potatoes,
the flour at once if it is found not to be per-
fectly 6 ; water, i qt ; lard, 2 tablespoonfuls : brown
;
four hours in a moderately heated oven. yeast ; lukewarm water.
Brown Bread. "7"7/f-c.- Indian meal, Boil good mealy potatoes soft,then peel
I qt ;
rye flour,i qt ; water, i pt ; home-made yeast, and mash them fine. Sift flour upon them
I teacupful; salt,to taste. in the proportion of two-thirds of flour to one-
Take of Indian
quart meal, scald it with a third of potatoes ; add the
a
yeast, and enough
pint of hot water, and when it becomes warm,
luke- lukewarm water to bring the whole to the sistency
con-
stir into it a quart of of
rye flour,a teacup-
ful dough. Knead well. This bread
of yeast, the usual will rise
quantity of salt: and more quickly than common wheat
enough tepid water to make a rather stiff dough, bread, and it should be baked as soon as
set to rise as with other bread,and bake in two risen,for it turns sour soon.
very
loaves hour and half. Take
an a Pumpkin Bread. "
.-Pumpkin ; yeast;
Corn ^vea."."Take Indian
: meal, i qt.; Indian meal ; salt.
boiling water, i qt ; yeast, I teacupful; salt. Take a ripepumpkin, stew and strain ; add
Mix quart of Indian meal with a little cold
a
yeast, Indian meal enough to stiffen it, and a
water ; stir it into and quart of boilingwater
littlesalt ; set to rise,and bake
a in the usual way.
let it boil an hour
salt,take it This makes
; stir in
excellent bread. a little
from the fire ; let it stand tillluke-warm, then stir Rice Bread. Take : Rice, i pt ; rice flour "
a pint light bread sponge with home-brewed yeast, and two level teaspoonfuls
a pint of warm water ; add two tablespoonfulsof salt. Knead into soft, elastic dough, and
of molasses, a teaspoonfulof salt,and sufficient when light,bake in a moderately quick oven.
Graham flour to make a batter that can be Rye Bread. " Take .--Indian meal, 3 cupfuls;
stirred with a spoon ;wheat
put flour,6 cups ; sugar, I
it in well-buttered flour,4 cups ;
rye
pans, and when
cupbake.
light, yeast, i cup ; warm A
water. part of this may ; home-made
be baked in gem-pans for breakfast or tea. If Mix three cups of Indian meal, scalded, with
wanted for tea and the bread is light in the four cups of rye flour, six cups of wheat flour,
morning, keep it in a cold place until half an one cup of sugar, one cup of yeast, and enough
hour before the time for baking. warm water to reduce to the consistencyof soft
Indian Pone. " Take:-\x\A\2j\ meal, i qt ; dough. Knead well, and when risen bake
lard, I tablespoonful;salt,i teaspoonful; water three-quartersof an hour in small buttered
or milk. pans, or cups.
Take one quart of Indian meal ; mix it n. Take:-Kyt flour ; milk or water ; yeast ;
with enough hot water to make
moderately a butter ; salt.
stiff dough, work in a tablespoonfulof lard,and Wet up rye flour with lukewarm milk (water
a teaspoonful of salt ; mould into thick oblong will do but is not so good). Put in the same
loaves (or pones), rounded on top ; and bake in proportion of yeast as for wheat bread. For
a rather quick oven till brown. Eat hot quarts of flour put in a teaspoonful of
with |two
butter. Milk instead of water is an improve- salt, and a tablespoonful of melted
ment. butter.
Knead into a soft dough, and set to rise. When
OatmealBread. " This is seldom made in this light,put it into pans, without moulding it up ;
country, but it is very wholesome and not let
palatable.
un- it remain in them twenty minutes, and then
Make as directed for barley bread. bake slowly three or four hours.
When made thick, this bread in Scotland is Stede Bread (to improve). " Steam it half
called bannock ; the term cakes is appliedto the an hour or so and shut it up from the air.
thin loaves, which are first baked upon a hot Unleavened Bread. 7a^^
" .--Flour ; warm
plateor griddletillthey are stiff enough to stand water or milk ; lard ; salt.
upon their edges, and then toasted on the hearth This is made without yeast or fermentation,
before the fire till they are crisp. In farm-
houses and is the simplest and easiest way to pre-pare
they bake a considerable quantity at bread, though not the healthiest. Flour
once, and keep them on a rack fixed to the ceiling made into a stiff dough with warm water or
BREAD-CRUMBING BREAKFAST 45
milk, a little lard, and suet, and baked in thin FAMILY BREAKFASTS.
dinner "
the meal is none too substantial. ever,
How- Strawberries and cream.
which is
right or wrong, must be a Bread, butter, coffee, etc.
Broiled chicken, stewed potatoes.
matter of individual opinion and experience.
lies in what is eaten at break-
fast.
Dried beef, dressed with cream.
The difficulty Radishes.
More attention could be, with very great Muffins.
advantage, bestowed on this meal. The table,
SUMMER.
to begin with, could be fresher and more ful,
cheer-
Oatmeal and milk.
with flowers and fruit ; table-cloth and nap-
kins and
Fresh currants sugar.
white, with a colored border too, have a Buttered toast, bread, coffee,etc.
much more pleasing effect than a cloth entirely Broiled blue or whitefish.
colored. Too often the breakfast-room is about Stewed potatoes.
the for the purpose
worst in the house " dark, Minced mutton, served on toast.
dismal, and chilly. Stirred eggs.
The dishes should be varied ; a change Hominy cakes, syrup.
should be striven for every day. The beef-
steak SUMJIER.
WINTER.
Cracked wheat.
Baked pears.
Rolls, Graham bread, butter, coffee,etc. Bream.
Sausages,garnished with fried sour apples.
Quail on toast, baked potatoes. colored,and rarelyover six inches in length.
Buckwheat cakes, syrup. It is not very highly esteemed for eating
WINTER. purposes ; but
is, nevertheless, sweet and
Fried hominy. daintilyflavored,and makes an excellent dish
Stewed apples. fried. Bream may be found in the markets
Bread, butter, coffee,etc. during the winter months. Prepared and cook-
ed
Venison steak, cold spare-ribsliced. like mackerel.
Potatoes i la maitre d'hotel. The ale and
BREWING. "
process by which
Buckwheat cakes, syrup. beer are made. All malt liquorsare tured
manufac-
from malt, which is usuallyproduced from
the parched grain of the germinating barley;
BREAKFAST PARTIE.S.
though it can be made from wheat and other
EARLY SPRING. seeds, and in fact from any substance ing
contain-
Grapes, apples,oranges. sugar. The first step in the process of
( Cutlets of bass en )
papilotte. brewing is to select barley with full,round,
Latour Blanche.
(Cucumbers pickled. j heavy and sweet grains,of uniform quality,
Roast English snipe.Uherry. and not a mixture of different crops. This
"'
I Baked mushrooms. ) is first for a
grain steepedin cold water period
Lobster salad. ) of not less than
Coffee, forty hours, in order that it
Bread, butter, crackers. ) soak
eclairs.
may up the utmost possiblequantityof
(Chocolate
water ; if the water during this time exhibits
)Vanilla ice-cream.
any signs of fermentation it must be drawn off
and replacedwith cold water. After the steep-
ing
Berries and peaches,with cream. it is spread upon the floor of the malt
broiled, with tomato )
[Brook trout sauce.
house to a depth of about sixteen inches, which
Boiled potatoes, pickledgherkins,andV Chablis.
is called the couch. It is allowed to remain in
[ olives. ) this situation for it is then
twenty-sixhours ;
[Fillets of beef saute, with )
Chateau La Rose. turned of
Luna beans.
by wooden shovels, and the depth
)
the couch is somewhat diminished. This
pro-
cess
Cauliflower bread-crumbed.
( Fillets -with
fricassde, 1 repeated twice a day or
is oftener,and the
of chickens en
depth of
the barley is gradually diminished.
j rice. \ Hockheimer.
/Brussel sprouts i la Bechamel. )
In this state the barley absorbs oxygen from
(Fried oysters. the air,and gives out carbonic acid, the tem-perature
(Celery and lettuce, mixed with mayonnaise. of the barley in the meantime being
Tutti frutti,assorted cakes, coffee. greatlyincreased, so that it shows a heat ten
give the dark color to porters and stouts. standingtill it has acquired a sufiicient past- iness,
The two last malts are made by carryingthe it is tempered by being run through a
far as to destroy the sugar ; pug-mill, when it is ready to be moulded.
roasting process so
whilst in the black malt it is charred by the Before the invention of the pug-mill,the mortar
heat to which it is exposed. was thrown into a shallow pit in which it was
After tlie malt has been prepared the brew- ing trodden out by the feet of men and oxen. As
is commenced, and this also the clay comes out of the pug-mill it is taken
process proper
consists of several distinct operations. The to the moulder's bench and separated into small
first is to grind the malt, and this is done pieces. Each of these pieces is then placed
either by millstones or iron rollers. The grist into the mould, pressed flat, and the top scraped
thus produced has now to be masheJ. For off with a flat stick. The newly moulded bricks
this purpose the malt is put into a mash-tub, are then carried in a wheelbarrow to a place
and then hot water is let in upon it and run off where, arranged on each other diagonally, with
by taps from the bottom of the tub. Successive spaces between, they are dried in the air suffi- ciently
quantitiesof hot water are in the same manner to bear removal, and are then ready for
run through the malt, and the worts thus burning. Should the weather be fine,a few days
obtained are mi.\ed together and introduced will suffice for this drying. In baking bricks
into a largecopper. The hops are then added they are arranged either in kihis or clamps.
and the liquor is boiled ; after boiling it is The former are permanent ovens on an mense
im-
strained from the hops and let into vessels to scale, and are commonly used in
cool. When brought down to the proper England ; the open method of arranging the
temperature, the liquor is passed into the bricks so that they form their own ovens is the
fermentingtub. There a quantity of yeast is plan almost universallyadopted in this country.
added, and when the fermentation has brought The top and sides of these kilns or clamps are
the quantityof sugar down to a certain point, built of bricks that have been baked, and flues
the yeast is cleaned away ; this process is for the heat are carried through every part of
called cleaning. The beer is now run into vats the pile. From 20,000 to 1,000,000 bricks are
or casks, which is called racking. It is still, baked in one kiln,and the average time for bak- ing
however, thick and muddy, and a solution of is eightdays.
gelatineor isinglassis added for the purpose In purchasing bricks care should be taken
oifining it. The beer is then bunged up, and to select those which have been well burned,
is ready for use at various periods. Beer can and which look smooth and solid. If the
be made to vary greatlyin its qualityaccording baking has been imperfectlydone, or the pro- portion
to the way in which this process of brewing of sand in the clay was too great, the
has been carried on. Of course the stronger bricks will crumble to pieces when exposed to
the wort, the more and the more alcohol the weather. A good test when hard bricks
sugar
as the result of fermentation ; but the fermen-
tation are desired, is to soak a piece in water ; if the
may be carried up to various points. baking has been thorough it will not dissolve
By stopping it before the latter stage,the sweet into mud.
ales are made, which become stronger by BRIGHT'S DISEASE." A term appliedto
keeping. If the fermentation is not arrested a number of different affections of the kidneys,
but carried on till the sugar is exhausted, and so called because they were first described by
a large quantity of hops is added, the pale Dr. Bright. The causes of kidney diseases are
bitter ales are produced. congestion of the kidneys in-
any which cause " dulgence
BRICK. " A building material made of in strong drink, exposure to wet and
clay in rectangularblocks, and baked in the cold, scarlet fever,fever and ague or similar dis- eases,
sun or by fire. When they are well made, and and pregnancy. The symptoms of Bright's
properly burned, there ij no substance for disease depend upon whether the patientsuf- fers
buildingpurposes equal to bricks in durability. from the acute or chronic form. In acute
All claysconsist of two kinds of earth, alumina cases there are pains in the back and loins, at
and silica, and when kneaded with water form first slightand occasional, but graduallydull,
a paste that is plastic or capable of being heavy, and settled,accompanied with restless- ness
moulded into any form. In
many parts of the and fever, and the usual functional ders
disor-
country, good brick earth exists in a natural in other organs ; loss of appetite,vomiting
state, but frequently there is either too purging, and diminution
and sometimes or
much or too little sand, and this has suppression of the urine.
to be entire These toms
symp-
rectified either by adding " fat "
succeeded by swelling of the face
or stickyclay are
or sand. and extremities,and in extreme cases by gen-
eral
The common of brick-making is as dropsy. Should the above fail
process symptoms
follows : Brick earth, consisting of a clayey to point out the disease, heat applied to the
loam, is usuallydug in September and exposed urine will at once indicate its character, as there
in heaps of a few feet in less al-
bumen
height to the action of is in Bright's disease always more or
the frost during the winter, which in the urine which solidifies on the
pulverizes
and it. The small other than
tempers stones are then applicationof heat. The symptoms
separated by grinding it in water and running those furnished by boiling the urine, unless
it through a grating. It is then mixed rule so obscure in
with dropsy exists, are as a
water to the consistency of cream, and after chronic cases as rarelyto be recognizedexcept
48 BRINE BROCCOLI
but with careful attention to the healtli,and cloth, about twenty-nineinches wide, and very
judicious professionalcare and advice, life is closelywoven, with a short smooth
nap. It is
often prolonged for many years. Medical aid manufactured chieflyfor men's outer garments,
must be had in all cases. though used also for ladies' cloaks, coats, and the
BRINIi. " The solution of salt and saltpetre like,and may be had in any of the darker colors.
of in preservingmeats. An In cutting broadcloth,shrink
usuallymade use it first by wetting
excellent brine maybe made by mixing a pound in cold water and exposing to the sun, and be
and half of sugar or molasses and two ounces careful to cut so that the will smooth wards.
down-
a nap
of saltpetre(or saleratus) in four gallons of
water ; if it is to last only a month or two, put BROCADE. Brocade proper is a stout silken "
in six pounds of salt, if longer nine pounds. stuff,variegatedwith gold and silver,raised and
Boil all together gently,skim, and then let it enriched with flowers,foliage, and other orna-
ments,
cool. Put the meat in the vessels in which it is and was very much used for women's
to stand, and pour the brine on tillit is covered. dress during the 17th and i8th centuries. This
At least once in two months the brine should fashion of dress was never in good taste and
be boiled and skimmed, and have two ounces did not last long, and the name was then given
of sugar and half a pound of salt added. to rich silk stuffs which were adorned with
Even then it is doubtful if brine can be worked
gold or silver. At flowers without
kept fit for use beyond a few months' time. present the term brocade is applied to various
It acquirespoisonous propertiesfrom standing silks,as satins, taffetas,lute-strings, and even
long in contact with the meat, and unless to woollen stuffs and grosgrains,if they are
the scum which rises to the surface is kept ornamented with flowers or other figures.
carefullyskimmed off,fatal effects may result BROCATBL. A fabric of silk or wool, or of "
from its use. both combined, used for upholstering;it is usu- ally
It also takes a high polish, and does not heads as above ; have ready two teacupfulsof
readily tarnish ; when kept very bright it butter drawn in the usual way, and beat into it,
has great beauty, far excelling pewter, and while hot, four well whipped eggs. Lay but-
tered
approaching in lustre to silver. There are vari- ous toast on the bottom of a hot dish and
qualities of Britannia ware, arisingfrom the place on this the largest head of broccoli
introduction of lead into some kinds of it; whole, as a centre-piece, arrange the smaller
the best is firm and silvery looking,and will heads quartered about this,and pour the egg-
not easily bend. Coffee-pots,tea-pots, and sauce over the whole.
similar utensils,made of the britannia metal Fried Broccoli. Prepare as above, and "
should not be placed on the fire,as they are boil about five minutes or until half done ;
liable to melt on fires at high temperatures. then dip them in batter and fry in hot fat.
"
BROILING BRONZE 49
them in hot dish, sprinkle salt all simplya companion of some other disease, is
Dish a over
BROILING. "
For steaks, chops, and in changes in the weather ; and the symptoms
fact all kinds broiling is in every are at first those of a common
of meat, cold in the
better method cooking than frying.
of head, accompanied by fever, and an occasional
respect a
It produces a much more palatableand whole- some hacking cough. The cough increases in fre- quency,
and has the further recommendation pain in the chest is experienced during
dish,
of being the most expeditious and simplest the act of coughing; and the patient has a
mode of cooking. Broilingis simply a quicker feeling of weariness and oppression. If the
attack is severe, all these become
kind of roasting, the meat being placed o^'cr symptoms
instead of before the fire. In orcier to do it more intense, and moderate fever is developed.
well the fire should be glowing hot and free The breathingin asthmatic persons produces a
be turned kind of wheezing noise, and the disease
from smoke, and the meat should as
immediately, the internal juices are retained, of a few days, the disease has been arrested,
if
and this accounts for the great juicinessand the symptoms begin to decrease in severity,
savoriness of meat well broiled. Of all methods the expectoratedmatter becomes less abundant,
of cooking,broilingis the best suited and most the pain in the chest and difficulty of respira-
tion
acceptable to invalids and it recommends itself pass off, and the disease ends in conva-
lescence.
;
to small families,and those who have to do
their cooking, as affording a
own means of Treatment. "
In the earlier stages of catarrh
dressing a small quantity of meat hot as the development of bronchitis may frequently
The time be arrested by frequent use of gargle
delicatelyas the largestquantity. a
required for broilingwill depend on the kind made by dissolving a teaspoonful of com-mon
of meat, and the thickness of the shces into saleratus or chlorate of potash in a
which it has been cut; but for the ordinary tumljler of water. Should this fail,and chitis
bron-
steak or chop fifteen minutes will usuallysuf-
fice. become developed, a mustard plaster
should be applied to the chest (not strong
Steaks or cutlets be quickly cooked enough to draw a the
blister), feet bathed in
may
with a sheet or two of lightedpaper only, in hot water, and warm emollient drinks, such as
the apparatus shown below, and called a barleywater or linseed tea, administered. Ten
Conjuror. Lift off the cover and lay in grains of Dover's powder taken at bedtime
the meat properlyseasoned, with a small slice by an adult has a marked influence in shorten-
ing
of butter under it,and insert the lightedpaper the disease. If the obstruction becomes
in the aperture shown in the plate; in from great and breathingdifficult,an emetic may be
given, and the bowels, if constipationexists,
should be kept open during the whole course
worthless in consequence.
rior ones only being perishablebut doing and comparatively
not
stiffor durable as unbleached brown or black. country and on the continent and to a much
A crumb-brush a used few times England. It can
is not be grown
fitto less extent
on in
come on to the table. A metal crumb-scraper poor sandy soils if plowed in as a green crop.
is much preferable. A brush used with water It grows rapidlywith little cultivation ; and it
should afterwards be placed where it will dry is excellent food for poultry.Cows are largely
will soften it,and great fed buckwheat bran. It increases the
moderately fast. Water on
heat will make bristles brittle. (6"6' CLEANING. quantityof their milk but makes it thin. Buck-
wheat
For tooth-brushes, see TEETH.) contains more sugar than barley even,
BRUSSELS SPROUTS." A species of and is used chieflyin the United .States for
much esteemed the making the delicious dish called buckwheat
the cabbage family on
are in season from September to January, and flour, get only small quantities at a time
are eaten as They should be drained and keep it in a tightlycovered box or tub. It
greens.
carefully after boiling (like Broccoli), and is sometimes infested with little black bugs,
eaten hot with bechamel sauce. {SeeBechamel and an examination must occasionally be made
under Sauces.) for them.
BUCCANED MEAT. Buccaning is a Buckwrheat
"
Cakes. I. Tirrfc .--Buckwheat "
method of preserving meat practised in some flour,I qt ; milk or water, i pt; yeast, Yz teacup-
parts of the West Indies, and the pirates who ful ; salt,I teaspoonful.
infested those islands in the seventeenth Mix a quart of buckwheat flour with a pint
of "
Buccaneers'' of lukewarm milk and half
century received their name or water, a ful
tea-cup-
from their raidingupon the settlers' flocks and of home brewed veast, or dessertspoonful
i
gratingor hurdle, made of sticks and of saleratus dissolved in a little milk and
upon a
called a bucan, and placed at some height strained, or a teaspoonful of soda. If the
above the ground ; a wood fire is made below batter is too thick to pour out easily,add
and a produced. The
thick smoke meat is enough warm milk or water to thin it. Make
dried well the cakes large, and fry them in just enough
thus partlvroasted partly as and
as
smoked. Large quantitiesare cured in this tat to keep them from stickingto the griddle.
in the hunting region of Cuba, San mingo,
Do- If a cupful or so of the batter be left in the
way
and Jamaica, and the flavor is said to be bottom of the vessel in which it is mixed, it
peculiarlyrich and delicious. Occasionallyit will serve as a yeast for the next night instead
is brought to this country, and the process of gettingfresh yeast. In cold weather this
might be tried here with advantage. plan will answer for a week or more without
BUCKRAM. A coarse kind of linen cloth, settinga new
"
supply.
stiffened with glue,and originally having open n. Tc^i- .--Buckwheat flour,I qt ; Indian
holes or interstices between the threads. It is meal, l teacupful; yeast, yi teacupful; mo- lasses,
groundwork for worsted work and some kinds Mix one quart of buckwheat flour, a cupful
tea-
of heavy embroidery. of Indian meal, half a teacupful of
BUCKSKIN." The skin of the deer yeast; two tablespoonfuls of molasses, and
tanned in
peculiarmanner which
a renders it one teaspoonfulof salt, in enough warm water
least one piece for brightening silverware and stir in a teaspoonfulof soda or saleratus
jewelry,and another for polishingfinelyfinish-
ed dissolved in a little hot water. These are the
glasse.s,and the hke, and the choicest metallic pts; warm water l pt; soda i teaspoonful;
articles that are liable to rust should be laid cream tartar, i teaspoonful.
away in it when not in use. buying buck-
In skin Take three pints of buckwheat flour ; one
see that it has no hard or lumpy spots in teaspoonfulof soda dissolved in a pint of warm
it,as these indicate that it is imperfectlytanned water; mi.x thoroughly, and then add one
52 BUDDING.
and a half teaspoonfulsof cream tartar dissolved but not such as to bruise or crush the bark.
in a few spoonfulsof liot water. together, Fig. Stir S-
adding a little warm water, and fry immediately The shoots containing the
Use salt pork to grease the griddle. buds should be cut when so
BITDDING. *
Budding consists in introdu-
"
cing mature as to be firm and hard
the bud of one tree, with a portionof bark in te.xture ; they are usuallyin
and a little adhering wood, beneath the bark the best condition after the
of another, and upon the face of the newly form-
ing terminal bud has formed.
wood. It must be performed while the To prevent withering, the
stock is in a state of vigorous growth. An in-
cision leaves must beimmediately
is made lengthwise through the bark of cut off,as they withdraw and
the stock, and a small cut at rightangles at the exhale rapidly'
the moisture
top, the whole somewhat resemblingthe letter from the shoot. About one-
to serve as handles to
the buds while insertingthem.
Fig. 5- Fig. 6.
Fig. I. Fig. 2.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 3. Fig. 4.
till the following spring, when the stock is
cut off two inches or more above it,before the
of
swelling the bud. If cut closer, the end of
A bandage of
bass, corn husk, or other sub-
stance,the stock becomes too dry, and the bud often
is wrapped round, covering all parts but
perishes. All other buds must be then ed,
remov-
the bud. The pressure should be justsufficient
and all the
vigor of the stock or branch
to keep the inserted portioncloselyto the stock, thrown into remaining bud, which immedi-
the ately
commences a rapidgrowth.
* The directions in this article on budding are selected from To secure a straight and erect tree, the new
'*
The American Fruit Cutturisi,^^ an excellent and shoot few inches
hensive work by John J. Thomas, publishedby Wm.
compre*
Wood "
when a long, is tied to the
Co., New York. remaining stump of the stock. Fig. 7.
BUFFALO BULBS 53
By another month, operationbe well yet devised ; but it is not easy to procure
if the an
It should be sprinkled
performed, no further support will be needed, unadulterated article.
and the stump be wholly cut away and the plentifully in every chink and crevice. A lution
so-
may
wound allowed to heal by the rapid formation of potash is also good, and some mend
recom-
of new wood. See Grafting. higlily simple kerosene oil ; others declare
BUFFALO. The meat "
of the buffalo rank,s salt and water to be unequalled. We shall
the far West, it is not often found in the Eastern points to be mentioned first. Bed-bugs do not
markets. In the Western markets it appears confine their attention to beds, but make a home
and in the walls, behind
mantel-pieces, and wherever
more frequently,and durin"jDecember
January can generallybe obtained in the larger they can find a congenial crack, and they must
cities. The flesh resembles that of beef, but be warred upon here no less vigorously. If
is darker and coarser, and the fat is solid and there be any cracks in the wall-paper they
reddish. Like all game, buffalo meat is better should be carefullypasted over with fresh
if it is kept for some time after killing before it paper ; or if the paper has become loose from
is eaten ; and like the meat of all large animals the wall at any point, that also should be again
made fast. Bugs love to harbor in plaster work ;
is better roasted than cooked in
any other way.
It makes e.xcellent steaks, however, and the but unless the paper be broken loose they can- not
best way to cook these is to broil them, 1 ndian make their way through it. If it be sus- pected
other utensil. Cooked thus they are even more they should be shut in by pasting strong
Buffalo tongue, brown the chink between the board
juicyand savory than veni.son. paper over
cured, is also excellent dish and the floor.
when properly an ;
the brains are often eaten raw by hunters ; and It is one of the discouragements of fighting
when the victory
the marrow bones are greatly esteemed, espe- cially bed-bugs that one never knows
when roasted. Buffalo meat is cooked is secured. Just when they seem to have been
and served in the same way as venison. utterlydestroyed,they will make their appear-
ance
BUFFALO ROBE. The skin of the buffalo,
"
again in scarcely diminished numbers ;
dried with the hair on. It is very warm and and, as we have said, one or two bugs will pro- duce
pleasant to the touch, and is much esteemed hundreds in a single summer. The only
and expensive. plan is to keep constantlyon the lookout for
by travellers ; but it is cumbrous
BUGS. Howr to Destroy. This term them, to keep the bed and its surroundings
"
erly
prop-
includes the numerous tribes of Hemipter- scrupulouslyclean, and to have some reliable
difficult alike to prevent bed-bugs from getting spiritsof turpentine,half a pint ; crude sal-
into a house, and to get them out when once ammoniac, I oz ; corrosive sublimate, i oz ;
they are in. They are very partialto certain camphor, i oz. This mixture should be injected
kinds of wood, and sometimes are fairlybuilt into the jointsof the bedstead with a syringe,
into the house ; or they may be brought in or sponge
a fastened stick ; all the rest of
on a
from outside in boxes or baskets, in clothes, the woodwork should be washed with it.
BULBS. Bulbous plantsproduce some of the
or by the hired girl. So prolificare they too, "
that two or three females "stock" the entire best known and most beautiful flowers in our
house in one season if undisturbed. gardens, and are extremely easy to cultivate.
The best
for fighting them is the most scrupulous The peculiarnature of the bulb is not generally
weapon
and steads well understood
bed- ; it really partakesmore of the
vigilantcleanliness. All beds and
should be examined at least once a week propertiesof a seed than of a root, for when in
in summer, and if any traces of bed-bugs are the act of vegetatingit sends down into the soil
found, the bedstead should be taken to pieces roots, and into the air a livingstem, and the
and washed substance contained in the bulb decomposes
thoroughly with cold water and
soap, appliedwith a scrubbing brush. This is and nourishes the young plant. But the bulb
the only way to destroy the eggs which are is removed, and
posited
de- from the roots another bulb is
during the summer in every crack and composed which appears to be the same one
bloom in the house, are called Sumvier Bn!bs. In the morning add two
tillmorning. eggs mixed
To this class
belong the Japan Lily,Gladiolus, withteacupful of fine \vhite sugar ; beat the
a
Dahlia, Tuberose, Tigridia,Amaryllis formo- whole together,and add enough of flour to make
sissima, Vallota, and Tritoma. They should a dough ; add one teacupful of dried currants,
be planted in earlyspring (April or May), and and a sprinkle of nutmeg, and set away to rise
Most bulbs be dug dried, and kept in either by the wearing of shoes which
may up,
the cellar,in a box of sand,during the winter. are too narrow and too short, or too largeand
Further directions will be given under the names badly fitting, or made from leather that is hard or
of the specialflowers {see Dahlh, lus,
Gladio- unyieldingto the foot. Shoes and stockingsare
Tuberose, "c.). A very beautiful orna-
ment the cause of all bunions, and the first step in the
can be secured by planting bulbs in a remedy is to so construct adjust them as
and
vase, as shown in the cut. Each bulb must be to avoid the evil. The plan of soak-
common ing
its stem will through bunions in and then paring
so planted that come out warm v/ater
currants, i teacupful;nutmeg; milk, \ pt. bunions except the wearing of smoothly fitting
Put a tablespoonfulof butter in half a pint stockings,and shoes which do not rub upon
of boilingwater ; when melted add half a pint the spot.
of milk, half a teacupfulof yeast, half a tea BUREAU. {See Furniture.)
BURGUNDY. The choicest wines of the
spoonful of salt,and flour enough to make a
"
stiff batter ; mix this at night and set to rise ancient province of Burgundy in France are
BURNS BURNING FLUID 55
is the Romanee Conti, but this is not to two or three days. Or in cases of severe jury
in-
easy
get even in France ; the ne.xt in order of e.x- the parts may be brushed with turpentine,
cellence are Clos Vougeot, Chambertin, Pom- and then covered with a mixture of equal parts
ard, Nuits, Vohiav, and Beaune. The Macon of turpentine and resin ointment, spread on
w;nes lighterand of a
are lower grade. The linen or wadding. An excellent applicationis
higher grades of Burgundy should Ise drunk at hot water and milk (equalparts), with a tea-
the temperature of the room, never iced. spoonful of carbonate of soda. A bread-and-
High grade Burgundies will keep for from milk poultice serves the purpose very well.
twenty to thirtyyears, or even longer, while If the milk is not at hand use warm water with
the lower grades are best at the age of from plentyof soap in it ; and if you have no soap use
five to ten years. Burgundies are often served plainwarm water with carbonate of soda, or
little pain is felt,and its presence is rather of drops of laudanum in a little water, and repeat
good omen than otherwise. The absence of this in an hour, or a third time if needful. A
applications. Dry flour is very good and may need the oppositetreatment ; weak vinegar, "
be sprinkledover the wound if it be slight, or or much diluted acids, should be at once plied.
ap-
if nothing better is at hand. Raw cotton, or Corrosive sublimate is rendered inert
wadding in sheets, such as is used in ladies' by the free applicationof white of egg. ter
But-
dressing,may be laid on and should be used of a"!timony,hy water in abundance.
freely enough to entirely exclude the air. BURNING FLUID." A mixture of oil of
Moist applicationsare best used warm. Wet turpentine and alcohol for illuminatingpur- poses.
a piece of old linen or cotton cloth in a mixture Its simplicity,cleanliness, and great
56 BURNOUS BUTTER
brilliancyof lighthave made it very popular representedwith a hood which can be drawn
when gas is not to be had ; but owing to the over the head ; this
is by cutting the
made
large proportion of expensive alcohol which cloak and hood apart following a diagonal
must be used in making it,it is a very costly
illumination, and the great danger wliich at-
tends AliddU of the back.
Middle of tilefront.
Fig. 2.
every
may be sewed up from d to b,or left open and of butter sold in the United States contains
lined with silk. In Fig. i, the burnous of than three times
is one pound salt,or more
BUTTERCUP BUTTERMILK 57
what the average would be in England. It is covered with salt and the sides rubbed with it.
also adulterated with mutton fat,lard, and the The butter may now be covered with a strong
vegetable butters. All these, however, are brine ; but a better way is to press a fine linen
harder than butter, and cannot be perfectly cloth closely to the surface, and cover this
mixed with it,so that it is not very difficult to with a layerof fine salt, and a closely-fitting
detect their
presence by close examination. lid. When butter is taken out, the cloth and
All butter bought at the stores should be worked lid should carefullyreplaced; it is best to
be
over thoroughly before using,not only to purify take out enough to last a week as it spoilsthe
it,but to
preserve its freshness. butter to let air in upon it every day.
To Make. Butter is made
"
either with the Butter may be kept for a year or more by
cream alone or with the milk and
cream er
togeth- mixing into it a preparation made of two parts
; the former plan is said produce the best of fine salt,one of sugar, and one
to of saltpetre,
butter, and the latter the largestquantity. In in the proportion of one ounce of the mixture
though the churning of cream alone is the method entirelyexclude the air.
usuallyadopted in this country, and the cream Butter may be preserved without salt by
should be sour before it is taken from
mixing honey with it in the proportion of an the milk.
The first requisite in the making of good butter ounce to a pound of butter. This has an
the milk is put into them, the cream should To Restore.^ " Rancid butter may be restored
be kept in a stone jar or crock, and the churn thus : Put fifteen drops of chloride of lime to a
should be scalded before using and then cooled pint of cold water, and work the butter in it
with ice In hot weather it is till every particle has in contact with
or spring water. come
keep the milk, and butter the water then work it in cold
important to cream, ; over pure
as cool as possible; for this purpose those who water.
have no ice-house or very cool milk-room should BUTTER (Drawn). {See Butter under
milk ready,churn steadilyuntil the butter- butter or oily part; but it retains the sugar,
is
flakes begin to show around the dasher on the caseine, and salts of milk. It is very nourish-
ing,
top of the churn, then move slowly. The mo- tion and being easier of digestionthan whole
recommended for invalids ;
should always be steady and regular, milk, it is sometimes
otherwise the butter is longer in coming. In and as it is extremely cooling,it forms a useful
warm weather, if the butter is slow in coming, and pleasantbeverage in warm weather. When
pour a little cold water into the churn. When kept for a day or two buttermilk acquires an
the butter has come, take it up on the dasher acidity; but the acid of buttermilk does not in- crease
and put it into a wooden bowl or tray containing the acidity of the stomach, or cause
very cold water ; then pour off the cold water, flatulence, as vegetableacids commonly do, and
squeezingand pressingthe butter with a wooden it may therefore be safelyused by dyspeptics.
ladle. Set the butter away in a cool place to In this state it is refrigerant, and should not be
harden, and then work it over and over until drunk while the body is unusually warm.
drop of buttermilk has been extracted Where cream alone has been churned the but- termilk
every
and the butter is yellow and solid ; throughout is particularly rich and agreeable.But- termilk
the process use the wooden ladle and do not cannot always be procured in the cities,
touch the butter with the hands. When the but it is easily made in small quantitiesby
buttermilk is all worked out it is time to add shaking sour cream in a bottle,or beating it in
the salt ; on this no precise direction can be a crock until the butter comes." Do not keep "
and thereafter go by this measure. Mould is added to boilingwhey, and the two are
the butter into rolls or
"
pats
"
of the desired well mixed, a soft curd is thrown down, which
size ; wrap each inperfectlyclean linen cloth ;
a is excellent when eaten either hot or cold with
and pack in a stone jar,sprinklinga little salt bread.
If buttermilk be
between the layers. Butter packed thus will Thickened ButtermUk."
keep sweet and fresh for several weeks. put into a linen bag and all the whey strained
To Preserve. " If butter is to kept a off,what remains
be is then much thicker, and,
long time it should be worked with especial eaten with sugar and cream, is excellent.
care packed down hard in a
and perfectlyclean "Whey (Buttermilk.) " This is a nice drink
in a
stone jar or firkin ; if the firkin is used, it for the sick. Put one quart of buttermilk
should be thoroughly seasoned and the bottom on the fire ; when it boils up beat up the
pan
CABBAGE ROSE CAKE 59
Boiled, with Bacon. " Proceed as described August. The difference between the Cereus
on the preceding page ; allow thie
cabbage and the Epiphyllum is that the shoots of
to boil ten minutes ; finish cooking it in the latter have flat shoots and leaves without
the broth which the bacon made in ing
cook- spines, while in the former the shoots are
; be careful to
preserve its shape as round and the leaves prickly. The best ties
varie-
much as possible while draining it from are of the Cereus
: C. Speciosissimus, crim-
son
the pot ; dish it,lay the bacon on in slices,
purple flowers and
(this is the best for
and serve. general cultivation); C. Grandijlorus,flowers
Fried Cabbage. " Take cold boiled cabbage, yellowish white (this is the "night-blooming
cut it up fine, add a little melted butter and cereus"); C Maynatdi, deep orange red
salt and pepper to taste, with three or four flowers ; and C. Triangularis, immense cream-
tablespoonfulsof cream. Put it into a buttered colored flowers. The best varieties of the
frying-panand stir until it is very hot ; then let Epiphyllum a.re: E. A iefiuanui, fine scarlet
it stand long enough to brown slighlyat the flowers ; E. Speciosmu, rosy pink flower ; E.
bottom. Turn out into a dish, and serve hot. A latum, white flowers: and E. Trincatum,
Piclilea Cabbage. Cook as above, but not and its varieties,with white,red, scarlet,
"
rosy,
too much ; take it off as soon as it is done, and violet flowers.
and drain thoroughly ; drop it immediately CAFh AIT LAIT." Coffee and milk, for
into cold water and drain again. When dry, breakfast. Strain the coffee, while hot, off the
put it into jarsand cover with boilingvinegar; grounds through a piece of fine muslin, into the
season with rock salt, pepper, pepper-corns, coffee-pot; add an equal quantity of boiling
and cloves. When perfectly cold, seal the milk that has been boiled down one-half. Serve
jarsup air tight,and set away in a cool, dry like plain coffee, with sugar.
closet. CAKB. It is absolutely essential to the "
stand out of doors, in a sheltered place. In whites in a cool room till they are solid enough
September remove to the house, all parts of to slice. The milk may be used either sour
the shoots having no bloom buds (which may or sweet, but the two must never be mixed ;
easilybe seen along the leaves)being first cut sour milk makes spongy cake, sweet makes
back to justbeyond the buds. It is better to it more solid. Saleratus and soda should be
confine the plant to six or eight strong stems, thorouglilydissolved in hot water and strained
and while these are in good health the growth before they are stirred into cake. Currants
of shoots from the root is not to be encouraged. should be carefullyrinsed, rubbed in a dry
Give the plantsno water from September to cloth to get out the stems, and then spread on
February ; while in growth in summer, water platters and dried,before being used. Almonds
moderately. The cactus blooms from May to should be blanched, by pouring boiling water
CO CAKE
on them ; drain and repeat the process andthey together; add a teaspoonful of rose-water,
willreadilypop from the skin ; when blanched, half a pound of sweet almonds blanched and
dry and then pound them fine with a few drops pounded fine,and a quarter of a pound of melt-
ed
of milk, to prevent their oiling. All kinds of butter. Mix well together,and pour it into
cake that are made without yeast are better for small pans that have been lined with pastry;
being stirred till just before they are baked. ornament the top with Zante currants and al-
monds
When ready to mix, stir the butter to a cream, cut in thin slices,and bake immediately
then the sugar, and stir tillwhite
add ; next beat in a rather quick oven.
the yolksof the eggs, strain them and add them Bannock, or Indian Meal Cake. " Take :-
to the sugar and butter ; meantime another son
per- Brown
sugar, \Y lbs ;
butter, I lb ; eggs, 6 ;
should beat the whites to a stiff froth and cinnamon or ginger, i teaspoonful; Indian
put them add the spices and flour,and
in; then meal, i % lbs ; flour,Y lb.
last of fruit,if any be used.
all the ware
Earthen- Stir a pound of butter and a pound and a
is best to mix in, and a wooden spoon quarter of brown sugar to a cream beat six ,
should be used. Butter the cake-pans well ; eggs, and mix them with the sugar and butter;
the cake will be less liable to burn if the pans add teaspoonful of cinnamon
a or ginger; stir
are lined with white buttered paper. The oven in pound and a quarter of white Indian meal
a
door, and try the centre of the loaf with a clean and juiceof Yi- Beat six eggs two minutes ; add
broom-straw. If the cake is baked the straw three cups of powdered sugar, beat six minutes ;
will come out dry, if not, a little of tlie batter two cups of flour with two teaspoonfulsof cream-
will adhere to it,in which case the door of the tartar, beat one minute ; one cup of cold water
oven must be closed immediately,or theteaspoonful of soda, beat one minute ;
cake with a
will fall. Cake that is to be frosted should be half the grated rind and juice of a lemon, two
cooked in pans with sides perpendicular,in-
steadmore cupfuls of flour and a small pinch of salt ;
of slanting. It should be iced as soon as stir gently ; bake twenty minutes.
taken fromthe oven, to ensure its drying quickly Black Cake. Tahf^ .--Flour { browned), I " "
wrap it in a thick white cloth, and keep it in a I lb; eggs, 10; seeded raisins,3 lbs; Zante cur-
rants,
covered earthen jar or tight tin box. Do 3 lbs ; citron, I lb ; wine, brandy, and
not cut more at a time than I wineglassfulof each
is likelyto be
; molasses, i table-
milk,
used. ( See Crullers, spoonful ; saleratus,i teaspoonful; cinnamon, I
Doughnuts, Mac-
CAROONS). tablespoonful; cloves, I teaspoonful; mace, I
Almoud Cake. 7(Z/ti?.--Sugar,"
i lb ; butter, tablespoonful, or i nutmeg.
% lb ; flour, I lb ; eggs, 8 ; almonds, i coffee- Take one pound of flour, brown it in a pan
cupful; essence of bitter almonds, Yx teaspoon- over the fire,stirringconstantly, and let it cool
ful ; brandy, i wineglassful. before using ; one pound of brown sugar ; a lit- tle
Stir one pound of powdered sugar and a quar- more than a pound of butter; ten eggs ; three
ter
of a pound of butter to a cream ; beat up the pounds of seeded raisins ; three pounds of Zante
eighteggs, the whites and yolks separately, and currants ; one pound of citron ; a wineglass of
add the yolks to the butter and of brandy, and of milk ; a tea-
sugar ; stir to-gether wine, one one spoonful
very thoroughly, and then put in one of saleratus ; a tablespoonfulof mo- lasses
stir them into the milk, while it is boiling. hot oven. If baked in three loaves it
When itboils up, take it from the fire,add half will take from one to two hours. Black cake
a wineglass of wine (any cooking wine) ; rate
sepa- should be kept three or four weeks before it is
the curd from the whey, and add to the cut.
curd three and six ounces of powdered Cara-way Cakes. Take .--Flour, 2 qts ;
eggs "
white sugar that have previously been beaten white l qt ; butter,i teacupful; caraway
sugar,
CAKE 61
quart of powdered white sugar and buttered platesin dabs ',' the size of a two-cent "
Stir one
a teacupful of butter to a cream ; add two quarts piece and several inches apart ; and bake mediately
im-
of flour, half a gillof caraway seed, and a tea- in a moderately warm oven, watching
spoonful of essence of lemon ; make into a constantlyto keep them from scorching.
dough, roll out into a sheet half an inch thick, II. 7""/r .--Flour, 4 cupfuls; sugar, 3 cup-
fuls
cut into square cakes, and crimp the edges. ; butter, I cupful ; soda, I teaspoonful;
Then bake in a tolerablyquick oven. A piece cream-tartar, 2 teaspoonfuls; grated cocoanut,
of sal-volatile, the size of a nutmeg, dissolved 3 cupfuls; eggs, whites of 3 ; lemon, grated
in two tablespoonfulsof hot water, improves rind of i.
this. Mix together three cupfuls of sugar ; one of
Children's Cake. " Take .--Flour, 2 lbs ; butter ; the whites of three eggs ; a level spoonful
tea-
sugar, one pound of currants well washed and ni. (Sponge.) "
Take:-Y\ovLX, \ pt ; grated
dried, half of caraway
an ounce seed, and a cocoanut, i ; white sugar, i pt ; eggs, 6 ; salt,
tablespoonfulof allspice; mi.x all togetherthor-
oughly. A teaspoonful.
Warm a pint of notnew Stir together a pint of fine white sugar, and
milk, but do
let it get hot ; stir into it two tablespoonfulsof the yolks of six eggs, beaten and strained ; add
good yeast ; with this liquidmake up the dough one cocoanut (grated), and half a teaspoonful
lightly, and knead it well. Line the pans with of salt,and the juiceof half a fresh lemon ; just
buttered paper, and put in the dougli set it before the cake ,
is put into the oven, add the
in a warm place for an hour and a half to whites of the six eggs beaten up stiff, and then
rise ; then bake in a quick oven. This tity
quan- stir in half a pint of flour. Stir the flour in only
will make two moderately sized cakes ; just enough to mix it ; then put the cake in
thus divided they will require an hour or more pans lined with buttered paper, and bake in a
to bake. quick oven. Do not let the top harden quickly;
Chocolate Cake. Take .--Flour,y/. cup- if there is danger of it, cover
" with buttered
fuls -, butter, l cupful; sugar, 2 cupfuls; eggs, paper.
5; milk, I cupful; cream-tartar, i teaspoonful; IV. 7(zXv.--Sugar, i} cupfuls; butter, J cup- ful
soda, j.2teaspoonful; fine white sugar, i'^ cup- fuls ; eggs, 3 ; milk, -Jcupful ; flour, 2 cupfuls;
; grated chocolate, 3 tablespoonfuls ; es-
sence cream-tartar, i teaspoonful; soda, )l teaspoon- ful
of vanilla,i teaspoonful. ; cocoanut, i; fine white sugar, ly^ cup-
fuls.
Mix together one cupful of butter; two cup- fuls
of sugar ; the yolks of five eggs and whites Stir one and a half cupfulsof sugar and half
of two ; three and a half cupfuls of flour,into a cupful of butter to a cream ; beat up three
which one teaspoonfulof cream-tartar has been eggs and add them, togetherwith half a cupful
stirred ; one cupfulof milk, and half a teaspoon- ful of new milk ; then add two cupfulsof flour into
of soda. Bake in jelly-cake tins : and use which a teaspoonful of cream-tartar and a quarter
the following mixture for spreading between of a teaspoonfulof soda have been sifted. Stir
the layers and on the top : One and a half cup-fuls together well, and bake in jelly-cake tins. Mix
of sugar; the remaining whites of the three one cocoanut (grated)and its milk with a cup- ful
eggs ; three tablespoonfuls of grated chocolate ; and a half of white sugar; set this in the
and one teaspoonfulof essence of vanilla ; beat oven till the sugar melts, and spread between
togetherwell. the layersof cake.
Cider Cake. Take .--Flour, 6 cupfuls;
" Coffee Cake." 1. Take:-Y\o\xx, z],^ lbs ; brown
white sugar, 3 cupfuls; butter, I cupful; milk, sugar, 9 oz ; butter, 14 oz ; molasses, i pt ; cold
J4 cupful; nutmeg, I (o;rated ) ; saleratus, spoonful strong coffee, I pt ; stoned
i tea- raisins,cut in two,
; cider, i cupful. i\ lbs ; citron, i lb ; mace, cinnamon and gin-
ger,
Stir togetliera cupful of butter, three cupfuls 2 teaspoonfulseach ; cloves and allspice, i
of white sugar, two cupfuls of flour,a grated teaspoonful each ; soda, dissolved in a little of
nutmeg, and half a cupful of milk with a tea- spoonfulthe coffee, 2 even teaspoonfuls.
of saleratus dissolved in it. Mix all Rub the sugar and butter together,add the
together; and, while doing so, add a cupful of molasses, coffee and flour alternately, leavinga
cider, and four even cupfuls of sifted flour. pint of flour in which to rub the fruit,then the
Bake at once in a quick (but not too quick) soda, and lastlythe fruit. Bake slowly about
oven. an hour.
Cocoanut Cakes. " 7"z/t(?.--Ground
Take coffee, i cupful steeped
.--Grated cocoa- 2.
nut, I lb ; white sugar, i lb ; eggs, vv-hites of 6. in 2 cupfulsof boilingwater ; sugar, 4 cupfuls;
Take a pound each of powdered white sugar butter, 2 cupfuls; eggs, 3 ; soda, i teaspoon-
ful
and grated cocoanut (the brown part of the co-
coanut ; allspice, i teaspoonful; nutmeg, J^ (grated);
should be cut off before gratingit ) ; add cream-tartar, 2 ; flour enough
teaspoonfuls to
the whites of half a dozen eggs beaten to a stiff make dough.
62 CAKE
10 largeor 12 small ones ; butter,i lb; powdered IV. (Without Eggs) Tii/f-i? .--Sugar,3 cup- fuls; "
sugar, \ lb; flour,i lb. less i tablespoonful. butter, I cupful; flour,4 cupfuls;salera-
Cream the butter thoroughly and beat in the tus, \y, teaspoonfuls; ess. of lemon, I teaspoon- ful
sugar ; add the whites of the eggs, beaten to a \ (grated); sour 2 cupfuls.
; nutmeg, cream,
stiff froth,and then the well-beaten yolks : put Stir three cups of sugar and one of butter
in the sifted flour carefully, stirring only enough togetherthoroughly ; add two cupfuls of sour
to mix well. Bake in
pans lined with paper cream, one and a half teaspoonfulsof saleratus
and be careful not to move it while baking. dissolved in a little cold water, a teaspoonfulof
Cornstarch Cake. 7(Z/fi?.--Sugar,2
"
fuls
cup- essence of lemon, and half a grated nutmeg;
; butter, i cupful; milk, i cupful; eggs, 3 ; pour all this into the middle of four cupfuls of
soda, I teaspoonful; flour, 2 cupfuls; corn- starch flour. Mix together quickly and thoroughly,
I cupful; cream-tartar, 2 teaspoonfuls. and bake at once.
Stir two cupfuls of sugar and one of butter Cream-Tartar Cake. 7a/tf .--Flour,3 pts; "
to a crpam ; add one cup of milk, three eggs, cream-tartar, 2 teaspoonfuls ; soda, i teaspoon-
ful
whites and yolks beaten separately,and one ; nutmeg j^ (grated); milk, IJ^ cupfuls;
teaspoonful of soda, dissolved in a little hot
sugar, I pt.
water ; then stir in two cupfuls of flour,and Mix two teaspoonfuls of cream-tartar oughly
thor-
one cupful of cornstarch, with two teaspoon- fuls with three pints of flour,and add half
of cream-tartar sifted throughthem. Bake a grated nutmeg; dissolve one teaspoonful of
in small tins,and eat fresh. soda in two tablespoonfulsof hot water, add it
Cream Cake. 7"Z/J(?.--.Sugar,
"
i( lb; butter, to one cupful and a half of milk, and stir in a
Yi lb ; eggs, 7 ; flour,xy^,lbs ; brandy, i wine- pintof crushed sugar; use this to mix the flour
glassful; nutmeg, i ; cream, l^ pt. into a soft dough. Roll the dough out, cut into
Take half a pound of butter and three round cakes -with a tumbler, and bake diately
imme-
quarters of a pound of sugar, and stir together in a quick oven for fifteen or twenty
till
very white ; beat seven eggs, the whites minutes.
and yolks separately,and stir them into the CupCake. I. Take .--Sugar,
" 2 cupfuls; but-
ter,
cake, then add a wineglass of brandy, a grated cupful; eggs, 4 ; flour, 3 cupfuls; baking
I
nutmeg, and a pound and a half of sifted powder, i teaspoonful; ess. of almond, to
flour ; justbefore puttingit into the pans, add taste.
half a pint of sweet cream, and a pound of Beat one of butter and two of sugar to
cup
seeded raisins. Bake in a quick oven. then add four eggs, whites and yolks
cream;
II. 7;i,(v.--Butter,* lb; boiling-water, I pt; beaten separately,and three cupfulsof flour;
flour,^ lb; eggs, 14; milk, i pt; sugar, 2 cup-
fuls; flavor with almond to taste, and at last, just
flour,\ cupful; lemon, to taste. before puttinginto the oven, add one ful
teaspoon-
Put half a pound of butter into a pint of of bakingpowder. Bake in a quick oven,
boilingwater, and let them boil together; stir either in cups or pans.
in three quarters of of flour,then
a pound move
re- II. 7a^^ .--Sugar, 3 teacupfuls; butter, ij^
from the fire. While hot beat in ten eggs cupfuls; eggs, 3 ; flour,6 cupfuls; ess. of
CAKE 63
lemon, or rose-water, to taste ; saleratus, i and brandy, i gill each ; nutmeg (grated),\ ;
teaspoonful; milk, I cupful. raisins, J lb ; citron, -1lb ; almonds (blanched
Stir three teacupfuls of sugar and
pounded fine),one and
\ lb. and
a half of butter to a cream ; beat three
one Mix
pound of sugar and three quarters
eggs
to a froth, and stir them into the sugar and
of a pound of butter to a white cream ; add 12
butter, together with three cupfuls of flour ; eggs, the whites and yolks beaten separately;
flavor to taste with essence of lemon or rose- then stir in a pound and a half of flour, and a
water. Dissolve a teaspoonfulof saleratus in gilleach of milk, wine, and brandy; flavor with
a cupful of milk, strain it into the cake, and one half of a grated nutmeg. Just before bak-ing
then add three more cupfulsof flour ; with three add three quarters of a pound of seeded sins,
rai-
teaspoonfuls of cream-tartar. Mi.\ well, and a quarter of a pound of citron, and a quarter
bake immediately either in cups or pans. of a pound of almonds, blanched and ])Ounded
Currant Cake. Tal\- .--Vlour, I lb; butter, fine.
"
Bake in a moderately quick oven.
yi lb ; sugar ')4lb ; currants, yi lb ; eggs, 4 ; Fruitcake I. Take :-\^\\\\.e sugar, I lb; "
half a teaspoonful of soda, and three cupfuls cupfuls; molasses, 3 cupfuls; flour, 3 cupfuls;
of sifted flour. The yolks of the eggs can be butter, I cupful; eggs, 3; cream-tartar, i tea-
spoonful
butter,yi lb ; eggs, 6 ; milk, I cupful; soda, i and sift the cream-tartar and .soda in with the
teaspoonful;vinegar, i tablespoonful ; cinna-
mon flour. Bake in a slow oven three hours.
(powdered),i teaspoonful; rose-water, i Gingerbread. I. 7"?/-f .--Sugar, yi lb; but-
ter, "
flour,y" lb ; ess. of lemon, i teaspoonfuf. lb. each; molasses,^ pt; eggs, 4; flour, IJ^
Beat lialf a pound of sugar and the yolks of pts; ground ginger, i tablespoonful;cinnamon,
four eggs together; add half a pou-nd of flour, I teaspoonful; soda or pearlash,i teaspoonful.
and beat up thoroughly; then add a teaspoon-
ful Stir together a quarter of a pound of butter
of essence of lemon, and the whites of the and a quarter of brown sugar ; add halfa j^int
eggs, beaten to a stiff froth. Bake in small of molasses. Beat four eggs to a froth,and
patties,and put a sugar plum on the top of stir them into
mixture the
alternatelywith
each. rather less pint and a half of flour;
than a
X lb; eggs, 12; flour,i^ lbs; milk, wine, and a teaspoonful of powdered cinnamon.
6-i CAKE
Stir all together well. Dissolve a level tea- saleratus in a wineglass of milk, and stir it
spoonful of soda or pearlash in two tablespoon- in; roll out and bake immediately in a quick
fuls of warm water, and stir this in last. Put oven.
the mixture into a buttered tin pan, set it Ginger Snaps. lard,
"
L 7i7/{-f.--Butter and
immediately into the oven which must be }4 lb each ; brown
j4 'b ; molasses, i sugar,
brisk but not too hot, and bake well. Test pt ; ginger,2 tablespoonfuls; flour,I qt ; sale-
ratus,
with a straw. 2 teaspoonfuls ; milk, i wineglassful.
m. (Hard.) "
Tlj^c .--Molasses,
i pt; butter,^ Take a quarter of a pound of butter and the
lb ; sour milk,
teacupful; ground ginger, 2 same
I quantityof lard, melt them and mix with
tablespoonfuls;soda, i tablespoonful; cloves, I a quarter of a pound of brown sugar, a pint of
tablespoonful; lemon, rind of I ; flour. molasses, two tablespoonfulsof ground ginger,
Mix one pint of molasses, half a pound of and a quart of flour. Dissolve two fuls
teaspoon-
butter,one cupful of sour milk, two tablespoon-
fuls of saleratus in a wineglass of milk, strain
of ginger,one tablespoonfulof soda, one it into the cake, and add sufficient flour to
tablespoonfulof cloves, the rind of one lemon make a soft dough. Roll it out thin, cut into
(grated),and flour enough to make a stiff paste. small cakes, and bake them in a quick oven.
Butter the tin sheets, roll the dough on them, XL 7i7^(' .--Butter and lard, "4 cupful each ;
sprinkle lightlywith sugar as thin as possible, sugar, I cupful ; molasses, i cupful ; water, }i
and bake in a quick oven. cupful ; ground ginger,cinnamon, and cloves,
IV. (Soft.)" rrt/^-c.--Butter, i teacupful, I tablespoonful each ; soda, i teaspoonful ;
melted ; molasses, i pt ; ground ginger, i flour.
tablespoonful; flour,i pt ; eggs, 2 ; saleratus, Mix half a cupfulof butter with the same
2 teaspoonfuls; sour milk, ;4 pt ; flour ; lemon quantity of lard ; add one heaping cupful of
peel. sugar, one cupful of molasses, half a cupful of
Mi.x a teacupfulof melted butter with a pint cold water, one tablespoonful each ground
of molasses, a tablespoonfulof ground ginger, ginger and cinnamon, one teaspoonfulof cloves,
a pint of flour, and two beaten eggs ; a fresh one of soda dissolved in hot water, and enough
lemon peel, cut into strips, may be added. flour to make a pretty stiff dough. Roll out
Mix two teaspoonfuls of saleratus in half a thin, and bake at once.
pint of sour milk, stir it into the cake, and add Golden Cake. Taie .--'White sugar, i lb; "
flour enough to make soft sponge. Bake in butter 3^ lb; eggs, yolks of 16; flour, 2 lbs;
deep pans, in a moderately quick oven, about milk, I cupful; lemon, i ; mace ; baking pow-der.
half an hour.
V. (Spiced.)" 7"7,(v .--Sugar,!
lb butter. "" lb; Mix together one pound of fine white
; sugar,
eggS' 5 ; niilk, 3
tablespoonfuls; cream-tartar, three quarters of a of butter, the yolks
pound
I teaspoonful; soda, J" teaspoonful; ground of sixteen eggs, the rind and juiceof one lemon,
ginger, i tablespoonful; flour, i lb ; cloves, one cupful of milk, and two pounds of flour,
nutnieg,and cinnamon, teaspoonfuleach. with two teaspoonfulsof baking powder ; sea-
son
Stir one pound of sugar and half a pound of to taste with mace. Bake about half an
butter to a cream ; add five beaten to a hour.
eggs
froth, three tablespoonfulsof sweet milk, one Honey Cake. 7""7^tr.--Honey, I qt ; butter
"
of saleratus, and enough flour to make a stiff one of milk, half a of butter, one
cup
sponge. Bake teaspoonful and a half of cream-tartar, one
at once in a rather quick oven.
spoonful
tea-
VII. Sugar of soda
7;^X""".--Sugar,i dissolved in a little warm
lb ;
butter, 6
"
oz ; eggs, 4 ; ground ginger, 3 teaspoonfuls ; water ; stir in enough flour to make a soft
flour,lilbs; saleratus, i teaspoonful; milk, i sponge, and then add one pint of huckleberries,
wineglassful. washed and dredged ; season to taste with spice,
all-
Mix a pound of sugar and six ounces of but-
ter; cinnamon, and cloves.
beat four to a froth and stir them Jelly Cake. I. T^ji-f .--Sugar, lb; butter,
eggs i "
Stir to a liglit
cream pound of sugar and yeast, i teacupful; butter, r lb ; white sugar,
one
one pound of flour. Spread over buttered tins Stir a pound of flour graduallyinto a pint of
to the tliickness of a quarter of an inch, bake lukewarm milk, add a small teacupfulof yeast,
tillbrown, and when done pilethem on a plate, and set where it will rise quickly. When it is
and put a layer of jellybetween. of a spongy lightness, stir one pound of butter
IL'/'aif .--Sugar,"" lb ; butter,6 oz ; eggs, 8 ; and a pound and a quarter of fine white sugar
flour,I lb ; lemon, i ; jelly. to a cream, and work into the sponge with the
Stir together tillwhite half a pound of rolled hand. Beat four eggs to a froth, the whites
sugar
and si.\ ounces of butter; beat eight and yolks separately,mix them with the cake,
eggs to a froth, stir them into the butter and and add a wineglass of wine, one of brandy, a
sugar, and add a pound of flour ; add the juice quarter of an ounce of mace, or (if preferred)
and grated rind of a fresh lemon ; turn this one grated nutmeg. Add one pound of flour
mixture into scollopedtin platesthat have been and work the dough with the hand for fifteen
well buttered. Bake and in No.
arrange as i. or twenty minutes. Set it to rise, and when
Lady Cake. "
7(7;iv .--Sugar,i lb; butter, 6 perfectlylight,
work it a few minutes with the
oz eggs,
; whites of 12; flour ){ lb ; lemon, or hand, and add two pounds of seeded raisins,a
bitter almond. quarter of a pound of citron,or the same quan-
tity
Stir together one pound of
sugar and six of almonds blanched and pounded fine.
ounces of butter ; add the whites of twelve Place in buttered cake-pans; let them stand
eggs whipped to a froth,and three-quartersof half an hour in a warm place; then bake in a
a pound of flour ; flavor with bitter almond or quick oven about an hour and a half. If the
with the juiceand grated rind of one lemon. tops brown too fast,cover over with buttered
Bake in
square shallow tins, and flavor the paper. This cake is very rich and nice.
butter,one cupful; milk, one cupful; eggs, 5 ; ; butter, }^ cupful; milk, }( cupful ; cream-
saleratus, i teaspoonful; flour, 4 cupfuls; tartar, 2 teaspoonfuls; soda, i teaspoonful;
lemons, 2. cinnamon, i teaspoonful; eggs, 3 ; alkpice, %
Beat three cups of sugar and one of butter teaspoonful; nutmeg (grated), ]4 ; flour,4 cup-
fuls.
to a lightcream ; add one cup of milk, five
eggs beaten to a froth,one teaspoonfulof sale-
ratus, This is made by mixing a lightbatter and a
four cups of flour,and the juice and dark one, and baking them in alternate layers.
grated rind of two lemons. Beat together For dari batter : Beat together half a cup of
thoroughly and bake in a moderately quick brown sugar, half a cup of molasses, a quarter
oven. of a cup of butter, quarter of a cup of milk, one
IL 7"?Xr .--Sugar,i lb ; butter, 3^ lb; eggs, teaspoonful of cream-tartar, one of cinnamon,
7; flour, I lb; lemons, 2; currants i""tea- a teaspoonful of half
soda, half a teaspoonful
cupfuls. allspice, of
half a grated nutmeg, the yolks of
Beat one pound of sugar and three-quartersthree eggs well beaten up, and two cupfuls of
of a pound of butter to a cream ; add the yolks flour. For batter : Mix
/I'g/if one cup of white
of seven eggs beaten to a froth and strained ; sugar, half a cup of butter, half a cup of milk,
whip the whites up stiff and stir tliem in with the whites of three eggs whipped to a froth, one
one pound of dried flour,the juiceof one lemon teaspoonful of cream-tartar, half a teaspoonful
and the peel of two cut into strips,and a cupful of soda, and two cups of flour. Butter the pan
and a half of currants. The currants be well and put in the two batters in alternate
may
left out if desired. Bake in a moderately quick spoonfuls.
oven. Measure Cake. " 7"r,^"?.--Sugar,2 cupfuls;
Loaf Cake. "
I. Thyi-t'.--Brown sugar, I lb; butter, I cupful; eggs, 4 ; nutmeg (grated)I ;
butter, 34"lb ; sour milk, I pt ; molasses, i pt ; flour, I pt.
eggs, 5 ; soda, 2 teaspoonfuls; flour, 3 lbs ; Stir two cupfuls of sugar and one of butter
currants, 2 lbs ; raisins (seeded), I lb : cloves, to a lightcream ; then add four eggs beaten to
allspice, and cinnamon, i teaspoonful each ; a froth,one grated nutmeg, and a pint of flour.
nutmeg, I (grated). Stir it constantlyuntil justbefore it is put into
Beat together a pound of brown sugar and the oven. Bake either in cups or pans.
three quarters of a pound of butter ; add a Molasses Cake. Taie .--Molasses, i cupful; "
pint of sour milk, a pint of molasses, five eggs sugar, I cupful; warm water, i cupful; soda, r
beaten to a froth,two teaspoonfulsof soda, one tablespoonful; lard, % cupful ; salt, }^ tea- spoonful
nion, one grated nutmeg, and three pounds of Mix one cup of molasses, one cup of sugar,
flour. Mix w-ell,and then stir in two pounds one of warm water with a teaspoonful of soda
of currants, carefullywashed, and one pound dissolved in it,two-thirds of a cup of lard, half
of seeded raisins. Bake in a moderately a teaspoonfulof salt,and enough flour to make
quick oven. a dough as soft as can be rolled. Roll out
II. (Raised.) Taie .-Flour, 2 lbs; milk, thin, cut into cakes, and
"
bake in a quick oven.
CAKE Ui
home-made Scotch Cake. i lb;
7Vz,t(?.--Sugar, butter,
warm water, % pt. each ; yeast, yi "
cinnamon, cloves, and grated nutmeg, i tea- 9; flour,I lb; raisins (seeded),i lb.
spoonful each. pound of sugar and three-quartersof
.Stir a
Stir together a large coffeecupfulof sugar a pound of butter to a very light cream ; add
and half a cupful of butter; add half a pint of the juice and grated rind of a lemon, and a
sweet milk and half a pint of warm water. To wineglass of brandy. Beat nine eggs the
this mixture stir in enough to make
flour a whites and yolks separately, to a froth and stir
thick dough, and half a cupful of yeast ; set it them into the cake ; then add a pound of flour,
to rise over night. Next morning stir in a and, justbefore it is put into the bake-pans,a
cupfulof seeded raisins or currants, and a tea- pound of seeded raisins. Bake in a moderate
spoonful each of cinnamon, cloves, and grated oven.
nutmeg. Put into baking-pans,let it rise until Shre-wsbury Cake. Take :-Wh\te sugar, "
eggs 3 ; baking-powder, i teaspoonful; raisins, cream ; add five eggs, the whites and yolks
I teacupful; white wine, yi wineglassful; nut- meg, beaten separately;then stir in a pound of flour
cloves, and cinnamon. dried by the fire,and flavor to taste with rose-
Mix togetherhalf a pound of flour,a quarter water or grated lemon peel. Mi.x thoroughly,
of a pound of butter, six ounces of sugar, three and bake at once.
to a froth, a teaspoonfulof baking- Take :-Wh\\.t sugar,
eggs beaten Silver Cake. "
i lb;
powder, one teacupful of raisins, and halt a butter, }^ lb; eggs, whites of, 10; flour,^ lb;
wineglass of white wine, and half a teacupful ess. bitter almonds, i teaspoonful.
of cream ; season to taste with nutmeg, cloves, Beat to a cream one pound of fine white
and cinnamon. Bake at once in a moderately sugar, and half a pound of butter,; add the
hot oven. whites of ten eggs, whipped to a stiff froth ;
Rice Cake. " Take .--GroxmA rice, lo oz; then add three-quartersof a pound of flour,
white sugar, 8 oz ; flour,3 oz ; eggs, 6 ; nutmeg, flavor with one teaspoonful of the essence of
Vz (grated). bitter almonds. Flavor the icing with rose-
Mix ten ounces of ground rice, eight ounces water.
of powdered white sugar, and three of wheat Spice Cakes. Take .--Butter, i teacupful;
"
flour; sift the whole into the beaten yolks of sugar, I teacupful; molasses, yi teacupful;
six eggs ; add the whites of the eggs, whipped saleratus, r teaspoonful; nutmeg, l (grated),
to a stiff froth, and half a grated nutmeg. Beat ground ginger, cinnamon, caraway seed, cori-
ander
together very gently,put into deep pans, and seed, I teaspoonfuleach.
bake about twenty minutes in a quick oven. If Melt a teacupfulof butter, and mix it with a
not watched they may burn. teacupfulof sugar, and half a teacupfulof mo- lasses
milk, half a teaspoonfulof soda, half a teacup- ful cupfuls; flour, i yi cupfuls; eggs, 7 ; lemon,
of brandy, two pounds and three-quartersthe grated rind and juice of one. Beat the
of flour, one nutmeg, a teaspoonful each of yolks of the eggs with the sugar until very light;
cloves, allspice, and cinnamon, two pounds of add the rind of the lemon and the whites beaten
raisins and currants mixed, and a quarter of a to a stiff froth ; sift in the flour and all the
pound of citron. Bake in thick
juice,stirring as loaves in
gently as possible. a
Take the weight of ten eggs in powdered loaf powdered white sugar and twelve fuls
teaspoon-
beat it to a froth with the yollcs
of twelve of butter ; add
three eggs, the whites and
sugar,
eggs, and add the juice and grated rind of a yolks beaten separately,a pint of flour,and half
fresh lemon ; whip the whites of twelve eggs to a grated nutmeg. Drop from tlie spoon on
well mixed in, turn the cake into pans lined butter, Y2 teacupful; nutmeg (grated), Y^ ; milk,
with buttered paper, and bake immediately in a I teacupful ; saleratus,Yz teaspoonful; flour.
quick oven. It will bake in about twenty Beat together one teacupful and a half of
minutes. sugar, and
half a teacupfulof butter ; stir in
Strawberry Short Cake (I.) Take "
.--Flour, half a teacupfulof flour,and half a grated nut-
meg.
the strawberries cut in two or three pieces, of sugar and one cupfulof butter ; add two eggs
split the cakes, lay one half on the plate; beaten to a froth,one teaspoonfulof soda, one
butter it and put over it a thick layer of straw-
berries cupful of milk, five cupfuls of flour,and the
and sugar ; then replace the other half, rind and juiceof a lemon. Mix in fruit and
upside down, if there is to be another layer of spiceto taste. Bake in a moderatelyquick oven.
fruit. The two cakes may be served together Wedding Cake. Ta.ii' .--Sugar, i lb; but-
ter, "
or separately and the upper layer may be I lb; eggs, 10; brandy, J4 pt ; wine, I
fruit or crust, as preferred. Leave in tlie oven wine-glassful; nutmegs, 3 ; cinnamon, i table-
from five to ten minutes, and serve smoking spoonful; flour, I lb; currants, 2 lbs; seeded
hot. raisins,i lb citron, Yi 'fa-
;
Sugar Cake. " Tij/tf .--Raised
dough, 3 tea- Stir one pound of sugar and one of butter
cupfuls; saleratus, yi teaspoonful; wine or to a light cream ; add ten eggs beaten thick
milk, I wineglassful; butter, Yy, teacupful; and smooth, half a pint of brandy, a wineglass
sugar, 2 teacupfuls;eggs, 3; cinnamon, 2 tea- of wine, three grated nutmegs, a tablespoonful
spoonfuls. of mace, and a pound of flour. Mix thoroughly,
Dissolve half a teaspoonfulof saleratus in a and then add two pounds of currants washed
wineglassof wine or milk, and strain it on three and dried, one pound of seeded raisins, and
teacupfulsof raised dough. Work into this two half a pound of citron. Bake in a moderate
thirds of a teacupfulof lukewarm melted butter, oven from one to two hours. Try the cake
two teacupfuls of coffee sugar, three eggs with a straw, and Ije sure that it is done before
beaten up well, and two teaspoonfulsof cinna-
mon. removing it ; then turn the loaves upside down
Work the whole with the hands for on a sieve, and immediately cover the bottom
fifteen minutes ; then put it into cake-pans and and sides with this icing; beat the whites of
let it stand until lightbefore baking it. three eggs until frothyonly,not white ; beat in
Raisins, stoned and chopped, dried currants graduallyone pound of powdered sugar ; flavor
and citron greatlyimprove this cake. with vanilla,or fresh lemon juice. Put several
Sugar Drops'. Take .--White
"
Stir to a cream twenty-four tablepoonfulsof butter,I cupful; milk,i cupful; eggs, whites of
CALCELLARIyV CALLA
Beat togethertwo of sugar and one To cleanse calf's head or feet, wash them
cups
of butter ; add one cupful of sweet milk, the clean, sprinkle powdered resin over the hair,
white of six whipped to a froth,two tea- dip them in boilingwater and take out ately,
immedi-
eggs
of soda, two and then them clean afterwards
spoonfuls of cream-tartar, one fuls
cup- scrape ;
of flour, and one of cornstarch. Mix soak them in water four days, changing the
White Mountain Cake. " 7"a/v ;-Flour, I head and feet in salted water, just enough to
lb; i lb; butter, yi lb; niilk""pt; corn them ; boil two hours. Soak the brains,
sugar,
eggs, whites of 6; baking powder, 3 even tea- pick out every bit of
skin them and membrane
baking powder together, and add alternatelywith the rest. When the two hours have
with the rest of the milk, and the whites beaten elapsed, take the whole from the fire ; mash
to a stiff froth. Bake in jellycake-pans,and the brains with the
fine back of a spoon,
in layerswith cocoanut icingbetween season them with pepper and salt, bread-crumbs,
arrange
the cakes, and over the top and sides of the and a wineglass of wine, and use them as a
and let it stand while the yolks and whites are white wine, I pt ; lemons, 2 ; eggs 6 ; cinnamon,
beaten separately until very light,and then I stick.
beaten together ; add the wine and sugar, and Boil four feet (that have been carefully
beat until thick in gentlythe sifted tiour,|washed) in four quarts of water tillvery soft
; beat
pour into paper-linedpans, and bake at once. and the water is reduced to two quarts. Remove
Tardley Cake. Cream half a pound of but-
" ter from the fire and let it stand till perfectlycold,
; add
gradually,with one gillof milk, one then
scrape off all the fat and dregs. Put the
and a quarter pounds of powdered sugar ; six jelly in a preserving kettle, and set it on a
well-beaten eggs, another gill of milk, with slow melts, take it from the fire,
fire ; when it
eighteen ounces of flour which has been sifted mix into it a pint of white-wiue, the juice
with one and a half tablespoonfulsof baking- and a grated rind of two fresh lemons, and a
powder, and one pound of stoned raisins, with stick of cinnamon, broken into bits. Wash
one pound of shred, blanched almonds'. Bake and wipe drysix eggs ; beat the whites to a
in loaves. froth and
stir them into the jellywhen it is
CALCELIiARIA. " A pretty plant with cool ; bruise the egg-shellsand mix them in,
showy flowers, much by florists. cultivated and then set the jellyon a few coals. When
The shrubby varieties grow readily in the hot, sweeten it to the taste with white sugar.
flower-gardenin any warm spot with a Let it boil slowly fifteen minutes without
sunny
moderately rich soil. Those used in window stirring it ; then strain through a flannel bag
gardening are best raised from seedlings. Sow into a deep dish or pitcher if it is not clear "
seeds in August in a box containingsoil made the first time, pass it through the bag again.
of three parts light, rich loam, one of fine peat, The bag should not be squeezed ; if it is,the
and one of sand. Transplant the young plants jellywill not look clear. When strained, pour
to separate pots ; punch out the centre of the it into glasses,and if the weather is hot set
and scraped cleanlyoff. When fresh the eyes to give them a better appearance, that it
have a bright, full look, while the skin seems is difficult to ascertain their quality; it is best,
firmly fastened to the head. There should therefore, to choose calico that is free from
also be a prominent bump or
appearance of the sizing, and to see that the threads are straight
young horns ; if there are no signs of horns, and evenly woven.
the animal was too
young to be wholesome as CALIFORNIA WINES. [See American
food. Do not purchase either calves' heads Wines.)
or feet if they have a yellowish look, or a CALLA." The Calla Lily is one of the most
70 CALLIPASH CAMPHOR
ornamental plants that can be grown either in of the room in which they are left
peratur
house or garden. It grows sometimes as high should never be permitted to rise above sixty-
as five feet, has broad, green, beautifully five or seventy degreesduring the day, or to
veined leaves more than a foot long,and when fall below fortyat night. The plantswhen in
blooming throws up a long raceme of delicately bloom should be shaded, as thus the flowers
tinted flowers. It is a bulbous plant; and if will remain in perfectionmuch longer. They
planted in the spring in a light rich soil,and should have plentyof air at all times, but during
copiouslywatered during the hot weather, will the season of growth they must be protected
bloom freelyduring the summer. It
may be from chillingdraughts which would cause the
wintered in a lightcellar without difficulty ; or young leaves to curl
up and stunt the plants.
frost
the bulbs may be taken up after the first During the summer, the plantsshould be placed
and kept during the winter in some dry place in a shady, airy situation out of doors, with
where the temperature does not fall below 50". plenty of room between them to allow a free
In the latter case, plant again in April or May. circulation of air. A common error in the cul-ture
When grown as a house plant they should be of camellias is too frequent re-potting. A
potted in soil composed of richest loam and vigorousplantwill not requirere-potting of tener
peat well mixed ; they should be watered dantly, than
abun- every three years, and the very largest
and placed where the sunlight will plantswill flourish in a pot ten or twelve inches
reach them freely. If a plant with a single in diameter. Camellias are by nature rical
symmet-
stem is desired, remove all suckers : otherwise in growth, and by judicious pruning per- fect
they will do no harm to remain. specimens may be secured. Pruning
CALLIPASH. The
"
which belongs to the lower shield,is considered terminal shoot ; remove all others before the
by epicures the choicest portion of the turtle. buds begin to swell.
CALOMEL. -A preparationof mercury, used The florists' varieties of camellias are almost
as an alterative and purgative,and in certain numberless ; but Mr. E. Rand says : Could "
specificdiseases. Calomel has always been we have but one, we would choose Double
inveighed against by quacks of every descrip- tion, white or Candidissiina, for white ; for blush,
so that a common popular impression Lady H nines blush ; for crimson, Sarah Frost"
e.xists against its employment at the present In buying plants,select those of shrubby form,
day. It still,however, remains a valuable dark green foliage, without any places where
remedy in many conditions of the human system, leaves have been dropped. Also see that the
though it should be used only under proper plant is free from scale, red spider,and mealy
direction "
never as an article of domestic cine.
medi- bug.
Dose, from 5 to 10 grains in pill. CAMOMILE. A small "
plant,growing wild
CAMBRIC. " An exquisitelyfine and beau- tiful in some places,and very generallycultivated on
cloth made of fla.x or linen ; there is also an account of its flowers, an infusion of which
imitation of cambric made of cotton. French makes an excellent tonic known as camomile
cambric, when genuine and of the best kind, tea. Though the double-flowered kind is most
is superiorto any other; it has a singularlysoft raised by gardeners,the singleis the best ana
and silky appearance. Scotch cambric is in strongest medicine. The active principleof
fact an imitation cambric, made of cotton or of camomile \s piperina,a. resinous substance, and
cotton mi.xed with flax,and is much inferior in it is sometimes used instead of hops in making
retainingits whiteness. French cambric liand- bitter beers. Camomile tea, which is made by
kerchiejfs are of three widths, %, }l, and ^ of steeping the flowers in boilingwater, is good
a yard. for allayingnausea or arrestingvomiting ; and,
CAMELLIA. There
" is one variety of the sometimes improves the appetite.
camellia, the singlered, which will stand the win- ter CAMPHOR. A pure
" resinous substance
out of doors as far north as the Middle States, found in many plants,but in largequantitiesin
but it is chieflyas a window plant that cam- ellias only two, which grow in China and Japan and
are so ardently cultivated. They should the island of Formosa. Nearly all the cam- phor
be grown in a light loam, or sandy peat and of commerce is brought from China,
loam ; and the pots should be filled one-third where its manufacture is the chief industryof
full of potsherds in order to secure drainage several entire districts. It is easilydissolvable
If the roots of the plant become sodden its in alcohol, though scarcelyso in water. phor
Cam-
health is
gone, and years of care may fail to evaporates rapidly when e.\posed to the
restore its beauty. When in a growing state, air,and as its vapor is poisonous to insects it is
too much water can hardly be given, and fre- quent very useful in defending clothes, carpets, and
sprinklingsand syringingsare good ; this the like from moths. It is poisonous to all
operation,however, must never be performed in animals when taken into the stomach in large
sunny weather. One chief care in the culture quantities ; though in small doses it will allay
of camellias is to keep them perfectlyclean ; dust nervousness and produce quietude. The odor
upon the foliagenot only injuresthe beauty of of camphor, if breathed for a long time, is ener-
vating.
the plant,but affects its health. Too much Spiritsof camphor- is a solution of the
heat will also injure the plants,and the tem- gum in alcohol.
CANARY BIRD CANCER 71
isfacto
tree which produces camphor. It is a pale, neither individuality, locality, mode of life, or
the bird fanciers. Those having tlie upper part frequentlyin the female sex and in the aged.
of the body of a dusky green, and the under Cancer is a disease of itself,and one of the
part a yellowish green, with dark brown eyes, class of new growths. It is unlike all other
are the strongest ; the choicest, however, or at tumors, being an infiltration amongst the natural
least the most admired, are those in which the tissues of the body, and its peculiarstructure is
body is white or yellow,and the head, wings, only to be discerned by the microscope. It is
and tail yellowish dun. It is very important ineradicable : if cut cut it returns, if not at the
that their treatment should conform to the place of operation in some other part or tissue.
season of the year. They require to be kept There are, however, cases where a cancerous
in rooms of an even temperature ; if exposed to tumor has been removed at its first appear-
ance,
cold they are likelyto sicken and die, while if and the patient has enjoyed immunity
the room is too warm they will moult before from any return for ten, fifteen, or even
the proper time, which it is important to avoid. twenty years. Cancer possesses all the acteristics
char-
The cage, which should be provided witli three of a malignant growth, as defined
cross-sticks,must be kept clean and have a by pathologists,namely, constitutional origin,
little fine sand scattered over the bottom of it. rapid growth, constant increase,pain,returning
Beside seed, canaries may be supplied often if cut out, infiltrating every tissue in its vicinity,
with a little green stuff,such as chickwecd, and invading the lymphatic glands: "it resists
water-cress, lettuce,etc., in summer, and thin all treatment, softens inwardly,ulcerates out- wardly,
slices of sweet apple in winter. As they like resembles no tissue naturally formed in
to wash their feathers,a cup of clean water the body, and ultimatelyproves fatal."
should be put into the cage frequentlyfor that There are several forms of cancer: i. Scir-
purpose. Never give them sweet cake or any rhus ; 2. Medullary; 3. Melanotic; 4. Epithe-
lial
other rich food. ; 5. Osteoid ; 6. Colloid ; 7. Villous. The
The best time for
pairing canaries is about last two forms, however, are by some scarcely
the middle of April. Birds which are to be held as cancer. Sa'ri/nis Cancer is the most
paired should be previously kept in the same frequent, at least in this country, and most
cage for several days to become acquainted commonly affects the female breast, though it
with each other. The pairingcage should be is also found in the rectum, eye, testicle, womb,
divided into two compartments, with cation
communi- shin, bones, and salivary glands. Its chief
between them by a slidingdoor, so that feature is its stony hardness, which is due to
a separationmay be effected when required. an abundance of fibrous tissue ; it is nodulated,
For their nest-building, they should be supplied becomes adherent to the overlyingskin, and it
with straw, paper-shavings, moss, wool, or other has the singular property, not possessed in a
soft materials, strewed over the bottom of the like degree by any other tumor, of drawing into
cage. The female generallylays six eggs, on it adjoining structures, is subject to severe
alternate days ; and in about thirteen days after stabbing or lancinatingpain, and to ultimate
the last one is laid the )-oung birds will make ulceration. McihiUaiy, or brain-like cancer, so
their appearance. As soon as the young ones called from its resemblance to the substance of
are hatched, a portion of an egg boiled hard, the brain, or stiff blanc-mange ; encephaloid, or
and chopped very fine,white and yolk together, soft cancer, are its synonymous terms. This
and mixed with crumbs of white bread, should form of cancer differs fromthe preceding in
be put into the cage, and, in another vessel, possessing none of that peculiarcharacteristic
some rape-seed, well boiled and washed in of drawing towards itself neighboring struc-
tures,
fresh water. This should be repeated often but rather that of a dispositionto dis-
tend
and great taken that the food is not lowed
al- and thrust them aside
care
by the rapidity
to remain in the cage till sour. When of its growth, and by the accumulation
great
about fourteen days old the birds of material in its bulk.
It produces
young are cancer
able to feed alone; the males should then be greater constitutional disturbance,and is more
placed in a cage, each by himself, in order that speedily fatal. It is most frequent in the
his education may not be interrupted. His limbs and breast. It is excessivelyvascular
education is best accomplished by whistlingto and as it nears the surface throws out gous
fun-
him the air most desired to be sung. Many which bleed the touch.
masses at slightest
canaries have been taught to sing several airs Melanotic Cancer: The distinctive feature of
quitecorrectly. A good education will require this form of cancer is the presence of ment
pig-
from three to six months, and must be fully
care- or coloringcells, which give it a black or
followed up. dark The most frequent situa-
tion
appearance.
CANCER. " All that modern surgery has is the skin or the and it is more
eye,
hitherto done with
regard to cancer is to define it, common in the horse or dog than in man. It
its structure,kinds,and history. Nothing sat- derives its color as a general rule,from the
72 CANDLES CANDY
structures in which pigment naturallyexists. water and add wax and powdered alum to
Epithelial Cancer, termed also epitheliomaor harden the candles. Keep the tallow hot over
cancroid, so termed because the microscopic a portable furnace, and fill the kettle with
cells found in it differ less from the cells of the hot water as fast as the tallow is used up.
in which
part or near they grow, than those of When the tallow is boiling hot take several
the foregoing kinds, and from their analogy to rods at once and wet the wicks in it ; straighten
the natural epithelialstructures. Its chief and smooth them when cool. Then dip them
situation is in the skin, in or near a mucous as fast
they cool as until they become of the
orifice,e. g.,\\\",
nose, anus, prepuce, scrotum, proper ; plunge size them in obliquelyand not
or tongue. When it e.xists on the scrotum it perpendicularly,and when the bottoms are too
forms the so-called
chimney-sweeper's cancer. large, hold them in the hot grease till a part
Osteoid Cancer, a form of cancer occurring melts off. Let them remain over night to cool ;
usually in bones, and more commonly in the then cut off the bottoms and keep in a dry,
lower end of the femur apparently than else- where. cool place.
It is rapid and painful in its Mould Candles. These made in regu-
very are lar "
growth. In this form of cancer the stroma is candle-moulds or tin or pewter cylinders,
converted into a very dense fibrous tissue,and of which the inside diameter is the size of the
then into peculiarbone, which is rough and candles desired.
a To make, melt together ten
porous, and very brittle, readilyreducible to a ounces of good tallow (at least half should be
chalky powder after maceration of specimen. It mutton tallow), a quarter of a pound of white
seems to be singularlyinterchangeable with wax, a quarter of an ounce of camphor, and
encephaloid. Colloid Cancer, a form of the two ounces of powdered alum. Soak the
disease not regarded by some writers as in- wicks
cludable in lime-water and saltpetre,and when
under the term cancer. In appearance dry fi.x them in the moulds and pour in the
it is jelly-like, about the consistence of thin melted tallow. Let them stand one night to
glue or tapioca pudding, of rapidgrowth, and cool ; then warm them, draw out carefully,
frequentlyattainingenormous bulk. It is most and put them in a box in a dry, cool place.
frequently found in the intestinal canal. 7 7/- Candles made thus are extremely nice and will
lous Cancer, a vascular growth, composed of keep for two better for being
years ; they are
dehcate papilla,each containing a vascular kept several months. When laid up for store,
loop,generally in connection with cancer or it is well to cover them with bran, as lightturns
epithelium. them yellow.
Treatment. All that can
" be done in the way Rush Lights. These are made by dipping "
of treatment is to check the disease far as rushes in tallow in the same as for dipped
as way
possible, and thus endeavor to alleviate suffer-
ing candles. The rushes should first be stripped
and prolong life. Active treatment of can-
cerous of nearly all the hard, outer covering,the pith
growths can only tend to one point, and alone being retained with just enough of the
that is removal in all cases on their earliest de- tough bark to keep it stiff. They require no
tection.
In advanced stages of the disease, snuffingas the burned wick falls off as the
palliativetreatment, both local and tional,
constitu- tallow consumes ; but small cotton wicks swer
an-
must be resorted to, but death will sooner the same purpose and are less liable to go
or later supervene, and all that can be done is out.
to make the end as easy as possible. Medical ARTaz Candles. " These are much superior
advice is absolutelynecessary. both in appearance and in illuminating
power
CANDLES. " Kerosene oil and the various to
any others. They burn with a steady,mel-low
kinds of lamps in the country, and gas in the light,emit no smell, and require no snuff-
ing.
city,have nearly
superseded
very use of the They are made by pouring melted white
candles as illuminators
; yet they are cleaner wa.x down the wick till sufficient has adhered
than lamps, less troublesome, less dangerous, to it,then rollingthe candle on a smooth board
and more easilycarried about. They also,when or marble slab tillit is even, and then polishing
properly made, give a peculiarlypleasant and it with a cloth. They may also be made like
cheerful light at very small cost. Candles tallow candles in moulds. Exposure to the
are made of various substances such as maceti,
sper- light whitens wax candles, but they should
stearine,tallow,wax and various binations
com- always be kept in a cool, dry place.
of these but the last two the CANDY.* In order understand the
; are "
to osophy
phil-
only substances used in domestic manufactures, of candy-making, take a little crushed
and they are made in twO ways by dipping in a clean brass or tinned kettle,with a
"
sugar
and by moulding. little water, over a brisk fire,and note the
Dipped Candles. To make dipped candles,
"
the remaining liquidbecomes more dense until few minutes by dropping a small portion into
it reaches a point where not enough water some cold waterstanding conveniently near.
remains to hold the sugar in perfect solution. When the portionso dropped becomes at once
If it now be set aside and allowed to cool hard and brittle,snapping apart like a pipe-
of sugar will deposititself when bent, the process is completed, and
gradually,the excess stem
in large transparent crystalson the sides and the vessel should at once be lifted from the
bottom of the vessel, and we shall
Any have flavoringor coloring ex-
it in heat. tract" desired "
this point,and we have the sugar in a melted sold, or made into any other desired
dropped into cold water, it will at once become Cough Candy. Boil three and one-half "
hard and brittle. It is from sugar in this pounds of ordinary brown sugar with one and
state that the greatest number of our candies a half pints of water until it hardens when
are produced. But just here we must be very tested in the usual way. To this add, just
careful in the management of our heat. If that prior to removal from the fire,a tincture pre-pared
is now allowed to increase but a the
little, mass thus : To one-half ounce of strong
becomes dark colored, froths,acquires a alcohol add one dram of camphor gum, when
very
bitter taste and is not fit for use. It is above dissolved and two drams oil of anise,four drams
260" the sugar
that is thus changed and the strong tincture of capsicum, one dram of benzoic
greatest skill is required to push the heat of acid. Another very popular form of cough
the boilingsugar just as near the point of this candy is prepared by making a decoction, by
quite reaching it. boilingtwo ounces of bonesetand half ounce
change as possible without one
made at about 250" of heat. If made at a water, and using this decoction with three and
degree much less than this they soften or one-half pounds of brown sugar, in the same
change in structure, while the nearer the heat manner as directed for horehound candy. When
can be carried to 260'^ the longer do they retain about to be poured out in trays or worked, it
their hardness and transparency. At the present may be flavored with oil of anise.
day hardly a kitchen will be found without some Fig Paste. "
(See Fig.)
cooking utensil which may be convenientlyused Ginger Candy. Put into a preserving ket-
" tle
for making candy. A sauce-pan of tinned iron one ounce finelygrated ginger,one pound
of
with a handle and flaringsides, and a lip to of sifted loaf sugar, and enough water to solve
dis-
facilitatethe pouring of the contents will be the sugar ; put the kettle on a slow fire
found best adapted for such use or a small tillthe sugar begins to boil ; add another pound
brass kettle will do very well if kept quiteclean of finelysifted sugar, stirring it in till it thick-
ens
and bright. ; then drop on plates and dry
it in cakes
General directions for Candies of any them in a They will be hard, brit-
slow oven.tle,
flavor from Boiled sugar :
" Take three and white, and very palatable.
one-half pounds of refined sugar, one and Gum Drops. Take one pound of gum
"
one-half pintsof water, and one teaspoonfulof arable, dissolve it in i ]4 pts. of water, strain
cream of tartar. Mix in a vessel suiificiently and add one pound of refined sugar. Heat
largeto allow for the expansion of the boiling until the sugar is entirely dissolved. Any
candy. Boil over a brisk fire, taking care, flavor may be obtained by using enough of
however, that the sugar does not burn. The the desired flavoring extract to suit the taste,
heat should be applied to the bottom only,and and a little color may be added if wanted.
not to the sides of the vessel. After boiling These should be added while the mixture
for about fifteen minutes, a small portion of the is warm. The mixture should be evaporated
melted be removed with a of honey, so thick
sugar may spoon and until of the consistence
cooled by placing in a saucer surrounded by that it will flow only very slowly from the lip
cold water. If when cooled it forms a viscid, or it. Next fill
spout of the vessel containing
tenacious mass, and if a portion taken between a shallow box with fine starch, and having
the thumb and finger forms the surface,proceed with a stick,hav- ing
a long adherent smoothed
thread when the thumb and fingerare rounded end, of the size desired in the
separated, a
the process of boilingis nearly drop, to make indentations in the
completed, and finished gum
great care must be used in the further starch, as thicklytogetheras can be done out
with-
ment
manage-
of the heat, enough being supplied% disturbingthe shape of one by the formation
keep up the boilingwithout allowingthe sugar of another. Round buttons of wood may be
to be burned. It must now be tested fastened to flatboard, if desired, and the entire
every a
CANDYING FRUITS CANNING FRUITS
Walnut Candy. The meats of hickory nuts, CANNELONS." Roll out thin and
"
very
English wahiuts, black walnuts be fine
or may evenly some puff-pasteinto a long stripof
used, accordino; to preference in that regard. from three to four inches wide, moisten the
After removal from the shells in as largepieces surface with a feather dipped in white of egg,
as practicable, they are to be placed on the bot- toms and cut it into bands of nearlytwo inches wide ;
of tins, previouslygreased, to the depth lay some apricot or peach marmalade equally
of about a half-inch. Ne.xt boil two pounds of along these, and fold the paste twice over it,
and one gill close the ends carefully,
brown sugar, a half-pintof water, and when all are ready,
of good molasses until a portion of the mass slide them gently into a pan of boilinglard; as
hardens when cooled. Pour the hot candy on soon as they begin to brown, raise the pan from
the meats and allow it to remain until hard. the fire that they may not take too much color
Cheap Candy." A great deal of candy before the paste is done quite through. Five
has of late been offered at extremely low rates, minutes will fry them. Drain them well, and
from twenty to twenty-five cents per pound dry them on a soft cloth before the fire ; dish
below the usual retail price. It is generally
varieties,principally, ho\v-
composed of many
ever, of those which offer the largest ties
opportuni-
for adulteration. The bonbons and
similar candies of this kind are composed of
put it into boxes or patented jarsand keep in a lard is objected to, dripping
may be used stead,
in-
dry place. If put into the patent jarsthe fruit but the paste will then be somewhat
will keep a long time. Grapes, currants, and less light. Only lard of the purest qualitywill
the various kinds of berries may be candied for the
answer purpose.
by simply dipping them into the candy and CANNING FRUITS. " Canned fruit of
drying them carefully. patented pro-
every cesses, kind, preserved by various
CANDY-TUFT. A fine,hardy,freely-bloom-
"
ing can be bought in the shops : but they may
annual, with pretty bush, and white, red, and also be put up at home without difficulty. Tlie
purple flowers. Plant the seed in open border
principleinvolved in preserving by canning is
or in beds, as soon as the frost is out of the the entire expulsion of the air; this is usually
ground ; they will bloom earlier if they are effected by heat sufficient to cook the fruit.
sown in the autumn, and the frost and snow The best cans for family use are the patent "
"
will not injurethem. They are in flower from glass jars with cover and india-rubber band,
June to September, and may be kept over to which may be had now of every size and at low
next season by cuttingoff the flowers, not al- lowing
prices; those are best in which the rubber en- circles
the seed-pods to form, and keeping the outside of the jar'smouth without
them housed during the winter. with the fruit. For the
coming in contact
CANNEIj coal. A varietyof bituminous
"
cooking the fruit in tlie ping the lengthdesired ; 2. The size of neck (XV.) ;
ordinary way and dip-
it hot jars. In this case the jars 3. The
into the length of shoulder (XIV.); 4. The
must be prepared by heating them gradually breadth of shoulders (XVI.) To prepare the
with hot water, or they will break when the hot pattern, draw the vertical line a b (Fig. i),
varieties are made of hemp. It is which marks the middle of the front ; the third
used chieflyin manufacturing sails for ships, of the neck measure (XV.) is allowed for the
tents, and the like, but also useful in distance between the pointsa
apply and c ; at c
is very
the household for making large bags or any- end of the of
length the shoulder
thing one measure
else for which exceptionallystrong cloth (XIV.) and mark at the other end the point ^,
is required. There is also a lightkind of can-
vas, which is to be distant from the oppositepoint
woven with the warp and woof at intervals, e, in the vertical line a b, by a space equal to
which ladies use for tapestry and Berlin wool one-fourth of the measure of the breadth of the
work. That which is flexible is best. shoulders (XVI.). The back is designed in
CANVAS-BACK." One of the family of the same way, with the exception that for the
sea ducks, and celebrated as the most delicious neck, one-sixth of the neck-measure is taken,
of all water fowl. They are in season from instead of one-third (Fig.2).
about the middle of November to January; and
then, provided they have been killed in the
neighborhood of Chesapeake Bay, where alone
they can find the wild celerywhich is their pe-
culiar
food, they are very fat and tender, and
with that delicious flavor so much admired. If
taken at any other season and place,they are
cooking,see Duck.
CAOUTCHOUC. (See India-Rubber.)
CAPERS. "
The unopened buds of a low, The pattern represents the simple pelerine
trailingbush which grows wild in Greece and or cape suitable for a morning dress, or the
the Levant, and is extensivelycultivated in the wrapper of an invalid or an old lady,the inside
south of Europe. They are pickledin salt and lines being the length suitable for a bertha,
vinegar,and come to us from Italy,Sicily,
and which also be cut out in the neck, and
may
France ; the best are the Toulon capers. adapted to a low-necked dress. The outline of
Capers are much used in cookery for making the pelerineand of the bertha may be varied
sauces. (See Sauce.) on the lower edge, being cut round, square,
CAPES. "
Under this head are included thas,
ber- pointed, longer in the back or front, or pro-
longed
canezous, fichus, mantillas, chemisettes, in front in square tabs, as a mantilla.
etc. The measures requiredare :
* i. That of The fichu requires the fronts lengthened in
such a manner as to cross on the breast,be
* For explanation of Roman numerals, see Cutting and
Fitting,
fastened at the waist,or made long enough to
CAPILLAIRE CAPS 77
meet in the back and be knotted togetheror followingthe dotted line. The front,c d, and
witli neck, b d, are hemmed faced with
fastened a pin. or a narrow
and
strip, the lower edge of the
Capes of this description have a seam upon crown is gath-
the shoulder, but the garment may also be cut
after the pattern of the circular (see Circu-
lar),
material from
piece ; either way, however, the
which the is to be cut should be folded
cape
double lengthwise,and the middle of the back
of the pattern laid upon the fold.
CAPILLAIRE. "
A kind of syrup which may
be made thus : Put si.x pounds of loaf sugar
and two of brown, and three eggs well-beaten,
into threepintsof water ; boil it up twice, skim
it carefully, and then add half a gillof orange-
water; strain it through a piece of tine muslin,
and put it into bottles for use. A spoonful or
two of this syrup put into a glass of warm or
fowl. Capons are cooked and served in the nearly all crown ; these caps are lined, and the
same as ordinary Chicken. gathering at the edge of the crown is concealed
way
CAPS. To"
design a pattern for a cap the under two lengths of very broad ribbon, which
only measure required is taken around the cross on the top of the head and are tied in an
head, in a straight line, meeting upon the enormous butterflybow.
forehead. This measure we now divide, and No. 2. The crown in this pattern is enlarged
cut a square of paper of the dimensions of half to nearly twice the original size,and is rounded
the measure, as is seen underlying the various from^ to the point b. This cap is cut in one
patterns outlined in Figs, i and 2. This we piece,the pattern being laid on the double fold
divide in the middle by the line a b, one-half of the material,straightway,the line c t; on the
representing the front, the other the crown of fold. The edges of the front are hemmed
the cap. from c to rt'and to b ; the edge of the crown is
The front is to be cut out, following the gathered and secured or held by a drawing-
inner line c d, more or less, according as the string,which may be tightened or loosened at
"
cap is to be worn more less forward will. The capeline is made after this pattern
or upon
the head ; and between the points d b, to give by enlarging the front on the top, and if it be
room for the neck. At the point d, we large
en- desired to turn it back from the front, it must
may
at will,forming tabs to float or tie under be still more enlarged.
the chin, or may cut the corners off,and attach A very simple way of making a capelineand
ribbons. Also the front may be much less than a cape in one piece is to take a square of the
half the cap, and in this case, the crown must desired material, fold it bias, making two angular
tri-
be correspondingly more than half, that the pieces,then gather it along this diago-
nal,
proper proportionmay be preserved. and raise one-half over the head, the point
In Fig. r, many models are represented. coming upon the forehead, while the other is
No. I. By rounding the upper corner e of the drawn around the neck as a pointed cape.
crown, in accordance with the dotted line, No. 3. This pattern is the same as No. 2,
which marks the outline
this first pattern, of except that it is cut bias, and the crown is
we have a very simple cap, which is left some-
times smaller in the lower part.
quite square except the curves c d and d No. 4. This is a pattern much used for chil-
dren's
b. To make this pattern the material is cut
up caps. It is cut in two pieces,and the front
in two pieces,which are obtained by layingthe is half the breadth of the cap. The crown, cut
pattern upon the material folded double, the the straightway of the material, follows the
straightway. The two halves are now united, line from g, and is gathered into the front,
78 CARAMEL CARBUNCLE
being much more full below than near the ounces of chocolatefinelyand uniformlygrated.
top. Pour a thin
layerinto tin trays,slightly greased,
(Fig. 2.) The first of these patterns repre-
sents and when the surface of the candy hardens a lit-
tle,
the crown very large,and the front respondingly
cor- work with a knife into squares. They may
reduced. The front may almost be flavored with vanilla or almond if desired,
disappear and become only a sort of binding to but the natural flavor of the chocolate and mo- lasses
'"'"
gatheriiii^"
in the pattern is left for the back England and throughout the north of Europe,
of the neck, while the rest of the crown is gath- and is cultivated here on account of its seeds,
which are much used in confectionery, cakes,
biscuits, and the like. The seeds have a
Cr"nwt
pleasant,aromatic odor, and a sweetish, warm,
pungent taste ; and, besides cookery, are ployed
em-
trimmingsof a cap should be always more and mixing with it thoroughly two parts of carbolic
more simple as the wearer grows older; and acid, and subsequently adding five parts of
that thread lace and blonde are more suited to melted paraffine ; when melted apply it to the
almost complexion than artificial flowers, paper with a brush.
any Pieces of card-board rated
satu-
or glittering bead-trimming. with the acid will kill flies more surely
*^-^^-^^-MBL." A dark brown substance pro- duced than anything else.
by the action of a high temperature upon Carbolic acid is a violent poison,and must
melted sugar, and sometimes called "burnt be handled with care. In case of poisoningby
sugar." It is used to color broth, sauces, it, send at once to the druggist for saccharate
vies,
gra-
etc., and may be made thus ; Heat half a of lime, and while waitingfor it give castor oil
pound of brown sugar in a small iron kettle and olive oil freely.
and stir until it is a smooth, dark-brown
batter CARBUNCLE. Carbuncles proceed from "
but be careful that it does not burn; add the same causes as boils, from which they only
gradually a pint of hot water, let it simmer differ in being much largerand more deeply
the sugar which
\yhile is scraped from the ket- tle seated. They generallyappear in the back of
dissolves ; then bottle and cork. the neck, and are so extremely sensitive that
Chocolate Caramels." Boil one quart of the slightesttouch or even breathing upon
good New Orleans molasses until it hardens them causes intense pain. A carbuncle may
when tested by cooling a little of it in boil {see
water be treated in the same way as a
Just before removal from the fire add four Boils) ; but as under certain circumstances it
CARCEL LAMP CARNATION 79
advice should in the pot from the fire, and let it stand for
may endanger life,medical
all cases be taken. In the absence of medical four hours. Then draw off the liquor with a
lemons, may be eaten freely. roses perhaps as the favorite flower for garden
CARCBii mechanical
LAMP.lamp in "
A whether in beauty or in fragrance
culture, and
which the through the tubes I^y
oil is raised unsurpassed. Florists divide themareinto
a constant flow of oil and spots. The picotee has a white or yellow
giving out a clear, brilliant, and ground with the coloringsconfined to a border-
ing
pleasant light. The cut shows of each petal. In cultivation, carnations
the mechanism; a is the spring require a good rich soil : the best is composed
which forces the oil / ^ up to of one-half horse
rotten manure, one-quarter
the wick, by pressure on the fresh loam, and one-quarter coarse sand, well
Carcel Lamp. cylinder ey d regulates the mixed together. The compost sold by florists
amount of hght. These lamps is also excellent for the purpose. They may
are expensive, costing from
excellent but be raised either from seed or cuttings. The
fifteen to seventy-fivedollars, and requiring seed should be sown in April or May, in pots
great care in the handling of them. If filled with the above-described soil or compost,
they get seriouslyout of order it may be nec-
essary and a little fine sand, barely sufficient to cover
to send them back to the constructor in them, sprinkled over the seeds. As soon as
used for soups, stews, salads, etc. To cook, them in the cellar in boxes. In raisingcarna-
tions
cut the solid stalks of the leaves into pieces from cuttings,good healthyshoots should
about six inches long and boil them in pure be selected about July or August ; they should
water till they are tender; when done cleanse be cut off close to the old stem and planted in
them carefullyof the slime and strings that a box of sand, or sand slightlymixed with
will be found to cover them, and then put them river soil, which should be kept constantly
in cold water and let them remain tillwanted moist. In about three weeks the roots will
for the table. Then take them out and heat begin to form and the cuttingsmay then be
them with drawn butter or marrow. If this transplanted carefullyto the garden. This is
process is not followed they will be bitter and the surest way of propagating the choicer
black. Cardoons are in season from September varieties. When the flower stems are ten or
Whites, purest white ; Radetzky, rose color, room will look larger if the floor is covered
with broad purple stripes; Star, carmine, with a carpet of neutral tint and small figures.
splashed with white ; Voti Moltke, orange sal-
mon, (See Carpets under DECORATION.)
flaked with scarlet ; Rosaline, bright buff, Catting. " To determine the available
blotched with crimson ; I'aitlante, scarlet length in making the carpet, unroll the
fringed; Welcome, brightestred, and of fect
per- equivalent of about twice the
length of the
shape. room, double this in the middle, lay the edges
CARP. " A fine and beautiful fresh-water side by side and pull the end to and fro until
fish, taken chieflyin the Hudson River, and the patterns match at the length next greater
in the New York markets. than that of the Of this
especiallyabundant room. length,
exact
a pound to three pounds, occasionallyas high Before laying a carpet the floor should be
as twelve pounds, but the average is about one made smooth, as boards warped upward at the
pound. The small fish are best for broihng ends or cracks wear the carpet through. Then
and frying,and the largerones for baking or it should be covered with a layer of news-
papers,
boiling. Cook same as Blue-fish, and serve or better still,with a liningmade cially
espe-
with anchovy, caper, or tomato sauce, or with for the
purpose and consistingof cotton
'parsleyand butter. laid between two sheets of paper. This latter
CARPETS. Before describing the various
"
is moth proof,and a carpet put down with it
kinds of carpets there are one or two points to will last much longer and be more easilykept
be considered. And first the material,colors, clean. It is customary to fit carpets into all
and pattern of the carpet must be adapted to the recesses of the room, but this is most pensive
ex-
the room into which it is to be put and the and really necessary.
not Where
other furniture of the room. Large patterns economy is object, the carpet may
an be
will not look well in small rooms, nor will very square or oblong, according to the shape of
small patterns look well in large ones ; an pensive
ex- the room, but not fitted into the recesses ; and
carpet renders it necessary to have the boards round the sides may be left bare or
expensive furniture ; and every bit of color in painted in oil,or covered with baize,
oil-cloth,
the room, from the carpet to the ceiling, must or drugget. As a still more economical mode,
have some harmony with every other. At the there may be a border only of carpet around
same time it must be borne in mind that there is the room, and the middle part may be covered
harmony in contrasted colors as well as in those with a drugget ; this has the advantages, es-
pecially
which are similar,and if the furniture is either for dining-rooms and bedrooms, that
very dark or very gay, the carpet should be it can be easilytaken up to be dusted and
either gay or neutral, in order to relieve the shaken. It is somewhat the fashion now to
generaleffect. The large patterns which used dispense with carpets altogetherin the sitting
to prevail have been discarded of late years ; and receptionrooms ; and to have gay Persian
and patterns as small as the room will bear are or Turkish rugs distributed here and there over
considered most desirable. Medallion carpets, the bare floor,which is either stained or waxed
or those with
figuresof animals, bouquets of and polished.
flowers, baskets of roses, or stripes,should It is not desirable to have carpets on the
never be chosen ; the most pleasing figures floor in summer; they should be taken up and
are simple geometrical designs,a tracery of the floor either left bare or covered with Can-
ton
vines, arabesques, or an almost solid neutral matting. Carpets get filled with dust, they
groundwork of broken lines. A carpet with add greatlyto the warmth of a room, and if
much white in it is objectionableanywhere there is any taint in the air they are almost
unless the furniture is very dark, but it should sure to catch and hold it. Moreover, they will
never be laid in a room that is much used ; on last just twice as long if when warm weather
the other hand, a very dark carpet is almost as comes on they are beaten, sewed up in coarse
hard to keep clean. Carpets with blue or linen, and packed away in a dry place with
"
green, or any
"
delicate color, fades on posure
ex- some moth-repellanttillthe autumn.
to sunlight. A bordered carpet makes To Clean. "
Carpets should be taken up
a room look smaller than it is ; and a small and beaten well (but not violently)
at least once
CARPETS 81
a If they are much soiled they may worsted threads are also interwoven,which are
year.
be brightened up by scouring them in one formed into loops by means of wires and form
of the following ways. No. II. is, perhaps, the patterns, the linen threads not being visible
unnecessarily complicated. It is recom- mended, on the surface. When well made they are
however, by an experienced Eng- lish very durable, and, being at the same time gant,
ele-
dyer and manufacturer, who some are among the most desirable of all car-
pets.
years
ago publisheda valuable manual on the sub-
ject Good English Brussels is worth about
: $2,00 to $2.25 per yard, three quarters of a
I Mix an oxgall with double its bulk of yard wide. American about $1.75 to $2.00.
water, and apply it to the carpet with a sponge.
{St'c Tapestry Carpet.)
Dutch Carpet. A cheap carpet woven in
Rub gentlytill a lather is produced,then wash "
oft with clean water and dry with linen pieces about a yard wide. The warp is of wool
a rag.
II. Have the and well and the filling of wool, hemp or cotton ; and
carpet taken up
This
beaten, brushed, laid flat on the floor,and the the only patterns are stripesand checks.
is very good for stairs.
spots taken out by rubbing a pieceof hard soap
the greasy spot, and rubbing it out with a Ingrain Carpet is, perhaps, most quently
fre-
on
brush and clean cold water, well drying each used in bedrooms and the like. It is
made of two threads only,and the colors are
spot as it is done, with a cloth before'yo"u leave
it. Cut a bar of the best mottled (castile) reversed on either side ; in the best both threads
soap into two gallonsof water, and put it on the are wool, in the cheaper kinds the warp is of
fire to dissolve. Take two pailsof luke-warm cotton. The English Ingraincosts about $1.60
water, and in one of them two of the per yard; the American from $1.00 to jji-io.
put quarts
melted The other pailof water is Yard wide.
soap. warm
done at not less than one yard at a time. two woollen webs which intersect each other at
square
the pattern, which is
Now dip a scrubbing-brushinto the pail with various pointsto produce
the soap init,and scour about yard the same on both sides with the color reversed.
a square
while on the knees, and do it so as not to They are woven in largesquares to fitthe room,
of various qualities.A good article
let it go through to the back of the carpet ; and are
when this yard is cleaned well with soap and is worth about $2 per square yai-d.
a brush, rub the well out with a flannel Moquette Carpet is a very rich and ful
beauti-
soap
or coarse
sponge, and suck up in the French carpet made on same principleas
sponge or flannel the wet and dirt that was Wilton.
made the by
scouring-brush, Persian and
the Turkish Carpets. These are
on carpet "
repeatedlyrinsingthe flannel in the pailof clean unequalled for richness of fabric and patterns ;
water. Have a pailof clean water with a little they are woven with a soft pile like that of
soda. velvet, and some of the costliest of the Per-
sian
common Rub a clean sponge, dampened
with this,into the spot you have firstcleaned and have floss silk mixed with the wool. The
rinsed. Dry with a clean coarse cotton cloth, colors are indescribablyrich and brilliant,and
before you proceed with another yard. one of them spread upon the floor brightens
III.Carpets maybe cleaned without taking up the most cheerless room. They are woven
up, by sprinkling over moist tea-leaves and in one piece,and are from five to ten yards
sweeping well ; then grate potter's clay very long,and from five to six wide. They are very
thicklyover the grease spots, cover them with expensive, and the finer qualitiesare appro- priate
a sheet of brown paper, and place a warm only in elaboratelyfurnished rooms.
smoothing iron over them. Printed Felt is made of coarse wools
Repeat till the
brought togetherby the process of felting, and
grease is out.
IV. Corn meal sprinkledover and swept oE the patterns are imprinted in colors by means
with a slightly moistened broom will remove of the rollers on which they are cut. It is
soot or other powdery dirt. bright-colored but rather flimsy, and only
Moths will work in warm rooms in winter appropriatefor rugs, druggets,or table covers.
well in A It is of various widths. Price about Ji per
as as summer. sure preventive is to
pour strong alum water on the floor half yard.
a square
yard around the edges before is the lowest in price of all,
layingthe pets,
car- Rag Carpet
and made home hand
once or twice during die season and can readilybe at on a
sprinkle dry salt over the carpet before loom. Use a warp of strong cotton threads, and
sweeping. Sufficient will adhere to prevent in- sectsweave in any kind of rags by twisting them up
alighting. into small rolls. It is thick,and serviceable to
Azmiiibter Carpet is expensive,but wears kitchen floors in winter. Price in
spread over
almost well enough to make for it. There the about yard" yard wide.
up are shops, 50 cts. a
rolling, beef tongue is carved by cuttingit breast, and on each side of it make a cut the
nearlythrough the middle at thick part, leaving whole length of the fowl, and parallelwith the
a small portionat the bottom to keep the two legs and wings. The wings are taken off in
ends together. Many people like a little fat the direction a b, by dividingthe jointwith the
served with the lean, but others do not like its knife and drawing it away with the fork. The
flavor. When the tongue is rolled and pressed, legs may easilybe removed by cuttingthe liga-
ment
the knife is carried horizontally as in carving a at the jointc, and twistingthe bone out
filletof veal. of the socket. The wings and legs being thus
Breast of Veal. Cut from rightto left parallel separated from
" the rest of the fowl, the knife
must be entered at the breast, in the direction
d, by which merrythought may be displaced,
the
after the knife has been slipped under it and
Breast of Veal,
Chicken.
with the lines d, c, then cross from c to the most the bone lifted up and pressed backwards wards
to-
distant a. The several lines marked a, d, the dish. The collar-bones, e e, lie on
represent the directions in which the brisket each side of the merrythought, and must also
or gristlypart should be divided ; d, c, show be lifted up by the knife at the broad end and
the course of the ribs, and e is the bread.
sweet- forced towards the breast bone till the part
breaks off to which they were fastened. The
Brisket of Beef. " A brisket of beef should breast is cut off by cuttingthrough the ribs on
be carved in thin slices quite across the bone. both sides. The backbone is then turned uf"-
Calf's Head. " In boiled calf's head there ward and passed firmlyacross
the knife it near
are many choice parts. The first cut, c the middle, the fork
being at the same time
b, is along the fleshypart of the cheek bone. employed in raisingup the lower end towards
At the end of the cheek bone lies the throat the knife, and thus breaking the back almost
srvecthrcad, which is considered the choicest in the centre. The lower end of the back is
(" d. The
a delicacy,is
eye part, also each side may be taken off ; the exact place in
cut out from its socket
{a)by driving the point which these side bones are joinedto the back-
bone
of the knife down to the bottom on one edge will be easily found by the point of the
of the socket and cuttingquite round, keeping knife. The choicest parts of the fowl are the
the point of the knife slantingtowards the mid- side-bones, wings, breast,and merrythought;
8i CARVING
the of young fowls,are considered small end of the pinionand it close to the
legs,except press
coarse. The thigh,when separated from the body; then put in the knife at c and divide the
drumstick, is sometimes preferredby those who joint, taking it down in the direction c d. When
consider the white meat of a fowl insipid. the leg and wing of one side are separated,go
Cod's Head and Shoulders. " This is the to the other. Cutoff the apron in the X\Y\.i.f
e g;
choicest portion of the cod, but very difficult then take off the merrythought in the line o i.
to carve. The first piece should be taken off The neck bones are ne.xt to be separated as in
in the direction d, by putting in the trowel at
a a chicken, and all other parts divided in the
the back of the thick part of the fish; other same way.
slices be cut in a similar direction. A Ham. A ham be carved in three
may "
may
ways. 1st, it may be commenced at the knuckle
and gradually worked up to the other end;
If they are dressed with seasoning,this should These are sent to table with the outside of the
not be distributed on the plates without first leg uppermost, and are both carved alike, be-
ing
ascertainingthat it is agreeable to the person cut down to the bone in the direction of the
to be served, as its flavor is not always liked. line (7, b, c, by which means the gravy escapes
Eels. Cut into pieces through the bones
"
the thick end. Other slices may be cut in the of fat and lean to each which
slice, should be
same direction till the knife is stopped by the thin and clean cut.
Round of Beef. " This is cut in the same
Knuckle of Veal.
blioulder of Mutton.
are usuallycut in half, either lengthwise down
the back, or across just at the wings. The outer edge, and is to be cut in thin slices in
lower part is considered the best. All the the direction /, c. When the hollow part in
smaller birds, if too large to serve whole, are the b is eaten,
line some
a, very good slices
cut up in the same be cut on each side of the ridge of the
way. may
Ribs of Beef. " Carve in the same ner
man- backbone, in the direction c, d. The line be-
tween
as the sirloin ; this gives a due proportion these two dotted lines is that in the di-
CARVING CASTOR OIL
86
rection of which the ridge of the backbone lies,fork stuck in the leg it is severed from the
and cannot be cut across. body, the knife completing the removal by its
Shoulder of Veal. " This is carved like edge. In dividingthe legintoits two portions,
the shoulder of mutton by some ; but the best the knife should be used against the inside of
the under side, and cut the joint,where it enters with much less diffi-
culty
plan is to begin on
slices from the thick edge opposite the bone than on the outside. If the bird is too
at rightangles to this each to the fins,a simeres ; French is the best. Cassimere should
way
portionof which should be separated and kept always be carefullyshrunk before cutting.
with each fish,so as to avoid the of CAST. (_SeePlaster.)
square
breaking of the fins into pieces afterwards, CASTOR OIL. A mild purgativeobtained
"
which is by no sightly.
means from the nuts of the castor-oil plant by subject-
ing
Turkey. " The art of carving a turkey lies- them to a high pressure. To make it,the
in cuttingthe largestpossiblenumber of slices. fresh seeds are first bruised and then put into
The best way is to pass a short knife clear a cold press ; the oil is then pressed out and
down to the bone, close to the wing, and then allowed to stand some time for the albumen,
take a thin slice out from between this and the mucilage,and other matters to settle,after which
breast, continuing the same plan until the it is strained off. That of good qualityis a
whole is e.xhausted,after which the other side thickish fluid of a verypale yellow color, the
may be carved in the same way. In serving,a best being almost limpid, with a slightly
seous
nau-
backwards between them and the bo3y,until it suitable laxative in certain inflammatorystates
is stopped by the joint, when by means of the of the bowels, and is used to a considerable
CAT CATAWBA WINE 87
more endurable. An ounce of castor oil, be no serious doubt, however, that it is times
some-
mixed with fifteen to twenty drops of pure though not often a real disease. The
liquorpotassae, an ounce of distilled water, and and
hysterical melancholic are most disposed to
a drachm of spirit of pimento or of nutmeg, will it,and it occurs most often in young females of
make an emulsion which is equally effective a nervous habit ; the is generally
paroxysm
and not unpleasant to take. The most able
agree- brought on by some strong mental emotion,
take oil is to place such
way, however, to castor as religiousexcitement, or by some order
dis-
it in the foam of ale or porter, which vents
pre- of the digestiveor secretive organs. The
its adhering to the mouth and throat. duration of the attack is variable ; sometimes it
The usual dose is about tablespoonfulsfor
two is over in a few minutes, sometimes it lasts
adults and from a teaspoonful upward for twelve or fourteen hours, and cases are ed
record-
children. prolonged to twenty and in which it has been
CAT. There "are many varieties of the do- mesticeven thirtydays. During all this time the un- varying
cat, among the most remarkable of motionless attitude and fixed expression
which are the Maltese or Chartreuse cat, of a give a strange and corpse-like look to the suf-
ferer.
bluish gray color ; the Persian cat, with long In a case of catalepsya physician must
white or gray hair ; the Angora cat, with very be summoned at once ; and the only treatment
long silkyhair,generally of a brownish white that can be ventured on in his absence is to
color; and the tortoise-shell or Spanish cat, loose all the clothes, to immerse the feet in a
the most beautiful of all. These are all fairly hot mustard foot-bath,and to make cold cations
appli-
good mousers ; but for this purpose none of the to the head. In the intervals between
pet breeds areequal to the common white, and the fits,means should be
employed to improve
yellow,and The spotted kind.
cat is probably the general health and to give tone to the ner-
vous
the cleanliest of animals,
avoiding to step in system. As a rule cataleptic patientsre-
cover
any kind of filth, concealing its excrement in from the attack much sooner when left
the earth with great care, and keeping its fur entirelyalone than when subjected to active
in very ne.at condition notwithstanding an in-vincible
treatment.
the different positionsgiven them, and years old. The still wine should be drunk at
m CATERPILLAR CATSUP
about the as that of the and stew slowlyfor half an hour or tillthey
a temperature same
such as butterflies, moths, hawk-moths, etc. and pepper. Let it boil a minute or so, then
The varieties of caterpillarsare practicallydish and serve with the gravy.
innumerable, there being over six hundred in CATHARTICS. " A class of medicines that
New England alone. Many of them feed on act stronglyon the bowels as purgatives. Their
leaves, some species being restricted to a number is very large,and they may be divided
of plant; some feed flowers, into several classes : mechanical, including
single kind on
more compact and closelywoven), they must the neglectof highly important hygienic rules.
be cut down on a damp day and destroyed; or A due attention to diet,exercise, and bathing
else burned out by fixingcotton to the end of a would be a far more effective remedy than any
long pole and dipping it in pitch. Care must cathartics for a majority of the. difficulties for
be taken in the latter case not to injurethe which the latter are used. In many cases,
tree. Boring a hole in apple-treesinfested however, their use is necessary, and directions
with caterpillars and filling it with sulphur will for them are given under the various diseases.
often drive them away immediately. The Castor oil, epsom salts, magnesia, aloes, rhu- barb,
caterpillars which infest flowers and garden- and senna, are the only cathartics
plants,can only be kept away by watering the that should be used without medical advice;
plants frequently and copiously,and by e.x- the most violent ones may produce serious
amining them often during the Spring and results. No cathartics,however, either should
Summer. Several drugs are recommended for or can be relied upon to cure constipation,to
driving them off,but these are nearly always " work off a cold," or to relieve dyspepsia; in
injuriousto the plants. all such cases a cure can be looked for only in
CATFISH. Found
" in the markets from a due observance of hygieniclaws.
February to May, and again in October and CATNIP or CATMINT, a plant which
November. They weigh from a quarter to grows wild in the fields throughout the United
dipping them first into eggs beaten to a froth generally poor stuff, made of dubious dients,
ingre-
and then rollingthem in powdered cracker ; fry and the fruitful source of indigestion
as before. and other disorders of the stomach. At their
Stewed Catfish " Prepare as for frying,not best they seldom equal the home made ; and it
omitting to let them stand in salt tor an hour. is so easilymade that every family should
Put them into a
sauce-pan over a moderate provide its own supplies. In making catsup
fire,pour in enough cold water to cover them, never use a copper or brass kettle.
CAUDLE CAULIFLOWER 89
layerof mushrooms and salt ; and so on two hours : the flour will then be converted
alternatmg the layers till the desired quantity into a hard ball with a brown crust, whicli
is prepared : let them stand two or three must be removed : then grate the flour,and
hours ; then pound them in a mortar, or mash set away in a jar for use. To make into a cau-
dle,
them with the hands, and let them remain two rub a dessertspoonful of it into five table- spoonfuls
days (no longer),stirringtheni up and pressing of cold water; set over the fire five
them well each day. Now pour them into a tablespoonfulsof new milk and two teaspoon-
stone jar,and for each quart add an ounce and fuls of sugar, and ju-twhen it boils add the
a half of whole black pepper, and half an flour and water. Stir the whole over a slow
ounce of allspice;cover the jar closely, set in fire for twenty minutes : it is then ready for
a pan of boiling water, and boil it for two use. This caudle is good for young children
hours. Strain the juice off without pressing whose bowels are too loose.
the mushrooms, into a clean stew-pan, and one tablespoonful of
Rice Caudle. "
Mix
boil it very gently for half an hour. teacupful of cold water,
Skim ground rice in half a
it well, pour it into a clean jar,and let it stand and pour it into a quart of boiling water.
tillcold ; then strain it through a flannel bag, Let it boil till it thickens, stirringall the
bottle it,seal uptight,and keep in a cool place. time : when it begins to thicken, add a wine-
glass
Examine it from time to time by putting a of brandy, sweeten to taste, and flavor with
strong lightbehind the neck of the bottle,and grated nutmeg and lemon peel. Boil it a little
if any scum appears about it,boil it up again longer until perfectlysmooth, and then strain
with a few peppercorns. it. This is a strong and highly nutritious food.
Tomato Catsup. 7"/^i? .--Tomatoes, I gal.;
"
CAULIFLOWER." A plant of the cabbage
salt,4 tablespoonfuls ; black pepper, 4 table- tribe, differing from broccoli only in being
spoonfuls; mustard, 3 tablespoonfuls; allspice,whiter and less hardy. It has a compact,
I tablespoonful ; cloves, i tablespoonful ; cay-
enne rounded head of very delicate flavor, stand-
ing
pepper, i teaspoonful ; vinegar or white on a stock eighteen inches to two feet in
wine, I pt. height, surrounded by long leaves. Two
Take one gallon of nice ripe tomatoe.s, cut crops of the cauliflower may be raised in one
them in half,sprinkle four even tablespoonfuls season. For the early crop, seed should be
of salt over them and in the preserv- in September in good rich soil, and in
put them ing sown
kettle with one pint of good vinegar ; let about four weeks transplantedto a cold frame,
them simmer slowly for three hours, stirringset two or three inches apart, and carefully
often ; then strain to avoid the skin and seeds ; protectedby glass during the winter. In Feb-
ruary,
add four tablespoonfuls of ground black pepper, set them in another frame, eight to
three of mustard, one of allspice, one of cloves, twelve inches apart, to prevent a spindling
one teaspoonful of cayenne pepper, or two or growth ; and transplant to the garden as early
three pods of red pepper ; boil until reduced to in spring as possible. Set them three feet
two quarts, then bottle and seal. from each other, and water them well and hoe
Walnut Catsup." 7"7,tt?. --Young walnuts, them during dry weather. In transplanting
10 dozen ; vinegar,2j-^ pts ; salt,^{ lb ; whole lift a ball of earth with the roots to secure
black pepper, i )i oz ; nutmegs, '/ioz ; 40 cloves ; continuous growth. For the second crop, sow
half an hour, then strain and bottle it for use. wash carefullyand sprinkle with salt,
them
CAUDLE. This " is a preparationvery ful
use- using half a pint for a peck. In twelve hours
in the sick-room. shake off the salt, lay the pieces in jars and
Ale
Caudle. To a quart of thick rice or over them boilingvinegar,which has boiled
"
pour
water-gruel add a pint of ale and enough of for five minutes, with these ingredients: To "
allspiceto flavor,and of sugar to sweeten it. one gallon of vinegar add half a pint of sugar,
Boil for five minutes, stirring
constantly; then twelve blades of mace, twenty four white pep-
CENTURY PLANT CHAMPAGNE 91
cement for excluding air from all such things temperature a little lower than that of the
as are injuredby exposure. room.
water, and stir into it plaster of Paris till it is wild in the fastnesses of the Swiss Alps. The
of the consistency of thick paste. Apply it skin, when properlytanned, is extremely soft
with a brush to the fractured edges of the and pliable, more so than even that of the kid,
china, stick them together,and bind them. In and can be put to many uses in the household.
three days the article unequalledfor polishingsmooth and highly
cannot be broken in the It is
same place. finished surfaces, such as jewellery, silver-ware,
Diamond Cement. Ta^t' .-Isinglass ; proof glass,pianos,and
" other furniture. It is also
spirit ; resin,or gum ammoniac ; alcohol. excellent for packing away choice articles of
This is very good for mending broken glass. jewellery or table-ware, as it is comparatively
It is made by steepingisinglassin water tillit impervious to dampness. In selecting, choose
swells, and then dissolvingit in proof spirit, to that which is pliableand free from lumpy spots.
which must be added a little gum resin or If it is once wetted it becomes harsh and can
gum,
ammoniac dissolved in the smallest possible afterwards be used only for the coarser kinds
quantityof alcohol. It should be heated before of cleaning ; when used as a duster it should
it is applied. It will only partiallyresist ure.
moist- be carefullyshaken out each time or it will
hold the coarser grains of dust and scratch
Iron-ware Cement. " Taic-lTon. file dust; the furniture.
quicklime; whites of eggs. CHAMOMILE. {See Camomile.)
Beat the whites of eggs to a froth ; then stir CHAMPAGNE. " The most celebrated of
into them enough finelypowdered quicklime to the French wines, chieflyproduced in the
make a thin paste ; then add enough iron file province of that name. It is generallyunder-
stood
dust to make a thick
paste. Fill the cracks in in this country to be a brisk, efferves-
cing,
iron-ware with this cement, and let it remain eral
sev- sparklingwhite wine of a peculiarflavor ;
weeks before using. but this is only one of several varieties. There
Japanese Cement. " Mix rice flour with cold are both red and white champagnes, and both of
water to a smooth paste, and boil it gently for them may be either sparkling or still : the ling
spark-
twenty minutes. It answers all the wines are called mousseux, and the still
purposes
of wheat flour The sparklingare most highly
paste, while it is much superior ncn-mousseu.v.
bottles that are not going to be kept very long. are growing in favor, especiallyamong those
CENTURY PLANT. with whom disagrees. There is no
(See Agave.) sugar
CESSPOOL. {See Drainage.) wine, with the possible exception of sherry,
CHABLIS. A sweetish white wine, similar
"
that is more extensivelyadulterated and tated
imi-
to Burgundy, which is raised near the town of by artificial combinations than sparkling
92 CHAPPED HANDS CHARLOTTE DE RUSSE
champagne. The sparklingof champagne is a steady fire is wanted for a limited time. In
properly caused by the fermentation of rock this country, however, charcoal is not much
candy introduced into still wine. Inferior used for domestic purposes ; it is more sive
expen-
wines have carbonic acid pumped in ; in either than wood or coal, it requires constant
case the sparkle cannot be depended upon for attention, and its use, especially in close rooms,
more than two years. The red champagnes is highlydangerous. In burning, it throws off
are not used much in this countrv; they seldom largequantitiesof carbonic acid gas ; and, as
equal Burgundy which they much resemble. this gas is invisible and odorless, suffocation
That of Clos dc St. Thierry is considered the from it is peculiarlyliable to ensue. Many
best. fatal accidents have resulted from burning
In selectingchampagne, many consider the charcoal in close rooms, or in stoves where
briskness and effervescence as a test of their draughts imperfect. The
are first sensation
excellence ; but a good judge will prefer a when it has become dangerous is a slightsense
liquorof moderate briskness, as much of the of weakness ; the limbs feel jjowerless and the
aroma evaporates with the froth. Champagne head heavy. A slightgiddiness,accompanied
must be
kept in an equable temperature, and by a distinct feelingof flush or glow on the
cooled by ice,outside of the bottle, never in face and neck, succeeds. Soon after,the per-
son
the wine. It intoxicates quickly and the ex- citement becomes drowsy, wishes to sit down, but
it produces is of a more vivacious and commonly falls insensible to the floor,snoring
agreeable character than that which comes heavily as in apoplexy. When any of these
from any other wine, but its duration is symptoms are felt,the person sho.uld at once
freezing the champagne in salt and ice until it strong stimulus, such as hartshorn, applied to
has the consistence of snow. When served in the feet is also very good.
this way it is very delicate and refreshing. CHARLOTTE De
'B.TSSS'Z." {Chocolate).
CHAPPED HANDS." An excellent appli-
cation Take .--Cream ipowdered sugar, }i^teacup-
pt ;
for chapped hands or lipsmay be made ful ; chocolate (grated),
3 tablespoonfuls ; gela-
tine,
as follows : one drachm of borax
First dissolve 5^ oz. ; eggs 4 ; vanilla, i teaspoonful;
in one ounce of rose-water, and add it to half an sponge cake.
ounce of glycerine; melt one drachm of aceti
sperm- a pint of cream slowly to the boiling Heat
in the same quantityof olive oil,and ten point; add half a cupful of powdered sugar,
drachms of pure lard ; add the solution to that, three tablespoonfuls of grated chocolate stirred
little by little, stirring all the time, and continue into a little milk, and half an ounce of gelatine,
to stir until it is nearlycold. Warm it slightlysoaked in 2 tablespoonfuls of cold water : when
before applying ; it will restore the skin to its these are dissolved, add the mixture by spoon-
fuls
softness and smoothness without jjarchingit to the beaten yolks of four eggs. Set the
as pure glycerine does. A simple remedy is whole into a sauce-pan of boiling water, and
this : Take common starch, and grind it with stir until it becomes very hot, but do not let it
a knife until it is reduced to the smoothest boil; then remove, flavor with a teaspoonfulof
powder, put it in a clean tin box, so as to have vanilla,and whip it to a high froth,adding at
it continuallyat hand for use. Then, every the last the beaten whites of the four eggs.
time that the hands are taken from the suds or Line a mould with sponge cake, fill with the
dish-water, rinse them thoroughly in clear mixture, and set upon the ice until ready to be
water wipe them, and while they are yet served.
damp rub a pinch of the starch thoroughly over n. Whip stiff one and a half pintsof cream
them, covering the whole surface. If care is and put it aside until
it is set; now run off
taken to wipe the hands perfectlydry after the thin cream that has settled to the bottom
washing, chapping is not likelyto occur. of the vessel; add to it half an ounce of tin
gela-
CHARCOAL." That part of wood which mains
re- which has been steeped in cold water for
after the other elements, oxygen and two hours, five ounces of sugar, and a half
hydrogen, have been extracted by partialcom-
bustion. inch of vanilla bean. Set it on a slow fire
Next to the diamond, charcoal thoroughly dissolved;then remove
is the until it is
purest form of carbon known to us. As it ig-
nites the vanilla bean, and whip into the mixture
very readilyit is very useful in starting two raw yolks of eggs; when it is about to
fires of other fuel,and as it gives out no smoke set, gently incorporate it with the whipped
or flame in burning it can be used under cumstances
cir- cream. Pour it into a mould carefullylined
where no other fuel would durable. with
be en- lady-fingers or thin piecesof sponge-cake,
It is also useful in the kitchen when and set it in a cold place to become firm, when
a sudden accession of heat is required,or when it will be ready for use.
CHECK (BANK) CHEESE 93
CHUCK (BANK.) " A check is a written found growing upon a shrub from four to six
order addressed to a banl"er, l_iy
a person Iiav- inches high, on low sandy soils,usuallyamong
ing money on deposit with him, directinghim pines. It is very nice to eat raw as taken from
to pay on presentment to a person named the bush, and it is also used in syrups and fectionery.
con-
exclusively
One hundred and dollars. from the milk of animals, and its
seventy-one 50-100 qualityvaries
with the class,breed, and food of the
J171.50. Richard Roe. animal,
If the and the of manufacture.
foregoingwere written "
to John Doe process The most
or order "
(instead of bearer),no person could ordinary source of cheese is the milk of the
the but the whose order the cow, and there certain varieties of
get money one to are cows
check is drawn, unless the check is endorsed. which produce much cheese and little butter,
See F.ndorsimcnt under Promissory Notes. as there are others which produce much butter
In checks it is advisable and little cheese. The kind
tilling
out to begin of food given to
to write the amount as near the left hand gin
mar-
the cows is very important,for just in propor-
tion
of the blank
as possible,so as richness of the milk not to leave to the in casein and
room for
insertinga largersum. the richness of the cheese. While The it is a
cream is
general rule that negotiablepaper is vitiated by value of cheese as an article of diet has not
an alteration, even wlien it comes into the been entirelyestablished. If we consider its
hands of an innocent third party, it has recently chemical composition it is one of the richest of
been decided that the maker is liable on an teredfoods in nutritive elements
al- ; but Dr. Smith has
note, bill, check bona found that the popular belief that
or to a fide holder, it is not
who takes it in the usual course of his business, easilydigested is true. This objection,how-
ever,
before maturity,if he issues it in such a condi-
tion applies only to the new and cheese
poor ;
that it may be easilyaltered without those
tection.
de- that old and rich, not
are
only digest
easilybut promote the digestionof other food.
Checks closely resemble bills of exchange, That which is old and dry (but not decayed)
but differ in the following particulars : They may be given to children to relieve
tion.
constipa-
are always drawn on a bank or banker ; they
are payable immediately on presentment, and To Make. Some of the best of foreign "
are not allowed days of grace ; they are not cheeses are made of skimmed milk, but in
presented for acceptance merely,although they domestic manufacture it is impossible to pro- duce
sometimes are for certification ; the drawer is good cheese unless the milk is put in
not discharged by delay in presentment, unless whole. The utensils required for making
he is prejudicedthereby,as by the intermedi- ate cheese are the cheese tub, in which the milk is
failure of the banker. coagulated and the curd pressed ; a largebrass
Checks are governed by the same rules with kettle for heating it in ; the cheese press, a
regard to negotiability, transfer,endorsement, power obtained by lever, screw, or weight; the
presentment, and notice of non-payment as
cheese cloth, a piece of thin open linen ; a
promissory notes, which see. cheese tray or ladder ; and cheese boards,
A certified check is one which is marked as circular pieces of wood on which the cheeses
"
"
good on its face by the cashier, or other are put in the cheese room. These should all
proper officer of the bank on which it is drawn. be washed thoroughly, scalded, and dried in
The bank thereby becomes liable as acceptor, the air each time they are used.
and is bound to
pay the check when presented The substance used for coagulating the
by an innocent holder for value (/.e. one who milk is rennet, from the stomach of a calf.
has honestly given value for it),whether it It can be bought already cured, and is pre-
pared
has funds of the drawer on deposit or not. for use by soaking it in a quart of water
As before stated, the drawer of a check is for several days with a bit of lemon-peel and
not discharged by delay in presentment, unless two or three cloves; after it has soaked long
he is prejudiced thereby. But in order to enough, hang the rennet up to dry, and bottle
charge the endorser the holder of a check must the water for use. The quantityof rennet to
exercise due diligencein presentingit for
ment. be used
pay- will depend altogetheron its strength,
When the parties reside in the same and as this varies it is impossible to give any
town it should be presented by the close of precise directions as to it. If the rennet be
business hours on the next secular day after its good, however, half a teacupfulought to curdle
receipt. When the parties do not reside in ten gallons of milk in from an hour to an hour
the same town, and presentment is to be made and a half.
through the post oflSce,the holder has until When all is ready, strain the milk into the
post time of such next secular day. tub; then heat it in the kettle (be
a portion of
CHECKERBERRY." A little red berry, careful not to smoke it)and add it to the cold
much like miniature crab-apple,which is till the whole
a is raised to 95" to 98" Fahren-
94 CHEESE
heit. Then stir in the rennet, and if the curd liable to a kind of called heaving;
blistering,
has not formed in an hour, add a little more. it is caused by a slightfermentation and the
When the curd has become firm take a long formation of air in the interior. The air may
knife and cut it into small checks to the bottom be released by prickingthe cheese deep in the
of the tub; great care be taken, or
must part blistered places,and removing it for a time to
of the curd will run off into the whey and the a cooler situation.
cheese be injured. When the whey is of a Cheese should be kept in a dry cool place;
greenishcolor the curd has been well formed. and after it is cut, it should be wrapped in a linen
After the curd has sunk to the bottom, dip out cloth and put in a tight tin box till again
some of the whey, and cut the curd up into required for use.
still smaller pieces; then let it stand for a half Cottage Cheese. " This is not cheese erly
prop-
settle oughly.
thor- speaking,but it is
or three quarters of an hour to a very pleasant prepar-
ation
It is now time to separate the curd of milk. Turn the milk by adding a
from the whey. Tilt up slightly;col-
the tub lect little rennet or setting in a warm (but not hot)
it place. When the curd has formed, put it into
the curd at the
upper side; place upon
a semicircular board the tub loosely;on
fitting a bag of coarse linen,and hang it up to dry till
this board place a heavy weight, and as the not another drop of whey can be squeezed out
whey drains to the lower side of the tub ladle of it. Then crumble it up fine, salt it to taste,
it out. operation of putting the curd and thin it to the consistencyof paste with
This
under the weighted board must be repeated sweet cream. Cottage cheese is very nice
several times; then cut it up again into small eaten with sugar or preserves ; it is best when
pieces,turn the mass upside down, and press fresh.
again until every particleof the whey has been Cream Cheese. Take sour cream, salt it "
extracted. Close attention is required in this to taste, and hang it up in a linen bag to drain
part of the operation. The whey being all until dry ; this will take two or three days.
pressed out, the curd must now be scalded. Then put it in a deep dish, still in the bag, and
Cuter break it into extremely small pieces,put let it stay two weeks to ripen,sprinklingsalt
it into the linen cloth, immerse it in the brass over it every day. If wanted to ripen quickly,
kettle containing warm water enough to cover cover it with mint or nettle leaves. Cream
it,and raise the temperature to 105", and let it cheese is more digestiblethan ordinary cheese
remain half an hour or till heated through both because it is softer and more readily
then add cold water gradually till the temper masticated, and has a smaller proportion of
ature is reduced to about 90". Then drain casein.
the curd thoroughly as before, and salt it, The best cheese is not corored, but many
allowing four ounces of fine salt for every ten cheeses are colored by saffron,marigold leaves,
pounds of curd, and mixing it in thoroughly. sage grass, and, as already explained,by an-
Put it into the linen cloth, place it in the natto.
cheese hoops, spreading the cloth out smoothly, Cows not exceeding 4 years old yield the
and then set it into the cheese-press and let it best milk for cheese. The proportion of
remain two days. When taken from the press cheese obtained from milk varies according to
it all over with common butter or butter the qualityof the milk, the weather and season.
grease
made of whey-cream and set it away to ripen. In summer a gallon often makes a pound of
It should be turned and greased every day till cheese, while at other times 3 may be required.
firm, and afterwards should be turned and Milk often tastes of the food on which the
greased at least once a week for six months. cows are fed. The milk of turnip-fedcows
Good cheese does not require to be colored; has a flavor
disagreeable which can be cated
eradi-
but, if it is desired, dip a piece of arnotto (or by a small quantityof saltpetreadded to
anatto) into a bowl of milk and rub it around the milk while warm from the cow.
deepens with age. Arnotto is adulterated with rather hard because of the use of this acid.
red lead, however, which is poisonous, and it Wine added to curd rapidly ripens cheese.
should therefore be used carefully.Sage cheese If cheese aids digestion, it is the kind in which
is made by puttingin sage juicealong with the the process of decay has begun, which by induc- ing
hennet. decomposition in the food already taken,
The cheese-room in which cheese is put to acts as sour leaven does when incorporated
ripen may be a loft,and should be airyand dry. with dough.
It should be kept of an equable temperature ; Cheese is made from the milk of goats, sheep,
too much warmth will make the cheese sweat and asses, as well as cows. The Tartars get
and lose its oilyparts, and too much air,or the their cheese from mares' milk, the Bedouins of
of the sun, will dry it too fast and make it the desert from camels'. In tropicalclin'ates
rays
crack; a moderate ventilation with a ature
temper- buffalo's milk is used, and the Laplander makes
of about 650 to 70P is best. Cheese is a delicious cheese from reindeer's milk. The
CHEESE CHERRY 95
Chinese have made cheese from peas and Pont de Salu (Very strong).
beans. In parts of Germany potatoes are Pont d'Evique (Mild). A "
very pleasant
boiled, mashed and mixed with the curd. In cheese. More (favor than Brie.
Arabia and the East a most unpalatablecheese Roquefort (Medium and sharp)--
Made from
,is made by drying butter-milk curds into the milk of goats and sheep, and ripened with
cheese, which is powdered for use. great care in caverns
Euripides, (407 B. C.) Theocritus, and the most fertile Milanese territory, it is so full of
earlypoets, frequentlyallude to it. It was a oil that it has been erroneouslysupposed that
common species of food in ancient Rome. oil was added to the curd. It was formerly
supposed to be made from goat's milk, but
Varieties in Market. it ismade merely of skimmed cow's milk
manipulated in a peculiar way. The best Par-
mesan
is kept three or four years, and none is
The following cheeses can generally be
sent to marlcet until it is at least si.\ months
found in the New York stores. It is best to
old.
take the advice of a reliable dealer, regarding
the
Scotch Cheese. {Dtcnlop.)"'WW\":\\ gets
quantityof any cheese that
"
it is wise to
its flavor from lovage leaves, is the only one
lay in at a time.
known here.
Strong, in this list,means of a highflavor
STviss Cheeses. Gruyere is the best of
and odor, but Most
"
English
the cows feed.
Dairy (imitations of).Factory, and the made
home-
A'eufchatel (Variable). Is sold in small
Cottage cheese, like the Schmeer Kase
"
among
the year around, but the is best in of the summer fruits. Among the many
Cottage
summer.
varieties which appear in the markets the
fame :^nd price. It is so named from the Dikemans, Black-mazzards, Black-eagle, Honey,
place where it was first sold. The cheeses and Kentish or common sour cherries. They
are mostly manufactured in Leicestershire. It ripen at the South as earlyas the middle of
takes two years to properly mature the cheese I\Iay,and thence find their way to northern
for use; then it becomes decayed, blue, and markets; and from this time till August they
moist. It is a common trick to hasten its are abundant in favorable seasons. Cherries
maturity by puttingeach separate cheese in a make an excellent and refreshingdessert, and
bucket and covering it with horse dung. This their flavor is much improved by puttingthem
rapidlygives the requiredappearance of matur- on ice an hour or two before serving them.
ity. The Kentish or common sour cherries are
In a district of Ross-shire they ripen their much used for pies, tarts, puddings, and the
cheeses to make them like Stilton,by burying like. Wild cherries are a little purplish-black
strong kind of Stilton. more like currants than the cultivated varieties.
Cheddar (Mild). Made from new ""
English Dairy (Medium). long as the seeds are not swallowed or cracked
Dutch Cheese. " Dutchman's Head or in the mouth. Cultivation has improved the
Edam (Medium). Not equal to the best " wild cherry much, both in taste and size, and
cheeses of England, being hard. no doubt more could be done in this direction.
French Cheeses are generally for winter Bounce (Cherry). " Take ten pounds of cher-
ries
consumption,and come to us only from October "
half of sour and half of sweet "
and beat
to May. them to a pulp in a deep wooden tub ; then
Brie Cheeses (Mild)." Are made from cream. put them into an earthen-ware jar,stir in three
Camembert (Strong)." A littlelike the Swiss. pounds of white sugar, and add five quarts of
Mont d'Or (Mild)."From central France. good whiskey. Stir together thoroughly and
Made from goats' milk. decant it into a demijohn, where it can be
96 CHESTNUT CHICKEN
dropping ripe wild cherries into good brandy, say about fowls under this head) choose those
soak in which the full and bright,and the
corking it up tightlyand leaving them to eyes are
for at least two months. It is pleasant,but feet moist, soft,and limber. When stale the
highly intoxicating, and should not be drunk eyes dry and sunken, and the feet and
will be
often nor in largequantities. legs dry and stiff;if very stale the body or
CHESTNUT. " The chestnut is the most some parts of it will be dark-colored,and
farinaceous and least oilyof all the nuts and is sometimes green. To distinguisha chicken
from
consequently very easy of digestion. The an old fowl, see that the lower end of the
breast-bone is soft like gristle,
American varietygrows very abundant in the and that the
Middle States, Virginia,the Carolinas, and the spurs (of the male) are soft,loose, and short ;
upper part of Georgia. It ripenswith the first when old the comb and legs are rough, the
frost and continues in season throughout the spurs hard and firmlyfixed,and both cock and
winter. The European or Spanish chestnut is hen have a hard breast bone. The very young
a much largervariety,but is not so sweet nor so broiling chickens are about the size of a quail
daintilyflavored. In Italy, Spain and the south or partridge; of these select the plumpest.
of France they are a staplearticle of food and Never take chickens of any kind which have
are prepared in a varietyof ways. A well-known been brought to market dead and with the en- trails
and I have no doubt lliat chestnuts might be little soda to the water and wash them out
advantageously used in cooking so as to make again.
many agreeable and wholesome dishes. I have Boiled Chicken." Prepare the fowl as above.
had them stewed and brought to the table with Make stuffingof one cupful of bread-crumbs,
salt fish,when they have been much admired ; one tablespoonfulof butter, one egg, half a
but it is exceedingly difficult to introduce any tea.spoonfuIof salt, and one tablespoonfulof
article of food that has not been sanctioned by sweet marjoram ; mix them well together,and
long custom." In boiling them, add enough
salt to give the water a strong flavor. In roast-
ing
and digest of all animal food ; gridiron and broil till brown, turning them
easy to
hence it is peculiarly adapted for the stomach several times. It will take from a half to
of invalids or the constitutionally weak. three-quarters of an hour. When done, butter
The best mode of killingchickens is by them well and serve smoking hot.
wringing the neck, but if this is not done skil- fully Broth (Chicken). Boil a chicken until the "
so as to break the spinalcord at the start flesh separates from the bones, then skim and
it causes much suffering. The practice of season with a little salt. A little rice may be
killing them by stickinga knife through the added, and if desired a sprigof parsleymay be
CHICKEN CHICKEN POX 97
used to flavor it. This is an excellent food for' Salad (Chicken). " This is made of cold
invalids and will be relished when the stomach chicken. Take the meat from the bones and
everythingelse. cut it into very small pieces; cut the white
rejectsalmost up
Croquettes, (Chicken.) See CROQUETTES. parts of celeryinto pieces about half an inch
Fricassee (Chicken.) Joint the fowls, wash "
long,and mix about as much with the chicken
and put them in a sauce-pan with hardlyenough as there is of the latter. Just before it is sent
cold water to cover them ; add half a dozen thin to the table,pour over it a made
dressing, as
having placed the breasts across the centre of edges of the dish. Crisp and tender lettuce
the platterand arranged the legs and wings may be used in the salad instead of celery. It
around them; garnish with rice boiled dry. is customary to eat bread and butter or ers
crack-
If it is desired to have the chicken brown, with chicken salad.
stew it without the pork, meanwhile fry the Ste'wed Chicken. i. Cut the chicken into "
pork, and when the chicken is tender take it pieces as for frying. Put them in a sauce-pan
out of the pot, and fry it in the pork fat until it with a tablespoonfulof butter,and let them
is a lightbrown, adding a little minced parsley; remain until slightly browned ; then take the
then dish and pour the gravy over it. chicken off, and stir into the gravy two tea-
Fried Chicken. " Chickens for frying must spoonfuls of flour, one onion minced fine,
be young and tender. Joint them, wash and halfa dozen sprigs of minced parsley, and
wipe them dry. sprinkle pepper over them, and half a teaspoonful of salt. Add a pint of
roll them in flour. Fry some salt pork until broth (or half a pint of broth and half a pint
all the grease is extracted ; and in this fat fry of wine), put the chicken back into the pan,
the chicken until each piece is a rich brown on stew gently till tender, and serve with the
both sides.
Dish (in a hot dish),and make a sauce.
gravy by adding to the fat and a teacupful of 2. (With Celery.) " Select a tender chicken
milk, a tablespoonfulof flour ; pour this gravy of medium size,stuff as for and
boiling, put it
over the chicken and serve hot. Or the en
chick- in a sauce-pan or pot. Cut a large head of
may be served without gravy. celery into small bits, mix it with an onion
Pot-pie (Chicken). " Cut a large chicken minced fine, and season with white pepper,
into six or eightpieces,and also half a pound salt, and a teaspoonful of mace ; put this all
of salt pork ; put a pint of hot water into a pot, around the chicken, cover the whole with ing
boil-
layin some of the pork, layer then a of the water and set it where it will simmer for
chicken, then some paste dumplings, and above two hours or until done. Dish the chicken,
these some boiled potatoes sliced : cover with and prepare a gravy for it as follows : mix
a thick pie-crust, slit this crust top, togetherthree ounces
across the of butter and two table-
heat slowly and boil for an hour and a half or spoonfuls of flour,and stir it into the gravy
two hours. Brown the crust by putting a hot in the sauce-pan ; add a teacupfulof cream, let
oven-lid over the pot for some minutes ; remove the whole come to a boil,and pour it over the
this crust without breaking; empty the chicken chicken.
into a dish and place the crust over it. CHICKEN POX. " A disease of a very
Roast Chicken. " Wash the chicken clean ; mild character to which infants and young
stuff as directed for boiling; baste thoroughly children are liable. It is usually preceded by
with butter or lard ; and roast about an hour, a slight feverishness, and after two or three
days a few reddish spots, small oval blisters
like pearls,appear about the shoulders, chest
and arms, and sometimes on the face and head.
These blisters are accompanied by able
consider-
which
itching, causes them to be soon
chestnuts ought to be prohibited. Sugar is little hand; if the arm be bare, and the ing
even-
often blamed for much that it does not do. cool, the mercury will sink to 50". Of
When given at meal times, and in moderate course all the blood that flows through these
quantities,I do not remember to have seen arms must fall from lo" to 40" degrees be-
low
it do harm. Candies, however, I do the temperature of the heart Need I
.any say,
not include in this remark. These are when these currents of blood flow back into
often injurious from the effect of other the chest, the child's vitalitymust be more
ingredients than the sugar ; those which or less compromised ? And need I add
are painted are especiallyto be avoided, the that we ought not to be surprised at the fre- quent
paint often containing very poisonous com-pounds recurringaffections of the tongue, throat,
of lead, arsenic, and other metals." * and stomach ? I have seen more than one
and too often. Beef, mutton, and so fond of showing off young children, is a
chicken are the only articles fit for children ; vanity which cannot be indulged witli safety
duck, goose, and poultryin general ought to be in ail latitudes and seasons. During the
avoided. severe winters in the northern portions of
There is probably no practice more injurious our country, there should be no portion of
than that of allowing children to eat at short the surface of a child's body exposed to the
intervals through the day. It is necessary tliat external air. It is follyto attempt to "hard-
en
the stomach should rest between meals. it by exposure "
; the skin in a healthy con-dition
"
After a certain amount of food has been is always soft, and open, and always
taken into it,"to quote again from Dr. Parker, retains its sensibility to changes of tempera- ture.
"digestion commences, and if no more than Our houses are so warm, however, that
proper is eaten, or it be not too unmanageable, it is well to make a marked difference between
it is all dissolved and passed into the intestines. indoor and outdoor clothing; this is best done
After the stomach has thus disposed of a meal, by relyingfor extra warmth upon coats, cloaks,
it ought to have time to rest, for it is no more furs and such exterior garments as can easily
possible for the stomach to keep digestingall be put on and off. If the ordinary clothing
the time, than it is for the legs to keep walking be too heavy, that worn on going out is apt
all the time. If it is attemped to make it do to be too lightto protect the body againstthe
so, it becomes exhausted and weakened, and difference in temperature, a danger which is
then cannot digest even quantities of especiallyto be avoided. Children's clothing
proper
simple food. This produces what is generally should be made so as to fit looselyand easily,
known as dyspepsia,and is attended by sour and to give free play to every kind of exercise
stomach and many other inconveniences." The of body and limb. Especiallyshould no por- tion
rule should be 'that children, as well as of it be allowed to bind tightlyanypor-
grown
people, sliould have regular hours for their tion of the frame. Not only will the tight- ening
meals, and not be allowed to eat between them. of the dress cause permanent tion,
distor-
They will
usually be willing to go three or and thus defeat the very ends for which
four hours, and they can be allowed to eat such dresses used, but will so interfere
are
oftener than adults,provided it is at with of the blood and
regular the regular circulation
times. action of the various
organs as to produce
Dress. The human body, like any other functional fat.al dis-
"
The thinness of the material of which and becomes very great, the child
it is made should vary with the season ; tossingits head from side to side, or rollingit
red flannel is excellent in winter. unceasingly; or if there are any twitchingsof
For tions
direc-
for cutting children's clothes,see the face, eyelids,or
dren's
Chil- mouth ; or if the child
Clothing. cries with pain,putting its hands to its head,
not look well. The cause of it should be each head produce a garment entirelysuit-
to able
it may be for girl. The
little child's sacquc and
and,
souglit, if possible,removed; a
the only indication which is apparent of a round jacket are much like that of the grown
drawers
headache, or it may be the first announcement person ; the little child's undergarment,
of fever. and waist in one, is made from the same pattern
a
importance. If noise troubles the child it be ejectedwith more force,and diminishes the
will,if able to talk, say so; but if not, there volume of descending currents. As a general
will be increased restlessness,a cringingwhen rule, the longer the flue the stronger the
the door is shut violently, and an evident effort draught, and for this reason tall chimneys sel-
dom
to avoid every jarring sound. When this is smoke ; the lengthening of a flue by a few
noticeable,it is best to seek a. physician'sad- vice."feet will frequently remove all tendency to
smoke. If a flue serves for more than one
It will have been observed that we have not fireplaceor stove, it is in many cases sible
impos-
intended to enter here upon the treatment of to secure a good draught; sometimes it
specialdiseases, but only to point out those will work well, but by far the best rule is to
which the preliminary stages of have a separate flue for each fire. The dinary
or-
symptoms are
all sickness, and which in the case of children size is 8 X 8, or eight-inch round pipe.
are especiallyimportant. In these the The
stages maker of the furnace or any other special
care and watchfulness of a mother pensable heater, should
indis- are be consulted regarding the size
supplements to the physician'sskill, of the flue needed. In blocks of citybuildings,
would do well to give them careful study. For number in one stock. This arrangement allows
the specialdiseases, see Croup, Diarrhcea of a free circulation of air between each flue,
Measles, Scarlet Fever, etc. thus
preventing the escaping gas entering an
CHILDRHN'S CLOTHING." The garments adjoiningflue. {See Cleaning.)
worn by children are in almost every case adapt-
ed The fireplace may either be too wide or too
from those of older people. Hence in giving high in front ; or the throat may be too large
directions about making clothinggenerally,we for the smoke ; it should be only largeenough
give all that is of importance in reference to to carry off tne heated air,and should open into
children's wear. Under almost
fireplace at as abrupt an angle as possible.
every topic we the
add suggestions of the manner A high buildingor a tree in which this
standing close to
garment or that may be made suitable for a the chimney and overtopping it,often disturbs
child, and often, it is but to make tlie garment the draught. The wind passing over these
smaller and it is at once available. ample, objects,
For ex- falls down like water over a dam, and
the reduced circular is the baby's stops the ascending current so that the smoke
cloak; the capeline suggests the child's "red is forced back into the room, or the wind may
"
riding-hood; various
caps make
patterns of strike against the higher object,and, ing,
rebound-
various kinds of juvenilehead-gear, while the form eddies, and thus beat down the
may
directions for
making different dresses, the smoke. The remedy for this is to increase the
Princesse, the basque, and the blouse waist, height of the chimney or to mount it with a
are easily altered a little as suggested under turncap or cowl, which is so constructed that
102 CHINA CHLOROFORM
the effect of any passing wind is to draw off this will answer the end of starch,and no dew
the air and smoke from the chimney. will affect it. If a it should be taken
gown,
.It is well known that smoky chimney is to pieces ; and when dried,be careful
a to hang
often relieved by opening window outer it smooth possible. After it is
a or as as
dry,rub
it is a sign either it with a sleek stone, but use
door ; wlien case this is the no iron.
that there enough air to supply the
is If the chintz is
not very dirtyit may be scoured
draught for that particularchimney, or that with ox-galland water, which will not injure
some other fireplace in the tightly closed house the colors.
with a strong draught and without any easy CHITTERLINGS." The intestines and fat
of supply is being furnished with air of hogs, calves other animals
source or prepared in a
for combustion by means of a downward rent,
cur- specialway for cooking. They are taken from
established through the other cold flue, the hog while warm ; then the entire gut is
which is thus made to reverse its intended slit or cut open, well cleaned, and thev are
action, and the fire consequently parts with its ready for use. To cook, wash them out in
smoke into the room instead of up the ney.
chim- fresh water, put themfrying-jjan
in contain-
ing a
supply of fresh air is so considerable, that the disagreeable,and, like tripe,are very easily
demand for down
draught anywhere in the digested.
house no longer e.\ists, and an ascending cur-
rent CHLORAL. " Poison. Symptom^. Slow,
is easilysecured in any of the flues. This noisy breathing,excessive drowsiness or consciousness.
un-
result will be a permanent one after the window Treatment : Artificial tion.
respira-
or door is closed again just so long as all the See Drowning.
fires (in the absence of specialprovision)can A colorless dense liquid,of a caustic taste
draw enough air for their combustion through and suffocatingodor, formed by the action of
door or window crevices. clhorine on alcohol. It has very soothing in-
a fluence,
Currents of air through a room, as from door and now enters largelyinto the treat-
ment
to door or window to window, when of nervous diseases. The dose is from
open, may
counteract the chimney draught ; or a door in ten to fifteen grains in a little water. More
the same side of the room with the chimney than this should never be used except as scribed
pre-
when suddenly opened or shut, whisk a by a physician. Several lives have
may,
current across the followed
fireplaceto be by been of the general im- pression
lost latelyon account
a puffof smoke. The
remedy is obvious. When that chloral is harmless.
there are two fireplaces in the same room, or CHLORIBE LIME. See Disinfectants.
in rooms communicating by open doors, both CHLORODYNE. A recent remedy for "
are very likelyto smoke and one is certain to neuralgia,patented by Dr. L. C. Browne, Jr.,
do so unless in the first case a very large sup- is supposed to consist essentially of chloro-
form,
ply
of fresh air is provided ; in the second the Indian hemp, morphia, and hydrocyanic
door should be shut. Any hole in the flue, acid. The dose for adults is 20 to 30 drops.
such as an opening for a stove-pipe, or a lodged
dis- CHLOROFORM. PoiSON. Symptoms : "
brick, will be very likelyto cause a poor Unconsciousness, stoppage of respiration, and
draught. Where ventilating openings are feeble action of the heart. Treatment : Draw
needed in the same chimney with smoke flue.s,out the tongue (with forceps or pincers,if ne- cessary),
they should be separated from the smoke flues. and produce artificial respirationas
A simple
way is to divide a largeflue with a with the drowned {seeDrowning). In some
metal plate. The heat in the smoke part will cases it has been found efficacious to have the
thus cause a draft in the ventilating part. legs placed over an attendant's shoulders, and
CHINA. {See Earthenware.) the body raised so that the head will be lowest.
CHINTZ. A calico printed in a peculiar
"
A mixture of alcohol, water, and chloride of
pattern in which flowers and other devices are lime rectified. It is a clear,limpid fluid with- out
printed in five or si.x different colors upon a color,of an agreeablepungent odor, and
white or colored ground. The only articles of very sweet taste. It is very volatile, ing
evaporat-
dress for which it is used are morning wrappers with great rapiditywhen exposed to the
and dressing-gowns; but it makes very pretty air,and soon loses its strength. Before using
lambrequins and bed-hangings, and is now drop a few drops into water ; if the chloroform
much used for covering bedroom sofas and is pure they will fall to the bottom without
chairs. It comes in pieces a yard wide. becoming milky. When taken internally, roform
chlo-
To clean. Take " two pounds of rice,and acts as a sedative, narcotic,and anti- spasmodic
boil it in eight quarts of water till soft. When ; it is also employed sometimes as
done, pour the whole into a tub ; let it stand an external applicat'onfor relieving pain.
tillabout the warmth used for colored linens, By far the most important use to which it is
then put the chintz in, and the rice instead is that of anaesthetic. There
use put, however, an
of soap ; wash it in this till the dirt is out ; it certain amount of danger in tak-
ing
always a
then boil a second quantityas above, but strain chloroform, even under proper advice, and
the rice from the
water, and mix it in warm it should be borne in mind that no one can take
water ; wash in this tillclean ; afterwards rinse it with safety on his responsibility.It
own
it in the water the rice has been boiled in,and should under no circumstances be taken by
CHOCOLATE CHOLERA 103
broken into small pieces are subjected to great be carried down by swallowing pieces of bread
pressure until they are reduced to a rough or potato slightlymasticated or. better still, a
powder, after which they are mi.xed with sugar raw egg, fresh from the shell and with its orig- inal
and rolled into a very thick paste, or into a consistency broken as little as possible.
fine powder, called Chocolate. Chocolate Sometimes the obstruction will go down too
very
is less excitingto the nervous system than tea far to be reached by the fingers; in such cases
or coffee,and at the same time it contains a copious draughts of water should be swallowed
much larger proportion of nutritive matter. rapidly, and if this fails to remove it give
Its flavor, moreover, is not lessened by the mustard water or any other emetic. Should
addition of milk, so that it may be boiled in vomiting fail to bring up the obstruction, then
milk only and thus produce a most agreeable mechanical means must be tried. Take a long
and nutritive food. There are, therefore," spoon, bend it slightly, make the patientthrow
"
says Dr. Edward Smith, "many persons, his head well back, and push the handle boldly
states of system, and circumstances, in which down the throat ; if it is kept well to the back
its use is to be preferred
to either tea or coffee." of the throat no harm can be done. The same
Iced Chocolate Set four ounces of grated and if.a few hours at the longest the strength
chocolate over a slow fire in a tin pan with two of the patient is gone, the body, the tongue,
tablespoonfulsof water; when dissolved take and even the breath are quite cold, and the
it from the fire ; add nearly a teacupfulof warm nails turn blue. There is great thirst, and
water and work it thoroughly with a spoon; usually constant vomiting; the eyes sink far
then mix it with an equal quantity of cold into the head, and a change takes place in the
syrup of sugar, freeze and serve. voice, which becomes a small squeaking whis-
per,
Broma is a preparation of chocolate and so unnatural and so peculiarthat certain
arrow-root. physicianswho have seen much of cholera,
CHOCA. "
This is made by mixing a cupful could distinguishit by the voice alone.
of chocolate (prepared for table)with a cupful Recoveries from cholera, after it has once
of coffee. It is a very pleasantbreakfast drink. taken hold upon the system, do occur, though
104 CHOLERA INFANTUM CHOWDER
the prospect is not encouraging. The time for some hours no food or drink should be
to arrest the disease is in its early stages, and given. Further than this,nothing can be done
not a moment should be lost. During a cholera
without the advice of a physician.
epidemic, with the first symptoms of diarrhoea, CHOLERA MORBUS." This is usually
get the patientto bed, and apply mustard over caused by improper food, such as green or
the bowels. Thirty drops of laudanum may be decayed fruit and bad vegetables.It commonly
given to a grown-up person with hot brandy and comes on in the night,and is marked by sudden
water, and a physicianshould at once be sent and severe vomiting,followed by purging and
for. accompanied by severe generally in
cramps,
Cholera is most likelyto visit damp, dirty the bowels and sometimes in the legs. An- other
places,wherethe water is not good, and people feature of the disease is thirst, though
who are dirtyand intemperate have less chance the skin is quite cool.
of recoveringfrom it. Persons in attendance Treatment. Put the patient to bed, cover the "
upon cholera patients do not appear especially bowels with a mustard plaster, and keep him on
predisposed to the disease. It is believed, his back till the vomiting and purging have
therefore, that they may be safelynursed by ceased for several hours. Laudanum and tinct.
their relatives and friends. of camphor in doses of 10 to 15 minims each
It is well to take the followingprecautions: may be given, and if immediately vomited
where sickness does not as yet exist, water- should be repeated. If rejecteda second time,
closets, drains, etc., should be disinfected, 30 drops of laudanum may be added to a little
care should be taken that the is pure, and
water thin starch and given as an injection.The
no cabbage or other green vegetable should be remedy may be repeated every hour until the
included in the diet. The discharges should vomiting and purging are arrested. To attain
be mixed with dry earth and
possibleburied if
prompt success in the treatment, it is impor-
tant,
at a distance from the bed-pans
the house, while vomiting continues, to withhold
should be washed with copperas, clothes liquids,
and the bed- which from the intense thirst are ly
usual-
upon which a cholera patient has been craved by the patient. Pieces of ice placed
lyingshould be subjected to prolonged boiling in the mouth assist the patientin enduring the
before they are used again. necessary act of self-denial. When the patient
CHOLERA INFANTUM." This disease begins to crave food, a cup of hot tea will
usually occurs between the third and twenty- probably throw him into a perspiration : before
third months. It is caused by improper food, that nothing but the medicine and bits of ice
or too much food, impure air,hot weather, and should be given.
never by teethingalone. Its first symptom is CHOPS. (See Mutton.)
generallya slightfeverishnese, and this is fol- lowed CHO'W CHOW. A name given to a kind "
pulse irregularand quick; by degrees the many different ways, and of several different
child becomes sleepy,and finallysinks into a kinds of fish, besides clams. The following
state of insensibility. receipt for clam chowder is from an old house
club-
Treatment. At the first symptom
"
of caterer :
for. Put the child into pork, chop it up into rather small pieces,
bath, of salt
a warm or apply
flannels dipped in hot water to the bowels, and and sprinklethem over the bottom of a pot ;
keep in an ordinary posture. If a physician place over this a layer of potatoes cut into
cannot be had, dissolve a teaspoonfulof gum- small pieces; over this a layer of minced
arabic in an ounce of peppermint water and onions ; and then a layerof clams, with some
give a teaspoonful every half hour. A milder small crackers (split)on the top. Season with
astringent may be made thus : mix together salt and pepper, and if desired
"
a little thyme
three ounces of chalk mixture, half an ounce of and a few cloves may be added. Pour on this
tincture of kino Cor catechu), and half an ounce a portionof the fat left from frying the pork,
of compound tincture of cardamoms. Of this and then put in another course of layersas
the dose for child Repeat the process
before. until the pot is
a eighteen months old is one
teaspoonfulevery two hours if the nearly full, until enough is in, and season
discharges or
care being taken to shake the bottle before slow fire,and boil about three-quarters of an
pouring out the medicine. If there is much hour. When nearly done, stir gently,finish
thirst,give 6 or lo drops of brandy in a teaspoon- cooking, and serve hot. If it is found too thin
ful
of water, or mucilage,every 1 5 or 20 minutes. when done, boil a little longer ; if too thick,add
It is of little water. Whether the chowder is thick
the greatest importance that the a
stomach of the child be at rest. Therefore, or not, however, will depend on the amount of
CHROMOS CIDER 105
chowder are haddock and striped bass ; but much esteemed as food, being as a generalthing
cat-fish make very nice dish.
a Fish chowder watery, tasteless,and bony ; but occasionally
pleasantlyflavored with lemon juice. the chub of New York in the mid-winter
may be son
sea-
from dust and dirt, it may be well to reckoned among the wines, yet it belongs to
know that the kind apt to be framed without that class of beverages as much as those made
glasscan be cleaned
by moistening a soft cloth from currants, gooseberries, or other fruits.
in lukewarm waterand
gentlywashing the face The apples from which cider is made should
of the picture,afterwards wiping it dry. The not be permitted to fall on the ground ; they
varnish protects the colors. (5",vPictures.) ought to be hand-picked, or, if shaken from
CHRYSANTHEMUM.-ThisflowerbIooms the tree, coarse cloths or straw should be
so late in the season that it is frequently placed under it. All prematurelyripe and sound
un-
"
called the "
Christmas flower ; and as it fillsa apples should be rejected. If the
place in this respect occupied by no other weather is fine, the fruit may be exposed in
flower it should be cultivated in every garden. the open be air, if not,
placed in it should
Chrysanthemums grow very vigorously in a sheds or lofts,until it is thoroughly ripe. The
rich light soil (a light admixture of sand is usual way of making cider is to pound or grind
good for them) ; and are entirelyhardy e.xcept the apples to a pulp or pomace ; this pulp is
at the extreme north, where they must be then placed in a properly constructed press
wintered under sods. They are most easily and the juice pressed out. The juice should
propagated from cuttings,taken in August, or then be put into barrels,and then into a cellar
from the shoots sent up by the roots after wher" the temperature will not fall below 60"
blooming ; they may be obtained of any florist. nor rise above 75". An active fermentation
Good specimens should have but one stem will commence in a few hours, which should be
with short, thick-set branches, which may be permitted to continue with the bung open until
made to grow by pinching off the end shoots, the hissingsound, so readilydiscernible where
thus encouraging the side branches. They carbonic acid The
gas is escaping, ceases.
should be watered liberally, and liquidmanure is cider should then be drawn off into clean
very good justwhen the plantsbegin to bloom. barrels, separating it from its sediment ; these
There are three varieties of chrysanthemums : should be bunged up for a few days, then
the large-flowered kind, most suitable for out- door opened, and the fermentation allowed to begin
culture ; the dwarf or Pompone, which again. This second fermentation will be of
blooms beautifully in-doors ; and Japan Chrys- anthemums. short duration. The cider should now be
Of the large-flowering kind, racked ; the bungs must be tightly closed ;
choice varieties are : Alarm, crimson ; Annie
" and if intended for draught use it should be
Salter, canary yellow, Boiile d'Or,-z.goXAitw kept in a cool cellar. If it is intended for bot- tling,
yellow; Boul deNeige, pure white ; Captiva- it should be bottled earlyin the spring;
tion, light purple; Cassy, orange and buff ; this prevents an undue fermentation, and
Erecta Superba, clear sulphur-yellow; Heor- secures a proper degree of life in the bottle.
mine, silver wliite ; Prince Albert, crimson Cider is fitfor drinking as soon as tion
fermenta-
red ; Mount .-Etna, fierycrimson ; Queen of ceases, but it reaches perfectionat the
England, blush ; King of Yellows, yellow ; end of two years. In bottles it can be kept
and Vesta, white. Of the Pompone, or dwarf twenty or thirtyyears without spoiling, unless
kind, the best are : Acton, golden yellow ; the cork decays. Cider is not so nutritious as
"
Andromeda, cream color ; Christiana,canary beer or ale. but it is a very agreeable and mild- ly
yellow ; Mrs. Dix, blush ; Iris, white tipped stimulatingdrink in hot weather its acids "
with rose ; Miranda, bright rose ; Riquiqui, assistingmateriallyin quenching thirst ; and it
violet plum ; Roi de Lillipiit, of
maroon ; Soul- is recommended as an antiseptic in cases
anges, pure rose ; Tkeresita,lilac ; and TreT- low fever.
enna, pure white. Japan Chrysanthemums are It is said that natural cider will not keep if
novelties from Japan, with tasselled or quilled removed in cask after it has been made, and in
flowers. The finest are Mons Bonnet, amber ; order to fortify it to bear transportation, it is
and Laciniatus, far injures
creamy white. necessary to add sugar. This so
CHTTB. "
A fish of which there are several it that it may renew fermentation ; but it tem-
porarily
varieties ; lake chub or lake dace,theblue sucker, masks the acid flavor,and makes the
CISTERN CLAMS 107
and are very stylishmade long and narrow in OITRIO ACm (See ACIDS.)
the back, pointed,and trimmed with heavy cord CITRON. "
A fruit of a low evergreen tree,
and tassels. of the same speciesas the lemon ; larger and
using either of these shapes of hood, a
In
are usuallybuilt of brick, but a cheaper only two. the hard-shell (or quahaug) and the
method is to dig a hole in the ground of the
soft-shell, are often met with in our markets.
required size,and plaster it with hydraulic The season for clams is from May to Septem-
ber.
cement directlyupon the walls. Sand and
(SeeSoups.)
gravel thus cemented over stand perfectly well, Boiled Clams. Select thin-edged ones. "
Fritters (Clam). " Mince a dozen clams fine. new, and are often used to mix with Medoc
To the juiceadd one pint of millc,tliree eggs wines to give them additional strength and
well beaten, and flour enough to make a tliin body ; when old, some of them have a fine
batter ; season with pepper and salt, stir in bouquet.
the minced clams, and
fry quicklyin hot lard. The Bordeaux wines, when genuine, are
Unless the fritters fried quicklythey will among
are the best that France produces ; but
be too greasy. Instead of mincing the clams, they seldom reach in a The
us pure state.
they can be dipped whole in the batter,and inferior are mixed with the better kind for ex- portation
fried as above. ; and very often they are adulterated
Pickled Clams. This is the form in which
"
with the cheap Spanish wines of Alicant,or
clams are sent to the interior,or prepared to with brandy.
be eaten raw. They can be pickled for do-mestic Claret should usually be drunk a little
use in the same way as oysters. (^See warmer than the temperature of the room, but
Oysters.) in warm weather is good iced. The highest
Roast Clams. i. Put them"
in a pan over grades of claret will keep for from fifteen to
a hot fire ; when they open, empty the juice eighteen years, constantlyimproving in deli- cacy.
into a sauce-pan ; and add the clams ; add some After that time they rapidly deterio-
rate.
butter, and season with pepper and very little
salt. Leave on the fire three minutes, and Claret Cup. -A few sprigs of balm, a slice
"
country around Bordeaux ; but in France there Cooling Cup. " Half filla punch bowl with
is no wine known
claret,which is simply a as slices of pine-apple(the rind cut therefrom)
corruptionof clariet,a. term applied there to and lemon cut very thin ; arrange in alternate
any red or rose-colored wine. The
genuine layers,each layer being thicklystrewed with
wines of Bordeaux are of great variety,that white granulated sugar. Pour over the fruit
being one of the most famous wine districts of as much claret as will fill the bowl ; cover
France, and a number of them are of the first closely,and let it stand six hours. Then put
quality. The principalvineyards are those of in a piece of ice ; when cold add a bottle of
Medoc, Palus, Graves, and Blanche, the pro-
duce plain soda water.
of each being different in character. Claret Punch. (^SeeMULLED DRINKS.)
The red Medoc wines are the best, and are CLAY. (.SV^Bricks.)
known as Latour, Lafitte,Chateau
Margaiix, CLEANING. "
Wherever directions for
etc. Whenperfection, in
they are of a rich cleaning come most conveniently under the
red color, have a most agreeablebouquet, and special articles,they will be found there. (^See
are strong without being intoxicating.The Brass, Carpets, Feathers, Ink Stains,
Lafitteis considered to have the finest flavor ; Matting, Marble, Oil-cloths, ware,
Silver-
the Chateau Margaicx is next in rank ; the Stoves, Grease, Stains, etc., etc.)
Latour is the strongest, and has the fullest We confine ourselves here to such things as
body, but lacks the softness of the others. are not mentioned elsewhere, or are mentioned
Besides these there are vast quantitiesof ond
sec- in such connection as to render it desirable to
and third rate Medoc wines, which seldom bring instructions for cleaning them together
find their way out of France in a pure state. under this head.
All the Medoc wines are improved by a sea {To clean.) Spots of grease
Alabaster. "
which alone clean. Pull the straps from the loops and
Ifthere is any substance water
will not remove, pour in a few bird-shot with buckles, occasionallyin washing, to keep all
them around. Bottles neat. Now wipe the patent leather
the water and shake parts
in them be previously treated as above with a
had medicine parts
"
cleaned by putting ashes and water in each, moist chamois, and then polishwith a clean,
ing
heat- soft Never wet this second chamois.
immersing them in cold water, and then dry one.
downward into the water, but keeping the backs mounting will continue in good order by rub- bing
when the bristles look the dry chamois after washing" if
clean, with
as dry as possible;
rinse the brush in cold "whitening" may be used.
shake it without Gold
needed,
water,
simple wiping with the
wiping the bristles, and set it in the air to dry. mounting requires
Soap softens bristles. chamois. Prince's metal and brass require
cushions cleaning with rotten-stone of the " "
and carpets and clean with wisp broom. Dust preparationsfound at the saddler's. Steel bits
the carriagewith feather duster. Go over dirt are the handsomest and are easilykept bright
to moisten well with a hose (regulating stream if wiped as soon as removed from tlie horse :
than in if rusted rub with fine sand, moistened with
with thumb rather using a nozzle),or,
default of this, a "watering-pot." Wash the water. A little sweet oil will prevent their
a different sponge and lots of water, the more black from the dyer'swill be all-sufficient for "
the better. Prop your wheel spots, and castile soap for polish.
so as to turn it, rubbed
spoke separately. After re-
each Hearths. {To f/ra".) Wash free-stone
going over moving "
and inserting between all the teeth. this subject is already included elsewhere in
tight,
Barthen-'ware. {To clean.) Scald "
and this article, and under FLOORS, GREASE,
cloth. Stains. It is worth while
wash it out thoroughly with ashes and a Marble, Paint,
If there is any smell in jars let them stand to add, however, that to walls painted in temper,
dis-
filled with water and a little soda. simply whitewashed, water cannot or
Gilding. [To c/^ow.)" Gently wipe with be applied, and they can only be brushed fully.
care-
cotton dipped in sweet oil; linen should never Kalsomined walls can be lightlyand
be used, as it deadens the gilding. To prevent quicklywiped with damp cloths.
flies from staininggilding,simply wash it over Knives. {To clean.) The handles of "
at the beginning of Summer with water in which knives, especiallyif of ivory or horn, should
two or three onions have been boiled. never be dipped in hot water. The blades
Gloves (Kid). {To clean.) Benzine is the sliould be cleaned by rubbing vigorouslywith
"
best thing. Pour some of it into awash-basin, a soft flannel and Bath brick. If rusty or
put on the glovesand wash, as in washing hands. deeply stained, use wood ashes rubbed on
Do not have a lightor fire in the room for fear with a newly cut Irish potato ; this will remove
of explosion. Magnesia, moist bread, or India- spots when nothing else will. If the ivory
rubber are all good for light kid gloves : rub handles become yellowthey may be rubbed
on thoroughly,the magnesia dry, with a light with fine sand-paper.
flannel. If dirtyenough to need dyeing, sew Marble Steps. Scrub with sand and water, "
up the tops of the gloves,and rub them over with the hearth-stone,or with this mixture : "
with a sponge dipped in a decoction of saffron Boil half a pint of size with the same quantity
and water. {See Dyeing.) of whiting and of pipe clay,in two quarts of
Harness. {To clean.) Have a large hook"
water ; the stones must be first washed clean
covered with leather,and padded, suspended with water, and this mixture afterwards laid
from the ceiling. Upon this hang the harness. smoothly on with a cloth ; when dry,they must
With a sponge, wrung out and well rubbed be rubbed with a dry cloth or flannel.
with Castile soap, wipe well all over until Mirrors. {To clean.) Mirrors and looking- "
110 CLEANING CLOTHING
glassesmay be washed with a soft sponge of cold water. Let it stand five hours, then
dipped in spiritsof wine (or water with a little strain the water through a sieve and rub as
ammonia in it),
no more of
glass being much of the the as possible ; potato pulp through
wet at once than can be immediately wiped off, let the strained water stand to settle again,and
as dampness, in alteringthe temperature of when clear turn the water off from the dregs
the glass, unsettles the coating at the back carefully. Put a clean white sheet on a per- fectly
which gives it its power of reflectingobjects. clean table, lay over it the shawl to be
While wet, the glass should be dusted with cleaned and pin it down tightly. Dip a sponge
powdered blue or whiting tied up in a muslin that has never been used into the potato water,
bag, and then rubbed off with a soft linen dus- ter and rub the shawl with it until clean ; then
or silk handkerchief or pieces of chamois- rinse the shawl in clear water and salt (a teacup-
skin. ful of salt to a pailful of the water). Spread it
Paint. {To clean.) Soap should never
" be on a clean, level place where it will dry quickly,
put on paint. For ordinarycleaning scour the if hung up to dry the colors are apt to run
"
paint with a brush less hard than that used for and leave the shawl streaked. Fold it up
floors, using warm water ; before it dries wash while damp, and let it remain half an hour ; then
it off with a piece of old flannel dipped in clear wrap it in a clean white cloth,and put it under
cold water, and wipe dry with a linen cloth. If a heavy weight until it is dry. If there are any
the paintis very much soiled,smear a piece of grease spots on the shawl, they should be e.\-
flannel in whiting,mixed to the consistencyof tracted before it is washed.
in
paste warm water ; rub the surface to be Windows., {To clean.) Wash " each pane
cleaned briskly,and wash off with cold water. separately with old flannel and warm water,
Grease spots will in this way be almost stantly
in- but do not let the water run on the sash.
removed as well as other dirt,and out
with- Dry quickly with a soft, clean linen cloth,
injuringthe paint. wiping the corners carefully; polishwith dry
Paper-hangings. (To clean) " Brush all chamois skin, or newspapers rubbed soft tween
be-
the dust off carefullywith a brush and rub the the hands. If the glass is very dim
walls with thick slices of stale bread, beginning with dirt or smoke, dissolve a little washing-
at the top of the room, care must be taken not soda in the water ; or use whiting mi.xed
to rub the paper too hard, and to rub wards
down- smoothly m some water. The addition of a
as a pot or frying-panhas been emptied of what kitchen especially, or where the cook may easily
was cooked in it,it should be filled with hot water consult it; much of the careless and unscientific
and set back upon the fire to scald
thoroughly. cooking which disgraces American kitchens is
After cleaning,it should be wiped dry before owing to the habit that prevailsthere of guess- ing
being set away into the closet or it is likelyto at the time. The whole art of keeping
rust. If grease or any substance gets caked clocks in order so far at least as they can be "
in it so as to resist the action of water, it may kept in order by one not acquainted with their
be dissolved by a little pearlash. Copper uten- sils construction consists in winding them up "
; if the outsides are to be highly polished, becomes disarranged and they refuse to
use a composition of one ounce of spiritsof keep time, it is best not to tinker with them,
hartshorn, half a pint of vinegar,one ounce of but take them at once to a clockmaker. If
rotten-stone, and one ounce of soft soap ; mi.x the ordinarypendulum clock runs too slow, this
the soap and rotten-stone together first,and may be remedied by screwing the little nut at
then add the hartshorn and vinegar. Tins the base of the pendulum a little higher; if it
should be kept clean by rubbing them with runs too fast the pendulum should be lowered
sifted wood-ashes, or whiting, or Bath brick. slightly. A clock that is driven by w-eights
Tlie chain-cloth,"a network
"
of steel rings, must be so placed that its sides will be exactly
resembling an old fashioned reticule is of great perpendicular.
service in cleaningkettles that have been badly CLOTHING. It is foreign to our purpose "
Shawls. {To clean.) Either woollen or silk descriptionof prevailingfashions ; the forms
"
shawls be cleaned very thoroughly in this of dress, being subject to the arbitraryrule of
may
way : Pare and grate raw and mealy potatoes fashion, are seldom permitted to be regulated
and for each pint of potato-pulpadd two quarts by individual feelingof convenience or utiUty,
CLOTHING 111
that are permanent and universal,and attention Linen is the best conductor of heat of all the
to these will ensure healthy dress, ing
notwithstand- materials used for clothing,and as it does not
the eccentricities of form and fasliion. absorb so much of the perspired matter as
the best non-conductors form the warmest that it has nearly superseded by cot-
been ton
certain degree of warmth to preserve their is least warmed by external heat but is
vital action. From these facts it is easy to more effectual in confining the heat of the
learn thatclothingshould be of such a nature body. The difference between them with re-
spect
as not to impede the escape of the perspired to warmth is that black clothes are hottest
matter but to let it pass through its texture ; when the sun is most powerful, and white
that it should be of such non-conductingquality warmest when the sun has least power ;
as to confine the heat generated by the blood speaking generally,white is coolest in summer
sufificiently to preserve the activityof the ner- vous and black in winter. The inference from this is
system ; and that by its lightness,soft- ness, that for steady wear, white is most appropriate
and pliancy, it should permit the free for underclothes, while the best color for outside
action of the limbs. apparel is a neutral tint such as gray or browm.
Applying these principles,it is plain that We hope it is superfluousto urge the neces- sity
that for winter should be made of such as of the same apparel is not only uncleanly but
conduct heat slowly. Now the power of con-
duction detrimental to health. That which is worn
of all substances available for clothing next the skin, no matter what its texture is,
depends largely on the capacity for holding should be frequently washed, and the outer
air; those which hold most of this worst of all garments should be changed from time to time
conductors of heat become, in consequence, to admit of a lengthenedpurification by shaking
bad conductors themselves, and those which and exposure to air. Frequent cleansingof a
hold least are necessarily good ones. Thick and garment, apart from its propriety, has the effect
loose textures are obviously better holders of of keeping the material open and soft and
air than thin and closely-wovenones, and there- fore pervious to the air, which, as has been shown,
woollen clothing will keep in the bodily is essential to maintaining the warmth of the
heat and feel warmer than that made of linen. body. The open fleecytexture of woollen cloth
The capacityof dress for holding air will also, especially,if not often stirred by shaking,
it is clear, be increased by numerous layers beating, or brushing, will become so pressed
and looseness of fit;while it'will be diminished and rhatted by constant use as to lose many
of coughs, colds, and the related diseases. and fill up the glass with ice broken very
Such a change should never be made, until the fine.
weather is entirely settled,in other words, until Sherry Cobbler. Fill a largeglass full of "
steady hot weather has come in. The practice ice broken up fine ; fill the interstices with
too often indulged in by young girlsof chang-
ing sherry,add a tablespoonfulof powdered white
about from day to day as the weather pens sugar, and about a square inch of lemon
hap- peel
to vary is reckless to the point of foolish-
ness. that has had the oil pressed to the surface.
Stir togetherthoroughly,and drink through a
To Render Non-inflammable. " Linen and tube or a straw.
parts of water),or tungstate of soda (twenty parts of the world. It is used in dyeing scarlet,
parts to one hundred of water), and then drying crimson, and related colors,and is the substance
them. Tungstate of soda is the best on account from which carmine is made. {See Carmine,
of its not in any way with the
interfering process and Dyeing.)
of ironing. Clothing prepared in this manner COCKLE. " A kind of shell-fish very abund-
ant
may be held in the flame of candle, or gas, or
a and highly thought of in Europe, but scarce
lamp, without taking fire ; that portion of the in this country and seldom seen in our kets.
mar-
stuff in direct contact with the fire becomes It is shaped like the clam, but wrinkled
charred and is destroyed, but it does not and rough ; and is generally picked up with
ignite,and consequently the burning does not the round clam in the mouths of rivers and
spread to the rest of the material.bays near the ocean. They have a peculiar
To Render gallon of and agreeable fl.avor,and are regarded as a
'Waterproof. "
Into a
water put a quarter of an ounce of yellow very wholesome food ; they may be eaten raw,
soap, and let it boil for half an hour, skim, boiled, or fried, and are very good used as
and when cold put in the cloth or garment ; let sauce instead of oysters. If pickledlike mus- sels
it remain in soakfor twenty-fourhour.'.. Take it they will keep for several days.
out and hang it to drain, and when half dry put COCKROACHES." These are one of the
it into the followingsolution : half a pound of worst of the insect pests. They maybe destroy- ed
alum, and a quarter of a pound of sugar of lead, by pouring boilingwater into their haunts, or
dissolved in three gallonsof water. Let it soak setting a mixture of arsenic mixed with mo-
lasses
about four hours, and then hang to dry without and Indian meal round the places which
wringing. The solution does not alter the ap- they frequent. Chloride of lime and sweetened
pearance
or texture of the article immersed ; and water will also poison them ; as will hellebore
the process does require to be repeated.
not rubbed over with molasses. Cockroaches must
ChildroCs and
ClotJiiiii^ "undergarments, see and soon overrun the house. (See Roaches.)
Cutting, and Fitting, and under the names COCKTAIL. (See under Whiskey.)
of the respectivegarments. COCOA. Cocoa
" is generally purer than
CLOTHES "WRINGER. (See Wringer.) chocolate, which is a preparation of the same
CLOVES." Every part of the clove-tree bean, and is also more nutritious. The best
abounds in aromatic oil, but it is most fragrant Trinidad, and may
comes from be had in the
and plentifulin the unexpanded flower-buds, originalseed or nibs, flaked, or ground and
"which in a dried state, form the cloves of com-
merce. prepared like chocolate in small square ets.
pack-
Cloves grow in several parts of the The latter is a mixture of cocoa and
tropical world, but the best come from the arrowroot. The surest way of getting cocoa
East Indies. In choosing select buy the beans
those of roast
a them, after-
pure wards
is to and
lightishbrown which are not grinding them
shrivelled. like coffee
The or simply
oil of cloves may be obtained by expression bruisingthem. It deteriorates by keeping,and
from the fresh flower-buds, but the usual it is best to buy it in small quantitiesat a time.
method of obtainingit is by distillation. Few When prepared cocoa is used, make it in the
essential oils have a more extensive use in perfu-
mery same way as chocolate. {See Chocolate.)
than that of cloves. 1 1 combines well with When the cocoa nibs are prepared add two
of them to a quart of boilingwater, and
grease, soap, and spirit, and forms a leading ounces
feature in some of the most popular handker-
chief boil an hour and a half; then add a quart of
essences. For essence of cloves, dissolve fresh milk, let it heat almost to boiling,and
oil of cloves in the proportionof 2 oz of oil to then remove from the fire and serve.
I gal.spirit. COCOANUT. The fruit of the cocoa palm "
of the juice of any fruit ; sweeten to taste, a creamy liquid,called milk ; in buying
COD 113
select those in which the mill" can be heard let it stand ten minutes. Drain the fish,dish
shaken. Cocoanut should be it,and serve as above.
when tlieyare
liefore Chowder. (Codfish.) Cut a codfish of
gratedtine using. "
This fish is found in all the northern six or seven pounds into slices about an inch
COD. "
fisheries. There often of until it just comes to a boil ; then pour the
appear codfish rious
va-
colors full of water off,and put on the fish just enough hot
or markings ; some streaks,
lightand dark, many of the usual gray color,
water to cover it ; add, to a quart of the soaked
otliers of a greenish gray, and otliers still of a fish,a level tablespoonfulof butter, a table-
reddish brown. The fishermen this spoonful of flour,and a dust of black pepper.
say is
caused Let it boil ten minutes, and when it has been
by their being taken in different waters,
and apply to them the names of rock-cod,s/ioal- taken off the fire thicken by stirringin two
eyes bright. The tongue is cut out when the left over make a pretty and agreeable dish
fish is first caught ; and prepared thus Pick tli" flakes of fish away
these, with the air :
spoonfuls; butter ^" the size of an egg; eggs with their juice; if these are not enough^to
3 ; potatoes lo or 1 1, medium sized. Soak the moisten the fish (and it only requiresto be just
fish all night (if very salt in a great deal of moistened),make up the deficiency with a
from it and pick it spoonful or two of melted butter. Warm
water) tlien press the water fully
care-
butter and the milk, in which the corn-starch is through take it off. Surround the rim of the
mi.ved, to the hot throw in the fish dish with a wall of nice mashed potatoes, so as
potato,
with the eggs and beat the whole until light to leave a hollow in the middle ; in this hollow
so
that it looks like pound-cake. Fry in balls,in place the warmed-up fish with its sauce.
deep lard,or brown like muffins in rings on the Sprinkle over the fish gratedbread-crumbs or
to fairly cover it,add a little salt,and boil for for balls. Take a pint of fresh milk, heat it
half an hour or more accordingto the size of the almost
boiling, stir into it gradually three
to
fish. Dish, and garnish with scraped horse-
radish, eggs well beaten, a tablespoonfulof butter, a
or parsley,or both; surround with little chopped parsley, a littlepepper, and lastly
slices of fried roe, and Boil it up it into a deep
accompany with oyster the fish. once, turn
sauce. Another nice dressing is with egg covered dish, and serve hot. This is an lent
excel-
sauce poured over it on the dish garnish with
; dish for either breakfast or supper.
slices of hard-boiled eggs and sprigsof parsley. Tongues and Sounds. Soak " them twenty-
Boiled cod is also eaten with Anchovy, Caper, four hours, changing the water once ; then
or Dutch sauce. throw them into boiling water and boil ten
Boiled. (Salt.) " Soak it in cold water for minutes. Serve, covered with egg sauce and
two days, changing the water two or three garnished with toast.
times ; then scale it well and clean. A shorter 2. above, and let them cool.
Boil as Then
way is to place it one night in lukewarm water, dip them in batter,or roll them in bread-crumbs
renewing the latter several times ; it is then and egg, and fry to a crisp brown. So treated
ready for use next day. Lay the fish in a they either make a nice dish by themselves, or
kettle,cover it with cold water, set it on a slow are an appropriate garnish for both salt and
fire,let it boil about two minutes ; then take the fresh cod boiled.
kettle from the fire,cover it over tightly, and 3. After cooking them, scrape off the skin,
8
COFFEE 115
very fierce,until a strong aromatic smell is each one we will only mention that
emitted ; the movement should ened, the principleinvolved in each is very simple
then be quick-
as the bean is in that case quite heated and consists in allowing hot water to percolate
and it will scorch before it is roasted through slowlythrough ground coffee into a receptacle
if slowly finished. When the coffee is of a below. Some of them are good, though need- lessly
light,chestnut-brown color, which can be as- certained expensive ; but a simple filter or per- colator,
by sliding back the door of the as it is called,will answer perfectly well,
cylinderand looking at it occasionallytowards and they can be obtained to fit any coffee-pot.
the end of the process, spread it quickly over In making coffee by this method allow rather
a largedish,beat up the wliite of an egg with more coffee than when it is to be boiled ;
spread the grounds over the percolator ; and
pour on the boilingwater, slowly tillthe coffee
is saturated and then more rapidly. Should
the coffee not be strong enough, run it through
the filters again. Coffee made thus is thought
to have a more delicate and aromatic flavor
than when boiled; but on the other hand, Mr.
Donovan, prominent English chemist, who
a
as
thicklyfolded cloth. Let it remain thus until strong and clear as possible; sweeten it in the
it is quite cold ; then put it into canisters with white almost
or cup sugar to a syrup ; then
bottles where the air cannot at it. half
get pour a wineglass of brandy on the top
For grinding coffee there kinds of
are two gentlyover a spoon, set fire to it with light-
eda
coftee-mills, those which portable and paper, and when the
are
spiritis partlycon-
sumed,
others for
fi.xing
againstthe walls. It should blow out the flame and then drink the
be ground to a moderately fine powder ; if it coffee hot.
is too coarse the will be only partially Cafe Noir. This
essence " is the very essence of
extracted from it in making, while if it is too coffee and it has become customary to serve
fine the water will not percolate through it it immediately after dessert " either before
and it will not be clear. No should be
tnore leavingthe table,or in the parlor the moment
ground at a time than -will suffice
for a single dinner is ended. In the latter case it is monly
com-
inaking. followed by wines. To make it,proceed
Coffee, {boiled.)Allow a tablespoonfulof
"
of tin,zinc,or Britannia metal. Those of zinc rapidlyand will not keep a fire,and that it
are better and more durable than the
tin ; the leaves a great deal of ashes. When burnt by
Britannia pots are the prettiestand most itself, moreover, in close fires, it requires
showy, but they cannot be set on the fire or watching to prevent it from fusing that part
even near it without
melting. of the iron-work of the stoves or ranges
There is an immense varietyof patent coffee-
pots with which it comes in contact. It is best to
for making- coffee by filtering ; all draw mix it with other coal, and used
in this way, it
the hot water through the ground coffee. The makes an excellent and economical fuel.
principleis very simple and any of them prob- ably It is a notion of some that coke is more
can be used with satisfaction. The best sulphurous than coal ; but this is impossible,
one that we know is the "
Eureka," though there as the sulphur is eliminated by the very pro-
cess
of converting coal into coke. Burned by
itself,however, coke has all the bad qualities
of charcoal, giving out carbonic acid gas,
which, if the current or draught up the chim-
ney
is not sufficient,will fall down into the
apartment.
COLANDER. " A deep tinvessel, shaped
like a dish-pan,with holes perforatedin the
bottom and sometimes in the sides, used for
separatingthe liquid part "
of substances from
the solid. Its varied usefulness renders it an
invention. The French caftticreis excellent powder in warm water. If the cold has come
and not very expensive; so is the Vienna pot
coffee- drink a pintof cold water
on, but is only slight,
; and Dr. Smith especiallyrecommends an on going to bed and put on some extra' clothes
bed-
English invention known as Ash's Kaffee- so as to produce perspiration.A good
Kanne.
remedy akso, is to soak the feet in hot water,
COKE. That which remains from coal not above the ankle, with a handful of salt in it ;
after the hydrogen has been eliminated ; the do bed and drink
this justbefore going to cor
after the gas has been extracted from of clothes and move about as much as possible.
the coal for illumination. Coke as a fuel has {See Chest Protector and Influenza.)
the advantage of kindling more quickly than COLIC. "
There are several kinds of colic,
anthracite,and giving out an intense radiant all accompanied by severe gripingpains in the
heat without either smoke or flame ; it is there-
fore bowels, with distention or flatulence, nausea,
particularly
convenient for many or vomiting ; and as the hardness or distention
purposes.
From the clearness with which it burns and of the bellyincreases, cramps or spasms occur
the of
intensity its
heat, it is excellent for cer-
tain either in the abdominal or in those of muscles
operations of the cook, when a bright, the thighs and legs. The only diseases with
clear fire is wanted, as for broiling, roasting,which colic can be confounded are cholera and
etc. Its disadvantages are that it burns out inflammatifln of the bowels ; from the formerit
COLORS COMPOTES 117
or from the food taken into the stomach being advantage of both bureau and wardrobe. As
of colic is the understood at the furniture stores, it means
indigestible.A common cause now
by applying hot cloths to the stomach, COMPOST. Any refuse which has enough
"
of laudanum) and a good drink of hot ginger garden and indispensablein the planting of
or cinnamon tea. After a severe attack, it roses and other flowers demanding a rich soil,
and in the cities may be obtained of florists
is well to take a mild aperient,and to abstain
from all irritating substances in the food, such COMPOTES. CompStcs are fruits prepared
"
as fruit,green vegetables,etc. In many cases in syrup for immediate use, and differ from
the absorption of medicine does not take place jams in being cooked less and containing less
in the stomach, and the pain continues. When sugar. They are very delicate when properly
this is the case a dose of from 3 to 5 drops of made and form an excellent accompaniment
Majendie's Solution of morphia into the skin for pies,puddings, or dumplings. Or they may
by means of a hypodermic syringe will afford be served alone with a little pastry-crust,and
relief in a few minutes' time. in this way make one of the most tempting and
COLORS. {To Restore.)" W\\CTi the color of wholesome of desserts. Compotes will keep
three days in a damp, cool closet, but
any fabric has been destroyed by acid, wash two or
the spot with ammonia to neutralize the same, are likelyto ferment if kept longer; for this
after which an applicationof chloroform will, reason they should be made in small quantities
in almost all cases, restore the originalcolor. at a time.
The use of ammonia is common, but that of Apple Compote. Take .--apples,sugar,
"
with articles which will not be damaged by wet- ting Peel, cut into halves, and core some apples ;
is to boil them in a leymade of equal parts after lettingthem lie for a short time in
of quick-limeand wood ashes, rinsingthem out cold water, drain them, and put them into enough
afterwards in weak alum water, and pressing syrup (made of sugar and water) to cover them
them well when nearlydry. (See Painting.) well, in which boil them till they are soft ; then
COLOGNE. Eau de
"
Cologne.,a favorite place them in a dish and strain the syrup over
perfume, named after the cityof Cologne where them. This compote may be improved by boil- ing
it was first made and where its manufacture is some of the apple in the syrup to a jelly,
still extensivelycarried on. It consists of alco- hol strainingit,and pouring it over the halves as
spoonfuleach of oil of bergamot, oil of lavender, needle. Put them into a syrup made as in pre-
ceding
oil of lemon, and orange-flowerwater. Cork recipe; stew them gently for ten min-utes
tightlyand shake well. ; turn them into a dish, and strain the
COMBS. " The best toilet combs are those syrup over them.
made of buffalo horn, or tortoise-shell ; the rub-
ber Berry Compotes. Very nice compotes may
"
combs break
easilyand are likelyto warp be made of blackberries, raspberries,straw-
berries,
Combs should never be put in water, however, puttingthem into a syrup made as above,
even to wash them ; for it
not only warps them, and boiling them from one to five minutes.
but makes the teeth splitand roughens the Raspberries and strawberries are so delicate
118 CONGER-EEL CONSTIPATION
as to requirevery little boiling,and it is best point. They are in season from November to
to take them off when they have boiled up April,but they are rather scarce in the markets
once. and are not much esteemed as food. Cooked
Cherry Compote. 7a^^ "
.--Cherries, i lb; same as Eel.
,
Put into a porcelainlined pot, four ounces it is then ready for serving.
of fine white sugar, the rind of a large A consoinm^ of poultry may be made by
and fresh lemon (or orange-juiceand rind), roastinga couple of fowls until they are about
and a pint of cold water. When the sugar
one-third done, and then puttingthem in a soup-
is dissolved, add a pound of nice dried figs, kettle with three poundsof lean beef, and three
and place the pot over a moderate fire where quarts of cold water and salt. Boil up as
the figsmay heat and swell slowly and be very directed above, and add the same vegetables
gently stewed. When they are quite tender, and seasonings. After it has simmered for
which will be in about two hours, add two wine- three hours, take the fowls out of the kettle,and
glassfulsof wine, and the strained juiceof the let the rest simmer three hours longer. Ladle
lemon ; arrange them in a glass dish and serve out the vegetables, strain the liquor that
them cold. This dish is very fine. remains, and that liquor is the best consojiiine
ripe),I doz; white sugar, 10 oz; water, i pt; Of course the retention of e.xcre-
dressed thus. If desired, a Uttle lemon-juice the result, and in sustaining healthy action
be added to the when once fairly established. Hence the obvious
may syrup.
Plum Compote. Ta.^^ .--Plums ; sugar,
"
10 advantage of observing as much regularityin
oz ; water, i pt. relievingthe system as in taking our meals."
Select ripe plums, prick them with a needle, From the earliest age, people should accustom
and put them into cold water while ing
boil- themselves to going to the water closet at a
a pan of water into which they must fixed period of each day ; and one who persists
be put as soon as the water boils. When in this long enough to make it a habit will sel- dom
they rise to the surface of the hot water, take suffer from constipation. This habit may
them out and put them again into cold water. be supplemented by a glass of cold water every
breakfast, which is to
Make a syrup of ten ounces of sugar to a pint morning before some
a basin and let them cool, and then boil them and expansion of the muscles of the abdomen
them well and let them be tried. Such exercise continued ten
up once more ; skim may
cool for use. minutes a day, and persevered in for a week or
CONGER-EEL. " A kind of eel,sometimes two, may cure ordinary cases of constipation,
called the "
American Conger," much larger provided proper food is taken. For this pose
pur-
four feet long with the tail ending in a sharp [especiallycooked fruit),should enter largely
CONSUMPTION 119
into the diet. Two Compound Rhubarb pills It is of the very first importance that this dis-
ease
be taken at bedtime for a few nijjhts,but should be diagnosed in the earliest stages,
may
exercise, diet and regularhabits should be the for it is then that certain of its forms may be
main agents in effectingrecovery. For stinate
ob- treated with tolerable confidence of success,
constipationuse injectionscontaining and all can be dealt with to most advantage.
a little salt, or soap-suds,or better still, get the That form which promises most by timely
advice of a physician. treatment is the inflammatory form, especially
CONSUMPTION. " The technical name for that which comes on in a patient who has long
this disease is Phthisis, or wasting. By it is been in depressed health from whatever cause.
meant that form of lung disease where first of It commonly begins with a slightcough, which,
all there is a deposit of new material in the however, persists,and will not go away, and
substance of the lung. After a time this softens the patientgets gradually thinner. The piration
res-
cavities behind. This process is accompanied character, or even jerking. Besides this,there
by fever of a peculiarkind, and general wast- ing are certain sounds only to be appreciated by a
of the body ; whence the name. The posit skilled ear.
de- If with all this, there is a bad fami- ly
in the lungs is by no means always of history,the case is one demanding prompt ac- tion.
granted up to a very recent period. The pro- cesses Fever is a most important element in such
which lead to this deposit are two in cases. If it keeps high,the chances do not im- prove
number "
one is inflammation of the lung ; if It gradually diminishes and totally
substance, and the other is a deposit of a new disappears, the patient may be said to have re- gained
growth called tubercle. Most frequentlythe his health. Take now a case of tuber-
cular
two processes are associated, for the depositof consumption. It
may arise from the for- mer,
the new growth sets up inflammation and its or it
may be developed from the products
When the substance of the of some long standing disease of other organs,
consequences.
lung becomes inflamed, we have to deal with a or one lung may infect the other. This form is
very different set of phenomena than when the not so common as the other. Its originis very
air passages alone are so affected. The disease insidious ; but having begun it goes on. There
may assume a very acute form, such as cannot is considerable uneasiness. At night the tem- perature
be mistaken, or it may steal on insidiously, is high ; and there are troublesome
especially if it spreads from the air tubes to the night sweats. There is a persistent cough, and
lung substance. The consequence of such an very likelypain in one side. The appetite is
inflammation is the choking
up of the little very capricious,and very likelythere is diar-
rhoea.
cavities of which the lung consists in a portion With such cases, too, a huskiness, or
of its substance, and the material thus deposit- ed even loss of voice, is by no means uncommon.
or at once proceed to soften and break down. and so may be looked upon as proof
In this the damaged material of the positive of the existence of this form, if any
process
lung too may take part. It may soften as well consumption be present.
as the newly-depositedsubstance, and breaking For the public,however, it is of less conse- quence
down and being expectorated,leave behind a to know-what variety of consumption
cavityin the substance of the lung. This cess
pro- the patient labors under, than to know that he
may go on quickly or slowly, sometimes has got some form of the disease, or is likely
very slowly,especially if other changes go on to have it,if the malady he labors under is not
at the same time, such as indurate the texture arrested. Accordingly,an abstract of the com- monest
of the lung,as what has been called fibroid signs is now given ; for we desire to
phthisis, a very slow form of the malady. But impress the publicvery earnestlythat it is in
again there may be a depositof new substance, its earliest stages that consumption is remedi- able.
the process being by no means inflammatory, The earliest symptoms are probably
very
and this new growth which is laid down in the connected with digestion; the appetite becomes
substance of the lung is called tubercle. Once capricious ; there are pains in the chest, with
deposited,its historyis the same, or nearly so, some cough often dry and hacking,with a small
as that of the inflammatorymaterial laid down quantityof frothy expectoration. There is de- bility,
in the lung cavities. It softens and breaks flushingof the face on the slightestex- ertion
down, the injuredtexture of the lung doing so ; at other times the countenance is pale,
also,and so a cavityis formed. There is yet except there be a hectic patch of red in the
another mode and kind of deposit; that due to middle of the cheek. The eyes look unusually
syphilis. This is,perhaps,if a diagnosis can white and pearly; there is some fever at night,
be made, the most hopeful variety of the and a tendency to night sweats. Very likely
disease. To both the former varieties of dis- ease there is some spittingof blood; This occurs in
there may be a strong hereditaryproclivity ; a very considerable portion of cases, and is of- ten
if so, this is a circumstance which tells most the earliest symptom callingfor attention.
unfavorably on behalf of the patient,for there Provided it is clear that the blood does not
are few diseases in which a hereditarycharacter come from the gums or throat,any bleedingby
is more prominent than that which commonly the mouth, especiallyin a young mands
de-
person,
of pulmonary consumption.
goes by the name attention. As the disease advances
120 CONSUMPTION
diarrhoea are the means of reducing the bodily cool, or cold, as the case may be. The bowels
strengthand substance ; while in some cies,
instan- must be kept open, but if they are loose, the
excessive expectoration aids materially diarrhoea must be checked. Finally, such
in this process. The capriciousappetite and patients are on no account to go without
the imperfectdigestionleave the bodily supply flannels ; whilst the outer clothing should be
very deficient,but the spirits of the patientare changed, if desirable,to suit the different peri- ods
good, and it is often distressingto see one of the day and year. At all times it must
doomed to an earlydeath talkingof the future be warm, so as to avoid risks from cold. For
in a tone of assured confidence. A some
trouble- those in the very earlystage of phthisisnothing
complicationsometimes seen is fistulse in perhaps does so much good as a sea voyage in
the lower bowel, which, if not relieved, taxes a mild climate" to the West Indies for instance ;
the patient'sstrengthsadly. On hand, though many the other
preferthe longer voyage to Aus- tralia
there is always a risk that if an operation be or New Zealand ; often these do great
attempted the wound will not heal, and so the good, but they must be undertaken early,or the
latter risk is worse than the first. Usually if the result will be the reverse of favorable. Change
disease be not arrested haustion of climate
the patient dies of ex- in females is apt to provoke derange-
ment
; sometimes he is suffocated or bleeds to of the menstrual function. This should
death, consciousness continuingto the last. But be seen to, as any excessive flow would be very
this result is by no means inevitable ; and the weakening. This, moreover, has to be
dread of the disease being universally erringly borne
and un-
as in mind, that in consumption this func-
tion
fatal,
which wont to prevail,haswas almost entirelyceases, and generallydoes
been shown to be without justfoundation. doubtedly,
Un- so altogether. Patients, the subjects of con- sumption,
inflammatory. Yet due care being exercised, give it as medicine. The form of fat
to
there are few cases which cannot be benefited ; which is most easilydigested is cod liver oil.
a goodly number which can be cured complete- If this be given,it need have no disagreeable
ly,
or, at all events, the lungs so healed that each taste, beyond a shght fishy flavor which to
may be enabled to lead a long life in moderate many is agreeable. It is to be given to the
comfort. patientcautiously. Often one will say, I can-
not
"
conditions possible. The first great point as a remedy comes iron. This, too, is best dealt
in selectingan abode is the avoidance of damp ; with as a food ; that is to say, given along with
it should be situated on a dry 'and porous soil. the meals. The best preparationis the reduced
This is even of greater
importance than tem- perature,iron, which can be taken in soup. If this is not
risks must be run. They must live plainly ; stomach, is for this purpose exceedinglyuseful,
but their food must be nutritious. They must enabling the food digested with ease and
to be
avoid excitement, but cheerful societyis of the comfort, when otherwise it would only pass in-
to
the intestines, there to putrefyand ferment,
greatest possiblevalue. They must not fatigue
themselves, but daily exercise is incumbent. and so set up diarrhoea. Four or five grains
taken for a dose justafter a meat meal.
They must not be exposed to too great heat ; may be
but cold is even more to be dreaded. Hence If that does not suit,meat digested beforehand
CONTUSIONS COOKER 121
When cod Hver oil cannot be after the disease has been subdued the
might be tried. petite
ap-
kinds of oil may be tried. Of these returns, and it is in the matter of diet
talcen,other
the best are cream and salad oil. When no oil tliat most harm is done during convalescence.
it into the skin does good ; As to the food to be given, the advice of
can be taken, rubbing
but it creates a horrid smell, which is
very trying the physician should always be acted upon,
to the patient.Syrup of the iodide of iron may be as tlie directions vary with the disease. It
easilydigested,and in should be nutritious and
given along with the oil,and often does good.
Iodide of potassium seldom does, except the many cases, quite unstimulating;and it should
disease be syphilitic in its origin. If prescribed be given often and in small quantities at a time.
at all,it had better be given in decoction of Too rich food or too much of it will overload
bark. But of bark, the best preparations are tlie stomach and result in indigestion ; and thus,
the compound tincture and the liquide.\tract, in the eagerness to recover the lost strength,
doses of drachm three four mistakes are made whose are
given in a or so or consequences
It is often well combine sometimes serious. Convalescents take
times a day. to some may
acid with the bark ; the best is the dilute nitro- advantage early in the
lightnourishment with
muriatic acid, in exceeding twenty
doses not they awake
morning, as soon
; an egg, for as
minims. If the perspirationsbe very trouble- some, into a glass of sherry wine,
instance, dropped
it is customary to give dilute sulphuric or a drink of milk which is usuallywell-borne by
acid ; but any acid does good. On the other the most delicate stomachs. If the patientis so
hand, it is very frequentlygood to give alkalies weak as still to require watching, a little w'arm
instead of acids. These certainly, combined beef-tea or chicken broth should be ready to give
with bitters, greatly strengthen the appetite in case of his waking during the night. An
very
and aid digestion.Lienor potassas is common- ly orange to suck, or lemonade to sip, though
unnutritious, are refreshing and antifebrile ;
given in doses of 5, 10, or 15 minims, some- times
with bark, sometimes with gentian or and whatever tends to give tone to the
other bitters. Certain remedies called hypo- system assists toward recovery. Care must
be taken allow efforts to be made
phosphites have been highly extolled as rem- edies not to
in the earlier stages of the disease ; in the matter of exercise too early; nor, in
but their value is uncertain, though they fact, must convalescents be pushed forward
often seem to do good. Counter-irritation is too rapidly,or tried beyond their strength in
good if employed judiciously, so as not to weak-
en any way beyond their strengthof digestion,of "
the patient. It is of most benefit where the sittingup, or of attending to business. [See
pleura is concerned, and the patient cannot lie Diet, and Sick-room.)
in certain positionson account of pain. It CONVOLVCTLUS." The botanic name for
must, however, be employed cautiously; the the pretty dwarf Morning Glory, with blue,
best form is some liniment, such as croton oil white-eyed flowers, which grows wild in the
and turpentine mixed. Flying blisters, kept fields throughout the country, and is one of the
for only a few hours speedilycreate counter- favorite vines for garden culture. It is a hardy
on
irritation, without causing it to such an extent annual, easy to cultivate, and a profuse bloomer,
as to prove injurious. and is in flower from June to September. Sow
Of the complicationsto be dealt with one or the seeds in May, scratching them lightlyinto
two yet remain to be noticed. First comes the the soil.
bleeding. This it must always be remembered COOKER ("Warren's Patent). " This sil,
uten-
is a serious matter, for it cause death. the appearance of which is shown in the companying
ac-
may
When it comes on, absolute rest must be joined,
en- cuts, is the invention of Capt
applied to the chest, ice taken in-
cold ternally,
and
gallic acid with sulphuric acid
freelyimbibed. Oil of turpentineis also useful,
though perhaps less directly. Night-sweats
have been alluded to ; mineral acids, unless
forbidden, are best for them. Diarrhoea must
iNG, Frying,Roasting, and Stewing, will some body naturallycolder than that to be cool- ed
form reallygood cook far sooner
a and more ; 2, by evaporation; 3, by the solution of
completely than any mere array of receipts certain saline substances. Sometimes two of
can do, however minutely they may be ex- plained these methods are combined to increase the
; and we commend them to the careful effect. The first method is almost universally
study of every one who is responsible for the practiced where ice can be had, and for this
management of the kitchen. Mastery of these purpose water-coolers, and wine-coolers, and
and of the details given in the articles on the cream-freezers, are especiallymanufactured.
Kitchen, will render it unnecessary for us to When ice is used to cool wine, it will not be
add more here to the specificdirections given very effectual if applied,as is frequentlydone,
throughout the volume "
except perhaps a few only to the bottom of the bottle ; for the cold- est
words on seasoning. part of the liquidbeing already at the bot- tom
Seasoning is the rock on which enced
inexperi- cannot ascend, nor can the upper part,
cooks are most frequentlywrecked, and which is the warmest, change places to be cool- ed,
it is a branch of the subject most difficult to so that the coolingwill be very imperfect.
give instructions about, since tastes differ so To cool the wine effectually, the whole bottle
widely, and the amount of seasoning often should be plunged into the ice ; but before this
depends on considerations of individual health. is done it is best to decant it,as, if there is any
The effect of seasonings,added in reasonable sediment in the wine, it will mix with it as if
quantity, is to increase the digestibility of food. the bottle had been shaken, owing to the up
They effect that object either by stimulating and down currents that always take place in
the action of the gastricjuices,or by giving the cooling. When ice cannot be procured,
an impetus to all the bodily functions in such well water suppliesa useful substitute to a cer- tain
a way that its effects,general in themselves, degree. A well of forty to fiftyfeet deep
become in their turn a cause of increased tivity always preserves
ac- the mean temperature of the
in the functions of the stomach. The country, and consequently is colder than the
absence of seasoning has for its effect the summer heat of any place ; hence if a bucket,
prolonged retention in the stomach of many of water be drawn, and a bottle of wine or other
relaxing and obstructive substances which liquorimmediately placed in it,it may be cooled
have little power of themselves to solicit the considerably.
action of that organ. Immoderate use of One of the most general and useful modes
seasonings has for its results,first, the pro- ductionof cooling is by evaporation. Any substance
of an artificial appetite,which tempts which is wetted with water, and kept in the air,
to the loading of the stomach with more food will be cooled by the evaporation of the water,
than it can properlydigest,and consequently and all the more rapidlyif placed in the wind.
produces either acute or chronic irritation ; A bottle of wine, or an earthenware jug of water
and, second, it is sure to bring on in the end or any other liquidmay be cooled surprisingly
languor and debilityof the digestive organs, by wrapping it in a wet cloth and placingit in a
and derangement of all the related functions. shady place. It is best to suspend it either
The cook's practice must be guided by the under a tree or in a passage, so as to expose it
habits and tastes of her employer; at the out- set, to the briskest current of air that can be ob-tained
it is best be light-handed with the and as fast as the water
to
,
evaporates the
spice many
" stomachs are deranged for days cloth should be resprinkled.The third method
by an over-dose of pepper or cayenne. When of freezingand cooling is by the solution of
once, either by experiment or inquiry, the chemicals, as follows : I lb of muriate of am-
monia,
proper proportions have been hit upon, they finelypowdered and intimatelymixed
should be carefullymaintained thereafter,as with 2 lbs of nitrate of potash,also powdered.
any material variation in the amount or degree This mixture is to be known as No. i. No. 2 is
of seasonings is not only ungrateful to the made by crushing 3 lbs of sal-soda. To use,
palate,but injuriousto the health. take an equal quantity in bulk of No. I and
COOKIES." Take a teacupfulof butter, two No. 2, stir well together ; then introduce into
teacupfuls of sugar, half a teacupful of milk, the freezer,and add as much cold water as
four eggs, two teaspoonfulsof baking-powder, will dissolve the mixtures. For example, if i
and half a grated nutmeg (or flavor with lemon). pint of No. I is used, and I pint of No. 2, it
Mix these all well together, and add flour enough will take i pint of water to dissolve them; and
to make a batter juststiff enough to be worked if the materials employed are cold, the tem- perature
with well-floured hands will fall to 35 degrees below
; roll out, cut into round freezing
cakes, and bake in a quick oven. point. The two powders, Nos. I and 2, must
Sugar Cookies. " Take one egg, one ful
teacup- be kept separate in close-covered vessels ; if
of butter, two teacupfulsof
sugar, six table- the crushed sal-soda is exposed to the air, it
spoonfulsof milk, one dessert-spoonful of bitter loses the water it contains and is much ened,
weak-
almonds, one teaspoonful of cream-tartar, half a while, if the other mixture is exposed, it
teaspoonful of saleratus and flour. Roll out, absorbs moisture from the air, and is dissolved.
cut into cakes, and sift before baking. COPPER-WARE." Chemists and physicians
sugar over
COOLERS. " The methods employed in do- mestichave repeatedly pointed out the dangers
economy for producing artificial cold arising from the use of copper vessels in culi-
nary
may be reduced to three : i, the application of operations; but on account of the njelleai-
124 CORDIALS
bility
and hardness of the metal,it still enters and one of the essential oil of lemons ; fine
largelyinto the manufacture of kitchen utensils. with half an ounce of alum.
There are many reasons why these utensils Cinnamon Cordial. " Take :-0\\ of mon,
cinna-
should be banished from the household ; they I pwt ; sugar, 4 lbs ; rectified spirits.^
not only frequentlyimpart a peculiar and disa-greeablelb ; orange peel,lemon peel,cardamom seed, yi
taste to food prepared in them, but oz each ; water, i gallt, alum.
are highly dangerous unless they receive an Dissolve one pennyweight of oil of cinnamon
amount of attention which they are not at all with four pounds of sugar in three quarters of
likelyto receive under the present management a pound of rectified spirits; add half an ounce
being found : therefore when copper vessels ess. of orange, % oz each ; sugar, 2 lbs ; lemon
have been used for preparing food, fat should peeland orange peel,2 oz each ; rectified spirits,
never be suffered to remain in them. Many 3 galls; dried figs, 3 lbs.
cases of poisoning have occurred from soup, or Beat up a quarter of an ounce of essence of
other food into which fat entered largely, having lemon, and as much of that of orange, with two
been left for some time in copper boilers. It pounds of refined sugar ; add to this two ounces
is also easilyacted upon by acetic acid or vine- gar, each of dried lemon and peel ; infuse
orange
and a green substance is formed, well known this in three gallonsof rectified spirits that has
by the name of verdigris. This is an acetate stood upon three pounds of dried figs for a
of copper, the poisonous nature of which is week. If it is too strong, add some water.
generallyknown ; it is a powerful emetic, pro- ducing Gin Bitters. Take .--Ess. of lemon, and ess. "
have ; but the tin is very likelyto get rub- bed and half a pound of dried orange peel,
off before attention is attracted to it. All with three pounds of refined sugar; add this to
than is necessary for preparing it for the ginger,^ lb ; currants, 4 lbs ; bitter almonds, 2
table. oz ; lemons, 3 ; sugar, 5 lbs.
CORDIALS. " For those of commerce see gallon of^ good whiskey, add
To a half a
sugar ; cinnamon ; brandy, or whiskey. brandy; sugar; bitter almonds, or peach ker-
nels
Place blackberries in a kettle over the fire, ; cloves.
with a very small quantityof water in the tom
bot- Take ripe quinces,wipe off the fur,and grate
of the kettle. Let them boil until quite them Press
fine. out the juices of the pulp
soft,and then strain them through bag a until through a strong cloth,and to each quart of the
the juiceis all extracted. Put the the juiceon juiceput two thirds of a quart of French brandy,
fire again,sweeten to the taste with white a pound and a half of white sugar, a hundred
sugar,
and throw in a little bag of stick cinnamon. bitter almonds, or peach kernels, and a dozen
After it has boiled about half an hour, take it cloves. Put it in a stone pot, cover it tightly,
off, and stir in brandy or whiskey enough to and keep it a week in a warm place; then skim
make it as strong as desired ; then bottle it,and and bottle it, and let it remain a year before
seal the bottles with wax. This makes using it.
a very
pleasantand invigoratingdrink. Peach Cordial. " Take .--Peaches ; French
Caraway Cordial. " of caraway,
Take :-0\\ brandy ; sugar.
J^ oz ; sugar, 2 lbs ; rectified spirits,4 gals; oil ripe,juicy peaches, wash
Select and wipe
of cinnamon, 5 drops ; oil of orange, I drop ; oil them to gash them to the
get off the down, and
of lemon, 1 drop ; alum, ^ oz. stone. Put to each peck of peaches a gallon
Put three eighths of an ounce of oil of cara-
way, of French brandy, and cover them up tighdy.
and two pounds of sugar into four gallonsof Let the whole remain two months, then drain
rectified ; add five dropsof oil of cinna-
spirits mon, the brandy off the peaches, add enough cold
one drop of the essential oil of orange, water to render it of about the strengthof good
CORDUROY CORN 125
white wine, and to every tlirce gallonsof it put till the inmost
covering is reached ; turn this
four pounds of wliite sugar. Stir up well ; back and
carefullypick off every thread of silk ;
let it stand a couple of days, stirringit well then put tliem into a boiler with only enough
each day ; then turn it into a wine-cask, close hot water to cover them, in which atablcspoon-
tightlyand draw as wanted. ful of salt has been dissolved, and cover the
CORDUROY." .'\ thick cotton stuff,ribbed boiler closely; cook from ten to fifteen mmutes
or corded, the projectingpart having a pile for young and tender corn, while twenty min-
utes
like velvet. It is very strong and durable,
and ought to cook sufficiently
any sweet corn
much used for men's clothing. The best kinds that is fit to be eatengreen. Serve in a covered
are twilled. dish, or cover closelywith a napkin.
CORIANDER." This annual plant,of East-
ern Some prefer to have the corn cut from the
origin,is cultivated in this country for its cob while hot and seasoned with butter,pepper,
seeds, which highly aromaticare and pungent, and
salt,before it is sent to the table.
and form one of the
less agreeablespices: they Dried. Corn for drying should be picked "
are employed in cooking for flavoringcakes, etc., early in the morning, husked and cooked at
by the confectioner for incrusting with sugar, once, shaved thin with a sharp knife,and dried
and by the druggist in medicine. Its leaves as rapidly as possible,either in the oven, in a
are also sometimes used in soups and salads. drying-rackor chamber, or, better still, under
CORN. The "corn"
" of America is In-
dian a hot-bed sash. If properly managed, it can
corn, or maize, and its use here is more often be thoroughly dried in a singlefair day,
extensive than in any other part of the world. and this is very desirable,as no fruit or ble
vegeta-
Ground into meal after it arrives at maturity, deteriorates so much by exposure as green
it makes excellent bread corn. Grated green corn can also be dried,
and enters into a tude
multi- but it requireseven greater care, as it is best
of dishes ; but these not to scald it beforedrying. Dried corn pack-
ed
are treated of in their away in a dry place,can be kept through the
appropriate places, and winter ; and when subsequently soaked out in
we shall confine ourselves milk-warm water it can be used for most
poses
pur-
here to the green corn as well as freshlygrated.
when
prepared and eaten as a Fritters. "
Grate the corn, or having scored
vegetable. There are
every row of grainslengthwise,cut off the mere
many varieties of this,of outer part, then push out the cream and kernel
which the sweet corn is with tlie back of the blade. To the corn cut
considered best for ing
boil- from twelve add
large^ears, two well-beaten eggs,
; and of this even tablespoonfuls
quality three of flour,and salt to
there are kinds, the taste.
several Mix well and drop in hot lard a
Indian Corn.
caused from peculiar cul-
ture, fourth of an inch deep. When browned on one
frost is well out of the ground, and at intervals, with one part grated corn, one part water, and
until July 1st; putting three or four grains in two parts of wheat-flour or oatmeal ; or it may
hills,three feet apart each way. It is
necessary be baked in a covered spider. Griddle cakes,
to keep the ground free from weeds by frequent biscuit,and other dishes, can be readily con- trived
about the ist of June, whence it is brought placing it, properly husked and silked, on a
north; in the Middle States it is ready for gridironover a bed of coals, and turning it fre- quently.
use by the middle of July in favorable sons
sea- A better way is to open the husks,
; and in the New England States about pick off all the silk,replace the husks closely,
the I St of August. By a succession of crops and then bury the ears thus protected in hot
it continues to be soft and good until the mid- dle wood ashes. In either case care must be taken
of October, and sometimes later. Green not to scorch it,as the scorched portions are
corn, as found in the markets, has generally indigestible.
been plucked too young; it should at least Ste-wed. To a quart of corn, cut as for Frit- ters, "
have attained its full size of kernel, and is never add half a pint of rich milk, and stew until
unwholesome if used then. It also soon rioratescooked
dete- in a covered tin pail placed in a kettle
after it is gathered. If possible it two-thirds full of boilingwater. Cover the ket-
tle
should be eaten the same day it is picked ; by and allow about two hours, removing the
the second day it inevitablyloses much of its covers occasionally to stir the corn. Ten
flavor,and, moreover, becomes difficult of di- minutes
gestion. before serving add salt,white pepper,
If any is to be kept over twenty-four and two or three ounces of butter.
hours, it is better to shave it off and cook it ; n. (With Tomatoes.) "
Cut the corn from the
that is, if there be ice to keep it on, for when cob and put it with an equal quantity of toes
toma-
cooked it readily.
sours that have been sliced and peeled ; stew
Boiled. Boiling on the cob is the simplest these together for half an hour ; then season
"
to
of cooking
way corn, and, all thingsconsidered, taste with salt and pepper a very little sugar "
the best. Stripoff the outer husk of the ears also be added ii the sweetish flavor is
may
126 CORNS COUGH
liked : stir in a liberal piece of butter ; simmer I impede abdominal breathing. Of course such
the whole togethera quarter of an hour longer. an unnatural mode of dressing is injuriousat
Serve in a covered dish. (See Succotash.) best " curvature of the spine being a common
CORNICE." Curtains.)
(6"(?^ result ; but when
tightlylaced, as they gen-
too erally
CORNS " are always caused by the pressure are, they compress the lungs and heart,
of tightboots and shoes, the friction of loose thus impeding the vital functions of respiration
and unyieldingones, or badly fitting stockings.and circulation,and producing debilityand not
The preliminaryto any permanent cure must infrequentlythe moat terrible organic diseases.
be the removal of the cause ; no foot can be Corsets should always be made to over
pass
unless a proper shoe is and derive support from the shoulders ; and
kept free from corns
worn, without the ridiculous high heels which the metal plateor busk up the front should be
are a prolific source of other troubles besides dispensed with entirely. It is a great improve- ment
this minor one. This being attended to, the also to use a silk cord, instead of cotton
corn can be easily eradicated. All that is ne- cessary or linen, for lacingthem.
is to soften it by soaking the foot in COSMETICS. This term is usuallyapplied
"
bit of diachylon plaster, spread either on linen thrown off. Under the first class fall near-
ly
leather. In a few hours the tenderness will all those French preparations,so often used
or
subside, and the surface,where touched by the in the toilet,such as Pearl-white, beriise, Rouge,
caustic,will be brown or blackish and the pres- sure and the like ; these are never composed of the
Be
of the shoe can be very well borne. harmless materials which are claimed to be ployed,
em-
horny spot. In very obstinate corns a surgeon been detected. The least objectionablearticle
should be sought. The operationfor removing used as a cosmetic is the mi.xture of hydrated
corns is painless, bloodless, and brief; and it o.xide of bismuth with the subnitrate of the
will be effectual if the excitingcauses be after-
wards same magister of bismuth.
metal, known as the
avoided. The fenestrated corn plasters Applied to the skin, its only injuriouseffects
sold by the apothecaries are to be recommend-
ed. to be the interruption of the insensible
appear
Cook's Infallible Corn Remedy has proved perspiration referred to above, which after long-
of great service to the writer and many of his continued use produces a tendency to clammi- ness
friends. ; a slight nausea, too, is sometimes enced
experi-
For soft corns, between the toes, dissolve a in consequence of its use, accompanied
of the size of a bean, in an
piece of ammoniac, with spasms and flatulence. It has the disa-greeable
ounce of warm water, and apply hot. quality,however, of turning black on
CORPULENCE. {SeeBanting and Diet.) the face when exposed to sulphurettedhydro- gen,
CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE PoiSON." a gas frequentlymet with in badly-ventila-
ted
Symptoms: Intense pain in the bowels and rooms, and, indeed, everywhere that gas or
stomach, with vomiting and diarrhoea. ment:
Treat- sewers exist. The perfume of onion also has
Mix the whites of twelve eggs in two a tendency to turn it black. There is nothing,
in mind, that can reallybeauti-
fy
quartsofwater, and give in the largestpossible it must be borne
the skin except bathing,exercise, and a reg-
draughts every three minutes tillthe vomiting ular
occurs. Flour and water will answer, though compliance with the laws of health.
not so sure as the above; and warm (See Constipation.)
water, COSTIVENESS.
swallowed copiously,will help when (See Clothing.)
nothing COTTON.
else is in reach. Tincture of Peruvian bark is COUGH. A cough is merely the symptom "
agood remedy. Also milk, eithersweetorsour. of some other disease, and gives warning of
A bi-chloride of mercury, often used in danger. It should never be doctored as such,
medicine for cutaneous and other diseases, but its treatment must depend on the disease
and in the household for destroyingvermin. by which it is caused. When it is aggravated
it is violent poison,corrod-
ing by constant titillation in the throat relief
Taken internally a a
the entire weight of the dress, petticoats, tongue is also good. When the cough is
etc., restingupon or above them, presses upon simply the accompaniment of a cold, the fol- lowing
the hips and abdomen, and this in such a way is a good remedy : Mix eight lea- "
as to disuse and weaken some of the most im- spoonfuls of molasses, forty of vinegar, two
ipecacuanha are usually very good. To a orange color ; neck thin and small at its junc- tion
child only a month or two old, the syrup of with the head ; deep chest,but not too
tolu may be given in doses of one-fourth of a heavy before ; back level and broad ; well
teaspoonful,in a teaspoonful of water, every ribbed ; bellylarge; low flanks ; wide thighs,
three or four hours. When the child is older, but thin ; short legs,and standing well apart ;
say three but under si.K months, use the syrup large milking veins ; loose, capacious udder,
of ipecacuanha, but of this only three to five coming well out behind ; good teats ; loose,
drops in a teaspoonfulof water, once in three mellow skin, of a deep yellow; and a fine,
or four hours. From the sixth to the twelfth thick coat of glossy hair." But these de- scriptive
month, five to twelve drops may be given ; and indications will be of little or no use
during the second year from a fourth to a to a person inexperienced in the purchase of
half teaspoonful. When these doses cause cows; and it is best to have the selection made
vomiting,let a longer interval elapse between by some one skilled in the matter, in whom
them. For children that are over two years confidence can be placed. In order to make
old, nothing is better than the old-fashioned sure of obtaining a cow that will continue in
"
brown mi.xture," which is made thus : Take milk a long time, it is best to buy one
" with a
of powdered gum arable,two drachms ; extract calf from a fortnightto a month old. It is a
of liquorice, two drachms ; boilingwater, four common trick, in offering cows for sale, to
ounces (one gill).Dissolve the gum arable leave them unmilked, in order that their dis- tended
and liquorice in the water, and add of wine of bags may impose on the buyer. It is
antimony, two drachms (two teaspoonfuls), and never safe to buy a cow that has been jected
sub-
of laudanum, twenty drops. The medicine to this treatment.
should be
thoroughly shaken up before the A may have her first calf when
cow between
dose is poured out. Half a teaspoonfulmay two and three years old. The average time of
be given every three hours to a child under gestationis from 40 to 41 weeks ; though they
four years, and may be increased to one sometimes
spoonful,
tea- go only 34 and occasionally overrun
given with the same interval. For 44. A dry, unoccupied stall or yard is best for
an older child,a correspondingly larger dose her to calve in ; and if there
is any serious de-
lay
may be given ; the proper quantity may be or difiiculty
in the birth, she may be assis-
ted
judged of from the fact that the dose by placing the foetus in the right position,
for an
adult is tablespoonful. This
one and
gently pulling it with every throe of the
mixture will
not keep well in a warm place,and tities dam.
small quan- When, from neglect,a calf is dropped
should therefore be made at once. in the yard or field,there is great danger of its
COUGH-CANDY. (See Candy.) perishing(and this may imperil the life of tlie
COUNTERPANE. (To deau.)" White ton
cot- cow). Should this happen, and the mother
counterpanes should be washed in a large take cold (which may be known by her shiver-
ing
quantity of strong suds twice over, scalded, and refusingher food),she ought immedi- ately
and then rinsed in clear cold water ; on no to be driven into a warm place, together
account
wrung, but carried to the dryingground with her calf, and fed with a warm bran mash
in a washing-tub and spread out over the line. and a little hay, and should not be suffered to
Before they are thoroughly dry, they should drink coM water.
be folded quitesmooth and flat,and left in that Before the calf has drawn all he wants at
state for ten or twelve hours, after which they morning and evening, the bag should be
should be opened and aired, to get rid of the quickly and thoroughlyemptied of all the milk.
musty smell. If strong and vigorous, the calf is the best
COW. In the followingobservations
"
be small or of medium size,muzzle fine, and want of knowledge how to treat certain diseases
128 cow
to which they are liable,so we include here Milk Fever is caused by cows being in Iiigh
such remedies as can be easilyapplied,and condition at the time of
calving; it can almost
are likelyto prove effective. always be avoided by keeping them in rate
mode-
Caked Bag may be removed
by washing feed and flesh. To cure, bleed freely,
with warm water frequently; poulticethe bag six to ten quarts then give from to
say ; one
with belladonna leaves poultice ; in bad cases one and a half pounds of Epsom salts,to be
wash with a weak solution of carbolic acid. repeated in half-pound doses si.x hours
every
Choking is usually caused by a root ting till the
get- purgatives
cow purges freely. When
stuck in the throat. If within arm's are tardy in their action an injectionof warm
length,it may be removed by the hand. Or water and soap should be given. Only bleed
pour down the throat a pint bottleful of soft in early stage, keep the animal moving every
soap, mi.xed with sufficient hot water to make 20 minutes, and give drenches.
it run freely. Should this fail to remove it, Scoter, or diarrhcea,may be cured by giving
tie up the fore-leg with a small cord close to any of the fixed oils I pt, or an ounce of
the body, and give the cow a sudden start with powdered chalk, nurse well and give good food.
a whip. You may pass a small smooth rod Diarrhcea is caused by the presence of an
easilydown the animal's throat,insertingfirst irritant in the stomach, which must be removed.
a piece of wood o in its mouth, and Sore Teats may be cured by rubbing them
keeping the rod pressed back of the wind-pipe. with goose oil,cream, or new milk. Or wash
Garget is an intense form of caked bag, and the bag and teats with warm water, and apply
shows itself in hard bunches on the udder. the ointment : melt together one ounce of yel-
low
Bleed the cow, give a large dose of Epsom wa.x and three ounces of lard,and when
salts,and wash the udder as in caked bag. cool rub in a quarter of an ounce of sugar of
Hoof Ait is indicated by lameness,fever,and lead, and a drachm of alum finelypowdered.
a soft swellingjust above the hoof. In all Warts are of two kinds : the first, on the
these cases treat with carbolic acid and keep outer skin, may be removed by rubbing with
the hoof clean. camphorated olive oik The other kind pene- trate
Hoven is a temporary ailment, caused by into the flesh and may be removed by
eating too freely of fresh and generally wet a ligatureof fine thread or silk ; tie it tightly
clover,or other succulent food. It is known round the wart, and it will fall off in a few
by the swellingof the paunch, and difficulty of days.
breathing,and unless speedilyrelieved,suffoca- tion Wottnds. In simple wounds always catch the
and death will ensue. The paunch is full skin together with two or three stiches,having
of gas, caused by the decomposition of the food. first well cleansed the part. Then place over
In the earlystages, when not too severe, it may this a small rag wet with water only,with i or
be cured by any of the followingremedies : A 2 drops of carbolic "
acid ; over this place some
pint of gin poured down the throat. From one India rubber or oil silk,the object is merely
to two pints of lamp or other oil. Strong brine. to exclude the air and prevent decomposition.
A tablespoonfulof hartshorn in a pintof water. Dry earth is useful in cases where there is a
A wineglassful of gunpowder, mi.xed with cold great discharge of matter.
lard and forced in balls into the stomach. A Food. The modes of feedingcows "
are nically
tech-
teaspoonful of unslaked lime, dissolved in a divided mio grazing, or feedingon grass
pint of warm water, shaken and diately. in the fields ; soiling,
given imme- or giving them green food
A pint of tolerably strong ley. By far cut and taken into the house ; and stall-feeding,
the best treatment of Hoven, however, is half which is confined chieflyto hay and grain,
an ounce of carbonate of ammonia, in a pint of together with succulent roots, either raw or
cold water "
or pour cold water over the back ; steamed. Notwithstanding all that has been
when very bad cases occur, puncture with a said concerning the good qualitiesof certain
trochar or knife, half way between the last rib roots and artificial grasses, experience has
and the hip and four inches from the spine, to shown that no food is comparable to good nat- ural
let out the gas. earlypasture for milch cows; for not only
Mange or Scab is denoted by the mal
ani- does it yielda greater quantityof milk, but the
rubbingthe hair off the eyes and other flavor of grass butter may always be distin- guished
parts ; the skin is scaly or scabby, sometimes by its superior richness and delicacy,
appearing as if covered with large seed-warts. from that made of milk produced by feedingin
Wash the skin with soap and warm water, and the stall. Roots of all kinds, as carrots, pars-
nips,
rub the spots with a mi.xture of sulphur and lard. mangel-wurzel, and potatoes are excellent
When the skin is cracked take one pound of food for cows, as also are and cotton-seed.
peas
sulphur, a of
pound of resin, two
quarter a Turnips are much used, but unless fed immedi-
ately
ounces of mercurial ointment, and one pint of after milking,they impart a disagreeable
linseed oil ; melt the resin and warm the oil, flavor to the milk and butter. In the winter, to
and when partly cooled, stir in the sulphur ; keep cows in the best condition for milk, they
when cold add the mercurial ointment, mixing should have abundance of hay (clover-hay is
all well. Rub this thoroughly with the hand best),and cut up, thoroughly soaked
cornstalks
on the affected parts. Mange is in all animals in water for half
day, and then sprinkled with
a
milk as well as their general health. claws, which spoils tliem. Heat gradually,and
The best time to feed cows is as soon as boil half Then
an hour.
put them in a dish,
and a little before sunset, leaving sufficient Cold Dressed (or Deviled) Crab. Open "
intervals for them to lie down and ruminate. boiled crabs by raisingthe body from the shell
to should be of the without breaking the latter. Carefullyremove
The water given cows
it the gillsand
purest kind, and they should have access to other uneatable parts. Pick all
at all times, or have it frequentlyoffered to the wliite meat from the claws and body ; do
them. Some stirringa handful of the
recommend same with what is good of the inside,i.e.,
corn or draught
oat-meal occasionally.
in each
be hurt, or her bag be tender. Put the fingers with oil,vinegar,mustard and pepper ; then
round the teat, close to the bag ; then firmly return them to the empty shell, wliich must viously
pre-
close the forefinger,immediately squeezing have been cleaned, and send to the
with the other fingers.The forefinger prevents table garnished with sprigs of fresh parsley.
the milk from flowing back into the udder, Accompany it with rolls and butter.
while the others press it out. A cow must be Hot Dressed (or Deviled) Crab. Pick and "
strippeddry every time she is milked or she prepare the meat as before, adding bread-crumbs
will graduallydry up. Moreover, not only will and pounded mace grated nutmeg to the sea-
or soning.
until the last drainincrs of the udder are nearly Serve as soon as browned.
as rich as cream. Never stop while milking, Plain. " Crab allowed to stand until it is cold,
as this may cause some cows to hold their then opened and with its claws cracked, panied
accom-
up
milk. with a little fresh salad, is as agreeable
COWTOX. " ^The disease caused by nation. and
vacci- wholesome a way as any ofservingit.
It is in the vast majority of cases Salad. Crabs a " make perfectsalad. Use
nothing more than a slightfever which lasts Mayonnaise dressing. See Salad.
while the pustuleis in its most inflamed stages, Soft-Shell Crab. Pull off the spongy stance
sub- "
and requires no specialtreatment. In those from the sides and the sand-bags;
few instances where vaccination causes a lent wash
vio- carefullyin cold water, and wipe dry.
fever it is generallycomplicatedwith some Put them into a pan of hot lard or butter, and
other causes, and cannot be treated without fry them to a light,crisp brown. If lard is
medical advice. used, a little salt must be added ; butter is salt
CRAB. Though popular as lobsters, enough. Serve
" not so hot, garnished with sprigsof
crabs are among the most pleasantlyflavored green parsley. This is a delicious dish.
fish of their class. They are in season from CRACKERS. " Rub six ounces of butter
June to January,but are considered
pounds of sifted flour ; dissolve one
to be more into two
wholesome in the cold months. The middling teaspoonful of saleratus in a wineglassfulof
size,when heavy, lively, and possessed of large milk and strain it on the flour ; add a teaspoon-
ful
claws, are the best and sweetest ; if light,
they of salt,and enough milk to enable you to
are poor and watery. When crabs are stale, roll the dough out. IJeat it with a rolling-pin
the eyes look dead, the claws hang down, and for half an hour, roll it out thin, cut into cakes
there is no muscular activity; in this condition with a tumbler, and bake in a moderately quick
they are not fit to eat. The female is consid- oven till crispand hard.
.ered inferior to the male, and may be guished
distin- CRACKNELS. " Beat up thirteen eggs with
by the claws being smaller, and the a quarter of a pound of powdered loaf sugar
which three
apron, appears on the white or under untd they are quite light; then stir in
side, larger. Soft-shcH Crabs are deemed a pounds of flour and a "quarter
of an ounce of
great luxury; but they must not be kept over sal-volatile reduced very fine powder.
to a
in cold hard water in whicli a little salt has account must it be allowed to boil. Serve in
been thrown (to preserve the colors);rinse, custard-cups,or glasses.
squeeze, and hang it out to dry in the open air, Orange Cream. "
Made same as Lemon.
when the more rapidly it dries,the cleaner it Tea Cream. "
Take :-WC\k, i qt ; green
will be. tea, 2 oz ; cream, eggs, yolks of 0.
i qt ;
CRASH. " A kind of coarse linen cloth, Pour a quart of boilingmilk over two ounces
much used for towels, tablecloths, and the of green tea in a teapot ; put the lid on, and
like. It comes of various qualitiesand kinds, let it stand on a moderately hot part of the
some being figured and closelywoven, very stove for a quarter of an hour. Then pour off
while others are flimsy.
coarse and the milk ; mix it with a quart of good cream ;
CRAZINBSS. [See Insanity.) stir in the yolks of six eggs, well beaten;
CREAM. " To procure the largestamount sweeten to taste ; and thicken over a very
of cream, the milk should be placed in very gentle fire,stirringall the time. Serve as
quarts of reallygood milk will produce about a of clarified gelatin,five ounces of powdered
pmt of cream. The cream should be removed sugar, one wineglass of brandy, one spoonful
table-
with a perforated skimmer which has been of essence of vanilla,and the yolk of
dipped in cold water to prevent the cream, one egg. Carefullyrub a mould with the oil
when thick, from adhering to it. It should be of sweet almonds ; pour the cream into it,and
kept in a deep covered disii in a cool place, set it away on ice. When about to turn
serve,
where the temperature is uniform. The sistency
con- it out on its
dish, ornament the base with berries,
rasp-
of cream increases by exposure to strawberries, apricots,greengages, or
air. In three or four days it becomes so thick peaches, or any bright,clear-colored fruit lies.
jel-
that the vessel which contains it may be ed
invert- This cream is used for the of
purpose
without it.
spilling In eight or ten days garnishing Charlotte, Chantilly cake, gues,
merin-
more it becomes a soft solid,and its surface etc.
becomes tough ; it has now no longer the CREAM CHEESE. {See Cheese.)
flavor of cream, but has acquired that of cheese. CREAM OF TARTAR." Cream of tartar is
This is the process for making cream cheese. usuallysold as a powder, but in this state is
{See Cake and Ice Cream.) almost always adulterated with chalk, clay,
Artificial Cream. (To eat with stewed fruit sand, or flour. It is best therefore to
"
gypsum,
or tarts.) Take .--Fresh milk, i pt ; sugar, i buy it in the crystallineform in which it is ceived
re-
young.
2
3 ; water,
or 3/ pt ; loaf sugar, yi lb. taste, and is abundant during the springmonths.
Beat up well the whites of three this
eggs and the A third species is called the winter-cress j
yolk of one, and stir them together; add the is a much larger plant, which grows about
juiceof two large lemons or three small ones, hedges, and the young leaves are used as a
half a pint of water, and half a pound of loaf salad duringthe greater part of the year. The
132 CREWEL CROUP
pure sand to make it rather loose. Just before be dipped into beaten egg, and then covered
the ground freezes up, a good coveringof coarse in every part with the finest bread-crumbs.
manure and straw should be spread over the When all are ready,fry them to a lightbrown
bed. In the spring rake off the straw, the in fresh butter, and dry them well before the
bulbs will be found well up, the white stalks fire, upon a sieve reversed and covered with
will soon turn green, and an abundance of a soft cloth,or with a sheet of white ting-paper.
blot-
very
bloom will follow. As winter approaches, Pile them in a hot dish, and send
cover them as before ; they will bloom year them to the table quickly. (See Lobster.)
after year. CROUP. "
This most dreaded of all the eases
dis-
For blooming in the house the crocus is only to which children are liable, requires
valuable as an early flower, its blooms being immediate attention, for if neglected it may
fugitive ; a few, however, planted with other destroy life in one or two days. It commences
bulbs, produce a pretty effect. The soil for with hoarseness and a short dry cough, which
them .should be one part loam, one part sand, in a few hours becomes husky, and the cry
and water should be sparinglygiven. As soon hoarse ; then the cough becomes peculiarly
as the flowers fade, and the tips of the leaves metallic,or "brassy," as it is called; the diffi- culty
begin to turn yellow,water should be gradually of breathing quickly increases, and soon
withheld, and the bulbs thus dried off. Whg n becomes very distressing,
the child seems to
dry, the earth should be carefullyshaken off, fightfor breath and to requireall its strength
and the dry bulb put away for the ne.xt autumn's to force the air in and out of the chest ; the
planting. Some of the choicest varieties of the face is flushed, and the voice and breathing
crocus are : Grootverst, Caroline
"
and Queen make a peculiarcrowing or cooing sound which
Victoria, white ; Scotch, yellow ; David Rissio, it is impossible to describe, but which once
blue; Albion, violet; Grand Lilas, hlac; Sir heard will never be forgotten. Unless the
Walter Scott, variegated; and Othello, very disease is arrested,all these symptoms increase,
dark purple. the difficulty of breathing becomes greater and
CROQUETTES. Take lo ozs of chicken, and the child literally s trangles to
"
greater,
freed of bone and skin, cut into small neat death. Before describing the treatment to be
ceed in this way: Keep the child in a warm into a buttered bake-pan, let it stand until it
room, and give from half a teaspoonful to two is light,and then put it into the oven ; it will
teaspoonfulsof syrup of ipecac, according to bake in half an hour. Or the batter may be
the age of the child (halfa teaspoonful to a put into tins and cooked like muffins.
child under a year old, a teaspoonful when tween n.
be- 7"a/!v.--Same as before, with a teacupful
one and two, and two teaspoonfulswhen of white sugar added.
over three); if this has no effect, repeat the Take three teacupfuls of raised dough, and
dose every fifteen minutes, and give warm water work into it half a teacupfulof melted butter;
to drink, until the child vomits freely; put the beat together three eggs and a teacupfulof fine
feet into hot water and mustard till the skin is white sugar, and
add them to the dough ; put
red and the chest and well to the it into buttered and bake twenty minutes.
quite ; on up pans
throat place a largepoulticemade of two parts CUCUMBERS. The cucumber, though
"
of oatmeal or bran and one part mustard, and usuallyregarded as a vegetable,is botanically
keep it on till it reddens the skin (which will one of the fruits,and belongs to the order of
be but a short time in a young child). When melons. Almost the only way in which bers
cucum-
the disease is spasmodic croup, the effect of are used in this country is in salad, and
the vomiting is usuallyto loosen the cough and when young, for making pickles; but in Eng- land,
to restore it to a more natural sound ; when France, and Germany, they are dressed
this is done the distress is removed. This for the table in various ways, of which frying
varietyof croup comes on most frequentlyin is one, and are said to be much more some
whole-
the night,the child awaking from its sleep to when thus prepared than when eaten raw.
The disease, however, is very apt to recur at two feet apart each way. They will grow with
the same time on the succeeding night, and scarcelyany care ; though the young plantsare
this should, if possible, be prevented. During subjectto the depredations of numerous insect
the interveningday the child should be kept foes. The best way to prevent these is to
in a moderately warm room, and be given such cover the plantswith boxes having gauze tops,
medicine as the doctor may direct. The ing
follow- which should be kept over them until the liage
fo-
old-fashioned remedy may do where
nothing is large and abundant. As an earlyveg- etable,
better can be procured : Mix
in a teacup equal scarcelyany other can be as successful- ly
parts of molasses and good strong vinegar; forced in the hot-bed ; but the best sort
let it stand where it will just keep warm, and should be selected for this purpose. Cucumbers
give the child a teaspoonful as often as once begin to make their appearance from the South
every hour. If the breathing becomes heavier in April ; in the Middle States they ripen about
as night comes on, repeat the vomiting and the middle of June, and so continue in the mar- ket
croup should be guarded with unusual care Fried Cucumbers. Pare and soak in cold
"
from changes of the weather, and all those water half an hour ; then cut them lengthwise
influences which are found by observation to into very thick slices, throw them into ice
precede the paroxysms ; and the clothingshould water, and after they have remained ten utes,
min-
be carefully arranged to protect the chest, and take them out and wipe each slice dry
in general to keep him more constantly warm. with a cloth. Sprinkle with pepper and salt,
A child that has survived one attack of mem-
branous roll in flour,and fry to a lightbrown in butter
croup, (a very rare object,because the or lard. This is the best way of cooking cu- cumbers,
disease is almost always fatal,) should be still and prepared thus they are far more
more carefullyguarded against all these in- fluences.
wholesome than when raw.
anxiety; yet it must be felt,under the circum- stances, the middle is yet crisp and hard, pare them
that the child's life hangs on a more well, and cut crosswise in thin slices ;
very
slender thread than that which before sustained dress with salt, pepper, and vinegar, and let
it. At all events, wash such children, and all them stand half an hour in a cold place before
children, once. or twice daily,in cool or cold serving. A little olive or sweet oil may be
water, and rub them warm afterwards. You added for those who like it,and a few slices of
will thus harden them and render them less
mingled with the
onions cucumbers is a great
liable to be influenced by changes of tem- improvement and renders
perature. them more digestible.
Stewed Cucumbers. Pare the cucumbers,
"
CRUMPETS." I. r"z/t"r.-Raised bread dough cut them into quarters lengthwise,take away
3 teacupfuls; melted butter or cream, yi tea- the seeds, and stew them in butter until quite
cupful; eggs, 3 ; milk. tender. removing, sprinklethem
On with salt
Take three cups of raised bread dough and and pounded mace. A portion of the juice
work into it,with the hand, half a teacupfulof remaining in the sauce-pan be thickened
may
melted butter or rich cream, three and with flour and poured over them.
eggs,
enough milk to make a thick batter. Turn it Stuffed Cucumbers. " This is a German
134 CULLENDER CURRANT
dish. Peel
the cucumbers whole, scoop the About mid-summer the ends of the fruit-
ance.
seeds carefullyat the stalk end, and fillthe
out bearing branches should be pinched off,in
cavitywith a stuffing composed of minced cold order to allow the strength of the plant to go
veal, bread-crumbs in small quantity, eggs, and into fruit. But the currant will reward the least
finelychopped lemon peel. Put butter in a degree of attention that can be given to it,and
stew-pan and when it is melted, lay the stuffed is on this account one of the most desirable of
cucumber in it and add a little pepper, mace, the smaller garden fruits. Among the best
and chopped onions ; cover with good broth varieties are Cherry, Red, White-Dutch, and
and stewgentlytillwell done "
carefullyout of the broth, and arrange grow red, for pies, tarts, etc. They are ally
gener-
them dish. Reduce and thicken the broth in market about the first of July
on a June ; in
by boilingdown ; strain it,and pour while very they ripen,and will then remain on the bushes
hot over the cucumbers. until September, especiallyif covered. (See
CULLENDER. (Sft:Colander.) Cake, Custard, Jam, Jelly, Pies, serves,
Pre-
CUMMLN SEED." The fruit or seed of the and Tarts.)
cummin plant,cultivated in the East from the Dried Currants are imported from abroad,
earliest times. They have a bitter,aromatic and are sold in grocery stores and occasionally
taste, and a peculiarfragrance,and though sel- dom in the markets. The best come from the Levant
used in this country, enter largelyinto the and the Grecian islands, and the new-dried fruit
composition of French ragouts and other dish-
es. arrives here in December and January.
They are also put into liquors. Raw. "
Select nice fresh currants and stem
CTTPHEA. The most desirable plantof this them carefully ally
liber-
; sprinklepowdered sugar
"
familyfor culture is the little Mexican b. ignea, over the bottom of a dish, put in a thick
which blooms profuselyand
very for a long layerof currants, sprinkle in more sugar, add
time. Plant the seed in June or July in a soil another layer of currants, and continue until
of about three parts loam and one each of sand the desired quantity is prepared. Set on ice
and manure ; it grows about a foot high and is until time to serve. Currants prepared in this
always in bloom. In autumn the plantsmay be way are one of the most cooling and refreshing
potted and removed to the house, where, if of fruits.
watered freely,they will be covered all winter Ste-wed. [See Compotes.)
with a profusion of brightscarlet tubes,tipped Wine (Currant). L Take .--Currants ; water ; "
; then strain the liquor carefullyaway fitfor use in six months, but improves with age.
from the peel. Melt two pounds of n. Take .--Currants ; sugar ; cream-tartar.
orange
loaf sugar into a wineglassfulof water, and To each gallonof juiceof white currants, add
\vhen nearly cold, pour it into the liquor,stir- ring three and a half pounds of sugar ; stir them
well. Then bottle it off,and use as quired.
re-
well together, let the liquorstand twelve hours,
{See Liqueurs.') and then pour it into a clean wine-cask, adding
CURD. {See Cheese.) six ounces of cream-tartar {powdered ) to each
CURRANT. There "
are several varieties of ten gallons,and mixing it well. Let it ferment
this well-known garden fruit,but the chief three months, covering the bung-hole with a
division is into red and black currants. The tile ; then bung down closely,and leave the
latter is of a different speciesfrom the common spile-pegrather loose, examining occasionally
currant, not having the same flavor,but a flat for six months, when it may be bottled. This
and strong taste, and is considered best for jam, will make a clear white wine of delicious flavor.
jelly, etc., especially for the sick. The tion
cultiva- III. Take .--yioney, " lbs; boiling water, 15
of the currant is extremely easy, as it will galls; currants, 8 lbs ; sugar ; e^gs and cream-
in almost
grow any garden soil,in the open tartar. '
sun "
;
off all superfluouswood as it makes its appear- loaf sugar ; cream-tartar ; yeast.
CURRY CURTAINS 135
then put both into a boiler,boil ten minutes, stew-pan over a moderate fire for several utes,
min-
and strain off the liquor. Press the currants then throw couple of onions finely
in a
with a couple of sliced onions, and fry over a is extensivelyadulterated with very pernicious
brisk fire tillthe meat is nicely browned ; then ingredients, red lead being frequentlydetected
stir in half a pint of broth, and let all simmer in it. The quantitytaken in curry-powderat a
for twenty minutes. Put into a tea-cup one table- meal has been known to produce a serious ef-
fect;
spoonfulof curry-powder,the same of flour,and and for this reason it is a safer as well
a teaspoonfulof salt ; mi.x these togetherwith as more economical plan to make the powder
a little cold water, and put them into the stew- at home. Take four ounces each of turmeric,
pan, shaking all well together until the curry coriander seed, and black pepper ; three ounces
boils. Then take it off the fire,let it simmer of fenugreek seed ; two ounces of ginger; one
by the side for twenty minutes longer, add a ounce each of cummin seed and ground ricQ ;
tablespoonfulof melted butter and the juiceof half an ounce each of cardamons and cayenne
half a lemon, and give a final stir up. Serve hot, pepper. Pound them to a fine powder, put in
accompanied by boiled rice. a bottle, and keep tightlycorked.
In all curries the quantityof curry-powder CURTAINS. Window-curtains should be "
used must depend first upon its age and selected in accordance with the general prin-ciples
strength; and secondly,6n the degree of spici- of taste laid down in the article on
ness desired. Many persons who are fond of Decoration. According to their several pur- poses,
curry find it disagreewith them when too much and the nature of the apartments, the
of the powder is used. {See Curry-Powder.) quality of the materials and the manner of
Dry Curry. Skin and cut down
"
a fowl into hanging them must be determined. In this
small joints, or two pounds of lean mutton into country particularly, window-curtains are cessary
ne-
small thick cutlets ; rub them in a mixture of to exclude the cold air which es
press-
two tablepoonfuls of curry-powder,two of flour, in from the windows in winter when the
and one teaspoonful of salt,till no more will fires are burning, however closelythe sashes
adhere to them. Melt a heaping tablespoonful may be fitted. But there is another cause
of butter in a stew-pan, and while it is boiling for this which is not generally thought of.
hot, put in the meat and brown it well and equal-
ly, The warm air in a room which always occu- pies
without allowinga morsel to be scorched ; the the upper part near the ceiling, coming
pan should be shaken vigorouslyevery minute into contact with the glass,is cooled by it,and,
or two, and the meat in it turned frequently.descending immediately in consequence, fuses
dif-
When the meat is done, lift it out, and throw itself through the lower part of the room
into the stew-pan two or three layersof onions and is felt as a cold current coming from the
finelyminced, and four or five eschalots, when windows though no outside air may actually
these last are liked ; add a morsel of butter,if have entered them. Curtains check this partly
needful, and frythem until they begin to soften ; by preventing the warm air from reaching the
then add a quarter of a pint of glass,and partlyby turning the current ways.
side-
gravy, broth, or
boiling water, and a large acid apple,or two
moderate sized ones, with the hearts of two or But though curtains help to keep air out,
three lettuces,or of one hard cabbage, cut heavy ones exclude it too much and also
very may
fine {tomatoes or cucumbers, their keep bad air in. They should therefore be
freed from
seed, can '"e substituted for these when in sea-
son). hung on ringsslidingon rods so that they can
Stew the whole slowlyuntil it resembles be drawn entirelyaway froin the window. For
a thick pulp, adding broth or water should the same reason, lambrequins are very objec- tionable,
it become too dry ; put in the meat and simmer more so even than curtains as they
the whole gently from three-quarters of an hour have no opening in the centre, and are fixed
to an hour. Serve hot. obstacles to ventilating the upper part of the
Egg Curry." Boil six or eight fresh eggs room where the air is most heated. As to
quite hard, as for salad, and put them aside un- inferior
til taste, too, this arrangement is certainly
"
they are cold. Mix together from two to to others. The rod and rings are more con-
136 CUSTARDS
structive "
than the cornice, and the general smooth when cut, and there should be no whey
effect conforms to the purpose in view. It is in the dish.
well that curtains are now so seldom used for II. (Richer). " Take .--Fresh milk, i}4 pts;
from beds. In low- loaf 6 ; salt ; lemon, rind of i ; eggs,
shutting ventilation away sugar, oz
priced materials curtains are apt to be cheaper 10; cream, }4 pt ; brandy,3 or 4 teaspoonfuls.
than lambrequins because the latter require Boil togethergently for five minutes a pint
and half of milk, pinch of salt, six
more fringe. a new a
CUSTARDS. secret
"
The of preparing ounces of loaf sugar, and the very thin rind of
custards lies in
mixing the ingredients a lemon stir these while boilinghot, but very
good ;
thoroughly together and cooking them over a gradually,into the well beaten yolks of ten
slo-d) fire ; without attention to the latter point eggs and the whites of four ; strain the mix-
ture,
especiallyit is impossible that custards should and add to it half a pint of rich cream.
be delicate and smooth. 'To prevent boiling Let it cool,and then flavor it with three or four
and scorching the milk, the sauce-pan should spoonfuls of brandy; pour into small custard-
be placed over boiling water. A very small cups, and bake in a slow oven from ten to
heat it to boiling,and add yolks of sugar, and when the whole boils,stir it into
the beaten
six eggs, and whites of four ; a teacupful of five well beaten eggs which have been strained.
white sugar; and half a pound of almonds, Put the custard into a jar or pitcher,set it
blanched and pounded to a paste with four into a pan of boilingwater, and stir constantly
tablespoonfulsof rose-water. Put it over ing
boil- until it is thick. When nearlycold, turn it into
water and stir constantlytillit thickens ;
cups or a dish. This, as well as other custards,
then remove and when nearly cold stir up and is very much finer when made with the yolks
pour into cups. Make a meringue with the only of the eggs, of which the number must
whites of four eggs and half a teacupful of then be increased. Two ounces of chocolate, a
powdered sugar, flavored with one teaspoonful pint of milk, half a pint of cream, two or three
of extract of bitter almond, and heap upon ounces of sugar, and the yolks of eight eggs,
each cup. will make a very superiorcustard of this kind.
Apple Custard. Take: "
Apples, 6 or 7 "
and sugar them well. Beat up ten and let it boil up once. Beat up eight
eggs with eight ounces of sugar, mix it with eggs with a teacupful and a half of white
three and a half pintsof milk, pour it over the sugar ; turn the coffee and cream boiling hot
apples,and bake about thirtyminutes. into this,stirring all the while. Put the whole
Arro'wroot Custard. Take : Arrowroot
" into a jaror pitcher,set into boilingwater, and
"
beaten ; boil a quart of milk and pour it while water, orange-water, or vanilla,2 teaspoonfuls;
boiling upon the arrowroot and eggs, stirringloaf
sugar, 2 oz; eggs, 8; milk and cream
pitcherinto boilingwater, and let it boil until Pound to a fine paste two ounces of blanched
it thickens. When done turn it into custard almonds, with two teaspoonfuls of rose or
beaten eggs ; strain the mixture through a fine then gradually add a pint of half milk and
sieve,and sweeten with from five to eightounces cream. Set this over a very slow fire,stirring
of sugar according to taste, adding a pinch of continually,until it thickens ; then remove,
salt ; pour the custard into a deep dish, grate it into glasses,and set it away to cool.
pour
nutmeg or lemon rind over the top, and bake it Half a dozen"bitter almonds and a couple of
in a very slo-w oven from twenty to thirty min^
bay-leavesmay be used for flavoringinstead of
utes, or longer should it not be firm in the rose-water or vanilla,
centre. A well baked custard should be quite: Currant Custard. Take .--Currant-juice, i "
CUSTARDS CUTS 137
spoonfu
2 tablespoonfuls. this a nice custard.
Mash the currants, strain off the juice,and Tapioca Custard.^ " Take :-}Ai\k, l qt ; tap-
ioca,
boil in a pint of it ten ounces sugar for of tablespoonfuls
3 ; eggs 3 ; sugar, i coffee-
three minutes ; take off the scum and pour cupful.
the boiling juice on eight well-beaten eggs. Boil a quart of milk, and while boilingadd
Thicken the custard in a jar or pitcher set into three tablespoonfulsof tapiocain a pint of cold
water, in which it should have been soaking
a pan boilingwater, pour it out, and stir
of
until nearly cold; then add to it by degrees for several hours previously,and a pinch of
half a pintof cream, and two tablespoonfulsof salt ; stir until it becomes boilinghot, and then
strained lemon-juice. When the currants are pour it graduallyupon the yolks of three eggs
of the sugar. that have been beaten with a coffee-cupful
very ripeomit one ounce up
Strawberries, cherries, red or white berries,of
rasp- sugar. Put it in a jar or pitcher, set in
or a mixture of any of these fruits, boiling water, and boil, stirringall the time
maybe used instead of currants in this receipt.until it thickens. Then turn into a dish and
French Custard. "
Take :-"r""h. milk, I qt; stir in graduallythe whites of the eggs beaten
loaf sugar ; peach or vanilla ; eggs, 8 ; lade,
marma- to a stiff froth. Flavor to taste, and serve cold.
or jelly. "Wine Cream Custard. " Take :-Crea.vn,I
Take a quart of new milk, sweeten it to taste pt ; powdered sugar ; wine ; rose-water, or sence.
es-
whites of
eighteggs to
sugar, a stiff froth, and when powdered heat it over the fire,and stir
the milk boils put in the froth in spoonfulsuntil in wine until it curdles ; then flavor with rose-
it hardens a little; then dip them out carefully water or other essence, and turn it into
cups.
and lay them on a dish. When all the whites This may be eaten either hot or cold ; but all
have been cooked, beat up the yolks and stir custards if served hot should be 7"eiy hot.
them into the boilingmilk tillit thickens ; turn CTJTS. " As this form of accident is so stantly
con-
this over the whites, and ornament with bits of occurringin families,a supply of linen
marmalade or colored jelly. and long bandages, about two inches wide,
Pruit Custard. " Take -]\i\ce:of stewed
: some small soft sponges, needles and thread,
fruit,
I qt ; eggs, 8 ; sence. and
milk,3 pts ; vanilla or es- a roll of adhesive plaster,should always
be kept where they can begot at immediately
Stew any kind of fruit almost to a jelly,in case of emergency. In all cuts, before you
strain off the juice,and when cool sweeten it. begin to dress them, notice the way they bleed.
To a quart of this juice,add eight eggs well If the blood is dark and flows regularlyit may
beaten and stirred into three pintsof new milk; generally be stanched by an applicationof
flavor with spice or essences, and either boil in cold water and pressure ; but if it is of a
a jarset in boilingwater tillitthickens, or bake brightscarlet color, and spurts out in jets,an
in cups or a deep dish for twenty minutes or artery is cut {see Bleeding), and, however
half an hour. Eaten either hot or cold. small the wound, send for a doctor ai once.
I. Length of skirt, back (Fig. i). used in capes and some few other gar-
"
ments
ment,
Measure from the waist at the middle b,to touch : the BREADTH OF SHOULDERS (XVI.),
the floor,or longeras desired,allowingan extra that is to say, a measure taken around the
half inch at top and bottom. whole
figureincludingthe arms, justbelow the
II. "
Length of skirt, front (Fig. 2). shoulder-joint.*
Measure from the waist in front /',to touch CYCLAMEN." A pretty little flower, much
the floor,making the same allowance at top cultivated in England, but too little known in
and bottom as for the back. this country. It is especiallyadapted for
III." Length of waist in front (Fig. window culture, and will give more flowers
2). Place one end of the measure at the base with less trouble, and occupying less space,
of the neck a, and carry it down to the waist b. than almost any other member of the floral
IV. "
Breadth of the chest. Place kingdom. It can
one be grown easilyfrom seed,
end of the measure at the rightside of the chest, but the seedlingsdo not bloom until the third
close to the arm, at the point d, and carry it, year, and it is best to buy the bulbs, which can
V. "
Length under the arm. Place the dollar each for the common varieties. Plant
measure under the arm at the point e (Fig. i), them about the latter part of November in a
and carry it down to the waist c. pot filled with rich loam, with a sprinklingof
VI. Size of " the waist. Bring the tape white sand ; a handful of charcoal broken into
around the waist evenly, neither tight nor bits and thoroughly mixed with the soil will
loose, and reduce the measure by a scant half- increase thebrilliancyof the flowers.
size and
inch, because the measurement is taken outside Good drainage is indispensable. Place the
the clothes. crown of the bulb justabove the surface of the
VII." First height of shoulder. (For soil. Till the leaves are well grown, keep the
the height of the shoulders two measurements plantswhere the sun will not fall directlyupon
must be taken to allow for the slope.) Place them; when the buds begin to rise on the foot
one end of the measure at the middle of the stalks,remove to a sunny shelf,and they will
waist b. (Fig. 2),carry it to the point/"at the soon show bloom. By shading, the duration
neck, and thence down the back to the mid-
dle of the flowers may be prolonged. When the
point b (Fig.I). bloom is past, gradually withhold water; the
VIII. " Second height of shoulder. leaves will turn yellow,and the plants should
Place one the point c end of the measure at be kept dry, in a state of rest, all summer.
(Fig.2),carry straightup over the shoulder Sometimes it
it is difiicult to prevent the bulbs
at the point g, and down straightto the point from shrivellingup during the summer; to
c on the waist (Fig. i). prevent this,the bulbs may be buried in the
IX." Arm-size. Slipthe measure under the ground until the middle of September,
open
arm, and meet it,without drawing it tightly, on when they are found fresh,and in good con- dition
the shoulder at the point h (Fig. i). for a start. There is one risk,however,
X. " Length of arm. The measure is in this latter method : mice are fond of
very
placed under the arm e (Fig.2), and carried the bulbs and sometimes commit great havoc
to the wrist i. (The outside measure of the them.
among
arm is useless.) The best of the common varieties are : C,
XI. " Size of wrist. This measure is Peisicuin, white tipped with purple; C. Persi
taken loosely. C!i"n Albntn, pure white; and C. Punctatum.
XII. " Length of waist, back. This resembling Persicum. These flower from Janu.
measure is taken from the nape of the neck to IVIarch. There several varieties
a ary are
(Fig.i),to the waist at the point h. which bloom from October January; the
to
XIII. " Breadth of back. This measure are : C. best
Europceum, pinkish purple ; C.
is taken the shoulder blades from d
across Europoeum Album, pure white ; and C. Hede-
e \.o
(Fig.i),and the tape should be drawn tightly.rafoiium, rosy purple,and a very large splen-
did
XIV. " Length of shoulder. Place one variety.
end of the at the base of the neck / VINE. One of the
measure
qYPRESS "
most
(Fig. i), carry it down the slope of the delicate and beautiful of all the creepers. It
shoulder to^, and an inch further upon the arm. is an annual, dying down each but it
year ;
XV. " Size of neck. We draw the measure produces seed plentifully,
and these be
may
very looselyaround the neck and meet it. For put away in paper during the winter. In plant-
ing,
the neck we mark two measures in the follow-
ing select fence, arbor, or
some spot near a
manner: We fold the measure in three trellis,
pulverizethe soil, and rake it smooth,
parts and mark the number of inches in soak the seed for several hours in
a warm water,
third,and also,in a sixth. The use of these and then sow them over the prepared ground,
two minor measurements will be explained * In the
elsewhere. preparation of the series of articles on the making
{See Waists.) of garments of various descriptions, we have depended princi-
pally
We have now given the entire list of urements
meas- upon a little book recently published in Paris, entitled
J\IHhodc de Ctntpe.'^ It is written by a woman, who has tested
necessary for making the pattern of with her o^vn hands the accuracy of every pattern and every
a high-necked plain waist, which is the basis direction she gives ; and it has been so well received in France,
from which all other garments are designed. that land universally recognized as the arbiter of good taste in
dress, that it has even been introduced as a text book into,
To this list we add
may one more measure- schools for girlsin Paris, Strasburg, and other largecities.
140 DACE DAIRY
orna-
a windows
rather
the seed
or
shoots
slight.
porticoes of houses
should
carried
be sown
up, as
; for
this pose
pur-
thicklyand nu-
the
merous
foliage is
DACE. "
A fish of
usually tubers apart, but cut the stem down to within
the carp genus,
found in clear and of
bright a few inches of them and use it as a handle by
running streams, a
or Indian meal and fry them crisp in hot April fresh and vigorous. In planting them,
fat. The smaller kinds may be eaten bones and it is considered best to set out the cluster of
all,and have a very delicate and
pleasant flavor. tubers, and after the shoots have sprouted two
DAFFODIL. {Sec Narcissus.) or three inches, to separate them, leaving two
DAHLIA. "
Twenty years ago the growing shoots to a tuber.
of Dahlias amounted almost
Eng-
land When
to a mania in
planted out in the bed, put the root
and the United States, but of late they at least three inches under ground and water
have been nearly superseded by the gladiolus,carefully, shading from the sun for two or three
hollyhock,and similar plants. They are rank, days. A stake must be inserted close by the
coarse, ill smellingflowers,too stiff for grace stem when the tuber is planted, and as the
and unpleasant to handle, whose only recom-
mendation shoots advance tie them to it with soft yarn ; if
is the extreme ease with which they driven in after the plant is growing it may in- jure
can be cultivated. They will grow in almost the roots.
any kind of soil exceptingwet, heavy clay; and There are nearly two thousand varieties of
require scarcelymore attention than potatoes. the dahlia. Among the choicest are Alba
For the finest blooms a clear,open location, well Miil/iflora,^wre white; All Bada, deep scar- let;
exposed to the sun is best. Dahlias may be Amazons, scarlet margins with yellow
grown from seeds, or the tubers may be bought centre; America, white ground striped and
from florists. In the former case, sow the seed splashed with rose crimson; Antiope, buff,
earlyin the spring,in shallow boxes in a win- dow shaded with carmine; Colossiis,\3xge. yellow;
or hot bed, in a rich, lightsoil,with a good Caniatioit, buff, striped with crimson and
sprinklingof sand ; as soon as the third and lilac ; Duchess of Cambridge, pink, edged with
fourth leaves are developed, plant them in two crimson ; Ge/ii, scarlet, tipped with white ;
inch pots, or in bo.xes three inches apart, and Glowhig Coal, crimson-scarlet ; Hebe, white,
when the frost is entirelyout of the ground edged with yellow and tipped with red ; Koh-i-
they may be transferred to the garden. If the noor, canary yellow; Afurillo, salmon, shaded
finest blooms are desired, the side branches with lilac and carmine striped
; Striata, lilac,
should all be pinched off and only three or with maroon ; Tiger, maroon-purple.
four of the strongest shoots allowed to Of Pompone Dahlias the choicest are : Alba
grow ;
and on these the buds must be thinned
Arndt, magenta,
out, Floribnnda nana, pure white ;
leavingbut three or four to come to perfection. with brown stripes and spots ; Black Diamond,
Soapsuds make an excellent fertilizer for maroon ; Exquisite, golden yellow, tipped
dahlias, and it is well to give the roots a with scarlet ; Little Herman, cherry pink,
thorough drenching with it at least once a week. tipped with white ; Little Kate, dark crimson ;
The dwarf or Poinponc Dahlias are much Littleli'illie,deep pink ; Rachel, salmon, tipped
prettier than the larger kind, and are very with crimson ; and Rose of God, finest vermilion.
lovely for bouquets and vases. They grow DAIRY. " The dairy-housefor the sake of
about eighteen inches to two feet high, and convenience may be near the cow-house ;
the flowers are of a globular shape with each but care should be taken that it is not exposed
petal perfectlycuppedand tinted. In cultiva-
tion to the effluvia of the cow-house or stables, as
treat them exactlylike other dahlias. milk is a ready absorbent, and any bad odor
To keep dahlias through the winter, dig up will taint both the milk and the butter made
the tubers or bulbs just before the ground from it. The dairy should also be so situated
freezes,and place them in a dry outhouse for that it will be sheltered from the sun and wind
a day or two to dry off. Don't break the as much as possible,an equable temperature
DAIRY 141
should the temperature rise too high, it may (see Fig. i.) consists of a
easilybe reduced liysuspending a piece of ice glass tube, with a bulb at its
at a considerable distance from the floor, or by lower extremity, in which is a
sheet where the air will strike little mercury so adjusted that
hanging up a wet
it will make the mark the
upon it. If,during the winter, the cold should o on
certain impart
to a bad taste to the milk. the cream justbefore doing this),
in cool the instrument rises in propor-
tion
The settingof milk in deep cans water
made for carrying off the water. is said to1.031 ; but this
be
should be
is no test of the cream, which is very variable,
Dampness does no harm, however, if the dairy
is kept sweet and clean. and in many cases the specificgravity of the
The utensils of a Dairy comprise pails,
skim-milk is greater after skimming than be- fore.
zinc are sometimes used, but are to the are looselysupported in a wooden stand, and
open
same objectionas other metals. Earthen-ware filled with the milk warm from the cow, one
which are suspended casein (or cheesy matter), appears to be about 8 or cent., but in
9 per
butter, milk sugar, and various salts ; the portiondifferent breeds
pro- and pastures itwill vary greatly
of water in loo
parts being 87, and from that amount. Provided with these two
as
I
thespecificgravityis increased in a ratio to the instruments, one of which measures the amount
quantityof these solid materials,so the number 1 of curd, and the other that of cream, the cow-
142 DAMASK DAPHNE
keeper will be able to ascertain whether the every gallon add three pounds of raw sugar ;
cows which he has are worth keeping, or put it into cask, and ferment
a with the bung
whether he shall make an attempt to better loose ; then bung it closely,and in about four
himself by gettingrid of them, and purchasing months it will be fine for bottling.
others. DANDELION BEER. {See Beer.)
DAMASK. " A twilled fabric invented and DANDRUFF." There is no permanent edy
rem-
manufactured
originally at Damascus, whence for dandruff except frequent and regular
its name. It was made of silk,and was highly brushing of the hair and keeping the head as
ornamented with figures of animals, birds, clean as possible. The use of pomades or
fruits, and flowers, woven into the cloth. It is grease of any kind must be abandoned or kept
stilldistinguishedby this method of ation,
ornament- within the most rigidlimits ; and about once a
beauty of designs, the French damask is the when they afford temporary relief,they always
best, but the Scotch is also excellent. Cotton aggravate the evil in the end. The cause of
damasks are made in imitation of the linen ; dandruff is the failure of the skin on the scalp
though they answer very well for many ordinary to perform its functions properly,usually on
purposes, and are cheap ; they are not so durable account of the pores being stopped up with
as linen, and they require frequent bleaching grease ; and the only remedy is to bring the
to preserve their whiteness. skin back to its normal condition, which can be
Diaper is a variety of Damask, woven in the done only by cleanliness,local friction,and tention
at-
same way, but of smaller and simplerpatterns ; to the general health.
it is made for inferior table-cloths, and for kins,
nap- DAPHNE. There "
are numerous varieties
towels, and various other domestic poses. of this plant, of which
pur- the best known is the
Those called union are composed of Daphne odorata, one of the few old-fashioned
linen and cotton; and there are also cotton plants which the modern rage for novelties has
diapers. not succeeded driving out. inIt is an green
ever-
DAMSON. "
Damsons are small black plums, shrub, attainingthe height of about four
which grow like others of their species on feet, and remarkable for its long,dark, glossy
small trees, and are found in the markets green leaves, and its branches of fragrant
erally
gen-
from about the middle of July to Decem-
ber. white flowers ; as an indoor or green-house
They
are soft to the touch when ripe. plant it is unsurpassed, flourishingand bloom- ing
Cheese (Damson). ^Boil the damsons in a in situations
" where most other plants would
stone jar placed in a sauce-pan of water. Pour dwindle and die. The cultivation of the green-
house
off some of the juice, and to every two pounds varieties is almost identical with that of
of the fruit, after skimming and stoning it, the camellia {see Camellia); the same perature
tem-
weigh out half a pound of sugar. Set the will do for both. The plantsshould
fruit over the fire in a sauce-pan and boil quietly have plenty of room, and the pots must be well
until it begins to look dry ; stir in the sugar drained. Potting should generallybe done in
and simmer slowly for two hours ; then boil it the fall, about the time the plants are housed,
quickly half an hour or until it candies on the when as much of the old soil should be removed
sides of the pan. Pour it into buttered as is possible without disturbing the roots.
jjans
or dishes, about an mch deep, so that it may The chief varieties are : Daphne odorata,
cut firm, and set away to cool. By some per-
sons, which may be of any florist at trifling
obtained
the plum-stones are cracked and the nels
ker- and is propagated from cuttingswith
expense,
boiled in the cheese. great ease. the most
It is
desirable variety,
(Damson.)
Preserves. {See Preserves.) from its blooming,which is from De-
season of cember
"Wine. (Damson.) I. Take .--Damsons, 4 " till March, according to the degree of
galls;water, s"^ galls; sugar, 15 lbs; crude heat given. There is also a varietywith red
tartar, 3 oz. flowers, known as D. Odorata rubra.
Take four gallonsof ripe damsons, Daphne hybrida is a pretty evergreen
remove shrub,
and break the stones of about one gallon for with purple flowers, which it produces very
the flavor of the kernels ; press the fruit thor-
oughly, freely,and which are extremely fragrant. It
pour upon it five and a half gallons of blooms at all seasons of the year, but espe-
cially
water, and strain the liquor; let it stand twenty- from January to April ; and should be
four hours, and then add fifteen pounds of gar,
su- taken indoors in winter.
with three ounces of crude tartar, and fer-
ment D. Mezeretiin is a hardy plant, has white or
; after which it will be ready for bottling.purple flowers closelyattached to the shoots,
U. Take .--Damsons, 8 lbs ; boiling water, and is the earliest blooming shrub of our dens,
gar-
I gall; sugar, 3 lbs. the blossoms appearing in the beginning
Pour eight pounds of damsons of April before the leaves expand. This
upon every .
one gallon of boilingwater, and let them stand species,notwithstandingits beauty, has a dan- gerous
three days, when strain off the liquor,
and to reputation, as the berries which it bears
DATE DECORATION 143
are highly poisonous. Its juice is acid,and side, see Carpets, Furniture, House,
produces inflammation and even blisters upon Paper Hangings, and Pictures).
the skin. The man of average cultivation or much
DATR " The fruit of
date-palm,which morethethan average cultivation cannot be ex-
pected
grows on the margin of the great sandy deserts to have an understanding of the rather
in the north of Africa, and forms the principal complicated problems of artistic arrangement
food of the inhabitants. They are brought of things in his house, unless he has given
here in a preserved state, pressed into a sort specialattention, and even some hard study to
of matting called traits,and when sold by re-
tail, the subject. The knowledge of these things
are cut or broken into lumps and sold by he must acquireby gradual accumulation. He
the pound. The fresh fruit arrives here in cannot expect to succeed entirelyat once. If
January, February and March. In buying, he will keep himself open to the influence of
choose those which are large,softest,not much that which he distinctlyrecognizesto be good,
wrinkled, and of a reddish-yellowcolor on the alwayspreferringto err on the side of simplicity,
outside. Dates have a laxative effect when he may be sure of the eventual attainment of a
tone to a weak stomach. Soaked in water and It is hard to point out even the most general
sweetened, they make a pleasant and refresh-
ing of
principles this kind ; for the danger is that
drink. we shall be too dogmatic, and shut the door
DECANTING. "
To insure the clearness of on the ten thousand littlethings that shall some
wine for serving is an important point. At day be waiting to come in. A work of art
rest on the shelf bin, it will be clear
or in the of any kind cannot be entirelythe product of
enough ; but removing it,drawing the cork, calculation ; the result of certain determinations
and decanting it,very often render it turbid. of the mind. The painter has a clear idea of
Be careful not to shake or disturb the crust the picturehe is to paint ; but in puttingit on
when moving the bottles about or drawing the the canvas, he sees a thousand beauties he had
in the
cork, particularly case thouglitof before.
of He
port wine. himselfnot is long in
Never decant wine without a wine-strainer, arrivingat such rules as he ever learns. After
with a bit of fine cambric in it to prevent the going on for years finding out the uselessness
crust and fragments of cork from going into of much that he had before esteemed, he begins
the decanter. In decanting port wine or any to see his way and to do good work. Before
other red wine, do not drain it too near the "seeing the way," one not only cannot do good
bottom ; there are generally half a wineglass work, but cannot understand over well if an-other
of thick dregs in each bottle,which ought not tries to tell him how; moreover the best
to be drawn out. In white wines there is not part of what the artist learns must always be
much settling;pour it out, however, very unspoken, and very often not even arranged in
slowly,and raise the bottle up gradually,watch- ing definite thoughts in his own mind.
for any indication of dregs or foreign mat- ter. Within a very few years increasingattention
No wine should be decanted in a hurry. has been given to these things. England has
DECAY. (See Decomposition.) been the stronghold of certain reformers.
DECOCTION. A decoction
" is the extrac-
tion Books have been written pointing out the
by water of certain principlesin vegetable necessityof principles in art, and calling atten-
tion
substances by subjecting them to boilfng for to many important truths long neglected;
some time ; the well-known beverage, barley- and designs have been made, a few good, and
water, for instance,is a decoction of barley- many in the various
stages of badness. The
Many parts of vegetables are not soluble in authors of these books and designs,in their
water, as the resinous parts ; but others, such intentness on general truths, have left un- noticed
over forty-eight hours after they are made. of the books, that anything but angularityof
DECOMPOSITION." In hot weather fresh form and figure,hard decisiveness of line, and
meat is likelyto become tainted if crude
beauty,in fact, "flat" color, too much
very kept "
any length of time, no matter how "must be incompatible with truth and honesty
many cautions
pre-
are taken. The decomposition may in artistic furniture or decoration. The angular
be arrested and the taint (ifslight) removed by is good, but so are many other things. Man
sprinkling a little soda over "the meat before is not all elbows. Curves badly designed,
cooking. The taint may also be removed out of place,or excessive
by curves an tion
propor-
covering the meat with common charcoal for a of curves are not good. Indulging in a
few hours ; or by puttinga few flourishing penmanship of art, because we wish
pieces of char-
coal
into the water in which the meat is boiled. to do something and do not wish to take the
DECORATION, with special reference to trouble to think, is worse than the severest
walls, floors and furniture. angularity. A box is a very useful thing,and
]"=(This article attempts to treat only the properly an angular thing. But why, in the
aesthetic side of furnishing.For the practical modern English fashion,be so eager to call
lU DECORATION
loudlyproclaim its accidents of being. In consequence of this the grain of the wood
By much the larger proportion of things crosses the back legs diagonally,and one of
that we put in our houses are primarilycon-
structed them has split near the foot, and been sily
clum-
for other purposes than to merely mended. The legs taper towards the
please the eye. Flowing lines are beautiful; feet,where they are bored to receive castors,
and the curve while
has infinite possibilities, instead of being fitted into a sheath or cup of
the straightline is the most limited of things : the castor in the old-fashioned way. The sequence
con-
but the limited is a largepart of all things; is that two of the legs are splitby
and infinite possibilitieshave ruined more the leverage of the shaft of the castor. To
things than shapes and forms. prevent the chair from being "
common," and
Honest construction. " The first point, as at the same time to avoid the' expenditure of
has been insisted on so much of late, is honesty time-consuming labor,the top and bottom rails
of structure to begin with. If a chair, being of the back are sawed out in rather nary
extraordi-
made of pieces of wood joined together,gives shapes, necessarilythick and clumsy, to
way at some of the jointsafter a few months, prevent the pattern from weakening them too
let one see that it was not perfectlyframed, much. Then, in an attempt to lessen some of
and rejectthe mode. If the chair of his great the clumsiness of the top of the back, a small
grandfather'sday (probably despised for its moulding has been worked and glued on ; and,
simple unpretending character),after years of as it was impossible that the direction of grain
use is stillstrong, let him believe in the strength of wood in the moulding and in the back of
which endures. Let him also see that the most the chair should everywhere agree, one part of
beautifullydesigned chair is the one with the moulding has splitoff. Theuprights of
nothing but its most necessary parts, beauti-
fully the back are finished with ornamental knobs;
treated. (And his great-grandfather'sbut instead of the knobs being simply the ends
chair is probably the most beautiful one he of the pieces of wood finished "
because a
has in his house.) Let him see that parts finished end is more agreeable to look at than
shaped in violation of the nature of the wood a squarely-cutoff butt "
they are turned and
they are made from, are weaknesses, and that fastened on with dowel pins and glue. One
ornaments fastened on are only incumbrances. of them can be taken out and put in like the
If to decorate is to
adorn, it is as well to re- member stopper of a vinegar cruet (perhaps with a not
that only to the worthy thing belongs unsimilar result). The whole is covered with
the worthy adornment. When we decorate a a thick varnish, which injuresthe color of the
sham, our decoration becomes but a sham wood, looks extremely disagreeable wherever
added to a sham. The greatest beauty of there is an edge, and renders bruise and
every
design in anything for use, is always the result scratch doubly conspicuous.
of the beautiful treatment of the proper tural
struc- Elaboration not necessarily ornamental.
parts, and not the result of added or ^We are too much in the habit
of supposing
complicated parts. For a good thing to fectly that
per- any way wliich is something more than
and fully show its nature and acter,
char- the most simple way of treating
a thing, must
is for it
And, forto show beauty. be an ornamental The knobs and ings
mould-
way.
it to contradict or conceal its character, and and sawed figuresin the chair justspoken
pretend to the character of another thing, is for of, could only seem ornamental to the most
it to be unbeautiful. may have certain mis- It
placed uncultivated taste and perception. The sawed
external aids, beautiful in themselves, work is not bad because it is sawed, but cause,
be-
sometimes so beautiful as to lead us to over-
look being sawed, it cannot be both delicate
faults. But models, where beautiful and firm for its place. The help-
ing
many strong, enough
parts conceal many faults,are not to be deliber-
ately the shape by a sort of cornice moulding
chosen. Indifference having things stuck on, even
to if it were finelydesigned and
good and honest in themselves inevitably worked, would not be good. Nothing, how-
ever
brings bad art. Always, in the long run, ac-
cording rich or rare, can be ornament unless
to the worth of the thing treated, will it adorns ; and it cannot adorn unless it has
be the skill devoted to its treatment. some kind of pertinence to that to which it
Bad construction illustrated. " In the lends itself.
room where this is written there is an oak There is such a thingas fatiguingelaboration.
chair, probably intended by the cabinet-maker So we sometimes find that simple, good tex-
tures
for a dining-room chair. It is better than a " such as are produced by threads in
DECORATION 145
stuffs,
or grain in woods "
are better in certain often in protest of some former sham or surdity,
ab-
detail that theygive with littlecommon and
places than ornamental ; a sense, a vast
neither nor sufficient fulness to de-prive deal of bad taste, having for strong points
vacancy
better things of their importance. clumsiness of structure, and ornamentation of
The kind of elaboration which is necessary restless chamfering and coarse mouldings,
for full expression, and the l"ind of tinish which witli badly painted tiles let into the wood-
work,
is not finish for the sake of finish,are good. drawing the eye by a harsh spot of color
But that elaboration and finish which is pendent
inde- and disagreeable contrast of texture to a sign
de-
of thought and labor, such as the composed without thought or feeling.
smoothness, evenness, and accurate spacings There must be contrast, but it must be monized
har-
Good is that wliich
and markings given by the help of machinery, contrast. contrast
must always be contrary to the spiritof art. makes us recognizethe qualities of thingsby
A smooth texture and a feeble expression,a showing us how they difter with their neigh-
bors.
mathematical precisionof form and no life,a Harsh contrasts, discords, may become
perfect evenness ot color and no subtleties ol parts of the finest harmonies by having that
contrast, often go together. Over-accuracy in which shall lead to them and from them. If the
of time wasted. The best artist never grudges of a simple discord, away again, it is,instead
labor so long as he can add import ; but when of another key. The a false note ; a fragment
he can only add he
polish, stops. When he discord should be the bringing together of
has a fine curve to draw, he does it with all the two things so harshlyopposed, that by them- selves
required for its subtle expression; no kind of similarity can be discovered;
accuracy
but when he has to draw a circle or straight but which by their accompaniments lead to the
line,which do not have so particular an sion,
expres- perception of a common ground of meeting.
he does not always do it with so great Flat decoration. One of the doctrines of "
house, we must consider the occupants'style wall represents the flat surface of a solid terial
ma-
of and
living, the sizes,aspects, and uses of the which forms part of the construction of
room ; richness or simplicity, and scale and a house, it should be decorated after a manner
savors rather of the curiosity of the museum panel,or on an immovable stone wall,
than of the quietnessof home; and shows a is paintedon the flat surface of a solid material,
disposition to regard art as a pretty plaything, and in no way belies it. The truth is,that imi- tative
rather than the outward expressionof a digni-
fied painting on the flat surface of a thing,
life. of structural features sometimes belongingto
The indiscriminate mingling of variously that thing ({ox instance, mouldings, pilasters,
constructed and fashioned piecesof furniture, panels and niches on a flat wall),does belie its
of the ordinary patterns of Brussels of that flat sur-
carpets flatness. But the making use face
and Eastern
rugs, and of incongruous orna- mental for the displayof painted ornament or
articles and pictures, is fatal to style story, in no way belies flatness or solidity or
and dignity. The true art-
any other structural condition. ist
Fashion guide. Fashion and caprice in would
no "
pleasure. But the love of noveltyfor its own solid masses, in a general way gesting
sug-
sake, change because it is change, is fatal to to the eye at a short distance, a play
the health of art. of lightand shade and color.
There is no help to be found in some of Conventionalism should not be sought for
the affectations in furniture and
new tion
decora- its own sake, as if it were a thing excellent in
the decoration
mannered, prosy, and when is to stand for
"
coverings and curtains,the less conspicuous color of about the same degree of force as the
should be their colors. color of the floor. It should be plainer in
Curtains generally harmonize
may pretty design than the wall above ; and may often
closelywith furniture
the upholstery. They with advantage be absolutelyplain. The line
may often be somewhat more lively, as, in the is invaluable where there are pictures. Dadoes
day time the lightdoes not fall on the surface to passages and staircases,where there is no
the most in view, and at night they should wainscot, are good on account of their useful-
ness
not break too suddenly the general effect of as well as appearance. They had best
picturesand furniture againstthe walls. They be made of paper of such a pattern that
should always be suspended from rings on where a piece is rubbed off,another may be
rods. Lace curtains, except where mere substituted. It is not always the case, as is
screens againstthe inside of the window sash, constantlysaid, that a wainscot or dado makes
are not to be commended on any account, to- a low room look lower ; for it is interruptedby
say the least. doors and windows and largepieces of furni-
ture.
Entire blankness and absence of detail
WALL-PAPER, WALLS, AND CEILINGS. never make a larger. Detail is
space look
always good sufficiently when subordinated,
The carpets being selected,little difficulty and always bad when obtrusive. Simple treat-
ment
showing the construction of the floors and it is as well not to make quite so broad a rule.
roofs above, is a thing to be wished by all de-corators.
We have'seen a water-color drawing which erred
It would add more to the effect of by having too much of one particularcolor
the rooms we live in than one-half of what we hung with good effect by a cool brown Liber
but which
citron,olive and tea greens ; or dusky reds. paint,which are not good, you never-
theless
Blues are the hardest to choose ; they should must keep, modify your further furnish- ing
VI. Lines should be associated and have XXI. Patterns on a ground of a different
relationshipto each other, and sympathies of color,may be treated with an outline or bound- ary
tendency,radiating, or converging. of color, contrasting with pattern or ground
VII. Large, fiat spaces, unbroken by lines, or both. (Examples in Eastern Rugs.)
figures, forms, or colors, or by play of light XXII. Patterns in gold on colored ground,
and shade, sliould be avoided, especially where may generally be separated from the ground
there is firmness or smoothness of texture. by an outline of darker color or black.
VIII. Purely geometric figuresor arrange- ments XX II I. Patterns in color on a gold ground,
of figurescan never be satisfactory less
un- may generallybe sejiarated from the ground
partially obscured by passages of varying by an outline of a darker color or black .
lightand shade, interruptedby inferior figures It should also be remembered that no coiors
XVI. Positive color should be avoided in moderately heated iron plate until it assumes
large uninterrupted spaces, and confined to a dark brown tint ; then lay it in a platein the
small portions. In fine coloring, the prevailingroom to be sweetened. Sugar also is excel- lent,
hue is made up of divisions and subdivisions and a convenient way of using it is to
of more decided colors. bring in a few coals on a shovel and sprinklethe
XVII. Any arrangement or compositionof sugar over them, renewing it as the smoke
colors which is to stand by itself,and not de- pend ceases to rise. Brown paper or cotton rags burnt
upon association with other compositions, in a room are unsurpassed as a deodorizer, and
cannot be good if in it any one of the three purify vitiated air very quickly. For a sick- room
primary colors is wanting. nothing is more grateful and refreshing
XVIII. Color may be applied independent- ly than to sprinkle cologne around the bed and
of details of form ; as in the spots and stripes curtains and to blow it through the air of the
of many flowers and animals. chamber. A pailof clear water set in a newly-
XIX. Gold should generallybe contrasted painted room will remove the smell of paint,
with dark color. In many cases where ness, and modify the danger of sleeping in newly-
bright-
delicacyand breadth are desired, it may painted rooms. Vinegar boiled with myrrh or
be contrasted with light hues or colors. camphor and sprinkled in a sick-room is also
XX. Patterns a ground of different color, ants.)
Disinfect-
on
very pleasant and purifying. (See
or degree of intensityof the same color, if
much broken or minute in parts, or of extreme DEPILATORIES." Substances for ing
remov-
simplicity,may be used without outline or superfluous hairs. Many of them are fered
of-
edging. in the drug-stores,but they are mostly
150 DEWBERRY DIAPHORETICS
unsafe to use, they have either an arsenical add a few drops of a solution of sulphateof
as
or caustic basis
and are consequently highly copper, and boil ; the solution will become
injuriousto the skin. Plucking out the hair first yellow,then orange, and finally of a deep
by the roots is by far the best way of removing horse-chestnut color. The test requires,how- ever,
it. In cases where this will not answer, the to be carefullyperformed by a
person
followingdepilatoryis less objectionablethan possessing some experience in animal try
chemis-
any that can be bought already prepared : to produce a satisfactory
"
result. The
Take of best lime, slaked, one pound ; orpi- appetiteis generallygood, and even excessive
ment in powder, one ounce ; mix and keep in a in some cases ; the tongue is often dry and red,
well corked bottle. To apply, mix a small and the temperature rather lower than usual ;
portionwith water to the consistence of cream, the patientsleepswell, and the general health
spread it upon the hair and let it remain about may go on for a considerable time without ing
be-
five minutes, or tillit begins to burn the skin; seriouslyimpaired. In the course of time
then remove it with an ivory or bone paper- there is more or less wasting of the body, and
knife, wash the part with water, and apply a a liability to disease of the lungs. Cataract is
littlecold cream. also a by no means uncommon complication.
DEWBERRY." A varietyof the blackberry In young people and children,the disease often
sometimes called running blackberry,because runs a very rapid course, and may result fatally
of its growing on a vine which along in six weeks after the commencement of the
creeps
the surface of the ground. Dewberries ripen symptoms ; much more commonly it lasts for
rather earlier than blackberries, and in sunny three
two or years, and, in old people,sugar
situations attain a largesize and have a occasionallyappear in the urine without
liarly may
pecu-
and agreeable flavor, approaching
sweet any harm resulting. Death often takes place
that of the strawberry more nearly than any by suppression of the urine,followed by stupor,
other fruit. They are seldom found in the coma, and perhaps convulsions ; or it may
market in any quantity, as they are not often occur through general exhaustion, or from
plentiful enough to pay for systematic picking. disease of the lungs.
They may be prepared for the table in any of Treatment. The treatment
" of diabetes
the ways that blackberries are. generallyconsists in confining the patient to
DIABETES." A disease in which a very a diet from which all starchy or saccharine
large quantity of saccharine water is passed articles of food are, as far as possible, ed.
exclud-
daily by the patient,accompanied by great Brown bread, bran biscuits, meat, green
thirst and general debility. It may attack vegetables,milk, etc., may be allowed, but
people of any age, but is far more fatal,and ordinary bread, sugar, rice, potatoes, etc.,are
runs a much more rapid course in children and prohibited. Petsistence in this plan is often
young people than adults or those of advanced followed by much relief to the patient,causing
age ; amongst the latter a small quantity of him to gain strength,lessening his thirst and
sugar in the urine may be present at one time the quantityof urine, but it will not citre him ;
and absent at another, and these cases seldom nor, at present, is any remedy known that can
need cause much anxiety. It is at present an eradicate the disease. Since there is so much
unsettled question whether the liver or the thirst,a large amount of water must be given
blood is at fault in this disease, nor is it yet as much, in fact as the patientlikes.
"
Raw
determined what part the nervous system may meat has been found to be beneficial in some
gallonsof water a day in some cases ; two or the insensible prespiration.When they
three gallonsis a
very common amount. Since act
very energetically, they are called sudor-
they pass so much urine, the other tissues of ifics.During the administration of these reme-
dies
the body are dryer than usual ; the skin feels it is essential that the surface of the body
dry and harsh, and an eruption is liable to should be kept warm ; and for this purpose
break out, and sometimes boils form ; the nails wool is generallyemployed, in the shape of
are dry and often chip in consequence. The flannel or blankets. Exposure to cold air is
bowels confined, and the motions
are are erally also to be
gen- avoided, as well as the drinking of
firm and dry. The urine is lightin color, cold water, though this in strong constitutions is
but much heavier than usual,from the great often productiveof extensive perspiration, and
quantityof sugar present in it. Sugar may be many people take a glass of cold water at
detected in the urine thus : Take equal quan- of
tities night before going to bed, with the view
of urine and liquor potassse in a test tube, producing perspiration when they feel that
DIARRHOEA 151
they have taken cold. It is a bad plan, in is that they are caused by over-feed-
ing
ability
order to check excessive sweating, to expose ; the child nurses too long, or too often ;
the body while bathed in it,or while clothed and the stomach is only able to curdle the
with wet garments ; but these should at once milk without digesting it completely. The
be removed dry ones and
of a lighter
character remedy for this condition is to nurse the child
put on, or else the
clothingshould very gradu-
ally at longer intervals,or to give it less at a time :
be made lighter,avoiding any sudden and it is most probable that both a longer
transition which would be likelyto produce a interval and a smaller quantity are needed.
chill. The sleepingroom should be well ventilated,
(a.)Antimonial powder" (compound powder and at least once every day the child should be
of antimony), 5 grains taken at night,with a carried out to walk, or ride, so as to be
basin of warm gruel or white wine whey. thoroughly refreshed. If these dietarymeas-
ures
{b.)Dover's powder (compound powder of do not check the diarrhoea, resort may be
ipecacuanha),5 to 10 grains,taken at night. had to chalk mixture (containingno paregoric),
("r.) Liquor of acetate of ammonia, i ounce ; of which from half to a whole teaspoonfulmay
ipecacuanha wine, 10 minims; sweet spiritof be given once every two or three hours. This
nitre,20 minims. Mix, and give at night,or medicine should always be shaken up before a
oftener if necessary. dose of it is poured out : and, as during warm
DIARRHCEA. " Diarrhoea is in many cases weather it is apt to ferment, about half an ounce
food, or ordinary food eaten in too great to its mother's or nurse's milk, even at
quantity; by change of diet ; by violent men- tal the expense of some drain upon her. This
emotions : and by sudden changes of tem- will by itself generally effect a cure, but the
perature,
wet feet, and exposure to cold. chalk mixture may also be used if necessary.
When indigestionof food is the cause of If the child is weaned a milder diet must be
diarrhoea,the purging itself soon removes the tried. Its milk must be boiled and skimmed,
disturbingsubstance and the diarrhoea monly
com- and perhaps reduced in quantity. If this pear
ap-
ceases ; if this should not be the case, a stillto irritate the bowels, it may be well
moderate dose of laudanum (fifteento to try changing to the milk of another and
twenty cow,
drops) will generally prove effective. When when all these fail,or sooner if convenient, a
the diarrhoea is produced by exposure to the nurse should be found. The child that is
cold or the like,a mild farinaceous diet,rest weaned, however, very soon forgets how to
in bed, mustard over the bowels, and the use nurse and cannot be made to take the nipple;
of laudanum or laudanum and brandy in small in such a case the nurse's milk should be
doses, may be had recourse to ; in such cases drawn and fed to the patient.
too, the patient is generally benefited by wear-
ing For a child that is older and that has
a flannel bandage around the abdomen, become accustomed to a solid diet,the same
which may be retained after the attack to general treatment must be adopted. All sub-
stances
prevent recurrence. which are not easilydigestedshould be
In Children. When diarrhoea in at once abandoned. The diet must be limited
"
appears
infants and young children, as it is very apt to both as to its elements and itsquantity. Rice
do in the summer, it should be attended to at is one of the articles most frequentlyresorted
once ; not always stopped immediately, since to, and when it is rehshed is beneficial ;
it is often an effort of nature to throw off but it often disagreeableto the child
becomes
something which is better if given continuously,and other articles can be
away, but if allowed
to run on it speedilybecomes dangerous. The selected which are equally useful. The sweet
question as to when the discharges from the potato is one of these, but it should be
bowels should be stopped and when they thoroughly ripe and perfectly sound, and
should be assisted is a very difficult one to should never be given even to a healthy child
decide ; but the following
observations may be if it has become in part black or has the smell
useful to mothers. of rose-water. Artowroot is good, and so are
Adiarrhoea which consists simply of stools very light wheat bread, and crackers. Still,
rather loose, but otherwise of natural the child will often require something besides
ance
appear-
is the least important; when they become this diet. Boiled milk is a very good addition to
quite watery, and their several ingredients it ; and when this does not with the
agree
seem separate and unmixed, it is stomach, soups,
more broths, chicken and beef-tea,
grave.
Very watery discharges,especiallywhen companied
ac- be resorted to, and these may be ed
thicken-
may
by vomiting, are symptoms which with rice. When meat is used, the fat
any
should cause a physicianto be summoned at should be carefullyskimmed off. As to med-icines,
once. When the disease attacks a nursing a child that has been accustomed to a
infant,the discharges should be carefullyex- amined, solid diet must be treated much as younger
and if curds appear in them the prob- children, though somewhat more powerful
152 DIET
plies
Dr. Parker recommends this tion
combina- as oil,butter, fat,sugar, and other substances
: Take of chalk mixture three ounces ; of in which carbonaceous elements predominate.
tincture (or catechu),half an ounce
of kino ; of In warm countries, on the contrary, it is one
very frequentlyif allowed to do so. Its milk and similar diseases of which Americans, as a
should be given as warm as it will bear it,as nation, are in a peculiardegree the victims as
food with the
should its broth and other liquids, except in the neglect to harmonize the
very rare cases when vomiting is excessive. changing seasons. (See Food.)
But it is not necessary to compel the child to The next most important question in deter- mining
suffer from thirst ; little pieces of broken ice the character of our food is that of its
and a physician should be summoned at strong constitution,and take sufficient exer- cise,
which finally refuse to perform their work of bodily or mental labor. This
without some such external aid. It follows completes what we have to say on the subject
from the above that the requirements of food of diet in general, but under special circum-
stances
in each individual case may in a normal tion
condi- there are some suggestionswhich may
of things be left to the individual taste ; be found useful. Such is the case with those
and also that much more attention than the who lead a sedentary life, and on this pointwe
subjectusuallyobtains should be given to the can not do better than quote from Dr. Edward
selection and preparation of such food as is Smith's excellent treatise on Practical Dietary.
indicated by experience to be most appropriate. Persons of sedentary habits," he says,
"
With regard to the quantity of food to be "are liable to become either thin, feeble, and
taken, this also depends upon individual ditions
con- dyspeptic,or else to grow stout, according as
and cannot be formed into a general the original state of their constitution and the
rule. Where hunger is felt it may safely be attendant conditions of life have led. A cer- tain
assumed that when the hunger has been fully amount of exertion is necessary to enable
appeased sufficient food has entered the stom- ach. a person to breathe the pure air in sufficient
Such are the circumstances of civilized cjuantity to carry on the function of digestion
life,however, that in most cases hunger is a and other vital actions in activity and vigor;
rare sensation ; and food is prepared and and when this is not obtained, the quantity of
very
eaten more to gratifythe palate than because food which is supplied must be reduced, or
too great a supply of food is put into the of the system can tolerate, the former result
stomach, the gastricjuiceonly dissolves that occurs ; but if they remain good, the system
portion of it which the wants of the system will, at least for a time, store up fat within it,
demand ; most of the remainder is ejected in and the person will become stout. When
the person comes
be-
an unprepared state, the absorbents take tions with the sedentary occupation,
por-
of it into the circulatory system, and all thin, feeble, and dyspeptic,it is neces- sary
the various bodily functions dependent on the that the same plan should be adopted
blood are thus graduallyand imperceptiblyin- jured.which has been laid down forpersonsof feeble
Very often, indeed, intemperance in constitution, viz : the frequentsupplies of small
eating produces immediate results, such as quantitiesof hot food ; and, as animal food
than vegetable
colic, headache, indigestion, and vertigo; but excites the vital actions more
the more common result is the gradual under- mining food, it should be preferred,and the quantity
of all parts of the human frame, short-
ening of it graduallyincreased. There are many in
life by thus w'eakening the constitution. this state who hesitate to take milk and eggs,
As to the hours of meals these are of no from having felt uncomfortable after their use;
importance provided they are regular and come ibut they should be encouraged to take them,
at regular intervals. This interval should nevertheless, in the form which is least disa- greeable
never be less than five hours, as the stomach to their taste. Milk in puddings or
requiresat least three hours to digest its sup- Wiith chocolate, and eggs fried or made into
ply
of food, and not less than two hours herb omelettes, are the best forms of food.
should be allowed it for rest and objected to ; but care in its cook-
recuperation. Meat is ing
not
Eating between meals is a most injurious and flavoring, and variety of meat ing
(exclud-
practice, the source in children, especially, of pork, and perhaps veal and fish),are
endless stomachic disorders. It
may be well necessary. Meat should be eaten twice a day ;
to give children under ten years of age one and, at the tea meal, potted meats, ham or
portion into pieces and enable it to be avoided in after years, and many of those who
minute
easilyacted upon by the gastricjuicewhen it are confirmed invalids and martyrs to indiges-
tion
gets into the stomach ; no chemical change might have been free from disease liad
takes place in the mouth with regard to this they paid more attention to diet. Not only
either ; the should the food be easilydigestible,but it
group, nor with the next two groups
only change is a mechanical one, and by this should not be swallowed too hastily;it should
means the food is well mixed together and always be taken at regularintervals,and rest
divided. The oesophagus is merely a tube to after a meal for a short time is advisable ; also
the food from the mouth to the stomach, too much should not be taken at once, so as to
convey
and takes no part in digestion. The stomach make the individual feel distended and fortable.
uncom-
is a dilated chamber where the food remains {Sec Diet and Food.)
for a time digested and to be acted upon
to be DIMITY. "
A kind of cotton cloth of a thick
by the gastricjuice. This important secretion, texture, and generally striped or otherwise
poured out from the walls of the stomjch in ornamented in the loom. It is chieflyused
great quantityduring digestion,renders ble
solu- for articles of female dress, and for ture
bed-furni-
all the proteidsor albuminous compounds, and window-curtains, and is very rarely
and the more finelydivided these bodies are, dyed. There are two of it,one
qualities being
the easier does the process go on ; when meat twilled and the other plain.
is swallowedhurriedly, or when tough, fibrous, DINNER. This article is about good din-
ners. "
of solution,for water in some form is always above the average, circumstances generallyde-
termine
taken with food
only the fattymatters
; as yet what folks shall have for dinner. A
are unaffected. Passing down into the small very modest meal, however, may be tastefully
intestine the food is now called chyme, but it spread and served, and there is no reason why,
does not go far when it meets with the bile and so far as they are available,it should not have
the pancreatic juice,which, acting on the fatty the benefit of the principlesthat apply to the
matters, form an emulsion, whereby the oily most elegantbanquets.
particlesare so minutely divided as to render On the other hand, where people spend no
them capableof being absorbed by the lacteals end of money, they are apt to have tastes, of
and vessels of the small intestines. their own regarding the elaborations of a din-
ner,
Thus, either in the mouth, stomach, or testinal
in- and not to care any more for hints open
canal, the various kinds of food everybody else than for picturesof which
are so to
acted upon as to render them capable of ab- everybody has a copy.
sorption, But even on the points
and this process goes on not only in essential to a good dinner, as distinct from
the stomach but all the way down the intes-
tines, either a plainor an extravagant one, there is
so that the blood is supplied after every much difference of taste. It is not best,
meal with a fresh stock of food to make up for though,to confuse our suggestionsby much dis- cussion
the losses which are continuallygoing on in of disputed points,but to confine our- selves
other parts of the body. There is,however, as far as possibleto the particularsre- garding
always a residue of indigestible matters in the which most people agree, and not to
food, so that all the chyme is not absorbed, attempt to advise those who are beyond the
but the remainder is excreted dailyand known need of advice.
as faces. As the coat of the intestines is in In the first place,a good dinner need not be
part made of muscle, it is constantlycontract- ing expensive,though (as is not always the case
in waves and gently pushing the chyme where much money is spent) there is no end to
forward so as to bring it in contact with differ-
ent the expense that may be indulged in without
parts of the canal, and finally to expel the preventing the result being good.
indigestible remainder. If this process go on To one philosophizingmuch on the subject,
too rapidlythen diarrhoea will result,and if it the order of the fundamental courses of a good
continue the patient will lose flesh because dinner apt to suggest the old saw
is of fish, "
etc, then absorption will not go on properly salad if you like it), keep in mind what
and emaciation will be the consequence. Foods everybody knows that before dinner comes "
vary very much in their degree of solubility, and soup and after it dessert, and you have the
hence arises the importance of careful diet in
key to the whole subject fish,flesh,fowl, and "
those who have a weak digestion,or who are good salt herring. All beyond this is mere
convalescing from sickness. By bearing in elaboration, and all that requires variation
mind in earlylife the importance of mastica- tion from it is exceptional. Give a man more, and
and digestion,much sufferingmay be he should feel honored ; give him this,and he
156 DINNER
mild. The waiter had best hand both kinds to- gether It need cost but a little polishingof glass and
frequentlyreserved till the ladies have left the table well, is not to put on it anything to eat.
table and served to them and
in the parlor, to Exception may be made in favor of a few namental
or-
attempts to give what can frequentlybe re-alized. do, it will confine the talk to people sitting
If you care for anything more, you ne.xt each other, and seriouslyimpede general
have probably already so far studied the sub- ject and livelyconversation. There is no denying
as to be beyond the need of any aid. that a high centre-ornament is decorative, and
DINNER
157
excellent for a supper where people stand. the company comes in. The plates with ice
But a little taste and ingenuitywill devise low are too ticklish for the waiter to pass over
the most available material. They should one may be used from a side table.
not be gathered, however, into a single flat Caraffes and cracked ice should be within
and may be made very beautiful. The two wide, and two thick, and alwaysplace a
writer wishes to state, most emphatically,that piece beside each platein settingthe table.
generally, on noticingthat dinner is passing off Finger Bowls are to be passed after pastry
with peculiarspirit, he has also noticed that on plateswith doileys between the platesand
the ornaments are so pede the bowls.
disposed as not to im- Tlie plates are to be used for
intercourse. fruit and nuts, if there are any. If none are
A small bouquet de
forsage at lady's handed, the finger-bowlwill not be taken from
each
place,and a flower with a leaf tiedto it at each the plate. The finger-bowl should be filled
gentleman's,for his button-hole,
are very agree-
able. about one-third, contain a slice of lemon, and
in very warm weather, a bit of ice.
Chairs. "
Avoid
dining-room. Fruit. It is
cane seats in a "
well to have a dish, at one side,
Where fine fabrics and laces are kept on them independent of any that may be on the table,
so long a time continuously(longer than any-where with grapes cut into small bunches, and oranges
else)they play liavoc. and large fruits halved. If fruit decoratingthe
Plates. " One should be at each seat. The table is"to be used, let it be removed and so
reserve suflicient for all the courses and make a fresh course of each.
erly
prop-
heated. The most decorated plates are Always change knives and forks, or spoons
best enjoyed about the time of salad or cheese with plates. As before stated, it is well to
and at dessert. start with two or three relaysof implements by
Knives and Forks. It saves the waiter's " the plates.
time to start with at least two forks, and two Don't have over two vegetableswith a
knives by each plate. It is not bad to have course. Let them be offered together on the
three. One knife should be of silver,for the same waiter. At a largedinner, you can have
fish. Silver knives are, of course, essential two varieties in the same course, i. e., two
for fruit. fish,two
two meats, etc., lettingthe
soups,
Napkins are supposed to
never
appear a waiter the guest a plate of each
offer at the
second time before washing. Hence napkin same time, the guest choosing between them.
rings are domestic secrets, and not for pany.
com- Everybody is always out of bread ; prevent
it if you can.
Wines that can be drunk at the temperature One good waiter is worth ?nuch more than
of the room be on the table from the start two
may poor ones.
and they add to the decoration. Don't let a wineglass stand empty. If one
Wineglasses. Three four with the water is it proves that the guest likes that
"
or empty,
glass,are enough to start with. If you have wine.
wines, bring the but ice in
more
glasses on with them, Champagne is always too warm,
and substitute them for tlie sherry-glass, sau- the glassesis a poor remedy, so use the small-
est
terne-glass "c. Provide colored glassesfor still that They will not let
glasses are proper.
white wines. readilyas the
Americans pretty generallyset it lose sparkleand coolness as
The host goes in first with the lady whom j Quails,broiled with a sliceof fat pork. ) Chateau
he seats at his right. The hostess in ( Celery salad. j Lafitte.
goes
last with the gentleman whom she places at j Rice souflee.
her right. ] Chocolate pudding.
The worst torture that survives the inquisi-Neapolitan cream,
tion cakes.
may be made in favor of a delicacy,such as Fillet of beef, with stuffed potatoes. (Champagne.)
smelts or trout. Roast chickens, with beans.
If anybody says champagne ought not to Sweetbreads, larded and served on a thick puree
in of spinach.
come early,don't believe it.
Fresh and veal Sorbet.
pork are seldom seen at
,
(A "
waiter.
fricassee.
Last and not least,dining rooms are always Oysters en
Puree of grouse.
too hot
Salmon au court bouillon.
Roast pea-fowl. 1
We append bills of fare six for entertain-
ments "
Roast pigeons.
OF Fare, will probably aid the
housekeeperin Lettuce.
answering the constandy recurring question, Biscuits glaces, vanilla ice-cream, coffee, fruit.
"
What shall we have for dinner ? "
Noyeau.
MENU FOR DECEMBER.
MENU FOR i6tH JANUARY.
Oysters on half-shell. Hungarian wine.
Soup. (Sherry.) Chicken. Madeira.
Bouchees of lobsters. (Sauterne.) Sardines, olives, cheese, and pickles.
1 Boiled cod, with anchovy sauce. ( Mackerel a la maitre d'hotel. )
Missouri Catawba.
iPotatoes a la maitre d'hotel. \ Mashed potatoes. )
jBraised turkey,with chestnuts. ) ^, ( Roast turkey,cranberry ) Steinberg sauce.
Canned asparagus. \ Champagne. (Braised ribs beef, with vegetables.) Cabinet.
jChicken livers stewed. Breast of pigeon, larded, brown mushroom sauce.
ICauliflowers. Sorbet.
DIPHTHERIA 159
j Ortolans, with fried oysters.Pumpkin pies. cold countries ; yet various epidemics differ in
."I
Celery, with mayonnaise. Mince pies.
severityand in extent. It is quite clear that
[Montcbello. Fruits, nuts, coffee.
Plum-pudding, rum sauce. Vanilla ice-crcam. the disease is contagious,but in what
way is
not so manifest ; at one time an isolated case
will appear in a villageand not spread widely,
while on another occasion a whole district will
FAMILY DINNERS.
suffer severely; if one inmate of a house be
attacked most of the others will suffer too, if
JANUARY 4TH. JULY lOTH.
Lamb chops, with baked mac- Tapioca pudding, sauce au some people to take this disease ; those who
[caroni. quatre fruits.
are highly nervous or who have undergone
pie and coffee. Cream-cakes.
Pumpkin
much mental activity,and those who have
Charlotte Russe. jPumpkin pie. beat 120 or 140 times a minute, but the tions
respira-
are particularlyincreased.
not The
tongue is moist and slightlycoated, the appe-
tite
DIFHTHBRIA. A disease, occurringgen-
"
is very great ; in adults, this extension of tlie slowly,because in consequence of the sis
paraly-
disease is lessdangerous, and they are often of the muscles of deglutitionwhich often
able to expectorate large pieces of the false ensues, the act of swallowing is rendered
membrane. The most characteristic ance
appear- dangerous. Where there is much obstruction
in diphtheriais the presence of a mem-
brane the operation of tracheotomy may
in the laryn.x
which covers more or less of the sur-
face be resorted to, but this proceedingis attended
about the upper or back part of the with a very small amount of success, and is
mouth ; this membrane is soft and of ashy- nearlyalways followed by afatal result in very
removed leaves behind children. When convalescence
grey color, and when a young begins,
red and raw surface, and then it rapidlyforms the return to solid diet must be slow and ual
grad-
again. The swellingof the mucous membrane ; for many weeks the nutriment should be
and the amount of false membrane may be so lightand wholesome, and not too much should
often very great, and when fluids are taken in the sea-side is most beneficial,and it is the
this condition they are apt to come back more needful in these cases as there is so
no mischief behind, but sometimes it lasts for soon as a tired feeling comes on. Although
weeks or months and retards convalescence. this disease is not so communicable by the
Every case of diphtheria must be regarded clothes as scarlet fever and some other ders,
disor-
with anxiety,as it is attended with considera-
ble yet it is always advisable any articles
that
danger ; and any extension of the deposit clothing should be of thoroughly disinfected
in the fauces, the onset of Iseingworn
a again,and for this purpose
hoarse voice, or before
breathing, or the occurrence of orrhages,
hem- they may be placed in an oven and exposed to
croupy
are serious symptoms. a high temperature ; a similar remark will
Treatment. There is no
"
drug which can apply to the bedding, curtains,sheets, etc., of
be looked upon as a specificfor diphtheria, nor the room in which the patienthas lain. When
are there of eliminatingthe disease possible,the house in which the disease has
any means
when it lias attacked individual broken out should be well cleansed and gated
fumi-
once an ; yet, a
great deal may be done at the outset if the ; it may kept empty for this
be purpose
disease is recognized sufficiently
early. As a for a week or ten days, and chloride of lime
local remedy a solution of nitrate of silver should be sprinkled about the rooms on the
may
be thoroughlyappliedto the diseased surface of floors.
the throat, but not forciblyas to rub off the
so DISHES. {See Earthenware.)
membrane and follow. DISINFECTANTS. This term is confined
bleeding to
cause drochloric
Hy-
acid and honey have been used for a here to substances used for destroyingnoxious
similar purpose, but in all cases medical advice odors or vapors or whatever may produce in- fection.
depend on merely domestic treatment. The sold in the drug stores, and in summer time,
of them should be in
patient should be placed in a well-ventilated especially,some one
room, and the air should be between 60" and frequent use in every house. The best disin-
fectants
65" Fahrenheit, and kept constantlymoist by are, of course, fresh air (abundant ven- tilation)
food is given in small quantities at a time,and pint of the solution into the pan of the water-
DISLOCATIONS 161
closet three or four times a day, or add half a fall on the hand, one or both bones of the
the entirequantity to the contents of an dinary arm
or- being driven backward. Seat the patient on
privy-vault. If this practiceis made a low seat, or on the ground ; place your knee
general in all private dwellings,not only will inside the bend of the elbow, then grasp the arm
the house-drains of such dwellings be disin-fected, firmly just below the elbow with one hand,
but the benefit will extend even to the and the wrist with the other (ifanother person
publicsewers is present let him take the wrist); pullfirmly,
II. During the prevalence of cholera, all and at the same time bend the arm gently in-
wards,
diarrhceal discharges should be received in and the bone will in most cases return
vessels containing some of the disinfectingto the socket without difficulty.
fluid, before being thrown into the privy- Hip (Dislocation of). When this happens, "
vault or pan of the water-closet. the leg is shortened, and the foot turned /"-
III. Clothing, sheets, towels, etc., from tients waycis
pa- so as to rest upon the other one ; but be
with infectious diseases, should be im-
mediately it is out
attempting anything. In
sure before
boiled ; but, when this is impractica-
ble, case of need, lay the patient on his back, and
they may be thrown into a tub of water, in seat yourself beside him on the injured side ;
which have been dissolved eight ounces of take off your boot and place your foot between
sulphate of zinc, with one or two ounces of the legs, protecting the parts with a folded
carbolic acid to every three or four gallonsof towel ; catch hold of the ankle or knee and pull
water, or in water containing sufficient per- hard
manganate until the bone slipsinto its place. This
of potash to maintain a ple
light-pur- plan, however, will seldom succeed unless the
color, until the articles can be boiled. operator is taller and stronger than his patient.
IV. To absorb moisture from damp cellars, If the accident happen to a muscular man, pass
closets, courts, and sunken areas, use fresh a towel round the upper part of the thigh(catch
stone lime finelybroken, and suitablydistrib- uted, hold of it on the inside of the leg), let one or two
or placed on plates in the places to be assistants grasp the leg itself, and all pull firm-ly
"dried. Whitewashing should be done with but gently downwards for some time until
pure fresh lime. Putrid and offensive the muscles of the limb relax.
gases
m,ay be
destroyed by chloride of lime. (See (Dislocation of.) Wide
Jaw "
yawning,
Fumigation.) laughing,etc., may cause this. The mouth is
DISLOCATIONS." In most cases of wide
location
dis- open, and cannot be closed ; the chin is
it will be best to wait for medical aid, thrown forward, speech and swallowing are very
which should be immediately summoned ; but if not
difficult, impossible; and in front of the
when this cannot be obtained at once, of course ear is an unnatural hollow. Place hand
your
some effort must be made to relieve the sufferer. on each cheek, and insert your thumbs, pro-tected
Before anything is done, however, make yourself with a napkin, into the mouth as far
very sure that it is a dislocation and not a fracture,back as possible ; then press the thumbs wards
down-
for any mistake result in serious injury. and backwards, and at the same time
may
Elbow (Dislocation of). This is caused by raise the chin with the
"
outer fingers of the
hands. If these movements are made with
sufficient force, and at the same moment, the
jaw will slip into its place. A small walking
stick,used like a bit in a horse's mouth, may
be tried instead of the thumbs.
Neck (Dislocation of). This is caused
"
by
a heavy fall on the side of the head. The head
is turned to one side and fixed,and of course
immediate action is necessary. Lay the person
gently upon his back, plant'one knee against
each shoulder ; the head firmly; pull
grasp
gently upwards from the shoulder, and at the
same time turn the head into its proper place.
Shoulder (Dislocation of). " In this form of
injury the arm-bone is displacedfrom its tact
con-
with the blade-bone. The arm cannot be
moved without pain ; the shoulder seems tened
flat-
: the elbow stands out from the side,can-
not
be made to touch the ribs,nor can it be
brought up easilyto a level with the shoulder ;
and the head of the bone, rounded in shape,
disease proceeds, becomes after some days butter, and then add a pound of flour and
mucous orpurulent,loading the eyes and ob- enough boiled milk to make
structing a rather stiff
the nostrils. It then lodges in the dough; flavor to taste with nutmeg, cinnamon,
bronchial tubes, preventing the free access of and a few drops of some essence ; cut into
air to the lungs ; and if it reaches this stage is shapes with tumbler or knife, and fry brown,
fatal. A good remedy for in hot lard. When done, sift sugar over the
very likely to prove
distemper in its earlier stages is to force the top and serve hot.
dog to inhale the fumes of burning sulpliurfor Isle of Wight. Take: "
Flour, 4 lbs:
"
five or ten minutes every day until distinctlylard, 40Z; brown sugar, }i lb; allspice, 2
relieved. The following,however, is the sur- est tablespoonfuls; cinnamon, i drachm ; cloves,
medicine : Take three grains of antimonial '/idrachm ; mace, 2 large blades ; brewer's
powder, ten grains of nitre, and three grains yeast, 2 tablespoonfuls ; milk ; currants.
of powdered ipecacuanha: make into a ball Work smoothly together,with the hand four
and force down the throat two or three times pounds of flour and four ounces of good lard ;
a day. If there is much cough, add from half add half a pound of fine brown sugar, two
a grain to a grain of digitalis, and every three tablespoonfuls of allspice, one drachm of
or four days give an emetic. Two to four pounded cinnamon, half a drachm of cloves,
grains of tartar emetic in a meat ball forms an two largeblades of mace beaten to powder,
emetic. two tablespoonfulsof fresh yeast, and as much
Hydrophobia. When
"
a dog is suffering new milk as will make the whole into a rather
from tliis disease he becomes solitary, morose, firm dough ; let this stand till tender (a little
and sullen ; and after a day or two begins to over an hour) near the fire,then knead it well
run about wildlv, bitingat whatever comes in and make it into balls the size of a very small
his way. As the disease advances, he becomes apple ; hollow them with the thumb, and en- close
more furious,he breathes quickly and heavily, a few currants in the middle ; gather the
his mouth is continually open, the tongue hangs paste well over them and when light, drop the
out, and the lipsand jaws are covered with doughnuts into a sauce-pan half filled with ioiV-
froth. As soon as any of these symptoms ing lard. When they are equallycolored to a
appear the dog must be killed. There is no fine brown, lift them out and dry them before
truth in the prevalent idea that hot weather is the fire on the back of a sieve. The lard should
the cause of hydrophobia. (For the disease boil only justbefore they are dropped into it.
in man, .s,v Hydrophobia.) or the outside will be scorched before the inside
DOILY. " A small napkin, generallyfigured is sufiicientlv done.
and fringed,usuallyplaced on a plate under Raised." --Sugar, i lb; milk, i qt ;
Trt'i'f.
the finger-bowlwith the dessert at dinner. It home-made yeast, l teacupful; flour, 3 pts ;
is manufactured in pieces,containing a fixed
eggs, 4; salt, I teaspoonful; cinnamon, 2 tea-
agree with
cumulat
maladies. It does not everybody, channel and the whole of a copious flow,
and at all times it is advisable to take tions
precau- being concentrated upon it,would have a much
against cold after its use. In the feverish better chance to cut it away and remove it. It
remarkably effective, and frequentlycuts short house, no matter how large,can possiblyneed
the malady. When the patient is cold and for its drainagea pipe largerthan four inches in
shivering,but the skin hot and the nose stuffed, diameter. Neither would it ordinarily be pru-
dent
ten ijrains of the powder at bedtime, putting to use a pipe smaller than this for any
the ieet into hot water at the same time, and house, and this size may, therefore,under ordi- nary
promptly getting covered over with the bed-
clothes, circumstances, be taken as an invariable
will generally cause a profuse sweat, one for private houses.
and will orobably benefit the patient greatly. The drain should be as straightas possible.
A cold sponge bath is advisable next morning, Every turn increases friction, and increases the
and the bowels must be seen to if confined. danger of obstruction. Also, it is easy, with a
DOWN. There are"
several kinds of down ; straight drain, to pass through a stiff wire,
that called gray down or white down tainedfrom
is ob- the outer end, and thus remove any cumulation.
ac-
".suitable drain for the removal of its liquid in bore, but they should be made of a smooth,
wastes, such as
" the outflow from the kitchen impervious material. The common stone drain
sink, and all manner of foul waters. The charac-
ter (" blind drain ") is in every way bad. Its chan-
nel
of the interior drainage must, of course, pend
de- is irregular and rough ; its inequalities cumulate
ac-
and, sooner or later, inevitablychoking the it can never be long relied upon to afford a
twelve inch drain will soon be filled to a certain tends to catch particlesof hair or fibre, or
depth and the water-way will assume a broad other material which become a nucleus for fur-
ther
flat form, over which the flow will spread itself accumulations, which form a firm and close
and become too thin and too slow to produce attachment with the material of the pipe.
the proper scouring effect. Experience has pretty well established a lief
be-
A much smaller pipe would have this ac- that the only entirelysafe and reliable ma-
DRAINAGE 105
pipe,now universallyused where the best work it is best, where unless a flush tank
practicable,
is done. is used at the kitchen inlet,to admit the kitchen
Not only must the drain be laid in a straight outlet,at a pointbetween the outlet of the drain
line,and on a true fall,but the greatest care and its connection with the soil pipe, for the rea-
son
are laid,and it is never safe (unless they are on its deliveryfrom the sink into a
laid in a heavy bed of concrete) to put them on vessel that has its outlet through a bent pipe,
land that has for any purpose, even within so the mouth turning down below the surface of
long as a year, been dug and refilled below the its water. This trap need not be more than
level to which they are to lie,for the reason eighteen inches in diameter, and a foot deep,
that the slightest settlingof the ground, coup- led and should be covered and have a ventilating
with the heavy pressure of the earth above, pipe, for its odors will not be pleasant. This
is quite sure to deflect the pipes sufficiently mass of water will be cold enough to congeal
to crack open their joints, and cause a leakage. the grease at once, and this will float about the
Fig. A.
level of the outlet,vifhich will deliver only water the kitchen waste, or the whole offscourings
of
fit to be admitted to the drain. In addition to a house with complete plumbing appliances.
this grease trap, (or in lieu of it,where the What we have to deal with in both cases is the
proportion of fatty matters is small), it is a organic matter that has been brought into the
capitalplan to use a modern invention known house, as food, etc., and whether this matter
as Field's flush-tank,shown in Fig. A, which is has passed through the additional process of
simply a vessel having its outlet by a siphon so digestion or not does not materiallyaffect the
arranged as to come into action whenever the results of its final decomposition after its re- moval.
tank is sufficiently filled,flowingcopiouslyuntil The only added danger when water-
it is emptied, and then accumulating the drib- bling closets are discharged through the drain, arises
until it is filled
waters
again for another in the case of excreta from patients ill with
discharge.This arrangement secures the drain such diseases as typhoid fever, cholera, diar- rhoea,
againstthe slowly trickling stream that has so etc. Practically, it is no more safe to
great a tendency to deposit silt in its course, make a careless dispositionof the waste from
and secures the important condition that when a small kitchen than that from the whole of a
any foul water is flowing through the drain it
largehouse with complete water works.
shall move forward in a rapid rush that will If the house can be brought .into connection
prevent the haltingof solid matter by the way. with a public sewer, this course will naturally
The final disposal of house drainage is in be followed, and the sanitaryquestions arising
every way a serious matter, and it practicallyare dependent very much on the condition of
makes less difference than is generally the sewers, the discussion of which would be
ed
suppos- "
whether the water to be got rid of is only out of place here. In those cases where there
166 DRAINAGE
is no publicoutlet tlie question of the disposal the best system is that by Mr. Moule, (See Fig.
of liquidwastes becomes extremely serious. B) the inventor
of the earth closet,to "divide
It may be set down as an invariable rule,ap- and
plicable Conquer." This system, which is called
to almost all conditions,that it is never subsoil
irrigationhas now been used sufficient-
ly
safe to allow household wastes is sufficiently
to accumulateintroduced and long
ommended
rec- and
in leaching cess-poolsfrom which their liquid by the highestsanitaryauthorities
is constantlyoozing into the soil,with the dan- ger to make it entirely safe to recommend its adop-
tion.
that it will reach w-ells,or cellars,or that it Its simplicityand cheapness, and the
will accumulate in the earth beyond the capaci-
ty small amount of care that it requires, commend
of this to disinfect and decompose its filth. it to general attention. The amount of land
If there is no land about the house and no needed for its application is by no means large.
sewer for discharge,the only safe plan is the Two hundred square feet will be quitesufficient
and costlyone of accumulat-
ing for an ordinary household, though there are
very inconvenient
the whole liquidin an absolutelytightand certain advantages in e.xtending the area where
thoroughly ventilated cistern, to be pumped circumstances " allow. Indeed by the use of a
out as occasion requires. rigorous vegetation especiallythe sunflower,
Where there is land, even of small amount the Jerusalem artichoke, or the common grape,
Fig. B
it will be possibleto get on with much less than below the surface of the ground, and should be
the area specified. continued through open jointedland-drain tiles
Only sufficient inclination of the surface is say two inches in diameter, laid on a foundation
requiredto secure a flow in the drains and one of narrow boards or of inverted horse shoe
foot in one hundred feet will be fall enough to tiles,also open jointed,and nowhere more than
accomplish this,especially
where the flush-tank about twelve inches below the surface. This
is used. The applicationof the system is as drain may be continuous, or it may be the main
follows : for any number of longer,or shorter branches,
Let the tight drain deliver into a tightly the whole system actingas a means
" for veying
con-
point at which it leaves the wall of the cistern would probably be best, when a single long line
(near its top) Fig C. This will secure room is not sufficient,to lay the lateral drains about
for the deposit of solid matters at the bottom four feet apart.
at the top. It will depend on the degree to which the
and for the floatingof scum Once
to clean the tight cistern withhold solid
or twice a year it may be necessary out grease trap, and
the solid accumulation at the bottom, which is matters whether the drain will require cleaning
always worth the cost of removal as manure. The at long or short intervals. The writer found
outlet should be not more than twelve inches his own drains
irrigation arranged as shown in
DRAINAGE 1G7
^^
Fig. C.
ySiuiw
In this work, as in almost everything else,
the simplest way is the best. When the drain
Fig. D.
runs only from the kitchen sink, then asepar-
ate
air pipe should be carried from its house and ua trap of any sort should be used in its
end well above the top of the house, (not near course, but the soil pipe should be continued
to the top of a chimney nor to a window), and of its full size out thrpugh the top of the house
be furnished at its upper end with a ventilating(See Fig. D) and be furnished with a ing
ventilat-
covvl that will tend to keep up a good current. cowl. There will then be no trap in the
There should be some means for admitting course of the pipe to arrest solid matters and
168 DRAINAGE DREDGING
hold them for decomposition, and there will be pressure of sewer gas is so slightthat a trifling
a steadycurrent of fresh air sufficient to prevent change in the temperature of a sewer or cess-
parts will rise to the surface,and where any house end. As soon as the water is saturated
heavy matter contained will settle at the bot-
tom. with the gas, and sometimes even before this,
To make the outlet from this cistern there is a rapiddeliveryof gas at the house end
from a point between the scum and the ment,
sedi- of the trap ; careful experiments have shown
" where only liquid will be supplied; to that carbonate of ammonia exposed at the er
sew-
discharge this matter into open jointeddrains end of a trap will produce its chemical tion
reac-
extending through such an area of soil as will on colored liinius paper exposed at the
prevent the concentration at .any point of
enough liquidto filter away sub-soil, into the
and at a point so near the surface that it will be
subjected to the disinfectingaction of the soil
and of vegetation; to furnish, in all cases, a di-
rect
current of fresh air through the drain ; and
where a soil pipe i.sused to continue the direct
current through this latter also.
Drain Traps. "
What are commonly known
as drain traps would be better named "
traps."
man-
Fig. G
prevent the ingressof foul air into houses, then as the real and most effective disinfectant ;"
a
of wash-basins, sinks, etc., some form of sought, not through a shuttingout of the foul
water-seal trap, which shall be to a certain tent
ex- gases formed in the sewer, and drain, but in the
a barrier againstbad smells generated prevention of this formation,
mediately
im- by the free admis-
sion
within the waste pipe ; but, as a main and circulation of air. being secured This
dependence these traps are a delusion and a there is little to be apprehended, if the ordinary
snare. bent tube filled with water is used as a trap in
The usual form
given to them is that shown branch pipes in such a as to prevent the
way
in the accompanying figures,E F G. G too rapid transmission of such odors
Figure as mav
represents the common bell trap so often used stillbe formed in the If there is ficient
suf-
pipe. no
over the outlet pipe of the kitchen ventilation
sink, "c. of pipes and sewers it is mad-
ness
Its movable part is verv off,and is that
easilytaken to suppose we can live safelyin rooms
some joints the flour is mixed with grated The efforts to restore breathing must be
bread, dried herbs, or grated lemon or commenced immediately and energetically,
and
orange
peel. The dredger is shalccn over the roast at persevered in for one or two hours, or until a
short intervals, so that its contents remain on medical man has pronounced that life is tinct.
ex-
the surface and form, with the fat oozing out, a Efforts to promote uiannth and lation,
circu-
Icind of coating, which is sometimes tionally
inten- beyond removing the wet clothes and
made thick, as for hare. But drying the skin, must not be made until the
very
thesecoatings are not so common now, or so first appearance of natural breathing; for if
fashionable,as they were a few circulation of the blood be induced before
years ago.
DRESS." Clothi.ng,
(.^d?;; IVaist, Skirt, breathing has recommenced, the restoration to
Princess Dress, Cutting and Fitting and un- der life will be endangered.
the other respectivenames of garments.) II. To Restore Breathing. To Clear "
DRILLING." A kind of coarse, heavy, the Throat. Place-the patient on the floor or "
twilled linen cloth, much used for men's outer ground, with the face downward, and one of
clothing in summer. It is a yard wide, and the arms under the forehead, in which position
nearlyalways white or buff-colored. There is all fluids will more readilyescape by the mouth,
alsoa cheaper varietyof drillingmade of cotton. and the tongue itself will fall forward, leaving
DRINKS. (See Beverages.) the into the windpipe free.
entrance Assist
DROPS (Lemon.) Mi.\ togethera quarter
"
this operation by wiping and cleansing the
of a pound of loaf sugar, a quarter of a pound mouth. If satisfactorybreathing commence,
of butter, si.x ounces of flour, the yolk of one use the treatment described below to promote
egg, a teasponful of cold water, and a little warmth. If there
only slightbreathing,or be
lemon peel minced fine. Drop lumps of this no breathing,or if the breathing fail,then "
mixture, the size of a walnut, on a buttered To Excite Breathing. Turn the patient well "
tin plate,and bake it in a quick oven. and instantlyon the side, supporting the head,
Ratafia Drops. Beat the whites of three
"
and excite the nostrils with snuff, hartshorn,
eggs to a stiff froth,add ten ounces of powder-
ed and smelling salts,or tickle the throat with a
sugar, two ounces of bitter and six ounces feather,etc.,if they are at hand. Rub the chest
of almonds, blanched and and face and dash cold cold
sweet pounded ; mix warm, water, or
well, drop in small spoonfuls on white paper ;
and hot water alternately,
on them. If there
sift powdered sugar over each cake and bake be no success, lose not a moment, but stantly
in-
in a quick oven. " "
DROPSY. "
A symptom of numerous eases
dis- To Imitate Breathing "
Replace the patient
characterized by the collection of water on the face, raising and supporting the chest
or serous fluid in one or more of the closed well or) a folded coat or other article of dress.
cavities of the body, independent of inflam-
mation. body very gently on the side, and a Turn the
Dropsy is caused little beyond, and then brisklyon
either by pressure the face, and
upon some part or the whole of the venous back again,repeatingthese measures cautiously,
system, or by an altered condition of the efficiently,and perseveringly, about fifteen times
blood. In the vast majority of cases it in the minute, occasionallyvarying the side.
depends upon diseases of the liver, the heart, By placing the patient on his chest, the weight
or the kidneys, and in these the original of his body forces the air out ; when turned on
disease must be reached before a cure can be the side, this pressure is removed, and air
obtained. There is no treatment for dropsy enters the chest. This process is shown in
that can be ventured upon without skilful Figs. I and 2. {.Seenext page.)
medical advice. On each occasion that the body is replaced
DROWNED. (To restore the ently.)
appar- on the face, make uniform but efficient sure,
"
pres-
" The Royal National Life-boat tion,
Institu- with brisk movement, on the back, be-
tween
after extensive
inquiriesamongst medical and below the shoulder-blades or bones
men, medical bodies, and coroners, throughout on each side, removing the pressure diately
imme-
Great Britain, published (in1864) the following before turning the body on the side.
directions for restoringthe apparentlydrowned. The first measure increases the expiration, the
They are founded on those of Dr. Marshall second commences inspiration.The result is
Hall, combined with those of Dr. H. R. Syl- respiration or natural
vester. breathing, and, if not
too late, life. Whilst the above operations are
I. Send immediately for medical assistance, being proceeded with, dry the hands and feet,
blankets, and dry clothing,but proceed to treat and as soon as dry clothingor blankets can be
the patient instantly on the spot, in the open procured, strip the body, and cover or gradually
air,with the face downward, whether on shore re-clothe it,but take care not to interfere with
or afloat ; exposing the face, neck, and chest the efforts to restore breathing.
to the wind, except in severe weather, and re-
moving Should these efforts not prove successful in
all tight clothing from the neck and the course of from two to five minutes, proceed
chest, especially
the braces. to imitate breathingby Dr. Sylvester'smethod,
The
points to be aimed at are " first and ini- as follows :
"
vtcdiately,the restoration of breathing; and Place the patient on the back on a flat face,
sur-
of persons round the body, especiallyif in then it should only be employed as a tary
momen-
an apartment. excitant.
and has less nap than baize, and, among other (d) Dcise. " It is not given internally,
except
uses, is
employed instead of carpets for ing
cover- in combination with other medicines.
floors,or to spread on carpets to preserve Acid, Acetic (diluted). " Diluted acetic
them from being damaged ; for this purpose it is acid,prepared from the acid justdescribed.
woven from a yard and a lialf to two yards (a) Physical properties. A clear acid fluid. "
enormous extent, and, as commonly sold by crystals, with flakes of a fragrant aromatic
irresponsibleparties,the strength is seldom odor, and acid taste. Sparingly soluble in
above one half of what it ought be. Besides water, but is easilydissolved in alcohol. When
this there is the danger of substituting a heated, is completelyevaporated,with an agree- able
cheap drug for a dear one. Drugs are most of and peculiarodor; but if tlie tempera-
ture
them soon spoiledby keeping,and in all cases is raised too high,it takes fire,and burns
they should be preserved in well-stoppered with a yellow flame.
bottles with the e.xceptionof Epsom
"
salts, (b) Therapeuticaleffects.Stimulant and ex-
pectorant. "
pow-
erful
keep good for a It is desirable,there-
fore, antisepticsubstance, obtained from coal-
year.
to purchase them in small quantitiesat a tar oil.
time, and to renew them at intervals of twelve (a) Physical properties. The pure anliy- "
months. Most drugs simply lose their strength drous acid is in long,colorless,prismatic crys-
tals,
with time ; but laudanum on the contrary be-
comes turninga palepink on keeping. It rapidly
stronger, especiallyif it be left uncork-
ed deliquesces in moist air. The impure is a
; the spiritevaporates, leaving almost pure more or less brown liquid. Both strongly re-
semble
most fatal results might occur from giving a {b) Therapeutical effects. Strongly antisep-
tic, "
given under separate titles in this work. Being a caustic, it should be carefullykept
The additional ones given below are least from touching anything but the tooth ; when
liable to abuse, in family use. Each is intro-
duced properly used, it is the best applicationfor
in alphabetical order with its properties toothache arisingfrom this cause, and is indeed
and effects given under the respectiveheads a specific. "
(a) Physical properties; (b) Therapeutical Dose. About a grain of the acid is enough \
"
effects ; {c) Use j and (d) Dose, and mode of\for toothache. One drachm of carbolic acid to
administration. Extracts, tinctures, and all'a pint of water is strong enough for disinfectant
such compounds as will bear keeping, and are purposes.
likelyto be useful in a family,are better when Acid, Citric, prepared from the juice of
bought of a good druggist than as made at lemons.
home. They are therefore given without direc- tion (") Physical properties. Sharp acid taste, "
rotic,but when diluted with water, cooling. {li)Dose. 10 grains to i scruple; 15 grains "
ic) Used in lotions for cooling purposes of the acid neutralize 20 grains of bicarbonate
diluted with water, also in ringworm and moving of
re- soda, to form the effervescing draught.
warts. Acid, Gallic, prepared from galls.
DRUGS 173
(a) Physical properties. Taste, intensely (a) Physical properties "A parent,
semi-trans- .
"
gargles for sore throat. Ammonia, laquor of. Ammonia condensed "
mixed witli about eleven times its bulk of Blisters the skin.
water. (b) Therapeutical effects.Stimulating,dia-
phoretic, "
(d)Dose. " 10 minims to 30, diluted largely Ammonia, Sesqui-Carbonate of. "
.\m-
Used
((") in fevers, etc., witli some soda or diaphoretic, and anti-acid.
_
inflammable fluid,without color,produces great (d) Dose. 2 grains to 5, in pillsor dissolved "
so in alcohol. emetic.
(/")Therapeuticaleffects.A
diffusible stim-
ulant, (a) Physical properties. A colorless,tran-
"
sparent, "
large "
of the cut leaf of the Aloe spicata. imported doses ; diaphoreticin small ones ; expectorant,
from the Cape of Good Hope and West dies. .^-.lightl)-
In- aperient and alterative : externally
plied,
ap-
I produces a crop of pustules.
174 DRUGS
(c) Usedio evacuate the stomach to slow the than month old should, after
more a
spreading,
circulation, and produce profuse perspira-
tion.
to be dusted over with powdered cantharides.
Externallyappliedin the form of an oint-
ment, {b) Therapeutical effects. "To raise the cuti-
cle
to produce counter-irritation. from the cutis,producing at the same time
{d) Dose. As an emetic, l grain to 4 grains a large secretion
"
of serous fluid. The time
in solution ; in pneumonia, y, a grain to 3 i varies from 3 hours to 12, or even more. In
grains,often repeated ; as an expectorant, or babies the blister should always be carefully
diaphoretic,J^ of a grain to )4 a grain. [watched after 3 hours, as it often rises rapidly
Assafcetida, Gum. and would be liable to produce severe tion
ulcera-
((?)Phyiical fropcrties. irreg-
ular of the skin. A of
"
Blisteringmay be promoted
mass
of ammonia. Forms a milky mixture with color, and an extremely pungent odor and
water. taste, which is yielded to alcohol, ether, vin-
egar
ifi) Therapeuticaleffects.Antispasmodic, ex- pectorant, and
" water.
{b) Therapeutical effects. Antispasmodic, " Castor Oil, obtained from Ricinus munis.
com-
{d) Dose. 5 to
"
10 grains. ib) Therapeutical effects. Mildly aperient. "
Borax. " Biborate of soda. {c) Used in colic and in those cases of stipation
con-
(rt)Physical properties. Sweetish, shining, " which will not bear purga-
tives drastic
efflorescentcrystals, soluble in twelve parts of ; also for mixing with gruel for the ordin-
ary
cold, and parts of boilingwater.
two enema.
in eight times
dissolved its weight of wax to a pint of olive oil,and mix while
honey or mucilage,or iSetter, in
pure water. warm, stirring tillcold.
Calomel. See Mercury. (1^) Cerate or Spermaceti. Melt together "
Camphor. A peculiar substance, obtained eight ounces of white wax and ten of sper-
maceti
by distillation from the wood of the Laitnis ; then add a pint of olive oil,and stir
camphor. together till they cool.
(a) Physical properties. In large white (")Cerate of Acetate
"
of Lead. Melt four "
(c) Used in hysteria,asthma, chorea, and ounces each of resin and wax, and melt them,
generally in spasmodic diseases. Externally, over a slow fire ; then add a pint of olive oil,
in muscular pains,bruises, etc. and press the cerate, while hot, through a linen
{d) Dose. "
Sometimes prepared in the form of a white, friable powder, heavy, and ble
insolu-
tissue paper, imbued with the active principle. in water.
rient.
ape-
degree of warmth. Water and alcohol both
absorb the virtues of this plant. (i) Used, with warm cordial spices,as an dinary
or-
weak, is emetic.
Externallysoothing. Conium (Hemlock). The leaves of Coiiium "
{d) Dose of the powder. to 40 grains smell, with a bitter,nauseous, and ceous
herba-
30 "
causing very severe pain. In solution it is used complaints of children, especiallyin ophthal-
mia
as a disinfectant, appearing to act more getically
ener- in all cases
" requiring great caution ; ex-
ternally
(a) Physical properties. Larger, thicker, the air,tillat last it is as solid as resin ; soluble
.
"
and less rolled than the pale bark. Externally in ether and alcohol.
of a brownish yellow, and internallyof a (h) Therapeuticaleff'ects.'~S\\m\i\a.n\., diuretic,
cinn.imon brown. The fracture is fibrous ; taste purgative in large doses ; allays irritation of
bitter, and less aromatic than the pale, with the mucous membranes, and especiallythose
scarcelyany degree of astringency. of the urinary
passages.
(b) Therapeuticaleffects.Astringent,tonic, (c) Used in chronic "
bronchitis, spasmodic
antiseptic, and febrifuge. asthma, whooping-cough, and in chronic flammatio
in-
(c) Used in typhoid fevers,and in all low of the bladder, etc.
states of the system, being in such cases perior
su- {d) Dose. 10 minims to 30 in emulsion, or "
warm and cordial spice to prevent the griping transparent fluid,with a disagreeablesmell, re- sembling
of purgatives, etc. somewhat the odor of badly-smoked
Cod-Liver OH. "
Prepared from the liver of meat.
the cod-fish. {/")Therapeuticaleffects.Tonic, stomachic, "
diaphoretic,antiseptic,and styptic.
different colors : pale yellow,pale brown, and (c) Used internallyin phthisis; also in
dark brown.The pale brown appears troublesome
to pos-
sess vomiting, from any cause not
the
highestvirtues. readilyunderstood, as seasickness.
(b) Therapeuticaleffects.Nutritive " and ing
act- Decoction of Chinchona.
also on the general system. Boil drachms of bruised
{a) 10 yellow
ic) Used largelyin consumption and chronic chinchona in a pintof water for ten minutes, in
bronchitis to diminish the secretion from the a closed vessel, then strain.
lungs,and arrest, to some extent, the waste cident
in- {b) Therapeutical effects. Antiseptic,as- tringent, "
(a) Boil 4 ounces of bruised dandelion in I ^ dingy olive color, and a peculiar, disagreeable
pintsof distilled water to a pint,and strain. smell; taste, bitterish and saline.
(d) Therapeuticaleffects.Diuretic,slightly {b) Therapeutical effects.Narcotic, ano-
" "
and a half of water down to a pint,and strain. {a) Physical properties. A dark-colored "
(a) Boil 10 drachms of sliced logwood in Extract of Sarsaparilla {liquid). Pre- pared
I yi pintsof water to a pint,and strain. from sarsaparilla, and used for the same
{b) Therapeutical effects.Astringent and purposes
"
as the decoction. It is sold both as a
tonic. simple and compound extract.
(x) Used in diarrhoea and dysentery. {a) Dose. 30 drops to l drachm two or "
principlespartially
to water, but completely to
soothing. alcohol.
(":)Used as a fomentation in painful swell- {b)Therapeuticaleffects.Stimulant, diuretic, "
cloves bruised, in a pint of boilingwater, for a (a) Physical properties. Thin, " transverse
quarter of an hour, in
slices,or round masses
a covered
; solid,hard, and heavy ; vessel, and
strain. dark-gray color, striated appearance ; sickly
(b) Therapeutical effects.Stimulant,stom-
achic, smell ; taste sweetish, but nauseous.
"
acid. Macerate for two hours, and strain the (c) Used with friction in the same way as the
liquor; lastly, add 6 drachms of sugar. simple liniment, but it is more powerful.
(b) Therapeutical effects."Astnngent, rant,
refrige- Liniment of Turpentine.
and antiseptic. (a)Shake well together2 ounces of soft soap,
(c) U'sed as a drink in fevers ; also as a vehicle and an ounce of camphor, with 16 fluid ounces
for sulphateof magnesia,quinine,etc. of the spirit of turpentine, until mixed.
{d) Dose. 1"3 to 2 ounces.
"
(b)Therapeuticaleffects. Stimulant. "
(c) Used in dyspepsia, torpidityof the liver, (b) Therapeuticaleffects.Diaphoretic,ano- dyne, "
(a) Made up of rhubarb, aloes, and myrrh. {d) Dose. 5 to 10 grains. "
(a) Put into a basin enough meal to form a its propertiesto spiritand water.
it boilingwater to fillthat hole, and stir (c) Used in constipation, and to lower the
upon
akitchen knife. Thiswill ally system. Made into the infusion.
rapidlywith gener-
be sufficient to make the poulticeof the (d) Dose. 5 grains to "
(b) Therapeutical^^c/j." Stimulant, and yet powder, without smell, and tasting slightly
Entirely soluble in water.
soothing. soapy.
(c) Used for abscesses and ulcers when flamed. (b) Therapeutical effects.Anti-acid.
in- "
mustard to conceal its surface, and wet it with (a) Physical properties. Crystals,of an ex- ceedingly "
(b) Therapeutical effects. Stimulant, and (b) Therapeutical effects. Purgative and
"
"
(a) Physical properties. Compound " of in faintingsand hysteria; also added to senna
5 to 15 minims.
above, with the addition of asafoetida. Tincture of Myrrh.
(1^)Therapeutical effects. Stimulant " and tispasmodic.Dose.
an- 30 to 60 minims.
" Useful as a wash
for the teeth, rarelyused internally.
(c) Used in fits.
hysterical Tincture of Opium. " Laudanum.
((/)Dose. 30 to 60" drops. Dose. " 6 to 20 minims.
Spirit of Horseradish {compound). Tincture of Quinine.
{a) Mix 20 ounces of sliced horseradish, Dose. "
teaspoonful.
20 ounces of dried orange-peel,5 draclims of Tincture of Rhubarb {compound). " A very
bruised nutmegs, and a gallon of rectified spirit warm, useful preparation.
with 10 pintsof water; then distil to a gallon, Dose. " 2 to 4 drachms.
with a slow fire. Tincture of Valerian {compound).
{b) Therapeutical effects.Stimulant, diapho-
retic " Dose. "
(":) Used in febrile diseases, dropsy, and {a) Physical properties. Several long,slen-
der, "
{a) A root of a pear shape, covered with {b) Therapeutical effects. Antispasmodic, "
Therapeuticaleffects.Expectorant,emet-
(/;) ic, "
{a) Digest for 30 days 2 ounces of Tartar-
diuretic. ated Iron in a pint of sherry.
(f) Used in chronic bronchitis and asthma. {b) Therapeutical effects. Stomachic and "
dose, I to i"^ drachms. {c) Used the same as other steel medicines.
Syrup of Iodide of Iron is used in order {d) Dose. two tablespoonfuls. "
(1^)Therapeutical effects. Alterative, and (3) Prepared with opium and spices. "
(f) Used in hemorrhages, lumbago, etc., and {c) Used in inflammatory diseases.
cient.
rubefa- {d) Dose. 15 to 60 minims.
to destroy worms ; also externallyas a "
elixir.
{a) A tincture containingcamphor, opium, (1^)Therapeuticaleffects.Tonic, astringent, "
for
first jointfrom the body, truss the feet behind
Proportionate Doses different Ages.
Under "^ i-i 5th of a full dose
the back, spit the birds firmly,and roast them
year
between the common and the Muscovy tureen. Tender ducks will take from thirty
a cross
minutes to hour to roast.
produces a very large bird at an early age, a
in much demand in the Spring when other Stuff with bread-crumbs, seasoned with salt,
are
There is witle
Stewed Duck," I. A duck too tough for roast-
ing
a difference of
for this dish,
faste regardinn fhe extent to may be used though a tender
is of course best. Cut it up neatly into
tvhielh tTticlis should he cooked. one
Epicures prefer tlietii very rare. joints,and arrange these in a wide stew-pan
The times in a single layer if possible; pour in about a
given in the recipes
are those required for thorottgh quarter of a pint of strong cold beef stock or
when it begins to boil,
cooking. Less time can of course gravy ; skim off the scum
be given as t"iste requires. then throw in a little salt, onion, and sage,
Pie Cut off the wings and neck of and few thin slices of lemon rind. Simmer
(Duck). " a
a duck ; boil it a quarter of an hour ; cut it up the jointsgently for three-quarters of an hour,
while hot, preservingthe gravy that runs from or longer if they are large; then stir into the
it ; then take the add
giblets, a tablespoonful of gravy a tablespoonful of rice-flour (mixed if
butter,a blade of mace, six black pepper-corns, desired with a wineglassfulof port wine); in
two onions, a bit of toasted bread, and a pinch ten minutes after,dish the stew and send it to
of cayenne pepper ; stew these until the butter table at once.
and let them stew until the gibletsare tender ; the duckit,and put it into a stew-pan
; skin
then strain it,and put the gibletsinto the pie. with a pint of beef gravy, a few leaves of mint
Let the gravy stand till cold, skim off the fat, and .sage cut small, pepper and salt, and half
and shred fine possible. Simmer
put it with what runs from the duck at the an onion as as a
bottom of the pie-dish; then put in the duck of hour, and skim clean ; then add
quarter an
do as well,if the skin is taken off. with the peas around it on the dish.
Roast Duck. In ducks for the Stewed Wild Duck. Parboil with rot
car-
"
preparing " a
spit,be careful to clear the skin entirelyof the or onion for about ten minutes ; then cut
stumps of the feathers ; take off the head and into joints,put them into a sauce-pan and cover
onions mi.xed with minced sage, salt, pepper, the duck, and then serve at once.
and a slice of butter. Cut off the wings at the DUMPLINGS. (Apple.)" I. Pare large ap-
182 DUMPLINGS DYES
pies; scoop out the core; cover with a thin' until thicklycoated ; tie each one in a separate
suet or butter crust, made as for puddings ; cloth,drop them in boilingwater, and
cover,
tie up in a cloth and boil from twenty minutes boil three quarters of an hour. hot Serve
to half an hour. Or they be baked. A with rich sauce or with sugar and cream. These
may
nice sauce to eat with them, or any dumplings, dumplings are well adapted to those who not
can-
is made by stirringbutter and white sugar to a eat pastry.
lightpaste; the addition of Suet
a little wine this
I. 7a,J(; .--Bread-crumbs,
to Dumplings. "
them up, and boil half an hour. They are very % lb. ; cold milk, 3 gills ; butter, 2 oz. ; brown
nice to eat with gravy of pork or goose. sugar, 4 oz; cinnamon, I teaspoonful; cloves, %
Lemon Dumplings. Take .--Bread-crumbs,teaspoonful; lemon
"
into a pan of fast boiling water, and boil them The simple colors are blue, red and yellow,and
quickly from twelve to fifteen minutes. When cannot be produced by the mixing together of
done tear them apart on the top with two forks, different colors. Compound colors be
may
and serve immediately. This mav be eaten as produced by mixing together two or more ors
col-
a pudding, with a rich sauce, or served as an in different proportions. Thus, purple is
accompaniment to meat. In helping, they formed by mixing red and blue ; green, by mix- ing
must be torn apart, never cut. blue and yellow ; orange, by mixing red and
Rice Dumplings. 7rt^i?.--Rice ; apples; yellow ; and the various shades of these depend
"
in a towel ; pare and core some sour apples, communicating one color to a fabric with the
leavingthem whole ; put a bit of marmalade or intention of applying anotherupon it,and thus
jelly, a clove or bit of lemon pee! in the centre ; producing a compound color. It is highly
dip each one in water, then roll it in the rice important that the water used in dyeing should
DYES 183
fleeting.Every color will dye black, whether mordant, but cotton goods usuallyneed tannin,
blue, yellow, red, or brown ; and black will or a decoction of the leaves and twigs of the
always dye black again. All colors will take staghorn sumach, to be present in the dye bath ;
their own colors again ; and blue can be made one part of tannin is equivalentto about eight
green or black ; green may be made brown, parts of sumach. Cotton goods may be ani- "
"
and brown green ; and any color on re-dying malized as it is termed, by saturating ly
thorough-
will take a darker shade than its own. with a cold solution of milk curd in ammonia
"c. Tlie depth of color usuallydepends upon The effect of iron mordants is usually
the amount of coloringmatter used in the dye to give a lower (sadder) tone to the colors.
bath, which must be graduated according to Linen has less affinity for colors than cotton.
the effects desired to be produced. To attain The treatment should be about the same, but
uniformityof tint practice is necessary. It is the strength of the mordant and the length of
usually advisable to cleanse the goods thor- oughly time the goods are subjected to its influence
before attempting to dye them, and to should be increased.
wet them thoroughly before putting them in Water. The" amount used in the dye bath
the bath. This is best effected by boilingwith should be sufficient to allow of working them
clean water for a short time, and then wringing about with (preferably^ a wooden rod, that every
them out until they justdo not drip. To cleanse part may be uniformly exposed to the action of
goods, boilingin soap suds and rinsing several the solutions. Two quarts of water suffice for
times in clear water is the best mode. In one pound of goods, and less water in propor-
tion
attempting to dye goods which have already for largeramounts.
some color,the general rule may be laid down, Proportions of the materials to be used are
that the color already on the goods has dency given in most
a ten- cases below, the amounts ed
indicat-
to modify whatever color may be after-
wards being what should be used for ten pounds of
applied,and that some darker color than goods, in about 5 gallons of water. Generally
that alreadyon the goods should be aimed at. in working hot " "
the temperature should be
Bleaching may be resorted to in most cases. just under boiling,and the time of steeping
This may be effected by making a solution, in should be from twenty to thirtyminutes. The
water (5 oz. to a gallon,) of bleaching powder, stirringshould be at least once every four ?nin-
to be had at the druggists, in which the goods utes, and would be better if it were constant.
may be worked for a time, and then putting Coal Tar Colors. The amount
"
to be used
them in weak muriatic (hydrochloric) well be indicated, as it depends very much
or ric
sulphu- cannot
acid (one fluid oz. commercial strength to I upon the intensityof color desired. Of most of
gallon water). If the first treatment is not them an ounce will give a fair medium shade to
efficient, it may be repeated, though too frequent 100 lbs. of goods, or would be enough for 50
an application of these solutions may weaken gallons of water, hence, as will be seen, it is
the fibre. Exposure when moist to the fumes easier to get too much than too little, as those
of burning sulphur is another mode of bleach-
ing, dyes are very strong. Particles of undissolved
though often less efficient. After appli- cation dye, or dyewood chips, """., should twt be al- lowed
of either of these methods, the goods to remain in the dye bath while the goods
should be rinsed and then boiled for a short are in it. The following are a few processes
time in a weak solution of soda, i oz. to 10 gal- lons for dyeing the different colors,which may be
of water. readilyapplied.
184 DYES.
or four hours or more. They are then taken (2 oz.) litharge, with sugar of lead (ij4
out, allowed to drain, rinsed once in clean oz.),and then for 15 or 20 minutes in a bath
water, and then placed in a bath containing containingbichromate of potash (i ^ oz.)and sal-
bichromate of potash (5 oz.) where they are soda (lyi oz.)
worked hot as above for half to three quarters Red. Wool and silk take aniline red (magen-
"
ta),
of an hour. Rinsing in clean water, and drying or the so-called AVw 7?ose (Saffranine),
completes the operation. which givesa scarlet without mordants. genta
Ma-
Blue (Aniline). For silk no mordant
" is re-
quired. with Manchester yellow also gives a
The addition of enough sulphuricacid scarlet. Cotton requirestannin (2 oz.),or the
to the dye bath to make it turn blue litmus liquidderived from boiling I lb. sumach with
paper red,is beneficial, and givesrather brighter I gallon water, to be added to the bath to fix
shades. For wool sulphuricacid, or sulphuric these colors. Wool, silk, or cotton may be
acid with half as much by weight of white vitriol, dyed with madder by mordanting first by boil- ing
may be added to the bath. For cotton, as with i to T hour in a bath containing alum (2
silk,sulphuric acid (40Z.) or alum should be lbs.),and cream of tartar (i lb.),and then keep- ing
added to the bath. Work hot an hour and let at a simmer for 2 hours in a decoction tained
ob-
stand till cool. from 5 lbs. ground madder root. peras
Cop-
Blue (Prussian). Applicableto silk,wool,
"
vitriol, and the solution is then poured into 12 its odor perceptible, and boilingfrom ^ hour to
to 20 times its bulk of water. To this bath U hours, depending on depth of shade desired.
the goods are immediately introduced, and al- lowedWhen but littleof the dyeing solution is used,
to remain for twenty-four hours. The or the last boilingis not sufficiently prolonged,
excess of indigo separates, settlingto the bot- tom, a salmon color is obtained. The shade may be
and may be collected and used over again. toned with magenta afterwards if desired.
Boilingthe goods for half-an-hour in a weak so- lution Violet. Aniline violets may be applied di-
"
rect
of sal-soda will then neutralize the acid to silk and wool, without mordant, or with
present and set the color. the addition of enough sulphuricacid to turn
Brown. "
aniline,naphtha-
Silk and lene blue litmus
wool take paper red, to the bath. Cotton quires
re-
be produced on all three kinds of goods by y2 lb. (2 lb. sumach.) Work as for blue.
to the
ozs.), bichromate solution gives a tone by weight, of rhubarb, bi-carbonate of soda
approaching to orange. (or baking soda willdo),and pulverized cinna-
mon,
Yellow (Nankeen), may be produced by and mix thoroughly; of this put a tea-
spoonful
acetate solution, and then gradually brought of peppermint water containingthe gum arable,
to a boil, and yellowish if after working in sweeten with a little loaf-sugar, and give a ta-
the cold solution they are first dried and blespoonful(if the child is ten years old, half
then placed in boilingwater, and boiled for 15 as much if less than five), every twenty min-
utes
minutes. until the character of the discharges is
changed. But the treatment most to be relied
sulphuric acid may follow the applicationof the by employing, twice in twenty-four hours, in- jections
color to set it,but the use of even moderately containing one half a grain of nitrate
acids alkalies a very deleterious
has of silver to the ounce of water.
strong or
effect upon the strength of the leather or skin, Dysentery is infectious by evacuations, and
therefore be avoided. therefore all bed-pans or other vessels used
and should {SeeStain-
ing.)
by the patient should be scalded each time
Scarlet (Corallin) may be applied to with boiling water. The privy-vaults and
leather if desired. The addition of one water-closets should also be disinfected with
tenth as much borax as corallin to the dye sulphate of iron or carbolic acid. {See Disin-
fectants.)
bath brightens the shade. All the colors
may be made more brownish by following In adults,when dysentery makes its appear-
ance,
the dye bath with a solution of mate
bichro- if any constipationhas previouslyexist- ed,
of potash,or still more darkened by a a dose of castor oil,to which a few drops
weak nitrate of iron bath. Tawed skins ot laudanum have been added, may be given ;
be immersed in a solution of alum to opiatesand astringentsmay alterwards be ad-
ministered.
may
mordant them, and if it is desired to apply the During the treatment the patient
color to but one side, the color thickened with should be confined to his bed ; and his diet
a littlestarch, or with borax, maybe laid on with should be of the mildest and most unirritating
a brush. The of bath for dyeing character. When dysentery passes into the
temperature a
skins should not be above 90" Fahr. chronic stage, the stools become more copious
DYSENTERY." A disease, most frequent and loose, and are found to contain pus ; the
in children, characterized by a constant sire
de- complaint is apt to be tedious and intractable,
to go to sttiol,and by small discharges of and even after recovery the digestive organs
bloody mucus. There is also considerable remain for a long time feeble and irritable.
fever, griping pain usually near the lower DYSPEPSIA. " This disease, as its name
portion of the intestines, causing the child to indicates, signifies difficult digestion, and
scream at times as if in fright,and more of course can only be cured by attention
or less of delirium or cold shivers. The to whatever promotes, and avoidance of
causes dysentery are indigestiblefood,
of whatever hinders, the proper digestion of
unripe or decayed vegetables or fruit, the food. The rules which we have laid down in
breathing of impure air, exposure to cold, the articles on Diet and Digestion apply
strong cathartics or purges, and the use here ; and as timely observance of them would
of bad impure water.
or As soon as toms
symp- render dyspepsia impossible,so also it is in
of dysentery are observed in a child,med-
ical that direction that relief sought, for in must be
aid should be sought at once ; but if this is most instances medicines can only work harm.
not to be had, proceed thus : If there has been In a common class of cases, when dyspepsia has
any constipationduring the previous day or been long continued, a certain degree of inflam-mation
two, give a moderate dose of castor oil ; when of the gastricmucous membrane seems
either by noxious vapors tlirown off from the chips, the exposed surface becomes
ware
open pits,o r by soakage of their liquid contents dark; in porcelainit remains white.
into adjacentwells or water-courses. To avoid The finer Oriental china and that of Sdvres
these defects a dry earth closet, invented by and Dresden costs from $300 up, for a set for
the Kev. Henry Moule, of Dorsetshire, Eng- land, twelve persons. The sets generally are for
has been introduced, which forms one of eighteen. The ordinary decorated French
the most useful and valuable of recent additions china costs from $45 to $500 per set. The
to the convenience of the household. It is white French china costs from $35 to $500,
based on the principlethat by covering the depending on quality. The decorated lish
Eng-
fcEcal depositimmediately with dry earth con-
taining china costs from $350 up. Broken pieces
a certain proportionof clay,not only is cannot be duplicated here, as the decoration
the smell otherwise arisingfrom it destroyed, is printed on, from designs more elaborate
but all no.xious vapors whatever cease to be than the hand-work of the French
average
given off,being absorbed and neutralized by sets. The French can be duplicated here at a
seat, for measuring out and discharging china, and possibly than English china. It
into the vault or pan below a sufficient tity
quan- costs from $70 to $125 per set; the various
of the sifted dry earth to entirelycover pieces can generally be bought separately,
the solid ordure, and to absorb the urine. which is not the case with decorated china.
The discharge of earth is effected by an or- For plates and cups of this ware
economy,
dinai-ypull-up, similar to that used in water- with tureen, vegetable dishes, etc., of plated
closets,or, in the self-acting apparatus, by the silver is probably the best possible arrange-
ment.
risingof the seat when the weight of the per-
son Still further varietyin this or any ser-
vice
at pleasure.From the moment when the earth The so-called Ironstone and Stone China
is discharged and the evacuation covered, all are merely glazed earthen-ware undecorated.
offensive e.xhalations entirelycease. Under Sets cost from $20 to #40. As regards the
certain circumstances there maybe, at times, a finer porcelain, the following remarks may be
slightodor as of guano mixed with earth ; but of service : "
See that the reservoir is supplied with earth Sevres China is of French manufacture and
of a suitable nature. is not so close grain as those
or fine in the
Let one fall of earth be in the pailbefore above alluded to ; but it has a superiorglaze,
using. and is generallyof elegantshape, with beauti-
ful
The earth must be dry and sifted. Sand colors and magnificentgilding.
must not be used. The common Red Earthenware is that used
No "
slops "
must be thrown down. most extensivelyfor cooking,dairy,and other
The handle must be pulled with jerk, purposes. It does not stand the heat well,
up a
and let fall sharply. and is very easilybroken. Acids should never
EARTHEN-WARE." The various wares be put into any vessels made of this ware, as
known earthen-ware, china, or porcelain,
as are there is a poisonous ingredientin the glazing
all compounds of clay with bone-earth,flint,which the acid takes off. The common ware
stone-
and other similar materials,ground together is stronger, and cleaner,and better every
and baked. According to the proportion of way than any other kind.
clay will be the toughness of the china, and For instructions about mending broken
the capability of being moulded, while the flint earthenware, see Cements.
and bone-earth gives hardness,whiteness,and EAU DE COLOGNE. (See Cologne.)
transparency. EEIi. There are several varieties of eels, "
account of the largequantityof oil which they the bone. Steep them in oil, pepper, salt,
contain, they are apt to cause derangement of and vinegar for about two hours ; then
the digestivefunctions if eaten too liberally afterward
dip them in bread-crumbs, and
without using some condiment as a corrective. into melted butter. Broil them over a clear
In cooking eels, rejectthe large ones and take fire, and send them to the table with tartar
those weighing about one pound each. Before sauce.
skinning them, cut off the head, or divide the Ste-wed Eels. Skin and clean, and
" cut out
spinalcolumn just behind the head ; this ren- ders all the fat from the inside ; cut into lengths
sufferingon their part impossible. of about two inches ; put them into a sauce- pan
are a favorite article of food. In this country I more plentifuland cheap ; during the winter,
they may be considered as being in season the and especiallyat the holiday season, they are
springmonths they are | usuallyquite scarce and high.
year round, thoughin the
EGGS 189
The freshness of an may be tested by upon the table for twelve minutes, when they
egg
puttingthe largeend to the tongue, when, if it will be found perfectlycooked, entirelyfree
feels warmer than the other end, the egg is from all flavor and appearance of rawness, and
considered fresh. Another test is to hold the yet so lightand delicate as to suit even persons
egg up against the sun ; if the outline of the who cannot eat eggs at all when cooked in the
yolk can be distinctlytraced, and the white usual way. The eggs should be turned when
looks clear around it,the chances are that the rather more than half done, but the plate must
egg is good. The surest test, however, is to be replaced as quicklyas possible. More than
place the eggs in a pan of cold water. The two eggs will requirefrom 15 to 20 minutes stead
in-
fresh egg will sink quickly to the bottom, those of 12.
that sink very slowly are suspicious,and those Fricasseed Eggs. " Take half a pound of
stale bread and
that float are very likelyto be bad. a pint of milk ; place them in a
To preserve eggs for a few weeks, pack them in sauce-pan on the fire and boil for three minutes,
bran or salt,with the small end downward ; their mash well and mix
together,then boil the two
eggs as fresh as possible and drop them into a frying-pan, and when it is boilinghot,
into the jar gently. Place the jar where the break the eggs in gently one by one (beingcare-
ful
eggs can be taken out without moving it,and not to break the yolks); frythem three min-
utes,
they will keep good for a twelvemonth. A or until the white part becomes hard, and
popular French method is as follows : Dissolve take up with a skimmer ; dust over with salt
four ounces of beeswax in
eightounces of olive and pepper, and serve hot.
oil ; dip the tipof the fingerin this and anoint n. (In hatter). Poach " the eggs (not hard);
the egg all around. The oil will be immediate-
ly set them aside to drain and cool on a clean
absorbed by the shell and the pores filled up napkin. Make ready a deep frying-pan,and
with the wa.x. It is claimed that by this meth-
od when the fat is hot, fryenough parsleyto cover
eggs, if kept in a cool (but
the not cold) the bottom of your dish. Dip the eggs in bat-
ter
place,may be preserved fresh for two sprinklethem slightlywith
years. with a spoon,
Baked Eggs. Break " the desired number
fine-chopped parsley, and of fry; when a light
eggs into a buttered dish, taking care to keep brown, they are done. Arrange them on the
each whole and the yolks separate from each bed of fried parsley,and sprinklewith lemon-
other: dust with
pepper and salt, and place juice.
half a teaspoonful of butter upon each ; put Ham and Eggs. Fry the eggs as above ; "
into a moderate oven and bake until the whites drain them thoroughly,and lay each separatejy
are solid. Serve hot, with buttered toast. on a piece of fried ham. The ham should be
Balls (Egg) for Soups. Boil four or five cut in appropriateslices before dishing. Gar-
"
nish
eggs for ten or twelve minutes, and lay them with sprigsof parsley.
in fresh water until they are cold. Take out Mashed Eggs. Put a little good gravy or "
the yolks,and pound them smoothly with the dripping from roast beef,veal, or pork, or a lit- tle
beaten yolk of one raw egg, or more if required; good soup, or a large lump of butter, into a
add a httle salt and cayenne, roll the mixture stew-pan. When hot, break in the required
into balls the size of marbles, and boil them number of eggs, stirringconstantly. Season
for two minutes. Half a teaspoonful of flour slightlywith pepper and salt, and cook quite
is sometimes worked up with the eggs. gently imtil the eggs become stiff.
Boiled Eggs. I5e sure " that the water is Omelette. (Sel: Omelette.)
actuallyboiling; put the eggs in gently one by Poached Eggs. Have a large frying-pan "
with to avoid
one a spoon so as crackingthem ; two-thirds full of boilingwater into which about
boil steadily three minutes if they are wanted a tablespoonfulof salt has been thrown. Place
soft ten minutes if wanted hard. A favorite it where the boilingwill cease, then break
"
the
method with gourmands is to put the shells of the eggs one
eggs on by one on the edge of
in cold water and let it gradually come to the pan ; hold
a them over the boiling water,
boil,which will be in about ten minutes. The close to the surface; open the shell adroitly
inside,white and yolk,will then be of the con- sistency with your two thumbs, and let its contents slide
of custard. into the water in entire
as a mass as possible;
Cooked (Eggs) without boiling. First put keep each in the
"
Sauce (Egg.) I. Boil four eggs for quite1 5 several varieties of the egg plant,of which the
"
minutes ; then
lay them into cold water and let large,purple,oval-shaped kind is best for the
them remain until perfectlycold. Break the table. When fried, the^ have a taste resem-bling
shells by rollingthem on a table,and pick off that of the oyster,and they are much used
the pieces; separate the whites from the yolks, in soups, stews, etc. The white variety is much
and divide all of the latter into quarter-inch smaller, about the size and shape of a goose-
dice ; mince two of the whites tolerablysmall, egg, and but seldom used, being grown rather
mix them lightlywith the yolks,and stir the for ornament than utility.The egg plant is in
whole into a third of a pint of melted butter or season from June to October.
white sauce. Serve as hot as possible. Fried Egg Plant. Select the largepurple "
n. Boil two eggs hard, and when quite cold, kind, and one which feels firm when pressed ;
cut the whites and jolks up separately; mix cut it crosswise into rather thick slices,pare
them together,put them into a very hot tureen, the skin off,and place them to soak for half an
and pour over them a quarter of a pintof drawn hour in strong salt and water ; wipe each slice
butter (while it is boiling). Stir,and serve mediately.
im- dry with a napkin,dip it in egg, and then in
cracker-crumbs, and fry in hot lard until of a
Scrambled Eggs. Put in a frying-pan nice crisp brown.
"
enough butter to grease the bottom of the pan ; Stewed Egg Plant. Put in a pot and stew "
break in the eggs carefully, without breaking till soft ; after removing the skin, mash it with
the yolks ; for each dozen eggs, add a table- butter and sweetherbs ; put it in a pan, grate
spoonful of butter ; season with a very little bread over the top, and bake in a moderate
pepper and salt ; when the whites harden oven tillbrown.
stir
slightly, the eggs from the bottom of the Stuffed Egg-Plant. " Soak a pieceof the soft
pan, and continue to do so they are suffi- until
ciently part of bread in cold water, and then squeeze
cooked. When done, the yolks and the water out of it. Parboil the egg plantsten
whites should be separate, though stirred to-
gether minutes, split them in two lengthwise, and
"
marbled, in fact,and not 7nixed\\Ve. scrape out the seeds. Put a piece of butter in
mashed eggs. a sauce-pan, and when melted fry in it a bit of
Stuffed Eggs. " Cut six hard-boiled eggs chopped onion ; when the onion is fried,stir in
in two lengthwise; lift out the
yolks and mince the soaked bread ; add salt,pepper, and grated
them up fine with six or eightsprigsof parsley; nutmeg to taste, and little gravy ;
a stir to-
gether
add three
ounces of butter and a slice (the size for about one remove minute, and then
of saucer) of the soft part of bread, soaked in from
a the fire. Fill both halves of the egg
milk tod squeezed ; season with salt, pepper, plantswith this mixture, and put them in a pan
and a little grated nutmeg ; mix the whole gether with
to- the mixture upwards ; dust with bread-
crumbs,
thoroughly. With this mixture fill the put a teaspoonfulof butter on the top
cavity in the whites whence the yolks were of each, and bake tillbrown. Serve hot.
taken ; set these in a pan with a layerof pars-
ley, EGLANTINE. " A name for the sweet brier,
or spinach, on the bottom ; place for ten a well-known and delightfully
flagrant-leaved
minutes in an oven, and serve warm. rose. It grows wild in rich pastures and lected
neg-
EG(J-FLIP." Take .--Eggs,2 ; ale, -^ pt ; fields throughout the United States,and
white sugar, i ^ oz ; nutmeg and cloves. in favorable soil sometimes sends up shoots ten
For each yi pt of the flipdesired to be made, or twelve feet high,covered with harsh, crooked
take eggs, and beat them
two
up thoroughlywith prickles. It succeeds well in the garden if
an ounceand a half of white sugar and a little ample room and a deep rich soil are allowed it,
powdered nutmeg and cloves. While doing and in such cases it sometimes produces double
this,heat half a pint of ale (a little brandy may flowers. Eglantine grows readily from the
be added if the ale is not strong enough) ; and seeds, and sown in rows, the plants can be
when boiling hot stir it into the after clippedinto shape to form low and ornamental
eggs,
which pour the whole backwards and forwards hedges. Plant in earlyspring. The flowers,
from the sauce-pan into a bmvl and vice versa which are borne most profuselyon the lower
until it thickens. If,from the coldness of the branches, of beautiful color, and full
are a rosy
atmosphere,this does not take place,it must fragrance; but the chief perfume of the
be of
put on the fire again and constantly stirred til
un- plant is in the foliage,its leaves being covered
it does, which never fails in a few minutes. with russet-colored glands,which, when slightly
HOG-^OQtGr." Take .--Eggs, 5 ; sugar, 5 table- bruised, emit a peculiarscent.
spoonfuls ; milk, I qt ; best brandy,%, pt; EIDER-DOWN. {See Down.)
nutmeg. ELDERBERRY." This is the fruit of the
Stir the sugar and the yolks of the eggs to-
getherelder-tree which is found generally in damp
; add the milk ; then the brandy ; and places, near streams of water and along the
lastlystir in the whites of three eggs, which shady side of old walls and fences. The ber- ries
should previouslyhave been whipped up stiff. are small, black, and of a pleasantflavor
Flavor to taste with grated nutmeg. when ripe,and are used for making pies,etc.,
EGG PLANT." This vegetable is called the well-known Elderberry -wine, which is a
"
"guinea-squash at the South. It is cultivated wholesome and agreeablebeverage, and for
exactly like the tomato, to which it is related feeding birds. Infusions of the flowers make
(which see),or like the squash. There are the Elder flower tea, which is a powerfulpro-
ELDERBERRY EMETICS 191
Select ripe and fresh berries, strip them {a) Liquor of ammonia, tincture of opium,
clean from the stalks,and measure them into a spiritsof turpentine, and olive oil,of each equal
tub or large earthen jar; pour boiling water parts. Useful for rheumatism or any local pains.
them in the proportion of two gallonsto (/')Flour of mustard, yi. ounce ; vinegar,
upon
three of berries, press them down into the boiling,3 ounces. Mix, and rub into the parts
liquor,cover them closely,and let them stand to produce counter-irritation.
until the followingday; then strain the juice (c)Laudanum, chloroform and soap liniment,
from the fruit through a sieve or cloth, and in equal proportions,will often relieve local
when this is done .squeeze from the berries the pains.
greater part of the remaining juice; mi.x it with (d) Chloroform alone may be applied,sprink- led
that which was first poured off, measure the on a piece of spongio-piline (to be had at
whole, and for every gallon add three pounds the drug stores),and appliedto the parts affect- ed
of sugar, three-quarters of an ounce of cloves, with neuralgia. Care must be taken not to
and one ounce of ginger ; boil twenty minutes, inhale the vapor too long.
keeping it thoroughly skimmed, and remove (e)All embrocations may be applied with
from the fire. When about milk-warm, put' it good effect by wetting with them the inner
into a perfectlydry and sweet cask, fill this surface of spongio-piline, and keeping it to the
entirely, and pour very gently into the bung- part. In this way, as the ammonia cannot
hole a tablespoonfulof new yeast mixed with evaporate, embrocations made with it are much
half a teacupful of the wine. When tation
fermen- more active.
ceases, paste a stiff brown paper over EMERY. A varietyof corundum, "the hard-
est
the bunghole ; after that it will be fit for use in known substance except diamond. It is
about eightweeks, but will keep for years. bruised and ground to powder in a powerful
n. Take .--Elderberries ; water ; sugar ; rai-
sins stamping mill, and is then sifted into various
; brandy (ifwanted). degrees of fineness. It is very useful in the
Take elderberries that are quite ripe, put household for scouring and polishingfurniture
them into a pan and bake them in an oven along and the like,and for rubbing the rust out of
with the bread; then strain the juice from metals. Emery paper is made of various de- grees
them. To six gallonsof water put three pounds of fineness, in the same as paper,
sand-
way
of moist sugar, boil it one hour and strain it ; and is more convenient than the powder
when it is cool, add one quart of the elder-juice,of emery. Emery cloth is much superior to
to everj- gallonof liquor; spread a toast thickly the paper for cleaning utensils of iron and steel.
with yeast, put it in, and let it stand for a The is brittle that it will not hold
paper so
week ; then put the wine into a cask, and for together after having been used a little while,
every gallonadd one pound of raisins. A
pint and, unfortunately, this happens just when its
of brandy to every three gallonsof wine will quality as a polisher is best, from the coarse
be an improvement. grains having been rubbed off ; by substituting
m. (White Berries.)" 7a/t^ .--White ries
elderber- the cheapest kind of calico for
paper, an article
; lump sugar ; yeast ; Malaga raisins ; lemons. has been produced, the durabilityof which
To a quart of white berries add a quart of more than compensates for the additional cost.
water, boil it half an hour, press it througha The most common use of
the emery powder is
sieve, but do not press the berries ; to each lon
gal- for cleaning and sharpening needles in sewing;
of this liquor put three pounds of lump for this purpose, the finest powder is best.
sugar; let it boil, skim it, and when milk- Medicines used
to produce EMETICS. "
{d)The above doses may be repeated every every one seems to like "made dishes,"
fifteen minutes till vomiting is produced. properly prepared.
{e)Tickling tlie throat with a feather is some-
times Beef Cakes. " For a side dish. " Pound
efficacious,especiallywhen, as in poison-
ing, some beef that is underdone with fat bacon
haste is desirable. or ham ; season with salt, pepper, and a
many slightcases of inflammation from various raw or cooked), an inch thick and four inches
causes. Bread or linseed meal poulticeis an square ; lay them on a forcemeat of crumbs,
bread-
excellent emollient, as also is the fomentation a little suet or fat,shalot,pepper and
made with poppyheads, and applied by means salt. Roll them, and fasten with a small
of flannel wrung out in it. skewer ; put them into a stew pan with some
EMULSIONS. " An emulsion is oilyan gravy made of the beef bones, or the gravy of
substance suspended in some fluid capable of the meat and a spoonful or two of water, and
holding in a state of minute subdivision. Thus, stew them tilltender.
castor oil may be rubbed down with yolk of egg, Bubble and Squeak. " Boil and drain :
or fourth course, or between them. They are gently two or three hours ; if too thick, add
also valuable as a means of enabling cooked more water half an hour before serving. If
food to reappear in a novel and economical the meat has been dressed before, a little
form; they will often serve as the basis of a broth will be better than water ; but the curry
quiet dinner, and above all for invalids,seden- tary is richer when made of fresh meat.
people,and convalescents, for whom thing
some- Boiled rice is usuallyserved with curry. A
lightand tastyis desirable,which will ex- common practiceis to pile the rice round the
cife them to eat a littlewithout making them feel dish, and put the curry in the middle ; the bet- ter
afterwards as if they had overtasked their diges- way is to serve them on separate dishes so
tive powers. We shall not give here a longlist that one may be eaten without the other.
oienlree',because they will be found throughout 2. Take two tablespoonfulsof curry-powder,
the work under the ingredientsof which they and mix with it a teacupfulof water, half a
are chieflycomposed. A few, however, will be teacupfulof vinegar,and a dessertspoonfulof
brought together, i" only to show what we salt. Stew slowly for an hour, and when it be- comes
mean and what be done in this line for too thick, add a little more vinegar and
may "
ENTREES 193
water. About of
three-quarters an hour before made of sweetbreads. For them, see bread.
Sweet-
six onions
with sliced thin. two of veal, minced fine ; the yolks of
pale brown, large ounces
it the dish this layer of down, and bake it in a slow oven for four
spread on ; on put a
hours ; take the bones off when it comes
mixed vegetables(whateveris in season),made out,
into a ragout, thickened with egg-yolkand sea-soned and turn it out when cold.
with pepper, salt,and cayenne ; cover II. Take the thick part of a leg of veal, free
with another Layerof the rice, into which thrust from skin and sinews, and some good fresh suet
five bits of butter as big as a filbert. Glaze or marrow, with a little bit of clear fat bacon.
the top with white of the dish in Beat it in marble mortar till it comes to a
eggs ; set a a
brisk oven for five minutes, and serve. paste. Season with white pepper, cayenne,
Pillaw (Turkish, with meat). " -Take one salt,nutmeg, and mace, and, if it is liked,with
of well-washed rice and three ures
meas- a littlelemon peel. Make it up in cakes about
measure
of good broth ; set them over a brisk fire, the size of biscuit ; frythem
a in clear dripping
lid. When it tillthey become of a nice lightbrown. Serve
in a stew-pan with a close-fitting
begins to boil, steep two or three threads of them up with white sauce, which must not be
saffron in a teacupfulof warm broth ; when put over them. This makes a pretty corner
well-infused,pour it into the stew-pan dish,or will serve for first or second course for
and let
all boil,closely covered. When the rice is a small dinner-party.
cooked, spread it on a dish ; on this put a layer Veal Olives. Take eight or ten cutlets ; "
of ragout and any meat, fowl, or game ; cover dip them in yolks of egg beaten up ; season
with another layerof the rice,and pour over with pepper and salt,and lay over them a little
the whole a tablespoonfulof melted butter. forcemeat ; roll them up and tie them with a
eggs boiled hard and whites and yolkschopped Indian meal, boil them a little, and put them
separately,parsley,half a dozen anchovies, in ; thicken with flour and butter.
beet-root,red pickledcabbage, ham and grated Vol-au-Vent. As a vol-att-vcnt may be "
tongue, or anythingwell flavored and of a good made of anything,and must contain a variety
color. Some people like a small proportionof of ingredients, it is an economical way of using
onion, but it had better be left out. A saucer, up in an acceptable way many little remnants
largeteacup, or any other base must be put into which would otherwise be wasted. The keeper,
house-
a small dish ; then make rows around it wide on looking over the contents of her
at the bottom, and growing smaller towards the larder, can often out of them compose an
top, choosing such of the ingredientsfor each originalvoi-au-veni. Bits of cold fowl,pigeon,
row as will most vary the colors. At the top a meat, game, livers of ducks, chickens or geese,
little sprig of curled parsleymay be stuck in. kidneys, portions of stuffing,and
sausage,
Or, without anything in the dish, the salma-
gundy forcemeat ; unused oyster, caper, shrimp, or
may be
Laid in rows, or put into the half- anchovy sauce, etc., etc., will, with
judicious
whites of eggs, which may be made to stand additions, costinglittle,constitute a dish pleas-
ing
upright by cuttingoff a bit at the round end. to the eye as well as to the palate.
In the latter case, each half egg should have After selectingthe ingredients, mix well to-
gether
but one ingredient. Garnish between with ; season to taste vnih salt,pepper, and
curled parsley. Pour a salad
dressing over all. spices; put into a stew-pan with a little gravy
Sausage Side Dish. Potatoes nicelymash-
ed, or broth, and stew until done.
"
Meat vols-au-
and shaped in a basin or deep pie-dish,'.'cnt may have their character varied by
turned out and covered with sausages, all the flavoringwith Worcestershire or other sauce,
ties crossingat the top. Help a sausage and a truffles, lemon peel,or even a dish of curry-
spoonful of potatoes to each plate. powder. When done it is ready to go into
Sw^eetbieads. "
Several excellent entrees are the crust.
13
ERYSIPELAS ESSENCES 195
Independant of any recognizableinjury, called and its spread must be provided against
idiopathic. Erysij^elasusually attacks the by ventilation and scrupulous cleanliness.
head and face it also in other
; but occurs parts ESCHALOT. {See Shallot).
of the body. The local inflammation is pre-
ceded ESSENCES. " Essences and essential oils
and accompanied by fever, and there are have now become one of the good
essentials of
generally certain premonitory symptoms that cookery, and enter into a large proportion of
precede the outbreak of the disease ; the cooking receipts. Most of them may be had
patientfeels sick shivery,feeble, languid,and
"
at the druggistsand grocers, but they are much
drowsy. After these symptoms have continued better made at home, and requirelittle trouble
for some time, a red spot appears on some part in the preparation. Some of them, however,
of the body, accompanied with burning heat requirea still; and if such a thing is not at
and tingling. The skin is red, and this redness hand, it is necessary to buy them. We give a
spreads rapidly; it is accompanied with swel- ling, list of those that can easilybe made. They
variable in amount, but often very siderable. must
con- all be bottled and kept tightlycorked.
When it attacks the face, the Allspice (Essence of). Oil of aUspice, "
of the face is completely altered twenty drops; proof spirit, one ounce. Mix.
appearance
by the swelling; all the features are confused, Almonds (Essence of Bitter). Essential "
the eyes are concealed, the expression dis- torted oil of bitter almonds, one drachm ; proof spirit,
; the sufferer would not be recognized seven drachms. Mix. This ?inist be used
by his nearest friends. With all this there is a with great caution as it is poisonous in doses
high fever, with quick full pulse,thirst, vomit- ing, above ten or t7velve drops.
violent shivering,constipation, and, at a Cara'way (Essence of). Oil of caraway, "
later stage, sinking and exhaustion. Many one drachm ; proof spirit, four drachms. Mix.
mistakes are made relative to this disease even Celery (Tincture of).^Celeryseed, bruised,
by professionalmen, who confound it with half an ounce ; spirits of wine, two ounces.
chronic eruptions of a different character, Put it into a bottle,cork it,and stand it near
though presenting a somewhat similar ap- pearance.the fire for three or four days. A few drops
True erysipelas, as we have said, will flavor a bowl of broth, and gready improve
is always attended with more or less fever ; and soups, etc. The seeds ought to be kept for boil- ing
its attack is sudden, running a comparatively in soups if the tincture is not approved of.
rapid course, and requiringimmediate tion.
atten- Cinnamon (Essence of). Oil of cinna- mon, "
The peculiarity of the eruptionis that it twenty drops ; proof spirit, one ounce.
a case of erysipelasin a moment. drops ; proof spirit, one ounce. Mix. This is
There is a great tendency to spread,and some- times an excellent addition to punch.
the courseis very rapid from one part to Cloves (Essence of). Oil of cloves,twenty "
the other. Erysipelas of the scalp is attended drops; proof spirit, one ounce. Mix.
with risk to the brain, and should Or, infuse a quarter of an ounce of the cloves
always be
treated with promptness by the best attainable themselves in two ounces of for
proof spirits a
knowledge of its presence, to delay a moment ounce ; proof spirit, one pint. Digest, and
in callingin medical aid. In general moderate strain.
purgatives,diaphoretics,and strict confinement Mace (Essence of). Oil of mace, twenty "
to bed, are to be adopted. The muriated tinc- ture drops ; proof spirit,one ounce. Mi.x. Useful
of iron,given 20 drops in a wineglassof for flavoringsweets and white sauces, etc.
196 ESSENCES EXERCISE
Or, proceed as for essence of cloves. not aware that the sensible perspirationis but
Marjoram (Essence of). Oil of marjoram, an increase
"
of an insensible perspiration
which
Mix. is unceasinglypoured out from myriads of little
twenty drops ; proof spirit, one ounce.
proof spirit,four ounces ; water, six ounces. it does, for the increased exertion causes creased
in-
Soak for 48 hours, and strain. wear and tear of system ; every step
Savory Spices (Essence of). Black "
per,
pep- works up tissue ; and muscles, blood-vessels,
one ounce ; powdered allspice,half an nerves, are all used quicker than when there
ounce ; grated nutmeg, quarter of an ounce ; is no action. Off go these used-up matters,
proof spirit,one pint. Mix and steep ten probably the worst first,through lungs and
days, then decant. skin, as fast as they can, and the man begins
Swreet Marjoram, (Essence of). Tops of to feel this waste, for from all sides there are
"
sweet marjoram, one pound ; proof spirit, one telegraphsto the stomach for supplies, and he
gallon; water, half a gallon. Steep a couple finds himself getting excessivelyhungry, the
of days, and then boil off one gallon. Useful dinner hour very welcome, and the formerly
to flavor stews and sauces. capriciousstomach ready for anything ; and so
ETHER. Sulphuricether,the form in which
"
new suppliesgo in to supply the place of the
ether is generally used, is employed in medical old used-up works, and the physical man is
practiceas a narcotic,antispasmodic,and stimu- lant greatlyrenovated taken to pieces,as it were,"
caution "
rarelyexcept under medical advice. "liftingmachines," a credulous person
EVBRTON TAFFY. {See CandY.) might think one had been discovered. The
EXERCISE. Bodily exercise is absolutely lifting
" machines are good things,though, after,
essential to the maintenance of good health. the user has recovered from the strain that
The human body may be regarded as a complex ambition always leads him to give himself at
machine, the various parts of which are so first. For persons of ordinary strength,the
beautifully adapted to each other, that,if one most convenient one yet invented (summer of
be disturbed, all must suffer. The bones and 1S76), is probably Johnson's. For neatness
muscles are the portionsof the frame on which and compactness it is unrivalled. The writer
motion most depends. There are four hundred uses it. Walking, which is,on the whole, the
muscles in the body, each of which has certain best e.xercise,if one has the time, employs
functions to perform that cannot be disturbed the legs much more than the arms. Rowing,
without danger to the whole, and it is a wise again,exercises the chest and arms more than
provisionof nature that the more these muscles other parts : taken in moderation and bined
com-
are exercised the stronger do they become ; with .walking, there is no better exercise
hence it is that laborers are stronger and more than rowing. Horse-back ridingis very good,
muscular than persons whose lives are passed and in some particular cases remarkably
in easy or sedentary occupations. Besides useful, and probably calls into play more
strengtheningthe limbs, muscular exercise has muscles than any other exercise outside of
a most beneficial influence on respirationand the gymnasium, or than most single ones in
the circulation of the blood. guished it; it should
Says a distin- be combined, however, with
medical writer : Exercise
"
"
tells by others. The collegestudents have latelydis- covered
incitingboth heart and lungs to increased action that "passing the ball" (i.e.throwing
and energy, and this,done in a pure air,is great from one to another and catching it),is a sov- ereign
gain to tlie purification of the blood ; but ex- ercise exercise. A better can hardly be
does much more, for not only are the imagined ; it uses all the limbs in almost all
lungs,with their large capacity for air,great conceivable positions. For those predisposed
purifiers, but the skin is little less effective to- wards to any diseases of the chest, reading aloud
the same end. All know the palpable and singing are among the best exercises
effect of exercise upon the skin ; but many are that can be taken ; they call into playmany
EXPECTORANTS EYE 197
muscles, and cause a more rapid transmission in water, strain the decoction thus secured,and
of blood through the lungs. All exercises, boil it down tillit has acquired the proper con- sistency.
digestive organs into the muscles, it tends to a tincture of the substance must first be made,
suspend digestion. In the next place,it is a and this evaporated gently in a water or sand-
mistake to consider the labor of the day as bath ; or a distilling apparatus may be employed,
equivalentto exercise. Work, generallyspeak- ing, and thus the spiritbe saved. Some extracts
is a mere routine process, carried on, with requirelong digestion. {See Essences.)
but little variety of circumstances, in a con- fined EYE. " Most of the ordinary ailments of the
atmosphere. To derive the greatest eye are preceded by careless use or by
amount of good from exercise it must be out some disorder of the body, and the best safe- guard
of doors, must be combined with amusement, againstthe local affection is care of the
and be made generallypleasurable and recrea- tive. generalhealth. Washing sound eyes carefully
As a rule, every one should take at least in cold water, and opening them in the water,
two hours exercise oitt of doors every da.y;but is an excellent way to strengthen and protect
this should be so arranged as neither to excite them againstdisease. When, however, the lids
the mind beyond the point of pleasureablein- terest,
are painfulfrom over-work, warm water is often
nor to degenerate into mere routine. more efficacious. The sources of trouble are
(a) Ipecacuanha wine, 3 drachms ; syrup of as the want of them is discovered. Old people
tolu,5 drachms ; mucilage of acacia, I ounce; must not neglect too long the limits of time,
water, 6 ounces. Mix, and give two tablespoon- but resign themselves, as soon as age indicates,
fuls every four hours. to the aids it requires. Short-sightednessand
Teaspoonful every 3 or 4 hours for the upper eyelid near its angles with the in- dex
cough. fingerand thumb of each hand, draw it
(d) Powdered ipecacuanha, i grain, and gently forward, and as low down as possible,
powdered opium, half a grain,made into a pill over the lower eyelid, and retain it in this
and given at night is sometimes useful for positionfor about a minute, taking care to pre-
vent
quietingthose troublesome coughs which come the tears flowing out. When at the end
at that time but it be
on
; must only given to of this time, you allow the eyelidto resume its
those who known to be able to take
are
opium. place,a flood of tears washes out the foreign
EXTRACT.;" This term refers more
ly
proper- body, which will be found adhering to, or near
to the mode of preparation than to the
nature the lower eyelid." When this does not ceed
suc-
of the substance
prepared. Making an extract after one or two trials,shut the eye, pass
consists in dissolving
by water, spirit, or
any a bodkin under the lid,press gently upon it
other menstruum, such parts of vegetables as with the finger, and pushing outwards against
are soluble,and concentradng this solution by the lid with the
heat to a thick
bodkin,sweep the little nuisance
consistence,or to entire solidity.into the inner corner of the eye. Or pullthe lid
If water alone is emploved, the solution is
away from the eye, put a little slipof letter paper
called a
"wa/e/y extract ; 'if alcohol,or proof under the lid,press gently upon it and draw it
spirit,then the product is a spirituottsextract. of these particlespen-
To make
away. Occasionally one etrates
a watery extract,boil the substance the eyeballand sticks too fast to be re-
198 FACE-ACHE FAT
moved by any of the vinegar and water, may be used while surgical
foregoingmethods.
In
such cases an surgeon'sadvice must
ocuHst's or advice is being obtained. When any of the
be sought at once, as every hour of delay is strong acids, such as sulphuricor nitric,have
one of increasing danger. A single fold of come in contact with the eye, they act cally
chemi-
cotton or linen, wet with cold water and laid on the tissues, and hence their danger.
over the eye, is all that is needed till surgical Immediately after such an accident,syringethe
help can be obtained. If the eyeball has been eye with solution of five grains of bicarbonate of
cut or broken, or anything thrust or blown into potash to two tablespoonfulsof water, and drop
oil between the lids. When
it,a solution of four grainsof sulphateof atro- sweet some strong
pia in an ounce of distilled or pure water may alkali,like caustic potashor soda, has gotten into
be dropped into the eye three or four times a the eye, wash it out at once with a tablespoonful
put on leeches near the eye, but on the temple, injuriesin other parts of the body. (See
justin front of the hair. Never poulticethe eye, Burns.) Drop sweet oil on and in the eye, and
applications of any kind without lay rags wet with it on the outside of the lids.
or put on warm "
"
a surgeon'sadvice. Never put an eye-stone Surgical advice should be sought at once "
into the eye to remove a foreignsubstance. especially for those on the outside of the lids ;
Burns from lime, in the form of mortar or these are peculiarly dangerous,because the con- tractions
plaster, are very dangerous ; for,although they of the skin, after healing,may distort
may not destroy the eyeball,they render the the natural and necessary curve of the eyelids,
cornea where they come in contact which adapts them to the eyeball. The edges
opaque
with it,and hence produce partial or total blind-
ness. of the eyelidsare frequently a source of trou-
ble,
Moreover, they burn the inner side from being irritated by cold or other causes.
of the lids, and thereby cause these to adhere The exudation which gathersand thickens upon
to the eyeballby fleshygrowths, which it is al- most them should be gently softened with warm
impossibleafterwards to separate so as to water, and its accumulations prevented by a
allow the globe to move with the necessary slightapplication of sweet oil or mutton suet
freedom. Olive-oil dropped into the eye after before going to bed. (For inflamed eyes, see
it has been washed out with a weak solution of Ophthalmia.)
FACE-ACHi:. "
Camphor and brandy,made and grain. Cornstarch is frequently called
strong by dissolvingas much of the former as farina ; and several very simple preparationsof
will fill a smallthimble,in half a teacupful of farinaceous food are distinguished by this
the brandy is a good remedy, and may name, coupled with some
best high-soundingepithet.
be employed for the faceache, when it arises (See Pudding.) The boiler shown in the cut
from cold in the jaw. Dip cotton cloth or
paper in this mixture and place it on the cheek
or gum. An ounce of laudanum added to five
ounces of opodeldoc may be used in the same
way. Warm applicationsof any kind are
also good. (See Neuralgia, and ache.)
Tooth-
caution is to be exercised, it must not be and stiffens the fibres,thus renoenng them
forgotten that fat is one of the most tial
essen-
much more elastic.
elements of food. Dobell Cleaning. I. (^For bedding.) Mix well
Dr. says in his
" "
cannot be reduced without the greatest risk. time it is wanted. Put the feathers to be
The importance of fat in nutrition should be cleaned in a tub, and add enough of the lime-
mind water to cover them about three inches. The
studiouslyborne by those who con-
in struct
diets for the poor, for public institutions, feathers, when thoroughly wet, will sink down,
three or
or for the treatment of obesity, diabetes, and should remain in the lime-water
and the like." Dr. Lankester four days ; after which spread them on a sieve
dyspepsia, says :
and let them drain. Then wash them well in
"A healthy man, weighing 154 pounds, con- tains
in his body twelve pounds of fat. This clean water, and thoroughly dry them on nets
constitutes more than a thirteenth part, by in the sun.
weight,of his body. When this proportion is II. {Ornamental feathers.)Work a short "
not maintained, the body gets thin ; and this is time in a lukewarm bath containing Castile
characteristic of some of the most dangerous soap, with enough aniline violet or blue, to
diseases to which the human body is subject. give them a bluish shade of white. Too much
The loss of fat is especially seen in that com-
monly
of the dye-stuff must carefullybe avoided.
fatal disease, consumption ; and one of Then press them between cloths,and while yet
the most effectual methods of treating this moist expose them to the fumes of burning sul- phur
fatal disease is the administration of fatty and rinse,when they will come out white.
articles of food." Dr. Smith says in his book
While drying,frequentclappingthem between
on Foods
"
:
"
The value of fat in the animal
" the hands will give that fluffiness desired in
the passage through which the masticated food be cleaned, and to have the oil which naturally
is the more readily conveyed. It is also adheres to them removed. If the oil only is to
very probable that it exerts an influence,so be removed, soaking for i to 12 hours in a cold
that with some excess of fat, the bowels bath containing I to 4 oz of calcined soda,
will act more readily than when the diet is "with a pinch of carbonate of ammonia in ten
200 FEET FEVER
gallonsof water suffices. They must then be The tender stalks of fennel are used as a ad
sal-
rinsed in clean If not yet clean, treat ; the
water. leaves, when boiled, enter into many
directed under Cleaning. fish particularlyfor mackerel ; and
as
sauces,
After dyeing,the natural oiliness and cy
brillian- when raw make excellent garnishes. It is also
must be restored by treatment with a bath eaten raw with pickled fish. The whole of the
containingi lb olive oil and 6 potash,well plant is good in broth hardy
oz or soups ; it is a
stirred 'nto about i^ gallons of warm water, and wholesome herb, and agrees well with the
and then drying in a warm room, or, while yet stomach. The seeds,or ^^halffntits,'"infused
moist, terra alba (sulphateof lime) may be teddus- in boilingwater, make an excellent carminative,
over them, which is brushed off when they which, having no activelyexcitingqualities, is
are dry. The latter method is not so good as
frequentlyemployed to disguiseby its pleas-
ant
the oil bath. aromatic flavor the taste of disagreeable
As regards their affinityfor colors,feathers medicines, such as senna and rhubarb.
are about the same as silk fibre,though since FEVER. " The different febrile diseases are
soluble in water, which dye silk without a portionof the treatment which devolves upon
mordant, may be used for feathers. {See Dves.) the family or the nurse. The substance of
The followingspecialhints may also be valu- able these observations is taken from a littlework
by use of the aniline blue, not soluble in water, in a case of fever, the chimney should
but soluble in alcohol. A concentrated solution be open, fire should be if the
kept up, even
of the color is made in alcohol (all that the alco-
hol be quite mild,or if the house have a
weather
will take up), and this is then appliedwith furnace in it ; this is not so much for heating
a camel's hair brush to the quills. as for ventilatingthe room in the best way.
Brown may be obtained by dipping them for It is good that the patient'shair should be cut
I to 2 hours in a decoction of 2 lbs catechu in it enables him be attended
short, as to to
a gallon of water, to ij lb of feathers,and better,and also tends to keep the head cool
then in a batlicontaining \ lb of bichromate and comfortable. When a person is delirious
of potash in a gallon of water at 130" Fahr- enheit. with
fever, the dreams and fancies are almost
always of a painful nature, the countenance
FEET. The
" chief care is to avoid tightor showing plainly that the mind is troubled.
high heeled shoes. In paring the nails,elderlyThere is a sense of fear,a dread of something
persons are apt to wound the flesh,which is which he may not have the power to explainto
sometimes dangerous, the circulation in the you. Try in every way to gain his confidence ;
extremities being so feeble that mortification listen patientlyto his complaints, however
sometimes Excessive perspiration of ridiculous
ensues.
they may appear to you ; do not
the feet may be remedied by washing them contradict, or tease him with argument.
dailyin cold water, and sprinklingin the stock- ings Remember "dreams to the dreamer are alities,"
re-
health, and who has been for fever, and no harm if it be not.
days and nights A person, be
him. In this feeling for instance, after gettingwet or being exposed
watching over some cases
of dislike grows into a hatred so deep that it to cold, complains of headache, shivering,and
is not safe to allow the person to remain alone pains in the limbs, back and throat,put him to
in the room. This is distressing ; it bed and give him some hot drink, soak his feet
very
appears so such
ungrateful, a poor return for in hot mustard water, and at nightgive him ten
all the care and kindness bestowed upon him, grains of Dover's powders (adultdose). Wait
so unnatural that it is hard to bear. But it to see if he will not throw off the attack,which
should be remembered tliat it is unnatural ; it is may be but an ordinary cold ; and if he does
the result of disease, and has no more to do with not, symptoms increase,send at once
or the for
a patient'sreal affection than taking a dislike a doctor. {See Ague, Bilious Fever, Brain
to some particulararticle of food. As the Fever, Scarlet Fever, Typhoid Fever,
mind becomes healthy this will pass off ; but Typhus Fever, and 'k'ellow Fever.)
it is very desirable that the FIG.
person The
to fresh ripe fig has a sweet
whom "and
the dislike is taken should be removed
peculiarly delicate taste, though those who
as soon are
as possible,and not again enter the room till not accustomed to them do not always like
the mind is in a healthier state, or the feeling them. In the Southern States they grow abun.
may become so fixed that it will requirea long dantlyand are very prolific, producinggenerally
time to subdue it. During the great thirst of two crops a year; north of Virginia they usu- ally
fever you will frequentlyfind that the patient, requiresome artificial assistance to bring
particularly a child, will prefer pure water to them to a ripe and perfect state, and are not
any other drink ; but if you require a change, often met with. They ripenin July and August.
what is called apple-tea is cheap and refreshing.The dried figs come from Italy,Spain and
Another pleasantdrink is made of the juiceof Turkey, the last being most prized. They "
three or four oranges, and one lemon in a quart are considered best when recentlyarrived here
of water, with a little sugar. When you not
can- in December and January, after which they
easilyget either oranges or lemons, buy a should be closelyexamined. The figcontains
small bottle of lime-juice ; this will keep good a largeproportionof sugar, without acidityor
in a cool place for a great length of time ; it is oiliness, and is of easier digestionthan any of
very wdiolesome, and a tablespoonful, with half a the sweet fruits. It is slightly laxative,and is
pint of water, sweetened, will make a glass on this account frequentlygiven to children.
of good lemonade in a minute. Perfect silence {See Pudding.)
is not always desirable. It is not a good thing 1. Take pound of figs, chop
Fig Paste. one "
to put on list slippers, and walk about without them coarsely,and boil with a pint of water
any noise : if you go up to the bedside of a until reduced to a soft pulp ; strain through a
patient in this way, he may get a severe fright.fine sieve,add three pounds of sugar, and evap- orate
In talking, the same rule holds good ; do not over boilingwater until the paste becomes
whisper,it will very likelyawaken the sleeper, quite stiff. Place the warm paste in a mould,
just because it is 'a strange sound; speak in made from an ordinarywooden box, by remov-
ing
your natural voice, and it will not arouse him, the nails with which the sides are fastened,
though it be louder than a whisper, for he and holding them in place by a stout string,
hears it every day, and is used to it. There-
fore the sides may be taken away, leavingthe paste
let all every-daysounds usual, in which be divided in
go on as a square mass, may
unless complained of by the patient, and let These
small pieceswith a thin-bladed knife.
this reflection comfort Sleep in the midst after
you. pieces should be rolled in fine sugar;
of noise is sounder and more likelyto continue which they may be packed in boxes without
than in a dead silence, because
"
The modeof cooking fish considerablyaffects and therefore useful for some purposes. Doinetf
their propertiesas food. Plain boiling, baking, is a kind of flannel,the warp of which is made
broiling, and roastingappear to be the favorite of cotton and the woof of wool ; it is very thin,
methods ; but there seems to be no reason why and is useful for linings, etc. Canlon flannel
stewing should be objectionable, except that it is a twilled fabric,composed wholly of cotton,
is usuallyaccompanied by numerous additions a nap being raised on one side of the stuff. A
which render it extremely indigestible, for in-
stance,
most delicate flannel for the wear of infants
port wine. The various sauces monly
com- consists of silk and wool. Flannel comes
erally
gen-
eaten with fish probably the cause
are of a yard wide.
most of the complaints made against this A woven merino under-w-ear is wrongly call-
ed
food ; these sauces are to be suspected when flannel. It is not as thorough a protection
purchased ready-made, as they often contain as flannel- Red flannel,medicated for matic
rheu-
deleterious ingredients. Few vegetables are complaints,excels in fame the ordinary
appropriate to be eaten with fish ; toes
pota- red flannel, popularly believed to contain a
four tablespoonfulsof flour in four quarts of easy task. A good remedy for the purpose is
water, stirringit well. Then pour half the turpentine ; but it tends to upset the stomach,
boilingliquidover the flannel, let it remain till and so it is better to give it as an injection,es-
pecially
the water cools, rub the flannel, but use no where the flatulence is of the intestinal
soap. Rinse it through several waters, then variety.If given by the mouth, about a drachm
repeat the process with the remainder of the should be given for a dose ; if as an injection,
flour and water in a boilingstate ; again rinse half an ounce or so beaten up with an egg in a
it through several waters, and hang it up to pint of hot water. At the same time a flannel
drain and dry. Do not wring it. dipped in turpentineand laid over the abdomen
FLAP-JACKS. {See Slap-Jacks.) will probably give great relief.
FLATULENCE. "
An undue collection of air FLAX. "
The name of the common flax-
or gas in the stomach and intestines. It may plant,and also of its most important product,
be swallowed, it may be formed from the food, the filaments obtained from the fibrous ing
cover-
are best treated by dieting,mainly solid allay inflammation ; and when steeped in hot
food with stale dry sherry or water
bread, a for several
little hours they make the well-
weak brandy and vegetables,tea, known
water, but fla.x-seed tea, so
no highly esteemed as a
be relieved by a slightstimulant, as aromatic keep the rooms as free from dust as possible.
spiritsof ammonia ; spirituousliquors should They lay their eggs wherever they find dust
be avoided ; mix vivnica ten drops in a little and down " combined, for in these consist the
water, three times a day, after meals is also a nourishment of their offspring;
" it is an almost
valuable remedy in such cases. Occasionally certain prevention of their propagation,there- fore,
if carpets, blankets, and
the patientbelches up gases of the most rid
hor- everything man-ufactured
after food is not unfrequent. For such washed ; it is said that this renders the skin
cases, antisepticremedies almost invariably obnoxious to the flea. Any strong perfume
do good The most important antisepticrem- edies about the person diminishes their attacks, and
are carbolic acid, sulphurous acid, and the common pennyroyal makes its neighborhood
salycylicacid. Carbolic acid may be given in untenable by them. When a flea is caught be-
tween
a dose of one or two drops in a wineglassful the fingers,plunge them at once under
of waler, half an hour after food ; its taste is water, or it will escape. If a dog is infested
disagreeable,but it is exceedingly efficacious. with them, put him in a tub of warm soap-suds,
Sulphurous acid may be given in the same and they will rise to the surface ; take them oft
acid in a wine- and burn them.
way, 30 drops of the diluted
glassfulof water ; or it maybe given as sul- phite FLIES. Flies may be destroyed in great "
people would give the preference, as its taste water. Carbolic acid is also very good. {See
is that of acid ; the taste of the others Carbolic Acid.) Both these are poisonous,
a pure
is far more bitter. however, and must be used with great caution,
Flatulence often gives rise to great pain in especiallyif children are around. A harmless
the bowels, and patienturgently demands
the and very effective mixture may be made with
relief. This can only be obtained by dispersing half a teaspoonful of powdered black pepper,
the wind, as it is called,which is not always an one teaspoonfulof brown sugar, and one table-
FLOATING ISLAND FLORICULTURE 205
spoonful of cream ; placethem on a platewhere begun upon anything but oil,the treatment must
the files are troublesome. A mixture of gum- not be varied. The pores of the wood get
arabic,honey, brown sugar and alum, in equal choked by all but oil,and, to change the ment,
treat-
proportions,will answer the same purpose. Or, must be either well scrubbed with pentine,
tur-
of an ounce of quassia chips ; when cold, as to get a new surface o" wood. Dull spots
st"ain it and sweeten with molasses or brown can be rubbed off with a coarse cloth. With
sugar. Fly papers b)'the thousand.
are sold
proper rubbing,no floor should be sticky.
It is claimed for all of them that they are harm-
less Scouring needs a good-sized wooden pail
to human life ; chemical analysis, however, for water, a wooden bowl for sand, a hard
has shown that most of them contain ents
ingredi- scrubbing-brush,and a piece of flannel rather
which render their use far from safe,ex-
cept more than a yard square. Scrub the floor with
with many precautions. It
may be doubted the brush, water, and sand, and afterwards wash
whether any mixture or paper kills more flies off the sand with the flannel. Soap is sometimes
than it attracts into the house ; and the only used with the sand ; but, instead of improving,
way to be reallyrid of the nuisance is to fit it injuresthe color of the boards when dry,giv-
ing
frameworks covered with nettingto the doors them a blackish appearance. If the boards
and windows. are very dark-lookingbefore the scrubbing is
FLOATING ISLAND." I. rrt/v-'-Eggs,
4; commenced, some fuller's earth or pearl-ash
milk, I qt ; white suijcar, 5 ozs ; vanilla or bit-
ter may be dissolved in the water; and plenty of
almonds, 2 teaspoonfuls;currant clean water should afterwards be used.
jellyand
powdered sugar, 4 tablespoonfuls each. FLORICULTURE." If there be any room
for choice in selectingthe spot for flower-
Beat up the eggs, whites and yolks sepa-
rately a
; into the yolks stir the sugar, and add garden, select one that is sheltered from the
the milk (hot), boil until it begins to thicken, wind and exposed freelyto the morning sun
and then remove from the fire. When cool, With the proper amount of care and ness
watchful-
flavor it with the vanilla or bitter almond, stir flowers can be made to grow anywhere,
it up well, and pour it into a glass dish. Beat and no one, even if confined to the smallest of
the jellyand sugar into the whites of the eggs, cityback-yards,need be deterred from making
and heap them upon the contents of the dish. the attempt ; but most flowers love warm, sunny
Decorate the top with bits of bright-colored spots, where the chill northerlywinds cannot
jellycut into fanciful shapes. reach them, and, if the garden is favorably
II. Crush 'a pint of ripe raspberrieswith a located, a large pai't of the work and pointment
disap-
gillof sugar ; beat the whites of four eggs attendant upon floriculture may be
stiff;beat in slowly a gillof powdered sugar; avoided. As the
layingout of the garden must
press the raspberriesthrough a strainer to depend largelyon speciallocal conditions, and
avoid the seeds, and beat this in graduallywith should be guided by individual taste, we shall
the egg and sugar, until so stiff that itstands in not attempt to lay down any general rules
peaks. Serve on milk ; to be eaten with cream. furthej- than to suggest that the complicated
FLOOR. " It is economy to have floors of and eccentric forms at one time so popular are
narrow boards and good wood. Broad and no longer considered in good taste, and that that
poor boards shrink and leave wide cracks as
'
plan of arrangement is best which combines the
vermin nests, and warp so as to stand at greatest simplicity with a due amount of variety
up
the sides and ends and wear out lock
Hem- in the shape of the beds. A thing especially
carpets.
is
probably the worst wood used for plain to be avoided, except in ribbon beds and
flooring,and spruce or yellow pine the best. "
mosaic "
planting,is the elaborate cal
geometri-
Oak is preferablebut expensive. The combi-
nations figureswhich the average books on flower-
of walnut with chestnut, oak, and other culture apt to to their readers.
are so suggest
lighter-colored
woods, becoming frequent, In preparing the ground, raised beds with deep
now
oil. to be well rubbed in with the iron-backed, of the difficulty of keeping the sods from
long-handled brush sold for the purpose. !spreading: and this is true of all running vine
Heavy hand-rubbingwill laboriouslyaccom- jedgings except ivv. For a large bed, a bor- der
plishthe same thing. of common flax easilyraised from the seed,
For a room not very much walked over, the is
very pretty if kept well trimmed, and the
mixture given under furniture polish will be dwarf box is unsurpassed. The prettiestof
best. {See Furniture Polish, No. 3.) all beds are those neatly cut into the grass-plat
For a room of gala use, shellac maybe used. and left without other edging. In these the
Wax and turpentine give less polish,but more brilliant hues of the flowers contrast well with
durability
; the oil gives best service, and a the soft, emerald tint of the grass. It may be
dull clean finish. All these things must be a slightobjectionto these beds that the dew
put on sparinglyand well rubbed in. Having on the grass makes it necessary to be well shod
206 FLORICULTURE
in attending tliem in the early morning wlien If the seeds are small, sow a good many of"
loam, that will not be much affected by ex- cessive for mistakes and mishaps.
wet or drought. Transplanting, unless the plant is taken up
As it is useless to attempt to grow flowers in without separatingit from the earth around its
spade in clay and manure in the same way. them a very little deeper than they were before,
Wood ashes are good for all kinds of soil,as and press the soil firmly around them ; then
close, and hold water, and cover for three or four days with an
they loosen those which are
moisture in those which are sandy. Every inverted flower-pot, or other vessel, or simply
flower garden should be heavilymanured with newspaper. If a plant wilts after being
every
autumn, "
the manure covering the ground transplanted, remove the larger leaves, and
and well spaded in in the water liberally for day two.
during winter being a or
spring. Drainage (naturalor artificial) is ab-solutely The waterinrjof plantsis a subjecton which
essential to successful flower-garden-
ing floriculturists differ. Mr. Rand maintains that
soil that remains saturated for many "
if the soil is close or clayey,very seldom will
; no
hours after even the heaviest rain is fit for the water be required; if sandy or loose, more
growth of flowers. Before it can be success-
fully often, but each locality will have its own rules."
cultivated it must be thoroughly under- Another writer argues that "
in this hot, dry
drained. climate, the watering-potis a necessity," and "
For Pot-plants,a good soil may be made by if there are not plentifulshowers, plants,
taking one-fourth part of common soil, one- should be watered freelyevery evening." Our
fourth part of well-decayed manure, and one- own experience coincides with the latter vie.v.
half of vegetable mould from the woods or Daily watering is not, as some suppose, an solute
ab-
wood-yard. Break up the manure fine, and sift necessity;but plantsseldom thrive well
it through a coarse wire sieve ; then mix all through the feverish days of July and August
the materials together thoroughly. When the without frequent and copious watering. The
common soil used is too adhesive, increase the water for plants should not be very cold; a
proportionof mould. If the pots are large good way to take the chill off is to draw it in
it may be well to cover their bottoms with an the morning, and let it stand all day in the sun.
inch or so of potsherds,but the old fashioned Rain-water is the best, and it may generallybe
"
gardeners' talk about "
drainage is sheer obtained by having a hogshead standing in
nonsense. Any flower-potwill be perfectly some place out of sight,under a spout connect- ed
drained by the hole in its bottom. The soil with the roof. In watering,the water should
for pot-plantsshould be removed every year, never be dashed or poured on from a pail; but
soon after the plantshave blossomed. Loosen showered on slowly and gently from the rose
the earth from the pots by passing a knife of a watering-pot. In time of drought,syring- ing
round the sides ; turn the plant upside down the leaves at evening is very beneficial to
dry weather, water the ground lightly at night, to keep the ground so thoroughly raked
being careful not to use water that is too cold. I that no weeds can become established.
FLORICULTURE 207
Insects arc annoying in the garden ; l ; these must have a period of rest or they
very
days they appear fn num- worth nothing for another
mer
witli the first warm bers," will be season.
coverini; tlie roses and settling down upon Nearly all bulbs, and ail plants that have a
everythingthat is in bloom. Rain causes them woody nature, can be preserved in a cool, dark
to disappear, l)ut a dry wind increases them. A cellar, where potatoes will not freeze. Roses,
small painter's brusli dipped in quassiaor aloes fuchsias,heliotropes,oleanders, sweet verbenas,
water will brush them off and destroy them. and in fact nearly all flowers, can be kept by
Hellebore (powdered) sprinkledover the leaves layingthem carefullydown on the ground, and
of plants about once a week will also help to covering'them with sods placed grass side up.
them. The caterpillars of moths Zonale Geraniums and Scarlet Salvias can be
protect many
and butterflies are destructive in the garden, wintered in most cellars,if the earth is shaken
and one death in the spring will save much fare
war- from their roots, and they are tied up by them
later in the season. If a moth is seen to the cellar beams. All blossom buds should
leaf, with folded wings, it be cut off,or the sap that is in the branches
restingon a stem or
is probably a female, and should be killed at will cause them to bloom and thus rob the roots
once. If one is found dead on a plant,she has of the strengththey need to live on through the
doubtless laid her be winter. and geraniums can also be buried
eggs, and these must Roses
searched for underneath the leaves and in trenches. Dig the trench two and a half
burned. A garden syringe or hose is the most feet deep and where the water will not settle ;
effective weapon againstaphides and caterpil- lars line the bottom with straw or dried leaves, and
: hold the pipe close to the plant,so as to lay the plantsin ; cover the plantswith aboard,
bring a considerable stream of water upon it, so supported as not to press upon them, and
and it will soon be freed from them. Every fill in with sandy loam, finishingoff the top
time the syringe or hose is used, rake the with a ridge that will carry off water. All
earth away from under the plants,and trample plantsthat are only slightlytender can be pre- served
the insects that have been washed off. by cuttingoff superfluousbranches and
upon
Earwigs are destructive insects. Their binding straw around them so that no part will
very
favorite food is the petals of roses, pinks, be exposed to the frost.
fuchsias, dahlias, etc., they eat at night,and in The care of house-plantsis a matter ing
requir-
tlie daytime hide away amid the dark leaves. dailyattention. As previouslydirected, the
They can be caught by driving stakes into the soil in the pots should be renewed every year.
well sup-
ground and over these inverting flower-pots,In winter, house-plants,except when plied
leavingthem just room to craw! under ; then with sun and air, should be watered only
fresh; many made
look for and destroy them every morning. enough to keep them are
Toads and lady-bugs,on the other hand, are sicklyand spindlingby giving them too much
great helps,for they destroy vast numbers of water when they have little light and fresh air.
the aphides, moths, caterpillars, etc. If from improper treatment they have become
When plants produce an abundance of foli-
age spindling,cut their heads entirelyoff,and sink
and the pot in earth surround it with damp sand
no flowers, either remove them to a or
drier soil,or of the principal or sawdtist and place it where the morning sun
through some
cut
and flourishing head
roots. Root shortening is often resorted to by will strike it; often a new
florists to force plantsto bloom. Plants ought not to be kept
By checking will spring out.
the growth of the woody portions,strength is very warm in winter, nor exposed to ^reat
thrown into the flowers. of From to 60 de-
grees
All shrubs produce changes temperature. 40
their flowers on the terminal pointsof branches ; is about the proper temperature, when a
In summer, the
after the bloom is past, if they are pinched off, httle sun and air are secured.
three or four new branches will come out in plants should be set out of doors, but for a
the succeeding year. be well shaded ; for few
house-
As plants are in their time should
while bear the full at first. When
most vigorous growth in flow-er,they plants can sun
should never be transplanted at that time. Iinsects become troublesome, set the plantsun- der
Then is the time for taking cuttings, barrel, and burn little tobacco in it.
as they a a
are most ready to send forth roots. The When plants are frozen, a copious sprinkling
and a gradual restoration of
throwing off of its leaves by a newly-planted with cold water
cutting is a sign that it has begun to warmth are the best remedies.
grow,
while if the leaves wither on the stem, it shows Were the space at our command, it might be
that the cuttinghad not strengthenough to send desirable to add to the foregoing some tions
sugges-
shoots. The the kind and number of plantsto
out ripening of seeds e.xhausts as to
the strengthof the plants \ therefore all select for a garden ; but often all this must be
remove
pods that are not especially desired for seed. a matter of individual taste and opportunity,
A plant can be trained into
any shape by pinch- ing and full details are given under the separate
off the ends of young shoots, for the plant plants whose names are scattered throughout
will itself by sending forth two three the work. It onlv remains to add that the
avenge or
more in lieu of the one pinched off. word hardy,"so o'ftenused in our descriptions,
"
The preserving of plants in Winter is one means that the plants to which it is appliedwill
of the most perplexingproblems in floriculture. live out unprotectedduring the winter and require
It is useless to try and make dens
"window-gar- little attention. Annuals" are plants that
"
"
"
with plants that have flowered all sum- bloom and die down Biennials "
every year.
208 FLORICULTURE
are those which run their course in two years. window. The material is wire, e.xcept the shelf
"
Perennials "
those which and som
blos- above, which is of wood, and intended to
port
sup-
are grow
additional Fig. 2 shows the same
jear after year. pots.
window with the vines in growth. The plan
shown in Fig. 3 is exceedingly pretty, and may
Fig. I. Fig. 2.
simple and easy methods of trainingvines torv. Ivy is the most vine
satisfactory for m-
for ornamental purposes. Fig i. shows the 1 door culture,but any quick-growing vine with
method of constructing a framework around a Iabundant foliage will answer.
Fig. 3-
FLOSS FLUIDS 209
FLOSS." Untwisted filaments of the finest make, added to moistened bread, or flour in a
silk,much used in embroidery upon satin,silk, little water, will show a dark bluish color,if
broadcloth, etc. It comes of any color, in alum be present. These should be kept sep-
arately
skeins containing about ten yards. In buy- ing, for the purpose. The easiest test with
test the strength,as some kinds are chalk, plasterof Paris, or other solutions
ferior,
in- is
and well-nigh worthless. specificgravity;a vessel which will hold a
will hold nearlya pound
FLOUNDER." There are
many different pound of wheat flour
species of this fish,which is fiat like bream, and a half of any other.
and very oblong. The most common variety In buying flour,when no elaborate test can
is the "
"
flake or "spotted flounder," which be applied,it is best to try it by testingit ; in
this way mustiness or sourness can generally
be detected. Good flour has a yellowishtinge,
and when pressed tightin the hand, retains ihe
creases of the skin impressed on it ; when rubbed
between the thumb and fingersa slightgrain
should be felt. Poor flour sometimes has a
properlyincludes the an inch should be cut off from the ends of the
finely-ground meal of any of the cereals,but it stalks every time the water is changed ; a
is commonly applied only to wheat-flour,and pinch of saltpetreand salt added to the water
will be so used here, the other kinds being tends to prevent their decay. Warm water
-spoken of under the different grains. There will revive wilted flowers ; put them into water
is no article of food more universally used than warm to the hand, let them remain an hour
flour,and none, perhaps, which it is more ficultor more,
dif- then cut off the stalks a little and
to obtain pure. It is adulterated with put into fresh lukewarm water, and they will
rice flour,potato starch, pea flour,alum, plas- ter brightenwonderfully. A few drops of liquid
of Paris, sulphate of copper, and other ma- terials ammonia added to the water, is also excellent
wliich cost less than flour,or add to its to" revive them. See Floriculture and
weight at cheaper rate.
a Rice, potato starch, Flowers under their respectivenames.
and pea flour,are readilydetected under the FLUE. Wherever metal flues pass near
"
microscopeby the form of the granules; plaster woodwork (which is to be avoided if possible),
of Paris by being insoluble in water and sink-
ing the latter should be well guarded by reflecting
at once to the bottom of a glass of water platesof metal, like tin or zinc,and some space
when flour containingit is stirred in; alum by should intervene between the two so as to
dippingbread into a decoction of logwood when allow a current of air to pass through. If the
a dark bluish color will be produced if alum be be supported it should
pipe must only be by
present ; and sulphateof copper by a red color thin,though strong arms of metal wire, by
when prussiate of potash is added to bread which the heat is prevented from being com-
municated
moistened with water. A more convenient wood
log- in sufficient amount to raise the
test for alum is to macerate 4,'"oz.of temperature of the wood to a dangerous de- gree
logwood chips inSoz. of spiritsfor twenty-four Smoking flues are to be treated the
hours, and filter. A few drops of this solution, same as smoking chimneys. {See Chim-
neys.)
togetherwith the same amount of the strongest
solution of carbonate ammonia that water will FLUIDS. " Fluids taken into the stomach
14
FOOD 211
said to eat their own bones, and live on Hence, it is requisitetliat the body should be
their
own flesh." It will be
seen from this provided
that imal
an- with salts of potash, soda, lime,
and vegetable foods contain preciselythe magnesia, sulphur, iron and manganese, as
same elements though in different combina- tions. well as sulphuric, hydrochloric, phosphoric,
At the same time they differ sufficiently and fluoric acids and water ; also, nearly
to make a due proportion of each necessary to all the fat which it consumes daily, and
perfectnutrition. One sterlingpoint of differ-
ence probably all the nitrogenous substances which
in com-
is,that nitrogenconstitutes a much larger it requiresand which are closelyallied position,
So important is this distinction, in fact, that solely upon our knowledge or judgment ;
and non-nitrogenous, or as Liebigtermed them, advantage of having foods which contain a pro- portion
the flesh-fomiing and the heat-producing.Both of nearly all these elements ; and binations
com-
kinds are essential to the maintenance of life, of foods have been effected by ex- perience
and it is because vegetablesas a whole are de- ficient which protect even the most ignorant
in nitrogen that the highest degree of from evil consequences. Thus flesh or the
bodilyvigor cannot be kept up by them alone. muscidar tissue of animals, contains precisely
It is understood that the structures of the the elements which are required in our flesh-
body are in a state of continual change, so that formers, and, only limited by quantity, our
atoms which are present at one hour may be heat-generators also ; and life may be maintained
for very lengthy periods upon animal food and
gone the next, and when gone, the structures
will be far wasted, unless the of water. Seeing, moreover, that the source of
so process
waste be accompanied by renewal. But the re- newing flesh in animals which are used as food, is of
substance must be of the same nature vegetable origin, it follows that vegetables
as that wasted, so that bone shall be renewed should contain the same elements as flesh,and
laythe constituent elements of bone, and flesh it is a fact great interest that in vege-
of tables
by those of flesh. This is the duty assigned to we have food elements closlyanalogous to
food, to supply to each part of the body the
"
those contained in the flesh of animals. Thus,
very same kind of material that it lost by waste. in addition to salts, common
water to and
As foods must have the same composition as both, there is vegetablechondrin, vegetable al-
bumen,
the body, or supply some such other materials vegetablefibrin,and vegetablecasein,all
as can be transformed substances of having a composition almost
into the identical with ani-
mal
the body, gain a general idea
it is desirable to albumen, fibrin,chondrin, and casein." The
of what these substances are. The following articles containing most of the three articles
is a summary of the principal materials of needed generally in the body are as follows :
which the body is composed : for fat* and heat-making butter,lard,sugar and
"
"
Flesh, in its fresh state, contains water, fat, molasses ; for flesh or muscle-forming lean "
fibrin,albumen, besides compounds of lime, meat, cheese, peas, beans, and lean fishes ; for
phosphorus, soda, potash,magnesia, silica and brain and nerves shell fish,lean meats, peas, "
iron,and certain extractives,whose nature is beans and very active birds and fishes,who live
unknown. Blood has a composition similar in chieflyon food in which phosphorus abounds.
elements to that of flesh. In a meat diet, the fat supplies the carbon for
Bone composed of cartilage,
is fat,and salts keeping up the heat of the body, and the lean
of lime, magnesia, soda and potash, combined furnishes nutriment for the muscles, brain and
with phosphoric and other acids. nerves. Green vegetables, fruits and ries
ber-
Cartilage consists of chondrin, from which furnish additional supplies of the acids,,
gelatine is formed, with salts of soda, potash, the salts, and water needed. Since the
lime, phosphorus, magnesia, sulphur and iron. analogy between animal and vegetable foods
The brain is composed of water, albumen, is so close, substantially the same elements ing
be-
fat (so-called), phosphoric acid, osmazome and found in each, it may be asked, what is the
salts. practicaldifference between them for purposes
The liver consists of water, fat,and albumen, of nutrition ? As a general rule,then, it may
with phosphoric and other acids in conjunction be said that while flesh presents the elements
with soda, lime, potash and iron. of nutrition in a form the most compendious
The lungs are formed of a substance called and easy of digestion, vegetablesare composed
connective tissue,from which gelatineis formed of substances which must not only be digested
by prolonged boiling,albumen, a substance but thoroughly transformed before they can be
analogous to caseine, various fatty and or- ganic
* This is of course onlyas ageneral statement. The
acids,with salts of soda and iron, and intended
tissues;
fat in bodies is derived from
our directly nitrogenized
water. food
When the non-nitrogenized principles are excluded from our
Bile consists of water, fat,resin, sugar, fatty the body becomes lean,because the nitrogenizedtissues are con-
sumed
arguments of the vegetarians,that the digestion digestivefluids which are essential to its con-
version
of vegetablesis easier than that of animal food, into substances capable of being appro-
priated
and that the process is more quickly perform-
ed; by the body. {See Diet.)
but the experiments of Dr. Beaumont, FORCE-MEAT. {See Stuffing.)
the stomach of Alexis St. Martin, have FORK. Forks for table use are now
upon
"
erally
gen-
shown that mutton is digested more quickly either of silver or silver-plated
ware, and
than bread, and an egg sooner than a potato. either of these is in every way preferableto
To this must be added the fact that a greater steel or German silver. For the commoner
bulk of vegetablethan of animal food is required kinds, stag'shorn makes very durable handles,
to provide a given amount of nutriment, and the surface of the horn being left in its natural
hence, those who live chieflyon the former state ; these are often used for large carving-
must be largeeaters. Dr. Edward Smith, dis- forks.
cussing Bone handles are made of the shank
this point,says "
When we bone of the ox ; some of the bones are very
: compare
them it may be stated generally,that vegetable dense and hard, but they do not keep their
food must be eaten in and be
larger quantities, color, and are very liable to crack if dipped in
better cooked, food, and that it
than animal hot water. Neither these nor ivory handles
requiresa longer period for and greater power should ever be put into water at all. Those
of digestion, whilst it excites the vital processes who cannot afford silver forks can now get good
more slowly,and in a lower degree." platedones at a moderate price,which will wear
The following table, showing the average at least as well as steel ones and their use is to
quantityof nutritive matter iniooo parts of sev-
eral bestrongly recommended, on grounds both of
varieties of animal and vegetable food will convenience and elegance. Try to get those
illustrate some of the pointspreviouslymade : "
with extra platingon the outer prongs.
FOWL {See Chicken, and 'Poultry.)
Beef 260 Turnips FOXGLOVE." A largeherbaceous
42 plant,of
Veal 250 Cabbage 73 which there
Mutton 290 Beet-root 148
are many varieties,with purple,
Pork 240 Cucumber 25 white, rusty,and variegatedflowers. The mon
com-
Brain Strawberries
Chicken
200
Pears
100
160
fo.xglove has largeand numerous flowers
270
Cod
of a brightrose color,spotted white and purple
210 Apples .
170
Haddock iSo Gooseberries 190 on the inside,and hanging down from the stem
Sole 210 Cherries 250 in beautiful racemes. The
Bones 5 10 Plums. 290
plantis a biennial,
Blood 21^ Apricots 260 and therefore the seeds should be sown every
Milk Peaches
72 200
year. Sow as soon as the frost is out of the
White of egg 140 Grapes 270
Wheat Melons ground. It blossoms in July and August.
950 30
Rice 880 Tamarinds accidents
340 often hap-
pen FRACTURES." These
Barley 920 Almonds 65a
Ry^ Potatoes surgicalaid cannot be obtained at where
792 260
Oats 742 9S Carrots
once, and perhaps not at all, but fortunately the
most inexperiencedeye can detect when one of
Water, coffee, tea, cocoa, and other drinks the largerbones is broken, and the treatment
are simply liquidfoods,each supplyingnutri- ment is generallyvery simple,at least until the ar- rival
in greater or less
amounts, and repairing of the doctor. In case of such an accident,
waste. Alcohols are generallyexcluded from however, the doctor should be sent for at once,
the list of foods, but taken in limited
quantities and be careful,if in the country or at some tance
dis-
and under proper conditions, it is thought that from the doctor's house, to forward a
they promote digestionand stimulate the con- version clear statement as to the apparent nature of the
of food into tissue and blood. pheric
Atmos- accident, which limb is hurt, and where and
air is also ranked
the foods by how it
among happened " this will enable him to bring
modern physiologists, since from it chieflyis the proper instruments and apparatus, if any are
derived of the most needed.
one important and neces-
sary Where an arm or leg is broken, it is
elements of nutrition, far better to slit open
oxygen. the dress with a pair of
The effects of cooking food must scissors than
upon not to pullit off ; but however the covering
un-
be overlooked. This effect is two-fold. It of the limb be it must
may managed,
softens and disintegratesthe substances which be done very slowly and gently,and the limb
are naturallytoo hard for digestion,
and thus should be supported so prevent jarringor as to
renders them amenable to the digestive
opera- shakingto the damaged part. It must be care-
FRACTURES 213
In fractures of the lower limbs occurring at two bones, and one or both may be broken. If
a distance home, the joltingof a carnage
from you try to raise the arm by taking hold of the
or wagon should be avoided, and the patientcar-
ried. wrist you will easily detect it. In dressing,hold
A door, a broad plank or shutter,a large the arm bent, with the thumb uppermost as "
sack cut open, a sheet or blanket or piece of if the person were going to lay the palm flat
tarpaulinfastened at the corners to two strong
hoe-handles or sticks,makes an excellent mock,
ham-
carried by four men.
and each side, and secure them well arm and five inches long; push the shoulder
one on
get it in its place; put the the back of the upper arm.
the fracture tUl you Keep the arm quite
pad arm-pit,
into the and secure the arm with a straight,place a long well-padded splinton
bandage round the body, as shown in Fig. i ; the inside,and bandage both above and below
the elbow.
Hand, Foot, or Ankle. " These bones are
solid and are almost always wounded by some
Fracmred Collar-bone.
month.
Elbow-joint. It sometimes "
happens that
the sharp bone which projectsat the back of
the elbow is broken by a fall or blow. The arm
Fractured Jaw.
cannot then be used ; and if you compare the
two arms together,you will find that the point bandages, so applied as to retain the jaw in
of the elbow is gone, and is drawn up towards place; they may be tied,one at the back of the
FRACTURES 215
neck and another across the top of the head, If there be a bruise,apply hot fomentations or
must be supported on soups, beef-tea,and merely a scratch, after applying the fomenta- tions,
other liquidfood. use a bit of lint and plaster, and bandage
Knee-cap. The cap of the knee"
is usually as before ; but if it be at all deep, even if you
fractured by fallingon the knee, or trying to do not think it has gone through into the chest,
it happens, the folds of wet
prevent falling.As soon as put on some rag and a bandage.
person has lost all power of standing on that Let the patientlie on the injuredside,and keep
leg, and if placed upright drops down again him as quiet as possible till the doctor comes.
instantly. The bone is splitacross, and has In all cases of a wound to the chest,the person
left a gap similar to that of the elbow when the must lie on the wounded side.
bone is broken.
Keep the leg quite straight, Thigh. Fracture of the thigh may occur at "
placing the splintalong the back of the limb ; any point throughout the shaft of the bone, and
and treat in e.tactly
the same way as the elbow- is ascertained by the person not being able to
joint. When the patient is obliged to move, raise the leg,and by pain when he attempts to
pass a strong bandage round the neck, over do so. The greatest trouble in this case arises
the shoulder, and under the foot, and draw it from the violent spasfns of the muscles, which
so tightthat it will entirelysupport the weight draw the broken bone out of its place and
of the leg. great suffering. If the accident occurs cause
Leg (Below the knee). Here there are two in the fields,or away
" from home, get some stiff
bones as in the fore-arm. If the small one be straw, reeds, bits of very thin boards, or if any-
body
broken, )-ou may have great difficulty in finding has a stiff hat, knock the crown out,
it,and it is of no consequence, as the large one splitup the body, and bind this rather tightly
will act as a support. If both bones are ken,
bro- with handkerchiefs, suspenders, etc.,round the
the patientis unable to raise his limb, there broken limb. On reaching home, if the spasms
is distortion and swelling,with pain, at the be severe, put a strong bandageround the an- kle,
place of fracture, and the ends of the bone cross it over the instepand bring the ends
will move on one another slightlyif the foot together under the foot, and to this sling a
be raised. This fracture may be treated by brick or convenient article weighing about
any
the employment of two side splints; these eightpounds. Let this hang over the foot of
should be applied, one to each side of the the bed, so as to draw down the leg; it will
limb, and retained in place by straps or ages.
band- afford great relief,and in the mean time the
The
patient should then lie on the side doctor must be summoned.
corresponding with the fracture, keeping the The best dressing for a fractured thigh is a
limb as quietand moving it as seldom as ble.
possi- long splinton the outside of the leg,with a
Or the patient may have the less irksome shorter one on the inside. For an adult the
position on his back if the fractured limb be splints should be about four fingersin breadth,
steadied by a straight outside splint, which and thoroughly well padded. The outer one
should be made of wood four fingersin width, should project some four inches below the foot,
to reach from the knee to below the foot, and and reach midway between the upper
up to
with the lower end notched as in the long prominence of the thigh-boneand the arm- pit.
thigh splint. The inequahtiesabout the ankle In the first place, the whole leg should
are great, so that the padding must be ant
abund- be evenly bandaged from toes to groin ; then
and well arranged ; the limb must be apply the outer splint, and fasten the leg firmly
tightlyfixed to the splint by means of a age
band- to it. It is customary to have two deep notches
or straps. Four or five weeks ment
confine- cut at the lower extremityof the splint, and two
must be insisted on after a fracture of holes bored through it close to the upper end.
this kind. The foot must be fixed to the lower end by
Ribs (Without a wound). The the ankle and in- step,
symptom "
the holesthe upper extremity of the splint,and retain both splintsin close contact with the
at
and firmlyknotted. The inner splint,reaching thigh. Pocket handkerchiefs or stripsof cloth
should fasten the spHnt to the abdomen, the
only from inside of knee to the groin,should now
be put on, and the bandage carried upwards knot in tying them being made upon the sphnt.
round and round so as to encircle the whole, The patientmust of necessity lie on his back
during recovery, and six or eightweeks will pass appropriateplaces; but the descriptiveterms
over before the fracture is thoroughly healed. used in that cookery are now so commonly intro-
duced
FRAMES (Gilt). To them from into culinary and other treatises that a
"
preserve
flies in summer, boil three or four onions in a vocabularyof them can hardly fail to prove prac-
tically
then with painter'sbrush ped
dip- useful here
pint of water; a :
"
in the infusion,wash over the gildedpor- Allemande, veloute sauce reduced and
tions
of the frames. Once during the spring thickened with yolks of eggs.
and summer will be often enough to apply it. Assiette volante, dish passed round.
FRANGIPANB. " A French paste used for Au naturel, cooked and served in its natural
tartlets or any kind of pastry. It is made by state ; plain.
moistening two ounces of flour with a little Baba, a light sort of cake, served as a move
re-
; tlien add three or four eggs, and stir to- Beignet, fritter.
ether till cool enough to make up with the Bisque, a soup of shell-fish and game.
fand. Blanc, a rich white broth in which game,
de Pommes-de-Terre. Cook poultry,
etc., are cooked.
Frangipane "
some potatoes by steam, take off the skins, Blancher, to render white, to remove hulls.
well ; then into sin,
ba- Blanquette, scollops cut from cold roast
and mash them put them a
in allemande
add some eggs (four to a pound of the jointsand warmed sauce.
bitter macaroons, or not, according filled with minced red tongue, truffle,
etc.
some sugar
of BouiUi, boiled fresh beef with vegetables.
to taste, and use it as a paste in all sorts
entremets of pastry. Braising, a process of cooking with fire on
FRECKLES. These
"
are commonly tutional,the
consti- cover of the pot.
muriatic acid, one drachm ; rain-water, half a Compotier, a dish to hold the compote.
pint; spirit of lavender, half a teaspoonful; Court Bouillon, a preparationof wine, water,
it two and herbs in which fish is cooked.
mix. Apply or three times a day to the savory
freckles with
a bit of
linen,or a cil.
pen- camel-hair Consomme, a strong, clear, sparklingsoup.
Or, with one ounce of elder-flower ment,
oint- Cullis,a very rich white or brown gravy.
mix twenty grains of sulphate of zinc. Croustade, bread carved to represent a vase,
Jeaves, mixed with thirtygrains of citric acid. Croiitons,fried bread cut for garnishing.
If these applications irritate the skin, use as a
En papillote,cooked in oiled paper.
lotion : almond mixture, half a pint; Goulard's Entrees, made dishes, for the first course.
Extract, half a drachm. EntremSts, dressed vegetables,large sal- ads,
FRENCH CHALK. {See Chalk.) sweets of all description, hot jellies, etc.
veal, larded and stewed. or stuff, resembling baize, with a nap on one
Glace, employed promiscuously, but only in dark colors, and is a yard wide.
a term
simply meaning a shining surface, whether a FRINGE. Fringes are for furniture,or for "
Gratinate, to make rich by reducing. four inches deep, and comes in three varieties :
Grenadins, the fricandeau piece of veal cut plain /lead, plain liead and bullion, and
into thick cutlets. i^inip /lead. Those for dresses are called
Jardiniere, a vegetable garnish boiled down "fancy fringes,"are made of worsted or silk,
in its and come from half an inch to three or four
own gravy.
Liaison, a thickening of yolk of eggs diluted. inches in width.
Macedoine, many varieties of vegetables FRITTERS." Ta/ce .--Flour, i pt ; eggs, 4 ;
boiled down as jardinii)re. boilingwater, i pt ; salt, i teaspoonful.
Maigre, made without meat. While the water is boiling, stir in the flour
Marinade, a preparation for enriching the gradually,and let it boil three minutes, stirring
flavor of meat, fish,etc., made of wine, vinegar, all the time ; take from the fire,stir in the yolks
water, herbs, and vegetables,of oil, vinegar, of the eggs, one by one, and afterwards the
etc., and of liquor,sugars, and spices. whites, which must be
previouslywhipped to a
Miroton, a rechauffe, very nicely prepared. froth. Drop it by spoonfuls into boiling hot
Nouilles, a paste of Hour, cream, and eggs. lard, and frv to a lightbrown. Serve hot, pow-
dered
Noix de veau, technical term meaning ion,
cush- over with white sugar.
that part of the leg of veal ne.xt the udder. Apple Fritters. " I. Ta/;e :-"\o\\r, 10 oz ;
made trimmings.
of the a pint of crumbs ; pour over these a pint of
Salpi9on, a pr"?parationof red tongue, ham, boilingmilk, in which a tablespoonfulof butter
mushrooms, and chicken or chieflyhas been melted ; cover the pan, and let it
game,
used tillboudins. boiichecs,etc. stand /lour. Then beat the mixture up
to croquette, an
Saute, to cook sharp fire with well, flavor with nutmeg, and add a quarter of
quickly over a
justenough oil or butter to prevent sticking. a pound of powdered white sugar, stirred in
Sautoir, saute-pan. gradually,and two tablespoonfulsof brandy ;
Tamis, a sieve of fine cloth wire, also of beat si.\'eggs till very hght, and stir them by
"coarse woollen cloth. degrees into the mi.xture ; lastly, add the rants
cur-
Timbale, a pie raised in a mould. (washed, dried, and dredged well with
Toppot, the surface fat from the common flour),a few at a time, and beat the whole
stock-pot. hard. It should be thick ter
bat-
together very a
Tourte, a tart, of fresh or preserved fruit. if it turns out too thin add a little flour.
;
Vanner, to use sauce with a small ladle in Have ready over the fire a frying-pan with
])eculiar
manner. boilinglard; put in the batter in large spoon-
fuls
Veloute, the grand stock sauce for white (be careful not to let them run into each
sauce, as Espagnole is for brown. jother) and fryto a light brow-n. Drain them
FRICASSEE." A dish made of chickens or
!on a perforated
skimmer, or an inverted sieve,
small animal, dressed fried. and send them to table hot. Serve with wine
any or Receipts
for various kinds of it are given in different and powdered sugar.
parts of the work. {See Chicken, Frog, \ Fruit Fritters." r"!,{-d^.
--Flour, Upts; milk,
with
Parsnip, Veal.) I I gill;cream, i pt (or a pint of milk a
FROST-BITES FRUIT 219
to eokl and especiallyto a cold wind, increase the warmth. Rubbing the skin is the
and affect only the extremities, and projecting most important restorative agent ; proceed as
of the body, hands, feet, nose and for Frost-Bite.s. If the vital functions are
parts as
ears. They are caused by the cold arresting suspended, artificial respirationmay be set
up
the circulation of the blood in the exposed according to the directions given in article on
Treatment. Keep the person from the of shelter, he should //w iiioiiimit he finds nis
"
away
heat, if he is allowed to come near a fire or into look
strength failiiii;, out for a snow drift,
a warm room it will burst the local blood sels,
ves- sheltered from the wind by a hill or some other
may be anointed with sweet oil, or lard, or violently. The treatment should be similar to
lime-water and oil (equal parts),and wrapped that already described : a warm room or fire
up well with flannel. If there should be any must be avoided at first,and warmth gradually
sores, dress them the same as burns. restored. Any kind of warm stimulatingdrinks
FROST FISH. (StY Tom-Cod). may be taken in small quantitiesat short inter-
vals,
FROZEN LIMBS, ETC." Whether the and after warmth is somewhat restored,
whole body or a part only is affected by cold, warm flannels should be applied to the parts
the methotl of treatment is the same. Avoid a which painful.
are most
.
found quite benumbed with cold, if he is taken products comprises representativesfrom every
direct to a fire,his life will probably be de- hot and temperate climate, and offers the
stroved : a barn, or shed, a room which feels
greatest variety of flavors, and those of the
foods, since they supply and re- 1and by acting upon the sense of taste may
an agre-aoie
material when taken alone ^\'ith ultimatelyinduce th; invahd to eat food of a
freshing or
other foods, which in health is desirable, and in more nutritive character. The albuminous
disease almost necessary to life. They will be fruits, such ::s cocoa-nuts, filberts, aim nds.
taken by the sick when nothing else is desired hickory nuts, and the like, are, as Dr. Smith
220 FRUIT FRYING
serted
of nutritive matter. The different varieties produced by thin sheets of punched out
wax,
of fruit are treated of in tlieir proper places in to the size required,with punches prepared for
various of the work. the purpose ; these can be obtained at most
parts
All designed
fruits eating
for immediate hardware stores.
should be gathered before ten o'clock in the FRUMETY. Roast a quarter of a pint of "
in order to obtain their wheat till it is done ; then boil it in water for
morning during summer,
best flavor. "To store fruit,gather it in the three or four hours ; pour off the water, and
middle of a dry day, being very careful not to add one quart of milk, two spoonfuls of flour,
and
bruise or injureit in any way. As to time, the two
eggs, half a teacupful of raisins rants,
cur-
safest rule is to observe when the fruit begins a little lemon-peel and cinnamon. Boil a
who have not reason why an article which is fried may not
and as many persons have cellars
nutritious article which is baked,
fruit-rooms,' tlieyshould store their fruit in a be as as an
"of the powder. The stalks are formed and in- ithin,bluish smoke rising,lay in the article
FUCHSIA FULLER'S F.ARTH 221
and keep the gently moving-,so that pulled up by the roots, the soil the or they can be
pan
contents do not stick to the sides. Turn and packed in layersin sand the shaken from them,
article once or twice, and when of a tine l)uff which is thoroughlydry, first cutting off all the
color, take it out ; lay it for a moment on clean, tender shoots. In March or April,jjring
them
brown to absorb the fat ; garnish and to the lightand plant in rich soil, pruning not
paper
serve sufficiently hot. only the top but the roots ; in cutting the tops
back, have an eye to shape. Plant out as soon
as all danger from frost is over.
The varieties of fuchsias are innumerable, and
we can only give lists of a few of the most
desirable of the single and double flowering
Saute Pan.
kinds.
Sauti-eingM an entirelydifferent process, in Single Fuchsias. These are all choice : " "
that only enough fat or butter is used to ])re- Aniiii\ tube and sepals white, corolla deep
vent the article cooked from sticking to the pink; Arabella, white sepals, pink corolla;
sautoir, while it is browned quicklyover a very Channiiig, violet corolla, crimson sepals;
hot fire. Then gravy is added
enough (ifthe Fairest of the Fair, white tube and sepals,
dish is not bread-crumbed) for the sauce. mit
Per-
; Father violet-rose corolla
Ignatius, carmine
it to simmer a moment or two, and then
sepals,blue corolla, bell shaped : Jules Calot,
instantlyserve. orange-red sepals, orange-crimson corolla ;
FUCHSIA. Fuchsias
"
are among the most Land of Plenty,yttA sepals,violet-black corolla ;
desirable of plants,either for outdoor or indoor Lustre, vermilion corolla: wa.xy-whitesepals;
culture. They are extremely easy to grow ; they Marginata, white sepals,rose-pink corolla ;
bear a profusion of flowers, and both flowers Prinee Imperial, scarlet 'sepals, violet corolla;
and foliageare In the garden, piose
very beautiful. of Castile, white sejjals,violet corolla ;
a moist, shady position is the most suitable : .Souvenir tie Ches-wiek rosy-crimson sepals,
the noonday sun scorches the tender buds and violet corolla ; Striped Unique, purple corolla
causes them to fall. Fuchsias are gross feed-ers .stripedwith white ; Paglioni,white reflexed
and lu.\uriate in the richest soil. A rich sepals,dark violet corolla ; Wane of Life,violet-
loam, well mi.xed with leaf mould and rotted blue corolla, scarlet sepals,gold tinted foliage;
cow manure, should be provided for them : and H'eeping Beauty, scarlet sepals,blue corolla .
twice a week during the summer they should Double Fuchsias. These are unsurpassed "
have liquidmanure, either from the barn-yard, for beauty and elegance by any plant in the
or by dissolvingone tablespoonfulof guano in floral kingdom. E. G. Henderson, scarlet
a gallonof warm water. Water twice a day sepals, violet corolla ; Ehn City ; Emperor,
in dry weather with tepid water. Treated thus, crimson sepals, white corolla ; Grand Duke,
some kinds will send out shoots from four to crimson, violet purple corolla ; Monstrosa. -
five feet in length in six or eight months. bright rose sepals,white corolla ; Nonpareil,
Fuchsias may be grown either from seeds or two corallas, purplish-blue ; Norfolk Giant,
cuttings, but the former method is dubious and crimson sepals,violet corolla ; Pieturata, scarlet
troublesome and it is best either to buy the sepals,double white corolla : Snowdrop, scarlet
plants of the florist or to raise from cuttings.sepals,semi-dark white corolla ; Surpasse V. de
Take the cuttingseither in February, March, or Peubla ; scarlet sepals, double white corolla;
April,from three to four inches long. Plant Symbol, crimson tube and sepals,creamy-white
them in clear sand, keep sopping wet," and in corolla ; Power
"
of London, scarlet sepals,
three weeks they will be well rooted ; put in violet-blue corolla; U'ilhelm Pftser, rosy-car-
three inch pots, in the richest of soil, with a nine sepals,lavender-blue corolla.
little sand to keep it mellow let them Golden Leaved Fuchsias. The varieties of
; grow "
untilthe pot is well filled with roots, which will these are few in number, and the best are :
"
be in three or four weeks ; then re-pot in six or Cloth of Gold, Crown of Jewels, Golden
eight-inchpots, if designed to grow in them ; Fleece. Golden mantle. Golden Prcasure, and
but if raised to bed out, plant at the start in Orange Boven.
five-inch pots, and when all fear of frost is Winter FloTvering Fuchsias. " These bloom
passed, plant in the garden. Fuchsias show from May. There
December to are only two
to great advantage when trained as standards ; varieties : Speciosa, tubes and flowers of a
to do this the side shoots of plant inust peach-blossom color, crimson corolla; and
young
a
be nipped off, and the steiii trained up a Serratifolia. The flowers of the latter are dis-
straightstick. When it has grown as high as stinct from those of anv other kind of fuchsia.
desired, let the side shoots bVanch out, and a The tube is crimson, the tipsof the sepalsshad-
ing
handsome bush will be produced. They can to with white stamens.
green,
also be trained to walls, or planted in masses in FUEL. {See Coal, Coke, and Wood).
beds. If the young plantdoes not branch otit, FULLER'S EARTH. "
A substance useful
pinch off the terminal shoot ; side branches for removing grease from floors, carpets, cloth-
ing,
will soon appear, and the most central can then or vessels of any kind. It is of a
greasy
be trained for
up a stem. grayish-brown color, hard, compact, and rough,
During the winter the plantscan be kept in but scrapes with a polished surface. It is al-
ways
frost-proof,
dry cellars,either in pots or boxes ;| scraped to a powder before using, and
222 FUMIGATION FURNISHING
cartridgepaper in alum and water, drying it, useful for filling vials and small bottles where
and spreading one side with a mixture of equal it IS difficult to avoid spilling.Where acids are
parts of gum benzoin, olibanum, and Peruvian to be poured, glass or earthenware is requis-
ite,
balsam ; melt these together and spread them as metal will be corroded by it. Glass is
upon the paper with a hot knife. In using, best under all circumstances, because one can
hold slipsof the paper over a candle or lamp, see whether it is perfectly clean. A servicea-
work may find its way into the hands of some can be made very effective. Under it,may
who have not enjoyedthose opportunities,
and stand a chair or table, either having a drawer.
Or a table alone will do ; for hats and coats
like that
Fig. 2, honestly made in
"
ot good wood, with dead finish,will prob-
ably"
with paintings which are simply good canvas There in most parlors,too much
seems, re-
|J- rig. 6.
Fig- 4-
Decoration, he may care to see a good chair or The parlor should suggest festivityrather
two in
Figs. lo and 14, and in front in
Fig. 20. than meditation. If colors be well chosen,
A good table is not yet an easy thing to find.
There's not much to be said against Fig. 5,
except that it'sa pitythat woodcuts won'tshow
color. A fitly
colored jar,contrasted with the
Fi?. 5-
on account of the clangerfrom moths, woolen There are worse things for the purpose than a
things,some-
times done, don't let the
'^ 9-
put mirrors piano stand in
in this spot : Philistines always do. Something I front of this spot and obliterate it" especially
bright and effective should go there always. Ias pianos are all so ugly. Fig. 8 suggests
Fig.
that there is some excuse for in a crowded to cover piece of furniture but a
any
cityhouse. steam-heater or a washstand ?
IS
FURNISHING 227
With a good substantial table and chairs (theI any amount of effect can be added to the buffet
latter cushioned if it can possiblybe afforded), Iwithout its appearing to overshadow the rest,
"^^^^M^ q^^^"^-s"^ij2:^^^^^^^l^?-:^
%
- - =:,": -' '.jiiT-
Fig. 14.
and every feature will tell. If you cannot have chairs, but they do see the buffet. If you can
as elaborate a one as Fig. 14, you will not be cover it with ancestral plate,very good ; but if
cannot, it may, perhaps, be made to look
you
as well with bright china, glass,Japanese lac-
Fig. 16.
cause not realized. A "dinner wagon," as Bedrooms. As far as decorative effect goes,
shown in Fig. i6, is vastlymore useful than a the thing of least importance in a bedroom is.
side-table. the bed. Generally, the more the cabinet-
Fig. 17.
maker does to it,the uglierhe gets it,and even your spare money on the bureau. Don't look
over-
if he gets it pretty, those who lie upon it do brass bedsteads. It is to be hoped that
not see it,and when not lyingupon it,their at-
tention
is more apt to be directed to another
article,which is the real center of bedroom
upon in treatingof the parlor. Hence, if you they will soon be cheaper than at this writing.
are not rich, get a plain bedstead and spend Nothing need be better. In New York there
FURNISHING 229
7 x 9.
is made of any of the ordinary hard woods in walnut), a good, neat, strong bedstead,
against which nothing can be said, for $28.00.
It is not out of place with a bureau, in the
massive style, worth $280.00. Fig. 22 cost
but $45.00,made to order, in the time of high
prices.
Marble tops on bureaus always crack things,
and are unpleasant to the touch except in
summer.
the distance your children shall tumble than almost anything else. We do not mean
Fig. 22.
or those with curved glass tubes which from giltto bronze, or steel,or oxydized silver,
threaten breakage if you look at them. The if desirable. The better ones of honest brass,
need
basis of most good metal chandeliers is wrought aregenerally covered with lacquer,and
relacquering not oftener than once in ten or
tubing, and of most good glass or earthenware
ones, vases or platesaround or through which twelve years.
the gas is conveyed in metal tubes. A room Curtains do not need be of material
to as able
dur-
chair covering. If you can make colors
in Brussels and worsted reps with a good as
chandelier will have treble the effect of a room correspond, a vastlyinferior grade will do.
FURNISHING 231
Woods An account of the qualitiesof tlie work. Its appearance improves with age. On
different woods may be of use to the chaser.account
pur- of its tendency to warp, a great deal
of so-called oak work is panelled with chest-
nut.
Ash is rather lightercolored than oak, but
is sometimes used in connection with it. It is Bearwood is of a lightyellow color, and on
less likelyto split. account of its even grain, a favorite wood for
Beech, a very close and tough wood, is chiefly carving. It is often stained to imitate ebony.
used tor the framework of chairs, tables, and Pine is used in two varieties, the white and
bedsteads. It is nearly of the color of birch, the yellow. When thoroughlydry,these woods
but rather paler,and it may be known by the are very free from all tendency to warp or
mahogany. It is used in the better kinds chairs are made, is a small sort of cane, brought
of low-priced furniture. ffom China, Japan, and Sumatra. A
very
Cedar somewhat resembles mahogany, pretty and durable style of summer-chairs,
though more purplish. It has no curl," and "
lounges, tables, baskets, etc., is now made
is free from tendency to warp or cast." "The wholly of ratan.
beit varieties have a peculiarly pleasantaroma, Rosewood is hard and dark, with some little
which is offensive to moths ; hence it is highly curl, intermediate in this respect between ish
Span-
valued for making drawers and chests for cloth- ing. and Honduras mahogany, and of a very
open grain. Most articles of rosewood ture
furni-
Chestnut is coarse-grained, strong, elastic, are veneered, but the best are of solid
light,and very durable. Some ot the best of wood. The color,which consists of largeelon- gated
the cheaper furniture is made of it. It looks dark zones on a reddish-brown ground,
so much like white oak as to be frequently used is permanent, unless it be much exposed to the
in combination with it. direct rays of the sun ; and it takes a fine pol- ish,
Ebony is of a deep black color, and highly which is improved by slightwaxing, or, bet- ter,
prizedfor several purposes, particularlyinlay- ing. by the French polish,which brings out the
It is exceedingly hard, heavy, and dura- ble, color of the wood admirably.
but expensive. Pear and other woods Satinwood is now used chieflyfor inlaying,
dyed black are often substituted for it ; but are lining,and veneers. It is of a full yellowish
not so susceptibleof good polish and luster, color, with a fine grain, little curl, and a silky
or so permanent in color. The best comes luster. Its toughness fits it well tor furni- ture.
from Africa ; a kind variegated with brown is
brjuj;-ht from Mauritius and Ceylon. Walnut is a native wood, but is used in sucb
M.iJioganv is imported of two kinds duras
Hon- prodigious quantity that it is also imported.
"
and Spanish. The former has a coarse, Well seasoned it is exceedinglytough and tle
lit-
loose, and straightgrain,without much curl or inclined to warp.
wave. The latter is darker, with curl, by which {See Lacquering and Varnishing.)
in great measure its price is regulated, and Selection of Furniture. Points of taste in the "
with a very fine,close texture. Spanish ma- hogany seleclion of furniture have been treated in the
will bear great violence ; it is also article on Decoration (which the reader in- tending
free from any tendency to warp. When, how- ever, to furnish is advised to study),and, in- cidentally,
it is very much curled, it is not nearly earlier inthis article. Here we shall
so strong or so free from twist ; but this is of only attempt a few purely practicalconsidera- tions.
little consequence, as its value is so great that Too much deference is generallypaid
it is generally veneered on to some less valu-
able to the fashion of the day, which entirelychanges
wood, as Honduras or cedar. The est
heavi- before the articles are worn out, while things
mahogany is generally the best. good in themselves are never out of fashion.
Maple is of several qualities, the bird's-eye For those who can afford it, expensive and
maple being most highly valued. It somewhat highly ornamented furniture is a legitimate
resembles satinwood, but is more buff than luxury; but it should be borne in mind that
yellow, has more curl, and more bird's- this outlayis not only a present increase of cost,
"
eye." Maple is lightand not very durable, and but that in all future additions the same style
is used only in the cheaper kinds of furni- ture. must be carried out, or the whole will partake
of a piecemeal character, and look much worse
Oak. There are several varieties,of which to a tasteful than if none of the articles
eye
"
the white paic, the red oak, and the live oak were elaborate.
are the most important. The first is most used. Often in cheap showy furniture, flungto-
hastily gether
Oak takes long to season, and is worse than bv inferior manufacturers, the cost of pairs
re-
most woods if used green. It is very hard to amounts to the difference between the price
232 FURNISHING
paid and that of reallygood furniture. It is very cheaply,if the purchaser can content self
him-
far better for the young housekeeper to make with such as are not of the newest pattern
he can afford expend, and and style. It is serious question, though,
up his mind what to a
materially to the cost necessarily involved in meat-screens, fish-kettles, etc., may be bought
furnishinga house, for all the hard woods are with advantage if in good condition.
expensive. This prejudice was perhaps ex- cusable It is best in purchasing furniture at auction
"
when the cottage furniture
" first be-
came to examine it carefully before the sale com-mences,
fashionable, for it was too often poorly and mark on the catalogue such arti- cles
finished, rough in design, and tawdry in color- ing as are wanted, with the outside pricesyou
: but now it is well made, and more tically are
artis- willingto give ; having'done so, never go
painted. It is prettier and more above the prices thus fixed upon. Inflexible
desirable than the pine furniture stained in adherence to this rule is the first condition of
imitation of- the costlywoods. It can be safe buying: for one is very apt to be carried
bought, or painted to order in any color that away by the competition of bids, and nearly
may be preferred ; but the light stone colors, every auctioneer has a set of dummies in the
and soft browns will furnish a room in better audience who are quick to discover who will
taste than the yellows,blues, and greens that let goods be run up on them. At the same
"
have been the rule until recently. A time he who makes up his mind to buy nothing
'"
cottage
bedroom set, with marble-topwashstand can be but "great bargains" at auction will generally
had for about one half the price of a plain find his time wasted. Second-hand furniture
hardwood set. But in the name of all honesty, has a value nearly as uniform and stable as the
"
that is painted in new bargains are to be looked upon
"
do not buy a Cottage set
"
; and "
dealers will soon be content to offer honest assistance, perhaps, is lists of the articles
and their prices. We have prepared
pine without paint,but properlypolishedto dis- play needed
its own merits. three, based on actual houses, designed to
Second-Haud Furniture. " There is a cal
radi- meet the wants of several classes of pur-
chasers
difference of opinion among housekeepers expending from say eight hundred to
contemplated. The truth is that the purchasing under one great difficulty.All pricesare now
of such furniture is a matter which calls in an (1877)in chaos. Those prevailingat the times
these houses furnished all
eminent degree for good judgment, and plenty when were are
of time, and as time is money, it is doubtful changed ; and if we were to now ascertain
whether had not better be spent on the prices of the same dealers, they would
money
new furniture than time on second hand. probably be changed before the reader sees
Beds, bedding, carpets, oil-cloths,and the book.
holstered
up-
The only way for the reader to use
that the prices are from
furniture should never be bought the lists is to assume
second-hand, either auction from to forty cent, too high ; and, if he
at at an or twenty per
All wishes detailed to learn the
a regular dealer. articles made of wood, more accuracy,
pricesof several articles and strike an
should be carefullyexamined as to their dition,
con- present
particularlyas to whether they are average.
made of unseasoned wood, which in hand
second-
furniture is easily detected.
very faces
Sur-
of LIST No. 1.
out level, open joints,rickety legs,
and cracks in the wood, are plainlyto be seen
if present, and indicate either bad workmanship A establishment, consistingof Hall
modest
tjr bad materials, or both. Window-curtains 6 X stairs, Parlor
18, with 15x18, Dining-room
and mirrors can be bought at second-hand 15x18, Bedroom 15x18, Nursery 15 x 18, Hall-
FURNISHING
233
18. Cfmtimted.
Bedroom 6 x lo, Servant's Room 6 x lo, Kitchen PRINCIPAL BEDROOM, 15 X "
for about $i,ooo, would cost in 1877 probably Springs for Bedsteads.. 5.00 Total .
1.90 3.60
Cornice 1.25 I pair Blankets 5.00
15 X 18. Chintz for tain, Coverlid
COMBINED, 7 yards Cur-
PARLOR AND SITTING-ROOM
2.50
at 40 cts 2. So Bureau Washstand. 5.00
AH iftefurniture in Walnut^ Oak^ or oiJier plain hardwood. Iron Bedstead Chair
4.00 2.00
Straw Mattress 1.25 Toilet set 4.00
Scotch Holland dow
Win- Oriental foldingchairs, Hair Mattress
2 2
12.00 Looking-glass 1.50
Shades with tas-
sels in worsted reps to 2 Feather Pillows, 4 lbs.
and patent rollers $ 4.40 match, at $10,00 ... .. 20.00 each S.oo Total $70.20
14 yards Nottingham Rocker to match, seat in
Lace, two windows. 21.00 . . reps 14.00
Window-cornices, gilt, small chairs, or
2 2 cane No carpet, drugget for Bureau Washstand 5.00
lacquer, or wood to straw seats 8.00
middle of floor 5.00 Toilet set 4.00
match furniture Centre table with
4^00 rep 2 thick green Window Looking-glass 3.00
yards American Body cover to match funii- Shades.....' Shaker
40 5.00 2 Chairs,straight3.00
Brussels carpeting, turet 16.00
Crib and Bedding 20.00 2 Shaker Chairs, (rock-
er)
made and laid with lin-
ing Stand of shelves, with Attendant's Iron Bed 5.00
at $2.00 per yard.. 80.00 drawer,for books, etc. 12.00 and Bedding as in hall
Lounge, in worsted reps 25.00 bedroom Total
39*75 . $88.75
Total $204 40
servant's BEDROOM, 6 X lO.
DINING-ROOM, 1$ X iS.
I Window Shade and Colored Cotton Bed-
Fumisked in Hardwood^ had better contrast with iliat 0/ Trimmings 1.00 spread 1.75
Parlor, 15 Carpeting. 15.00
yards Rag Feather Pillow,3 lbs. . .
3.00
Looking-glass 1.00 3 pairs Cotton Sheets,
Bureau Washstand 5.00 6-4 wide 3-39
I doz. Plated Dessert
Chair 75 3 Pillow-cases 1.20
Spoons 9.00
Single Iron Bedstead... 4.00 Toilet set 2.50
I Plated Tea Spoons
doz.
5-50 Straw Mattress 1.25
A Plated Dinner Castor 8.90 Hair top Mattress 8.00 Total $53-34
1 doz. Ivory-handled
1 pair Blankets 5. 50
Knives 6.60
Carver and Steel
3-50 KITCHEN and LAUNDRY TOGETHER.
Bronze Call Bell "75
Plain white French na
Chi- Barrel Cover .50 Knife, for Cook "50
Dinner Set,suitable Basket, for Clothes .... 1.00 Ladle, tin " 30
for all meals Basket, for Market 1.00 Lemon Squeezer .30
30.00
1 doz. Goblets,cut glass Bench, for Washing 1.50 2 match Safes .30
. 4.00 ....
"
Tumblers for Boiler, for Clothes 6.00 1 Pail (Japaned) for
vant's
ser-
throughout. It looks better thnn a patchwork Parlor 204.40 Servant's Room 53-34
of emiill cnrpet", pivinfj
breadth of effect,and is much more economical for making over. A Dining Room 386.90 Kitchen and Laundry, 97-95
few cents less than %1 per vard will supply this,but even Upper Hall 6.00
figureawo
taken to facilitate colculnti'on.
Large Bedroom 188.2 1 Total $1045.75
t It is a good plan to have the gimp and buttons on the furniture of Hall Bedroom 70.20
"o modest a room ns this, from a different color from the Then
reps.
a band of the relieving color on the table cover gives much effect This list makes no for cooking, heating^and ligh^
provision
FURNISHING 235
" 15
li-'alnni.
ChesinuifOak, and W"rsted Reps 'with Fringe 0/ Different
Floor being tiled,no carpet is needed. Colors.
Mirror shaped and Plain umbrella stand Oak Bedstead, plainand Bed Coveriiig,
framed original
after (between chairs and substantial 28 00 List No. 2 7 00
with
designs.supplied under mirror) 6 00 Oak and Chestnut Dress Best Spring Mattress.. 25 00
under seats for with pads See " metal mountings 80 00 I Lar";e Shaker Rocker. 10 00
of " "
brushes, gloves, "c., summary at end Bed Table 15 00 1 Small
seats and backs in List Gardner Rack for tape check
seat and
leather at $18 36 00 brushes, bottles, "c., back 6 00
nal
elaborate m 75 00
at $18 each. Cornices at $350.. Bed for attendant, as in Carpet, Brussels See "
. . 36 00 , , 7 00
or three
coats, which should be of linseed oil.
IValnut.
Bedstead (three-quarter cushioned seat ...... 5 50
It dries quickly,and presents a smoother face.
sur-
size) same quality as 1 Folding Easy Chair.. 25 00
in Bed-room 1 38 I Gardner
Rack for
oo
FURNITURE POLISH." I. Take of ter
but-
Bedding and Covering, brushes, bottles "c.. 2 50
ed
Mattresses and bedding
same as bedroom I,de-
ducting to match furniture. . .
10 00 to take it up and make a creamy fluid "
513 for Spring 2 Cornices, lacquered, and add to this of pint of spirit
a quarter a
Mattress on account at 51.50 3 00
of less frequent use.. 36 2 Prs. Curtains, in copal varnish. Pour a little of this into a cup
91 as
Bureau, Marble Top Bed-room i 5 50 and add half as much naphtha, and apply
(which ought not to Carpet, Ingrain,atSi. 45 the surface of the wood with bold
have been) 45 00 See at end rapidlyto a
summary
Small Table 7 50 of List 3. sweep of a rubber composed of some woollen
Lounge 20 00
material, which must be changed as fast as it
3 small ChairSf cushion- Total $226 86
is thor-
oughly
gets sticky. As soon as the first coat
SERVANTS ROOMS (tWO 8 X X2 AND ONE 15 X 18 dry, which may be known by its not
3 singlerooms, same as at $53.34 106 68 stickingto the finger,add another coat in the
List (these double at
being larger
I
than in
rooms room,
additional
say
same way ; but when the body of polishis suf-
ficiently
50 per cent,
List I, the carpet will to above 65 00 thick, mix some spiritsof wine with
be included twice
second time in sum-
the "
Total
the naphtha and bring the surface to a fine
mary $171 68
at end of List 3) gloss, using fresh rubbers, and finishingoff
with the polish mixed with spiritsalone, in-
stead
of naphtha.
Same as List II.
III. Mix parts linseed oil, two
two parts
SUMMARY OF LIST 3. alcohol, part turpentine, and spiritsof
one
Hall $147 00
Day Nursery 49 50 ether in proportion of one ounce to one quart
Parlor Hall Bedroom 198 with This is
54500 27 of the mixture. Rub on rags. a
Library 356 00 Bedroom II 226 86
Dining-room 626 50 Servants' Rooms 171 68 good floor polish.
Billiard-room 285 00 FURS. " These should be combed now and
Bedroom i 307 i6 Total $3164 97
Night Nursery 252 00
then while in use, and especiallyas the Spring
approaches. When put away for the Summer
Kitchen furniture same as List 11 285 07
In matter of this amount,
and there dollar here they should be first beaten with a small cane
a a
is not worth considering, consequently it was not and carefullycombed through, and then sewed
deemed worth while to unravel the carpet bill to get at
each room. The style of each room is specifiedwith up in small folds of calico or calico carefully
priceper yard, made and laid,with lining. The total turned in at the edges. A barrel or keg in
bill was $1053 04, from this should be deducted S67 50 which whiskey has been kept is the most liable
re-
for kitchen and basement oilcloth, already being in- cluded
under kitchen furniture, leavingnet 985 54 place known. Keep in a dry place
This house was taken with the gas fixtures in. The and examine once a month. It is a mistake
gas fixtures in List 2 cost S202 75 Twice that amount
ought to do for this house 405 50
.
Now, as a parting hint : don't buy anything ordinary conditions ; but that they cannot
at the start that you are not sure to need. You be relied upon is proved laythe fact that moths
can fill in afterwards according to both sity
neces- have been known to hatch in an atmosphere
and taste. To furnish in impregnated with
taste, especially, camphor.
even where means are unlimited, requiresmore FUSTIAN. " A species of coarse cotton
time and waiting for lucky chances. cloth,very similar in its manufacture to that of
the and
FURNITURE OHi." For mahogany and velvet, having in addition to warp
polished woods of all kinds the cellent woof
followingis ex- a pile consisting of threads doubled gether
to-
: " Put into a jar one pint of linseed oil, and thrown in ridges,and presenting a
into which surface the exterior.
stir one ounce of powdered rose- smooth evenly-ribbed on
pink, and add one ounce of alkanet-root,beaten The best descriptionsof this class of goods are
in a mortar ; set the jar in a warm place for a known as cotton velvet, velveteen, and the like.
few days, when the oil will be deeply colored, Fustian is also used as a generalterm prehending
com-
Gamboge is a drug of great importance in the less proportionof water and fat in the juices,
all cases of dropsy, apople.xy,and where a and the greater proportionof lean to fat. Hence
brisk effort and copious discharge from the it follows that under the same circumstances (say
be taken, when bo'ih the wild and the tame animals have
bowels are required. It should never
been killed within a day) the mastication of
however, except as directd by a physician.
GAME. Under this head included all the flesh of wild animals is less easy, the flavor
"
are
the edible wild animals and wild fowl. No is more concentrated, and the proportion of
markets in the world are so abundantly suppli-
ed flesh-formingcompounds is greater. They are
therefore foods, and if well digested,
with this speciesof food as the American, strong
and it would take up too much even to are highly nutritious. Their decided flavor
space
enumerate the various forms in which it appears. is also recommendation
a to invalids or others
the difference bet\veen wild and domestic fowl, they have been in the water five minutes hang
see Birds. them up to dry in a cold place,sprinkle them
Keeping Game not only renders it more der,
ten- with pepper, and salt well inside. By this
but brings out its flavor. If it be wrapped means they may be kept a long time ; before
in a cloth moistened with pyroligneousacid and dressing them, they must be washed in clear
water in equal proportions, it will keep good for water. When feathered game has become
many days in the hottest weather ; this is better tainted,pick and clean the birds as soon as
than putting it on ice. If there be any danger possible,and immerse them in new milk. Let
that the birds will not keep till a convenient them remain in this till next day, when they
time for dressing them, pick and draw them, will be quite sweet and fit for cooking. Birds
wash them well in water, and rub them with should be hung up by the neck, and not by the
salt ; plunge them singlyinto a large pot of feet, notwithstanding our artist having done it.
boilingwater, draw them up and down by the GARDENING. The practical directions "
legs,to let the water pass through them ; after concerning soil, drainage,etc., in the article on
238 GARLIC GAS
dinary
for peated hour,
vegetables,and need not be re- emits lightequal to si.xteen to twenty
designed a
here. The soil should be turned up as candles. The impression that it is expensive
will reach the arises from the fact that who have
deep as the spade as soon as persons
frost is out of the liberal supply of been accustomed to using one, or at most, two
ground; a
; and the garden should be laid out in such with the same quantityof lightfrom their gas-
that be reached burner when it be so easilymade to yield
a manner every portion can can
in full The
very excellencies of gas in this re-
easilywithout injuringthe giants when more. spect
growth. To plant garden seeds,layacross the are turned to bad account ; its high
beds a board about a foot wide and with a stick, illuminatingpower leads to its use in excessive
make a furrow on each side of it,one inch deep. quantities; and nearly every room in which gas
dozen foot,in this is used is lightedfar more brilliantly than when
Scatter the seeds, say a to a
furrow, and cover them ; then lay the board any other illuminating agent is relied upon, or
them and it, to down the than is at all The evils of this do
over step on press necessary.
earth, and to mark the next row. When the not end with the increased expensiveness. The
plants are an inch high,thin them out, leaving air is heated by the excessive combustion, and
proportioned to their sizes. Seeds of poisoned by largequantitiesof carbonic acid
space
similar species,such as melons and squashes, which there are no means of removing. The
should not be planted near together,as this eye is unprotected from the glareby screen or
vegetables, with the exception of onions, be nerve of vision,and in proportionas the sensi- bility
planted in the same place for two years in of the eye is impaired,stronger light is
succession. The seeds of nearly all the early used,which gives temporary relief, but with dan-
ger
nious
acrimo- excessively bright illumination to which the
onion, with a taste more
of gas has led is to be deplored ; the estab- lished
than any other, and an tremely use
ex-
,.-
"
--^tcf per'hOVJ?.: .,
1 f 2 FEET \
\ i PER HOUR. i
\ I \
^
\ \ (
.
^ ; /
\ \ \ I 1 FOOT i / // /
'
\ \ \ PER HOUR. / / / ,
\ \ \ "" / /
//
Rate of consumption from a 5-footburner. It will be observed that in turningdown, the illumination decreases more rapidly
than the consumption.
Wilham King, of Liverpool, and Prof. F. H. used by the writer,known as the Stock-
Storer,of Boston, are a sufficient illustration: "
Thickness of Loss of
Descriptionof glass glass. light,
Clear glass (King) . 10.57
Ground glass "
. . 29.48
Smooth opal " . 52.82
"
.
"
Double (Belgian)ground
(Storer) 1-8 62.34
" "
Sinde "
1-16 65.74
"
the subject,suggests the followingrules for to another. It is said that Coxe's gelatineis
using gas : i. Have the made made from the clippingsof skins it cannot
; be
"
apparatus by
workmen. If any leak be ]3er- made from hoofs, as some suppose. Russian
competent 2.
ceivcd, turn off the meter. Have it promptly isinglassis simply by drying the sounds
made
attended to, and open the doors or windows to of fish. It was formerlyu.s'cd for jellies, mange,
blanc-
"c., but Co.\c's gelatine, and Cooper's
prevent accumulation. 3. On no account carry
a lightof any kind where there is a smell of gelatineand isinglass, are found so exxellent,
in which and much cheaper, that it is now but
gas. 4. Have rooms
gas is burnt are so
ventilated from near the ceiling.To these rarelyused for these purposes. The Russian
may
be added: isinglasscosts from six dollars a
5. If the gas flickers noisily,
"
turn to seven
of pliers,
and do this himself. 7. Use one large ; more is often used, but it takes very
burner rather than two small ones. You get much fromdelicacyof the preparation.
the
may be distin-
Gelatine and Russian isinglass guished
more lightfor the money. 8. If the gas erally
gen-
"goes up and down," water in the pipes from each other by the following
is indicated. This is apt to come from densation
con-
directions : The shreds
"
of isincflass when
outside the house, in cold weather. dissolved in cold water become white, opaque,
Notify the company to it out. times
Some- soft and swollen ; the swelling is equal in all
pump
water will thus accumulate at the bottom directions, and under the they
microscope
of a bend in the pipeoperatingas a sort of trap, appear quadrangular. In boilingthey dissolve
and shut off the gas entirely. {St-eMeter.) nearly without residue. The smell of the dis-
solved
GAUFFERING. " This is done with a pair when
isinglass, hot, is somewhat fishy,
of lighttongs, about the size of a pairof shears, but not unpleasant. The moistened shreds, or
with the blades nearly round. The frill,
wrong the solution, exhibit to test-paper a neutral,or
side upwards, is held on the edge of the ing
iron- faintlyalkaline,and
'
rarelya slightlyacid,reac-
tion.
seizes hold of the frillwell in the gathers,with transparency, and become translucent
the left blade under and the rightover it,after and glass-like. The form which they take in swell- ing
which with a slighttwist from left to right, two is not regular hke that of isinglass,but
flutes in opposite directions are made by one they become expanded, fiat,and ribbon-like, the
action,the fingersof the left hand pressing the broad surfaces corresponding to the incised
adjacentpart of the frill against the cloth,thus margins. The dry threads on the uncut surfaces
resisting the twist of the iron, and causing it to frequentlypresent a peculiarshining lustre,not
smooth and round out the flutes. As the irons unlike that of tinsel. In boiling water the
cool very rapidly, two or three must be kept shreds do not entirelydissolve, but in most
heated, placing them on the ironing-stoveor cases a copious deposit LiUs to the bottom of
in the fire ; use them of about the same degree the glass. The smell of the hot infusion is like
of heat as ordinaryirons. that of glue,and therefore disagreeable. The
GAUZE. .An extremely light and
" parent
trans- moistened filaments or the solution of gelatine
fabric of silk,very loosely woven, the usuallyexhibit a strong acid reaction to test-
threads being all at some distance from each paper ; this, in some cases, is due to the sub-
stances
other. Common gauze is cotton, plain,striped, used in bleaching it,and is not neces- sarily
or figured, and can be gotten from a yard to two indicative of anything deleterious.
yards wide. In the best kind the figureis formed GENTIAN. An herb growing wild in the "
of silk ; a sort with flowers of gold is brought Alps, Apennines, and Pyrenees, and repre- sented
from China. Lisse Gauze, is a plainbut superior by one or two species in the United
kind. Craped Lisse Gauze is crimped or craped. States. The root is much employed in medi- cine.
Gossamer is a
very rich gauze used for veils ; It is cylindrical, ringed,and more or less
it is four times as thick and is sold in a dried state, in pieces
strong as the com-
mon branched ; and
gauze, though nearly as open in its te.K- varying from a few inches to more than a foot
ture. It may be had four and five quarters in length, and from half an inch to two inches
wide. in thickness.
GELATINE, (Cooper's Isinglass and Gentian is an excellent tonic bitter, and not
Gelatine.) " This is made from the sinews of being astringent,is often used in diseases of
the feet of calves and cattle. They pass the digestiveorgans, in cases of general debil-
ity,
through a tedious process of preparation for and as a febrifuge. It can be administered
some months. In the last process, before in the form of an infusion, an extract, or a ture
tinc-
melting,they are transferred every day, for " the two latter are sold in the drug-stores.
nearlytwo weeks, from one vat of clean water Only small quantitiesof the infusion should be
16
GERMAN STUDENT LAMP 243
alum and cream of tartar; add to this a pintof which may escape drops into this holder ; re-
place
The wick should be trimmed regularly.If Put them in a stew-pan with a small quantityof
a crust has formed, do not disturb it,but only water, season with onion, sweet herbs, a very
remove any little pointor unevenness that may small piece of mace, salt and pepper, and stew
occur; do not use the scissors unless the wick, slowly for i-wo or three hours. Before serving
through uneven draft, should have coaled or give them one boil with a teacupfulof cream,
charred unevenly. By this method you will and a tablespoonfulof butter rubbed in a tea-
have an even flame, and the wick will last mucli spoonful of flour.
longer than when cut frequently. If your GIDDINESS. {See Vertigo.)
lamp should make a humming noise, which is GILLIFLOWER. The annual varieties of "
caused by the shank of the chimney being of the Gilliflower are very pretty summer ing
bloom-
plants. The seeds should be sown in a
the wrong length,raise the chimney slightly,
or change it for one with a longer shank. hot-bed in April,and when the frost is well out
Use kerosene or spirits in placeof water for of the ground, transplant them to the den.
gar-
cleaning chimneys. The brass part of the Select a showery day ; or transplant
lamp may be cleaned with Vienna lime and after nightfall, water freely,and protect from
kerosene, and polished with rouge. the sun next day. The removal must be made
Some lamps are made to burn sperm, lard, very carefully, for they bear it poorly,owing to
or olive oils. Those made for heavy oils will their long,fibreless roots. The flowers are
not burn kerosene, and vice versa. A kero-
sene white, purple,red, and yellow all summer.
lamp, with one-twelfth or one-eighthof a GILT FRAMES. To protect from flies. "
heavier oil mi.xed with kerosene, is all that can (See Frames.)
be desired. GIMP. A kind
" of silk,woollen, or cotton
GHERKIN. " A very small species of the twist,often with a metallic wire, or sometimes
cucumber " it is sometimes called "Jamaica a coarse thread, running through it. It comes
cucumber." The fruit is oval in shape, and of of various widths, woven in a variety of pat-
terns
size of and colors,and is much used ming
trim-
a lightgreen color,about the a common as a
egg-plum, and thickly covered on the outside for dresses, furniture,etc. The worsted
with prominent flesh species or prickles.When is the most durable, but the silk is the
cut its smell is like that of a cucumber, and it is richest.
very full of small seeds. Gherkins are used GIN. An ardent spirit,formerly made by
"
only for pickles,and for this purpose are excel- lent. fermenting juniper berries, but now produced
They are not much cultivated here, but chieflyfrom corn, wheat, barley,or some other
generally be found in the markets in grain. Hollands is a variety of corn spirit,
may
August and September. The method of rais-
ing flavored with juniper berries ; and English
them is the same in all respects as that for gin consists generally of plain corn spirit
raisingcucumbers. (See Pickles.) flavored with oil of turpentine and a small
GIBLETS. These "
include the heads, neck, quantity of other substances. American gin
gizzards,livers, legs, and ends of wings of varies in flavor with every distiller. Probably
chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys,and other birds, nothing used as a food by man is liable to
tame or wild. They are used for stewing,fric- assee, greater and more injuriousadulterations than
soups, pot-pie,and gravies. Prepare gin ; and the difficulty of gettingit free from
them thus : After
"
carefully plucking and any poisonous drug should induce every one to
singeingthose that are covered with skin, cut abstain from its use.
off the beak, take out the eyes, and splitthe Julep (Gin). Take one gillof gin,half a gill "
head in two ; cut the neck into not less than of maraschino, four sprigs of mint, and one
three pieces; chop the wings across in two ; pint of pounded ice ; shake together,sweeten
skin the feet, by scalding, and cut off the with a spoonful of sugar, and as the ice melts,
claws ; cut the heart in two ; cut the gizzard, drink the julepwith a straw.
after skinning and cleaning,into four pieces; GINGER. The ginger of commerce " is the
leave the liver as it is. Place them in a bowl root of a plant (the Zingiber officinale) which is
or pan, pour boilingwater and a little salt on cultivated in Asia, Africa,and the tropical parts
them, let them stand five or six minutes, then of America, the largest supply being furnish- ed
wash and drain them, and they will be ready by the West Indies. There are two kinds
for cooking. (See Pies, and Soups.) of ginger,but the difference consists chieflyin
Fricasseed Giblets. Put a piece of butter
"
the mode of preparing it. White ginger is com- posed
or lard in a stew-pan, and set it on a good fire ; of the best pieces, from which the outer
when melted, sprinkle into it,little by little, a skin has been strippedoff; they are then well
teaspoonful of flour ; stir together,and when washed and dried in the sun : it breaks with a
of a brownish color add a gillof broth, the fibrous fracture, and is the strongest and best
same quantityof warm water, a sprig of pars- ley, flavored. Black ginger is an inferior kind,
a pinch of grated nutmeg, two small which is only scalded before being dried.
onions, salt and pepper, and lastlythe giblets.Preserved _"^z"(^(.'rcomes from the West Indies.
Cook for about two hours. Dish the pieces, It is made by scaldingthe roots when they are
strain the sauce, mix with the yolk of an egg young and full of sap ; then peeling them in
well-beaten,and pour it over the giblets ; then cold water, and putting them into jars with a
serve. rich syrup, in which state we receive them. It
Stewed Giblets. "
little transparency ; that wliich is darlc-color- is woven with threads all of Uie same color.
ed, fibrous,and stringyis not good. Gingham is generallya yard wide.
Ginger is one of tlie most agreeable and GLADIOLUS." This has of late years be-
come
wholesome of spices; it is to the
stimulating the chief favorite among the bulbous
digestiveorgans, and less hurtful than
much plants, and a few at least of its numberless
pepper. As a medicine it is
higlily useful, and varieties should find a placein every garden. It
an essence or essential oil of ginger is prepared has become a regular"florist's flower," and
as a more convenient mode of administeringit. good varieties can be purchased at from $1.50
Ground ginger is frequently adulterated with to $3.00 per dozen. To grow the bulbs in per- fection
wheat flour, potato flour,sago, cayenne pepper, they should be planted in a sandy loam,
and turmeric powder, none of which are cial
prejudi- enriched with peat and leaf-mould ; a mixture
to health,but which detract greatlyfrom its of one-half loam, one-quarter peat, and one-
usefulness as a spice. It is best to buy it in quarter leaf-mould will prove the best soil. If
the roots, and prepare it for use at home. strong manures are used, they cause the colors
(See Cake, and Cordial.) of the flowers to run into each other, and give
Essence of Gin. Mix"
four ounces of pow-
dered them a muddy appearance. They may be
ginger with a quart of gin; let it stand planted in the open air during April or May.
ten days,shaking it up every day. This is an Plant in groups or singly;groups of three or
excellent stomachic, relievingflatulence,and five is the prettiest They should be set
way.
aiding slow digestion. Dose : A teaspoonful from two to four inches deep, according to the
in a glass of cold water. size of the bulbs. As they
grow up they should
Ginger-pop." Put into an earthen pot two be tied to a lightstake, three to four feet long,
pounds of loaf sugar, two ounces of cream tar,
tar- which should be set when the bulbs are planted.
two ounces of best ginger bruised, and two Gladioli show to excellent advantage when
lemons cut into slices. Pour over them three planted around rose bushes or large shrubs ;
gallonsof boilingwater; when lukewarm, toast they bloom late in the season when most other
a slice of bread, spread it thickly with yeast, flowers are passed, and if properlytrained
duce
pro-
and put it into the liquor; mix with it also a charming effect. They are also very
the whites of two eggs and their crushed nice plantsfor house culture; six or eightbulbs
shells. Let it stand till next morning ; then can be grown in a twelve inch pot, and each
strain and bottle. It will be ready for use in kind tied to a thin stake. They will bloom
three or four days. finely. If the stalks are cut off for vases or
sugar, 3 lbs; ginger,i oz; raisins % 'b ; one very rapidly; from one bulb, two or three will
lemon, and one orange ; isinglass, I oz ; yeast, spring.
I tablespoonful. The gladioluswill not survive our northern
Boil the sugar and water a quarter of an winters, and must always be kept in a cool dry
hour, then take a little of it to boil with the place. When the frost has killed the leaves,
ginger and peel of the lemon and orange for one dig up the bulbs, dry them in the sun, cut off
hour. When nearly cold, mix the two togeth- er, the leaves an inch from the stem, and put the
and put in the juice of the orange and bulbs in a paper bag. Kept in a frost-proof
lemon, with one ounce of isinglass and a table- cellar,they will retain all their life, and may be
spoonful of yeast. Lastly,after twenty-four planted out in the spring as soon as the frost is
hours, pour the whole into a small cask, let it out of the ground. There are three species,
remain six weeks, then rack carefully ; let it however, (G. Bv^antinitm, Covnnintcs,
and Ro-
remain another month, and bottle. This is an seus,) which are tolerablyhardy, and if once
excellent reeeipt. planted in the open border will flower well year
GINGER BEER. {See Beer.) after year with little attention. Bulbs of these
GINGERBREAD. {See Cake.) varieties should be planted in November, and
GINGHAM.^ "
A thin cotton fabric, general-
ly need no protection ; though they must be planted
of a check pattern, which is produced, not by deep enough to escape severe frosts and to
dyeing or stamping tlie manufactured material, avoid being thawed out of the ground.
but by interweaving the colored threads. There The varieties of the gladiolusare almost
are various kinds and qualitiesof gingham, numberless and nearly all are worthy of culti- vation.
bearingdifferent names ; umbrella gingham
" "
Long hsts are given in the florists'
246 GLASSWARE GLUE
catalogues,and these may be consulted ; but water, and with a paste-brushlay it on the meat,
Mr. Rand that for a dozen choice upon which it will form a sort of clear varnish.
suggests
varieties should choose : Surprise,clear red; 1 n consequence of the very great reduction which
one
it undergoes, salt should be added it spar-
Lord Campbell,splendidyellow ; Viilcain,dark to ingly
scarlet; Plcuton, clear red, shading to pure when it is made. Any kind of stock may
wliite ; Celine, rosy white, with amaranthine be boiled down to glaze; but unless itbe strong,
lines ; Ophir, straw color, mottled with purple, a pint will afford but a spoonfulor two : a small
La Quintaine peach cherry; Raphael, deep quantity of it,however, is generallysufficient,
vivid unless a large repast is to be served. Two
cherry, lighted with white; Rembrandt, or
The
scarlet; Isolinc, white, shading to pink ; Jeanne three layersmust be given to each joint.
d'Arc,pnre white, rose-tipped petals;Princess glaze,when cold, becoming a jelly, gives a rich
ClothiUie,rose,with cherrymarkings ; and Count and savory appearance to the articles which it
and bruises. If the minutest corner be broken, put back into the oven for a short time " tillthe
the whole instantlyflies into fragments. sugar is melted.
Blue Glass There is just now a furor about GLOVES. Light kid gloves may be cleaned
"
with a soft brush and prepared chalk. dry gradually,and after they are quitedry,pull
the shrivels and stretch them the hand.
GLAZE. "
This is merely strong, clear gravy out on
proper degree of boiling,it will jellyin dropping made of the skins and gelatinousparts of ani- mals,
from the spoon, like preserves, and should then boiled to a thick jelly, and then formed
be poured out immediately, or it will burn. into a solid mass by spreading it out in thin
When wanted for use, melt it gentlyby placing layersupon a net and drying it until it is quite
the vessel which contains it in a pan of boilingIhard,iu which state it is sold. Good glueis of
GLYCERINE GOLD-FISH 247
to prevent the bottoms of the two vessels from and obstruct the voice. Goitre is endemic or
coming in contact ; set this over the fire,and common regionsof the world, such as
in certain
when the glue is dissolved and has boiled a few Switzerland, Savoy, and the Tyrol, in Europe,
minutes, it is ready for use. It must be kept hot and certain portions of the Andes and J-Iima-
while using it. layas; but to what peculiarity of these regions
GLYCERINE. When " an alkali is added to it is owing is
very uncertain, though it is gen- erally
oils and fats, the fattyacids combine with the attributed to a calcareous impregnation
alkali and form soaps. At the same time gly-cerine of the water. It also occurs hereditarily, pendent
inde-
is formed ; easilysoluble in water or hol,
alco- of endemic influence. It is much
it has scarcely any perceptiblesmell, and more common among females than males, and
only a sweet, and rather insipidtaste. It forms usuallyoccurs about the age of puberty.
a moist and pleasant covering for the skin in Treatment. Iodine is the great remedy for
"
such as burns or scalds, to which it may be ap-plied painted over it every night.
with a camel's hair brush. Where there GOLD-FISH. The " extreme elegance of
is harshness, dryness, or a scurfy state of the form of gold-fish, the splendor of their scaly
skin, a lotion composed of one part glycerinecovering,the ease and agilityof their move- ments,
to fifteen parts of plain water, or elder-fiower and the facility with which they may be
water, is very serviceable. Glycerine soap is kept alive in very small vessels, render them
also excellent for all these purposes ; and a
very popular household pets. Though the fish
sah'e for chapped hands, cracked lips, etc., may are seen to best advantage when kept in glass
be made as follows ; dissolve one ounce of globes, yet these globes are very unsuitable
powdered borax in one ounce of rose-water, dwellings for them. Fish require abundance
and add half an ounce of glycerine; melt one of air ; and scarcely any other vessel than a
drachm of spermaceti in the same quantityof globul.ar one contains so much water with so
olive oil and ten drachms of pure lard ; add little exposure to the air. They also require
the latter to the former mixture little by little, shade when they feel the want of it ; and it
stirringall the time, and continuing to do so need scarcelybe said that all day long a glass
until nearlycold. globe is in a blaze of light. Further, the water
In deafness and other affections of the ear in a globe must be changed daily; consequent- ly
glycerinehas also been found serviceable. In the fish must be lifted out either by the hand
many cases of dysentery it is often tered
adminis- or a small net, and it is utterlyimpossibleto
both as a medicine and as an emetic ; for handle these delicate creatures without injur-
ing
the former mix twelve drachms of glycerine in them at one time or another. Where
three ounces of orange-flowerwater and three there can be a contrivance made for lettingin
ounces of plainwater : dose, two tablespoon- a flow of water, be it ever so small, say a drop a
fuls every hour ; for the latter,add one ounce minute, in and out of the vessel containing the
of glycerineto five ounces of a decoction of fish,the water will not require to be changed ;
bran or linseed,and take twice a day. and a small water plant,say the very curious
GOAT-FLESH. This is
"
or fat forming elements. The flesh of the daily,and handle the fish tenderlyin doing so.
kid is more esteemed than that of the goat ; Never give the fish any food ; all they require
it has a flavor not unlike that of venison. Cook when in a globe is plenty of fresh water and
in the same lamb.
way as mutton or fresh air they will derive sufficient nutriment
"
GOITRE. An "
crumbs immediately turn sour and deteriorate and nicelydrawn, as it will make a saving of
the water to an extent which makes it unfit to nearly two pounds in weight. The bills and
sustain life. feet are red when the goose Isold,yellow when
Two diseases,being the most frequent,may young ; fresh killed,the feet are pliable, stiff
be pointed out as the ones to which gold-fishwhen too long kept.
are most fatally liable. Sometimes a fish seems IVild Geese are considered superior to the
less livelythan usual, and, on a close inspec-
tion, domestic for eating purposes, and the young
will have a sort of mealy look, and, in a are very fine. They are best in October,
day or two, this mealiness will turn out to be a November, and December; but are found in
parasitical fungus. There are several reputed the markets as late as January. Brant or Brent
remedies for this very mysterious disease, but geese have long been famous among wild fowl
there is absolutelynothing for it but to take the and are much sought after
fish,at the first appearance of the disease, and Roast Goose. Truss, stuff, baste, and "
throw it away, for it will not recover, and it roast e-xactly like Duck; but serve with apple
will only infect the others. We would, how- ever, sauce. A specially nice way to roast is to begin
advise the inexperiencedgold-fish keeper, by basting with ateacupfulof cider; then, when
whenever a fish seems unhealthy,to place it by it begins to warm, dredge with flour; after-
itself for a few days : he will then see whether
the fungus makes its appearance ; if not, the
fish may recover, and be returned to the globe.
large tub of water, and a small stream wards baste with its own
of water fat and gravy, mixing
allowed to drop into it. The water, through with the cider. The roasting of a full-grown
dropping,becomes more aerated, and the fish, goose takes at least two hours ; and the nearer
thus receivingan abundant supply of air, will it draws to a close, the more assiduous must be
African. Hybrids are also highly prized for calf's foot cut in pieces (thismay be omitted),
their superior size and flesh. Though greatly and season with cloves,onions, sliced carrots,
relished by some, the goose is seldom a favorite pepper, salt,and blades of mace ; pour over it
food, and is generally considered very poor a wineglassfulof brandy, one of white wine, a
eating. The flesh abounds in flavor,and is pintof broth, and a pintof water. Close the lid
said to be highlystimulatmg. When young it tightly,
and stew slowly for five or six hours.
is tender, but, in general,it is only adapted for This may be eaten either hot, with its paniments,
accom-
good stomachs
and powerful digestion,and or cold, with the gravy about it in
should sparinglyused by the sedentary or
be the shape of jelly.
the weak, and by persons subject to cutaneous GOOSEBERRY." This does not attain the
diseases. Its strong flavor is thought by some perfectionwith us which it reaches England,
in
to requiremollification by stuffing with
sage and but is nevertheless one of the pleasantestand
onions, while others relish it only when this is most useful of our smaller fruits. The berries
not demanded. The
goose is reck-
oned fat of the are acid and at the same time sweet, and have
peculiarlysubtle, penetrating,and rpsolv- peculiarlybland and grateful flavor. Whena
ent, and is usuallypreserved for domestic ripethey form an excellent dessert eaten with
plication.
ap-
The average weight of the large sugar, but they are used chieflyin making pies,
kind of geese is from nine to fifteen pounds, tarts, sauces, preserves, etc. There are a great
Geese are called green until they are three or They make their appearance in our markets
four months old, and these are something of a from the South earlyin May and continue until
delicacy. about the ist of August.
In purchasing geese, select those which are Gooseberries may be propagated by layers
fresh and fat,with the head and gibletscut off. and cuttings; they should be grown in a rich
GOURD GOUT 249
but not wet soil. They are best if kept free used like cucumbers
for pickling, ; as it grows
from suckers and trained like trees. One third old the shell or rind becomes hard, light,and
of the old wood should be trimmed every strong, and makes excellent water-dippers,
away
autumn. (See Compotes, JA^r, Jelly, Pies, buckets, etc., etc.
jiroportion
them ofin the advanced in life and
indulge freelyin thewho
pour cold water over
three quarts of water to one gallonof fruit ; let pleasuresof the table,and is hereditary. A fit
this stand a week, stirring every day, and bruis-
ing of the gout is generally preceded by indiges-
tion,
the berries till they are thoroughlymashed ; drowsiness, eructation, a slightheadache,
then strain through a sieve, and add to every and sometimes vomiting. The appetiteis often
gallon of liquor four pounds of moist sugar ; remarkably keen a day or two before the fit, and
let the fermentation proceed for two or three there is a slight pain in passing urine, and
days ; then pass through a flannel bag into the frequentlyan involuntary shedding of tears.
cask, leaving the latter open till fermentation Sometimes these symptoms are much more
subsides ; add to every five gallons of wine violent, especiallyupon the approach of the fit;
half an ounce of isinglass dissolved in a little of and it has been observed that as is the fever
the wine, and close the cask. If the pagne
cham- which ushers gout so will the fit be ; if
in the
is desired to be strong, add, before the fever be short and sharp, the fit will be so
closingthe cask, a bottle or two of brandy ; but likewise; if it be feeble, long and lingering,
it will be brisk and agreeable without. It such will the fit be also. The regular gout
should remain twelve months in the cask before
generallymakes its attack in the spring or the
bottling. beginning of winter, in the following manner:
Dried Gooseberries. To "
seven pounds At some time during the night the patientis
of gooseberries add a pound and a half of seized with a pain in his great toe, or occasion- ally
powdered sugar, which must be strewed over in the heel, or ankle, or calf of the leg.
them in the preserving-kettle. Let them remain This pain is accompanied with a sensation as
over a slow fire till they begin to break, and if cold water were poured upon the part, which
then remove them. Repeat this process for is succeeded by a shivering with some degree
two or three days ; then take the gooseberries of fever. Afterwards the pain increases, and
from the syrup and spread them* out on sieves settlingamong the small bones of the foot, the
near the fire to dry. The syrup may be used patient feels as if the part were stretched,
for other preserves. When the gooseberries burnt, squeezed, gnawed, or torn in pieces.
are quite;Llry, store them in tin boxes on layers The part at length becomes so exquisitelysen- sitive
of paper. They will keep in this way all winter, that the patient cannot bear to have it
and may be used for pies,tarts, etc. touched, or even to suffer any one to walk
Wine (Gooseberry). L "Ttiie .--Gooseber-
ries across the room. This torture usuallylasts for
; sugar ; Malaga raisins ; brandy. twenty-fourhours from the coming on of the fit;
Take ripe gooseberries, mash them well, the patientthen becomes easier, and the part
and put them into a tub allowing for each begins to swell, appears red, and is covered with
quart a quart of water ; let them stand all night, a slightmoisture. Towards morning he drops
then strain them through a sieve, and press asleeps,and generallyfalls into a gentle sweat.
them This terminates the first paroxysm, number
with the hand. To every gallonput three a
pounds of moist sugar. Let it stand two days, of which constitute a fit of the gout, which is
and then put it into a cask with one pound of longer or shorter according to the patient'sage,
Malaga raisins to each gallonof liquor,and a strength,the season of the year, and the dispo- sition
little brandy ; let it remain in the barrel three or of the body to the disease. The ysms,
parox-
four months, or tillfine ; then bottle it. however, generallygrow milder every day,
11. Trt/^v .--Gooseberries,36 lbs; boilingwa- ter, till at length the disease is carried off by per- spiration,
3 galls; sugar, 1 2 lbs. urine, and other evacuations. In
To thii-ty-si.x pounds of ripe fruit add three some patientsthis happens in a few days ; in
gallonsof boiling water; let it stand twenty- others, it requiresweeks, and in some, months
fo'.'.r hours, then strain off; add twelve pounds to complete the fit. When the fit is over, the sys- tem
of good brown sugar, stir and skim occasionally is relieved, and the patient feels,both in
for twenty-four hours more, and then put it mind and body, better than before the attack.
into the cask to ferment. It will be ready to At first a fit of gout occurs only once in
bottle in four months. two or three years ; but by degrees they be- come
GOSSAMER. (See Gauze.^ more and more frequent, more severe,
GOURD. "The gourd family is a large one, and of longer duration. In its progress various
embracing the pumpkin, squash, etc. ; but the parts of the body become affected and trans- lations
name is usually applied only to the common take place from one joint or limb to
gourd, or calabash. It is a creeping vine, another, and after frequent attacks, the joints
rather ornamental in appearance, and grows lose their strength and flexibility, and become
luxuriantlywherever planted and without so stiff as to be deprived of all motion. As the
any
attention. Plant the seeds in the earlySpring. fits become more frequent and severe, so the
The fruit when very young and tender can be constitutional derangements become more mark-
GRAFTING GRAPES 251
"Whip-grafting may be emploj'ed for large off with a knife, and the whole ready for the
stocks, as shown by the following cut. In application of the wa,x.
order that the line o"^separation between the "
Whip-grafting is particularly applicableto
bark and wood may coincide in both, the graft small stocks, or where the graft and stock are
must be placed at one side of the large stock, nearly all equal size; and cleft-grafting to
a, sloped and tongued for the receptionof the stocks considerably largertlian the
graft,b, their union being representedby c. scion. In all cases, where the stock
is in any degree larger,the graft
must be placed toward one side,
so that the line between the bark
and maywood
exactlycoincide at
one point at least in both, as in the
Fig. 9- cross-section of cleft-grafting,
Fig.9.
"
graftingthe peach which, from its large
In
pith and spongy wood, scarcelyever succeeds
as commonly performed, it is found advantage-
ous,
in selectingthe graftsto leave a quarter
of an inch of the more compact two years'
wood at the lower e.xtremity.
With the plum and cherry,success is much
more certain very early in spring,before the
buds commence swelling,or even before the
snow is off the ground. Apples and
pears may
be graftedlater,and if the scions have been kept
in good condition in a dormant state, they will
mostly grow if inserted even after the trees are
in leaf.
"
After a graftis inserted,and as soon as the
tree commences growth, the buds on the stock
must be rubbed off in order to throw the rising
sap into the scion. If large trees are grafted,
the buds need only rubbing off the branch
which holds it."
"
Grafts
usuallycut during the latter part
are
of winter
early in spring. They may be pre-
or served
out-of-doors safelyif buried in moder-
ately
moist earth by placingthem in a box open
To facilitatethe wrapping of the wax-plaster, downwards, and buried on a dry spot, being
one side and the upper point of the stock are kept from contact with the earth by sticks
pared off with a knife, before the two are join-
ed, across the box. They may be jjreservedin a
as shown by the dotted line. This is a cellar in a box of damp powdered moss. dust
Saw-
good mode of grafting any stocks not over answers the same purpose if not in large
three-fourths of an inch in diameter, in the nur-
sery quantitiesso as to become heated.
row. GRAPES. "
Grapes may be raised from
either cuttings or seeds ; the former is much
the best way. Select the cuttings in the tumn
au-
from the
well-ripenedwood of the former
year, and take five joints for each ; bury
them tillApril,then soak them for some hours
and set them out aslant,so that all the eyes
but one shall be covered. A gravellyor sandy
soil is best for grapes. A southern exposure
is best. Manure from the stable is more likely
to do harm than good ; the best fertilizer is
some old bones sunk into the soil near the
roots. Prune the vines the first year so as to
leave only two main branches, pinching off all
other shoots as fast as they In vember
No-
appear.
cut off all of these two branches except
four joints. The second year, in the spring,
loosen the earth around the roots, and allow
Fig. 6 shows a stock cut off for ing,
cleft-graft-
only branches
two
grow, and every monthto
with the uprightcleft separated by an iron pinch off all side shoots ; if they are very
or steel wedge, ready for the graft; Fig. 7, the strong take off only a part and prune off the
graftcut wedge-form to tit it ; and Fig. 8 the rest in the fall. In November cut off all the
graftin its placeafter the wedge has been drawn,
with- two main stems except eightjoints. After the
the projecting
angleof the stock sloped second year no more pruning is needed except
252 GRAPE GRAVY
to reduce the side shoots for the purpose of to each gallon three pounds of lump
sugar.
increasing the fruit. There are several species Let it ferment in a cool place,and when mentation
fer-
of the native hardy grape, of which the Isa-
bella ceases stop it up tight. In six
is the most popular. The Calaiuba ranks months it will be fit to bottle.
very high,as do the Concord, Diana, Clinton, II. Pick the grapes from the stems and break
Delaware, etc. them slightlywith the hand. Allow fifteen
Grapes ripen,according to locality,
from the pounds of them to each
gallon of water ; let
1st of
September until November, and, when them stand for three
days, then press them
carefullykept,a month or two longer. We and draw off the liquor. Add two pounds of
have also the luscious foreigngrapes, raised insugar to each gallonof the juiceand water, and
hot and cold graperies fromApril until De- !put into a cask
cember,
and ferment. Examine it care-
fully
grocery stores where imported fruits are kept. grates are an essential part of the fire-place,
Fox wild grapes abundant from the mid-
dle and, next to the wood fire they furnish
or are by far
of August to November; they are round the healthiest means of warming a room. They
and soft, with a pleasant,tart taste, and are however, the most
are, expensive fires that can
used for pies, preserves, etc. be had, and this is largelyowing to the fact
Grapes may be kept fresh for winter use in that the grate is constructed on wrong ples.
princi-
the following manner: Pick the bunches only It is nearlyalways too shallow seldom "
on a warm day, and place them in a cool, shady more than two bars in height and too deep "
place for at least three days ; then pack from front to rear, so that in order to warm
them in paper bo.\cs that will hold about the room much
ten as as possiblethe coal has to
pounds each. Between each layer of grapes be piledon in a large heap, only the front part
placea single thickness of newspaper ; the of which sends heat into the room the greater "
boxes should not contain more than three ers portionof that which is consumed
lay- at the back
in thickness. Then
place in a cool, dry merely heating the grate and chimney. A high
room not in the cellar, for the comparative
"
in which they arc made, their quality should ham ; simmer till rich, and keep it in a cold,
be particularly attended to, and they should be dry place. Do not take off the fat till about
well adapted in flavor to the dishes they arc to to lie used.
ham or lean bacon, a bit of spice,and a few hour, and then strain it for use.
suffice to make for the broils the fat from three fresh mutton kidneys ; slice
gravy
a
from which they are taken ; and if not wanted and flour them ; melt two ounces of butter in a
for this they should always be stewed deep sauce-pan, and put in the kidneys with an
purpose
down or thrown into a stock pot, for which the onion cut small and a teaspoonfulof fine herbs,
shank bones of beef or mutton and all trim-
mings stripped from the stalks. Keep these well
of meats should be reserved. No cle
parti- shaken over a small fire until nearly all the
of fat should ever be perceptibleupon gra-
vies moisture is dried up ; then pour pint of in a
when they are sent to table,and when it boiling water, add half a teaspoonful of salt
cannot be removed by skimming they should and little cayenne
a or black pepper, and let
be allowed to cool for it to congeal,
sufficiently the gravy boil gently for an hour and a half "
from such as have not been bypass- through a fine sieve, and take off the fat ; spice
ing thickened
them through a closelywoven cloth, which or catsup may be added at pleasure.
has been previously wetted with cold water. Poultry Gravy. A little good broth added "
For burnt sugar browning for gravies, see to half a dozen slices of lean ham, lightly
Caramel. This should always be kept on browned in a morsel of butter, with half a
hand. dozen corns of pepper and a sprig or two of
Bro'wn Gravy. Put fresh meat cut in small
"
parsley, and stewed for half an hour, will
piecesinto a sauce-pan ; season with salt and make excellent gravy of a common kind.
and a bit of butter, and heat it half an When there is no broth the neck of the
pepper
hour, till brown, stirringso that it shall not chicken must be stewed down to supply its
stick. Pour on (a pint for each
boilingwater place.
pound), simmer hours, and skim it well.
three Veal Gravy. I. Flour and frylightlyin a "
Settle and strain it, and set it aside for bit of butter two pounds of veal ; drain the
use thicken as need it with brown flour, meat well from the fat,and lay it into a small
; you
a teaspoonfulto half a pint. stew-pan; pour in a quart of boiling water;
Clear Gravy. " Slice beef thin; broil a part skim well, and add a little salt, a fried onion
of it over a quick fire,justenough to give color sliced,a carrot sliced,a small bunch of thyme
to the gravy, but not to dress it ; put that and and parsley,a blade of mace, and a few pepper
the raw part into a stew-pan with onions, a clove corns. Stew these gently for three hours, pass
or two, whole black peppers, berries of allspice,the gravythrough a sieve into a pan, and when
and a bunch of sweet herbs ; cover it with hot it is quite cold clear it entirelyof fat ; heat as
water, give it one boil,and skim it well two or much as is wanted for table,and if not ciently
suffi-
three times ; then cover it over, and simmer thick stir in some browned flour and a
Then put to the meat a small quantity of paste, which is to be put upon the stain : over
water, herbs,onions,spice, and a bit of lean this laya piece of blotting paper, and run it over
254 GRIDIRON GROUSE
clear liquorfrom the top, and bottle it for use ; at a retailshop it does not appear that any ad-
vantage
dip a sponge or a small brush in this,and wet in price is obtained by layingin large
the spot till it disappears; then wash it in stores at once, though the practicemay, under
clear water. Be very careful not to wet more some circumstances, be convenient. The retail
than the it will discharge the color of is
compelled by competitionto put the
spot or grocer
the fabric. lowest
price he can afford on his goods to
Scouring drops, made by mi.\ing equal ready-money customers ; and only those re- quiring
quantitiesof oil of turpentine and essence credit have to pay high prices. In
of lemon are excellent for taking stains and purchasing from the wholesale dealer, a house- keeper
out of silk. Rub them on with a bit of may occasionally gain some advantage ;
grease
flannel. but to do so uniformly would not be desirable
Marble. Grease
" can be removed from mar-
ble for either buyer or seller. A quick consumption
of the finer articles of
by ox-galland potter'sclay wet with soap- suds grocery is necessary,
(a gillof each) ; it is better also to add a especiallyof those with aromatic qualities
gillof spirits of turpentine. Rub the mi.xture which exposure to the air dissipates. Family
on the spots, let it remain for some time," and stores, which are slowly consumed, are daily
then wash off with warm water. deterioratingin quality; excepting only some
Paper. Oil or grease can
"
be removed from few articles which are supposed to improve by
or books by rolling up each leaf and serting
in- keeping. By purchasing in small quantities
paper
it in a wide-mouthed bottle half full of as needed, from the retail dealer, this incon- venience
ether shake it gently and down is avoided. The different articles
sulphuric ; up
for a minute, and on its removal the stains will of grocery are treated of in their respective
be found to have disappeared. The ether places.
and a singlesponging with GROG. A mixture of rum and water, drunk
evaporates rapidly, "
cold wafer is all that is afterward required. cold, without any sugar. Hot grog'viz.Vi-a.mt.
Or, dust on a little magnesia or French chalk, often applied to rum punch.
lay over it a piece of blottingpaper, and pass GROUSE. The only speciesof grouse suf-
"
ficiently
a moderately heated iron across a few times. numerous in this country to enter
Benzine also removes grease spots. Place largely into diet is the pinnated grouse or
blotting paper or fine linen. The benzine States, and especially on the prairies, and
ought to be applied in a circular direction. Do are sent to all the Eastern markets in great
not leave off until the liquid evaporates ; then numbers. They begin to arrive in October,
expose the article to a good current of air. and continue until April; usuallybrought in
Benzine is sold by all druggists,and should be barrels and other packages in a frozen state.
kept in the house, ready for use. Never carry Their flesh is dark, but from a fat young bird
it near a fire or burning substance of any kind, it is excellent eating and highlynutritious. In
as it is likely to explode. See Cleaning, purchasing, select the heaviest, and at the
Stains and Washing. around the vent; if
same time try the feathers
GREEN GAGE. {See Plum.) they pull out easilythe bird is apt to be too
GREY-POWDER. " The name commonly stale. The nose must also be brought into
given to combination of three parts of cury
mer- least unpleasant smell.
a
requisitionto detect the
with five parts of chalk. It is most quently
fre- An old prairie-hen has a white bill and bluish
given to children with clay-coloredlegs ; when young the bill is of a dark gray
in doses of two to three grains once,
passages color, and the legs are yellowish.
or oftener, in the twenty-fourhours. Baked Prairie-hen." Clean and prepare the
GRIDIRON. The ordinary gridiron is bird as
"
greased with lard or dripping. It should be for baking,and then splitthe bird down the
GUINEA-FOWL 255
GRUEL
it ; butter all over, inside of salt,and boil it ten minutes, stirringall the
breast so as to open
littlesalt and time.
and out, and sprinkleon a per;
pep-
the gridiron over good tire, Oatmeal Gruel. According to the thickness "
place it on a
in a bowl two
breast downwards ; turn it over three or four required,rub smooth one or
hour at a clear, brisk fire,keeping it basted seasoned with salt and butter it is less insipid.
If the doctor consents, a dessert-spoonfulof
almost without intermission. Serve on buttered
tablespoonfulof wine be
toast which has been laid under it in the pan brandy, or a may
for with and bread-sauce added.
ten minutes, or gravy
Rice Gruel." Put a tablespoonfulof un-
only.
Salmi of Prairie-hen. " This is an excellent ground rice into a pint and a half of boiling
of water, with a stick of cinnamon or mace ; strain
way serving the remains of roasted game;
it when boiled soft,add half a pint of milk and
but when a choice sahiii is desired, the birds
of salt,and boil a few minutes
must be scarcelymore than half roasted for it. a teaspoonful
If rice /lour is used, mix a tablespoon-
ful
In either case cut them up neatly,and strip longer.
of it smoothly, with three tablespoonfulsof
every particleof fat and skin from the legs,
wings, and breasts bruise the bodies well, and cold water, and stir it into quart of boiling
a
;
them with the skin water ; let
it boil five or six minutes, stirring
stantly
con-
put and other trimmings
season with salt and a little butter,
into a stew-pan ; add two or three sliced escha-
lots, ;
sugar and
and, if liked, add nutmeg to taste.
a small blade of mace, and a few pepper
then in pintor of Water Gruel." Make one gillof Indian
corns ; pour a more good veal
gravy or strong broth, and boil it brisklyuntil meal and a heaping tablespoonfulof wheat
flour into a thick and smooth paste with cold
reduced nearly half ; strain the gravy, pressing
the bones well to obtain all the flavor,skim off quarts of boilingwater;
water; stir it into two
of butter and two ounces of salt pork, cut into speciesis rather largerthan a hen's egg, smooth,
yellow,and of a peculiarsmell. The pulp is of
bits,into a sauce-pan, and set it on a quick fire ;
when the butter is melted, put the bird in, and a very agreeable taste, sweet and aromatic ; it
add four small is used at dessert and preserved. Guava jelly
brown it all around ; then
from the West Indies, and is one of the
onions, half a carrot in slices,salt,and per;
pep- comes
of conserves. It is
stir tillthe partly onionshighly esteemed and carrots are most cellent
ex-
warm.
because first brought from Africa, where only
GRUEL. " This is one of the most important
branches of"cookery for the sick," as it can
be eaten anddigested when every other kind
of food is rejected
by the stomach. Gruel can
in flavor and more nutritious than that of the degree of slope,so as to give the water a rent,
cur-
common fowl. The flesh is dark, like that of which, particularly
in those of able
consider-
the prairie-hen, and many consider it more length,increases
the width of the gutter
savory than the common fowl, though not so at end, and, therefore, requires a greater
one
always be cleaned
should never be exposed to a high tempera- ture. out at regular intervals, as much damage is
caused occasionallyby overflows arising from
GUTTERS. " Great attention should be an accumulation of dirt, which prevents the
paid to the gutters on the roof of a house, not gutter from draining the roof. During our
only in their first construction, but
in seeing Northern winters gutters are often frozen just
that they are kept in repair,otherwise where they enter the ground. In such cases
proper
the water will penetrate and injurethe apart-
ments. boilingwater on the outside till the pb-
pour
All metal gutters must have a small struction is melted out, or throw in salt.
HADDOCK. "
The haddock is a smaller scarcelyhold together well enough to stand
fish than the cod, which it resembles a good broilingwithout considerable trouble.
deal in every other respect. The flesh,how-
ever, Fried Haddock. pieces of
"
Cut the fish in
is and the flavor inferior. the size for wipe serving; wash and
more watery proper
The average size is not more than two or three them dry, and roll in Indian meal. Fry some
pieces of salt pork ; take out the pork and put
a little lard into the frying-pan; when it is
July. They are better for being hung up for a stomach, carefullytied at both ends, and of
day or two, with a sprinklingof salt. When which the mixture fills about two-thirds, the
large,haddock is dressed in the same way as rest of the space being left for the expansion
cod, and takes an equal time to cook. Small of the generated by the boilingto which
steam
haddock may be either boiled or fried. They it is subjected for three or four hours. Haggis
HAIR HAKE 257
The of the hair colored hair. It comes from the same causes
HAIR. "
proper management
It should be kept clean theloosening or falling
out of the hair.
is very simple. as as as
absurd all
Dyeing the hair is the most of
possibleby daily brushing with a stiff brush,
removal of the scurf that forms the attempts at human deceit, since it never is
by upon
and by occasionally successful, and deceives no one but the de- ceiver
skin (sfi; D.\ndruff),
himself. The practice is generally begun
washing it Avith pure, cold water, which will
effect the .health, with the idea that single application will be
have no injurious upon vided
pro- a
the liair is not so long as to make its sufficient for all time ; but the dye only dis- colors
that portionof the hair above the sur-
drying difficult. To assist in drying it thor- oughly, face
dip the brush into a very littlehair- of the scalp. The new growth, which is
powder or starch, brush it into the hair and constantlytakingplace from the roots, appears
then brush it out. After this a little perfumed always with the natural tint. Moreover, there
pomatum may be brushed in too much not is no dye which does not injurethe hair itself;
"
only makes the hair greasy, but injures it. and many of them those containing lead or "
There is a natural oil secreted by the hair arsenic tend to paralyzethe brain and ous
nerv-
"
or oil. A multitude of hair oils are sold by one pound ; castor oil,half a pound ;
perfumers, their compositions being kept se- cret, otto of bergamot, one ounce. Melt these to- gether
and each biing representedas having ex- traordinary ; then beat up with a whisk or spoon
qualities.It is best to have nothing for half an hour or more, as the grease cools.
to do with any of tliem, for when they are not Minute particles of air are inclosed by the po- matum
injuriousthey are no better than preparations when prepared in this way, and render
which can be made at home with little trouble, it light and spongy.
and for which we shall give a receipt or two, Hair Grease. " I. Melt half a pound of lard
further along. When hair has become too and six ounces of olive oil in a jar placed in
from too free use of oil or pomatum, it hot water ; when nearly cool add about two
greasy
is proper to remove the unctuous matter by drachms of essence of lemon, oil of lavender,
brushing. Occasionallysoap is other perfume, and then it into
persistent sorted or
re- any pour
for this purpose,
to but soap will change glass bottles,or earthen pots.
the color of the hair,and should be used tiously.
cau- n. Mix fresh beef marrow and clear neats-
thoroughlydrying,to brush it brisklyuntil the hair taken from horses' tails,and is extensively
scalp is warmed to a glow. A simple lotion, used for covering chairs, sofas, etc., and for
composed of 2 drachms of Tincture of Canthar- making sieves. It is very durable, not being
ides, 6 drachms of essence of Rosemary and liable to decay through ordinarycauses. It js.
1 1 ounces of elder-flower water, but is acted upon
water be and' dis-
solved
ively
effect- insoluble in
may
of jures
in-
employed as a tonic. by In
alkalies ; much soap,
cases of bald-
ness
course,
the scalp may be advantageously shaved it. A little salt may be added to the
and the secretion of the hair stimulated by water with which it is washed.
dry friction,
tonic lotions (rum,for example),and I HAKE." These fish (calledalso " Stock-
17
HAM HARE 259
so that they will not touch. Fry them until HAND. " Such excessive care is now stowed
be-
the white is set, then lift them out without upon the hands by some persons, that
breaking, and lay one on each slice of ham, it would seem as if it was not supposed that
which should have been kept hot meanwhile. they were made to be used ; nevertheless, it
Serve at once, without the gravy. is essential in good society to have them in
Fried Ham. " Cut as for broiling,
soak the good condition. When any sort of work is to
slices for half an hour in hot water, and frybrisk-
ly be done which will injurethem, it is best to
over a hot fire. Remove the meat, add a little wear gloves. Further than that, and washing
cream to the gravy and thicken with flour,boil them frequentlywith soap and water, and a soft
once and turn over the ham. Or serve the brush, more attention is not necessary, except
up
ham without as some prefer it thus. in the case of the nails {see Finger-Nail).
gravv,
Glazed Ham." Take a cold boiled ham, Few thingsare beauty andmore injurious
to the
from which the skin has been removed, and usefulness of practiceof
the hands than the
brush it all over with beaten egg. To a cup of wearing tightgloves. Kid gloves,as generally
powdered cracker allow enough rich milk or worn by ladies,are not only extremely uncom-
fortable,
cream to make into a thick paste, salt,and especiallyin cold weather, but they
work in a teaspoonful of butter; spread this permanently deform the hand by destroyingits
evenly a quarter of an inch thick over the ham, proportion; and nothing could be uglier.
and brown in a moderate oven.
Artists have such a horror of them that they
avail themselves of every pretext to keep them
Grated Ham. "
Take the lean parts of cold
boiled ham, and grate it up like cheese ; keep out of the pictures of their female sitters.
wiches,
sand- There is not affection of the
in a stone jar. This makes excellent a uncommon
ham (lean only),which should be weighed after which resists all the ordinary efforts of absorp-
tion.
every morsel of skin and fibre has been moved
re- Such hands are so constantlyhumid that
and six ounces of cold roast veal everythingthey wear or touch becomes ted;
satura-
: pre-
pared
with
equal nicety.Mince these as fine as the glove shows the effect at once in ugly
possiblewith a sharp knife, taking care to cut stains, and the bare hand leaves a blur of
through the meat, and not to tear the fibre,as dampness on every surface with which it may
on this much of the excellence of the tion come in contact. This infirmityis not seldom
prepara-
depends. Next though difhcult of eradica-
put it into tion,
a mortar and constitutional,and
pound it to a smooth eight ounces may be gently relieved by whatever
paste with tends
of butter, which must be added gradually. to strengthen the constitution and invigorate
When beaten smooth, add a teaspoonful of the body. Exercise in the open air,cold bath- ing,
freshly-poundedmace, half a largeor the whole a generous but not too stimulating diet,
of a small nutmeg, and the third of a teaspoon-
ful and a dailydraught of some mineral water or
of cayenne well mixed together. After the medicine containingiron, are the best general
spice is added, keep the meat turned from the means of treatment. The most effective local
sides to the middle of the mortar, so that it may applicationsare the juice of the lemon and
be seasoned equally in every part. When starch powder.
perfectlymixed, press it into small potting-pans, The practiceof snapping the knuckles," as "
and pour melted butter (lukewarm, not hot)over it is called,is fatal to the beauty of the fingers.
the top. If kept in a cool and dry place,this It stretches and weakens the ligaments,and so
meat will remain good for a fortnightor more. enlargesthe knuckles and jointsthat the whole
Roast Ham. Soak the ham for twenty-four hand
" becomes knotty and of a very unsightly
hours and then wash it hard with a coarse cloth appearance.
or stiff brush. Spit it like a fowl ; set it before HARE. " No genuine hares have been found
a moderate fire and roast about two hours ; in the United States except in California.
then take it up the rind ; Those
on in the Eastern
a dish
markets and
come either from
peel off
scrape all the fat out of the roaster, and put the Canada or Europe. The Canadian hares are
ham to the fire to roast about two hours longer, very inferior in quality,and when old are tough,
basting it frequentlyin the same way as beef. drv, and insipid; the leveret, or young one,
To make the gravy, pvit the dripping from the when in good condition, is very fair eating,
roaster into a sauce-pan, add a teaspoonfulof though not so good as the rabbit. They are
water, and a little flour,and give it one boil ; found in the markets during November, Decem-
ber,
serve in a sauce-boat. This is an excellent and January, but are good until March.
method of cooking a ham. The Gray hare, as it is called,is not a hare
Steamed Ham. This is by far the best way
" but a rabbit. {See Rabbit.)
of cooking a ham especiallyif the
" Warren's "
Fried, or Fricasseed Hare. " Same as
be used. Prepare the ham as for boiling; hare has been skinned, wash it thoroughly in
keep the water under the steamer at a hard cold water, and afterwards in warm. If in any
boil, and allow twenty minutes to a pound for degree spoilt or musty on the outside, use
the cooking. When done, brown slightly
in the vinegar or the pyroligneousacid, well diluted,
baking-oven. to render it sweet ; then wash it again in
26D HAZLENUT HEALTH
clean water, that it may retain no taste of the indication either of nervous irritation or ous
nerv-
acid. Pierce with the point of a linife any exhaustion, and the most effective cure is
parts in which the blood appears to have tled,
set- rest and perfectquiet. Many persons ence
experi-
and soak them in tepid water, that it relief from Guarana, the product of the
maybe well drawn out. Wipe the hare dry, Paullinia sorbilis, either as a powder or an
fill it with forcemeat, made according to taste, elixir. With the first symptoms of headache,
sew it up, truss and spit it firmly; baste it for a teaspoonfulof the latter or fifteen
grainsof the
the first ten minutes with lukewarm water taining
con- former should be taken and repeated at half
a little salt; throw this away, and put hour intervals until three doses have been lowed.
swal-
into the pan a quart of new milk ; ladle it tinually
con- More is unnecessary. The elixir Gel-
over the hare until it is nearly dried semirens compound just introduced by F. V.
up, then add a largelump of butter; continue Rushton, of New York, has also made some
the basting steadily until the hare is well wonderful cures. Directions accompany it.
browned ; for, unless this be done, and the Habitual sufferers from headache would do
roast kept at a proper distance from remedies. the
Bandages, sat- fire,well
urated to try these
the outside will become so dry and hard
vinegar, and applied to the tem- ples as with
to be quite uneatable. Serve the hare with and forehead,will often give great relief;
good brown gravy (of which a little should be or, moisten a linen rag with sulphuricether, ap- ply
poured round it on the dish),and with red it to the forehead, and prevent evaporation
currant jelly. This is an improved English by covering it with a piece of oiled silk. When
method of dressing hare, but we would ommend
rec- headache arises from an overloaded condition
in preference that it should be of the blood-vessels of the brain, there is usu-
ally
teaspoonful of mace, and a small pinch of to drop from the bones ; remove these, and
cayenne. This is an excellent plain recipe chop the meat up fine while it is hot; add
for stewing a hare ; but the dish may be en-
livened the seasonings to the liquor,mix the meat in,
with forcemeat, rolled into small balls and while hot tie all in a strong bag, and keep
and simmered for ten minutes in the stew, or a heavy stone upon it until quite cold. A tin
fried and added to it after it is dished. mould in the shape of a boar's head, will give
HARTSHORN. (St^e Ammonia.) a fine appearance to the cheese ; the mould
HAZLENUT. " These are also called "wM .should be wetted with cold water and the
filberts. They are of almost the same shape cheese poured in hot.
and color as the filbert,but smaller, with a HEALTH. "
A moment's reflection will
thicker shell,and better flavored. They grow show how wide is the subject of health, for it
in clusters on bushes along the borders of not only embraces the structures and tions
func-
woods and fences ; the husks are frizzled,
and of the body, but all the influences which
when they begin to open and show the end of act upon it from without. To cover it with
the nut, then the nuts are fit to eat. Hazle- anything like completeness would require a
nuts usuallyappear in the markets in August treatise on physiology and hygiene, and would
and September. be out of place of course in a book like this;
HEADACHE. " There many causes
are so but there are certain essentials to the vation
preser-
of headache, that it is impossibleto make any of health, of which every housekeeper,
suggestionswhich invariablyapply. The will
at least,both can and should have practical
great majority of arise from indigestion.
cases knowledge, and these are treated of in the
Then there is apt to be a feeling of nausea ; articles on AiR, Baths, Clothing, Diet,
the tongue is white, and the mouth parched Digestion, Exercise, House, Sleep, Ven- tilation
of under the various diseases. There is such The florists' cataloguescontain many ties
varie-
intimate connection, however, between the of the heliotrope. The following are
body and mind, that the health of one cannot among the best : Beauty cf the llouiloir,dark ;
be preservedwithout a
proper care of the
Due de Lavendiy, rich blue, with a dark eye ;
other. It is from a neglect of this principle EtoiU de Marseilles, deep violet,with white
that some e.xemplarypersons
of the most in centre ; Flore, violet,lightcentre ; Garibaldi,
the world suffer mental
a agonies nearly white ; Incomparable, bluish lilac ; Jean
thousand
from a diseased state of the body, while others iMesmer, lightbluish; La Pet He Negress, very
ruin the health of the body by neglectingthe dark, dwarf; Leopold 1st, deep violet blue;
proper care of theOne of the most
mind. A/adame Fariloii,violet tint ; Malulatie, deli-
cate
common mental of ill-health is the ex-
causes cessive lilac ; Miss Nightingale,deep violet ;
e-xercise of intellect and feelings.Men-
tal Heine des Heliotropes, violet and lilac.
occupation,and in a varietyof forms, is not HEMORRHAGE. (iVf Bleeding.)
only healthful,but necessary, as Dr. Combe HEMP. A plant,the fibres of which are "
"
Inactivity of the intellect and of feeling coarser and stronger than those of flax. It
says:
is a very frequent predisposing cause of every has a rich,loamy
grows well in any soil which
form of nervous disease. But mental work, surface and good under-drainage; but, though
like bodily work, must be done within wise there are portionsof the Western States
many
limitations, and must neither be excessive in
exactlyadapted to its culture,by far the larger
amount nor monotonous in kind." General is imported from Russia. It is used for
part
remarks of this though making sail-cloth,
character, however,
and a kind of coarse canvas
brain workers" for all workers in fact are : substance which is a "
powerful narcotic,
very
(i.) Work in the early,rather than in the and is much used in medicine. The extract
later part of the day, and do not rob yourselfof made in India and imported has been found to
sleep before midnight. (2.) Alternate your be much stronger than that made in this
mental work with bodilyrecreation, and make
country.
as much use of the latter as the time will allow. HENBANE. The henbane is a
"
common
proper kinds of relaxation. (3.) Limit your and the biennial, are cultivated here, the
mental totoil that number of hours which
latter being generally regarded as the most will
well with the mind, and
enable you to work active in its properties. The henbane is gland-
ular
to obtain proper recreation for it and the body. and viscid,and exhales a peculiarand
HEARTBURN. (See DYSPEPSIA.)
disgustingodor. The entire plant possesses
^
earlyin the morning at the season when they bandage must be constantlyworn for a consid-
erable
are justbeginning to flower. The dust should time. The child must, as far as sible,
pos-
be washed or brushed off them, and they be kept from crying and from all violent
should then be dried by a gentleheat as quick- ly exertions, until the rupture is cured.
as possible. The stalks should be picked In adults,when the intestine has been forced
out and thrown awav and the leaves and small down with great violence, or happens from any
twigs put into corked, large-mouth bottles,or cause to be inflamed, there is often great dif- ficulty
tin boxes closelycovered. When dried and in returningit,and sometimes the thing
pressed into cakes, and wrapped in paper (the is quiteimpracticablewithout a surgicalopera- tion
form in which they are usually sold in the "
a description of which is foreignto our
stores),herbs may be kept two or three years ; purpose. When the rapture is discovered, lay
buf when hung up in loose bundles,they soon the patienton his back, with his head very low,
lose their flavor. and his back raised high with pillows. In this
in a decoc-
tion
Drinks (Herb). Balm tea is often relished situation,flannel cloths wrung
"
out
by the sick, and sage, and pennyroyal,and of camomile flowers, or simply in warm
tansy tea have excellent medicinal effects. water, must be applied for a considerable time.
Balm, sage and sorrel,mixed in equal propor- tions If these should not prove successful, recourse
with sliced lemon, and boiling water must be had to pressure. If the tumor be very
poured on, and then sweetened, is a fine drink. hard, considerable force will be necessary; but
Herb drinks must be made in small quantities it is not force alone which succeeds here. The
and renewed often,as they become insipidby operator, at the same time he makes a pressure
poses fingersartfully
the followingis a good mixture : Equal same aperture through which it came out.
proportions of sweet marjorum and winter There is reason to believe that by persisting in
with half the quantity of basil, thyme the use of these, and such other means as the
savory,
and tarragon. Rub to a powder, mixing well circumstances of the case may suggest, most
together,and keep in a bottle closelycorked. //(?r;//"TJ- ought to be cured without an operation,
Powder (Herb). Take equal quantitiesof Sometimes, however, the surgeon'shelp is the
"
dried parsley,savory, sweet marjorum, and only chance, and must be sought without delay.
thyme ; half the quantity of basil, and a few An adult, after his intestine has been return- ed,
drops of essence of lemon ; warm them in a must wear a proper truss. Such bandages
moderatelyhot oven, and pound them in a are generallyannoying to the wearer at first,
mortar ; sift the powder and keep it closely but by custom they become quite easy. No
stopped. This is useful to flavor sauces, soups, person who has had a rupture after arrivingat
and forcemeats,but the flavor of fresh herbs man's estate should be without one of these
is finer. trusses. Persons who have a rapture ought
HERNIA. " A general term applied to any carefullyto avoid all violent exercise, such as
protrusionof any inner organ, or intestine,from leaping, running, and the like ; they should
its natural cavity. In a more restricted sense, abstain from strong liquors,and should guard
however, and as generallyused, the word only carefullyagainstcatching cold.
signifies a protrusionof the abdominal viscera, HERRING. There
"
are five or six different
children and old people are most liable to this speciesof fish which pass in our market under
disease. In the former it is generallycaused this name ; but only one is abundant, and that
by excessive crj'ing, coughing, vomiting and is the common herring (known as "white her- ring
the like ; in the latter it usually results from in England),which
"
is caught in vast num- bers
blows violent exertions of the strength,as on our coasts and passes into commerce
or
be obtained in a fresh state during the months some knowledge to select the best. Those
" "
weiglit is almost a half pound. Red herriiii; the choicest. They grow in shaggy-bodied
derive their appellationfrom trees, are flatter than the ordinary kind, have
brownish, red the
color given to them by smoke they have a thin shell, easily cracked, and a full kernel of
after
been salted. As food, fresh herring,though large, proportionatesize. They ripen in Octo- ber,
rather oilv,are healthful,if used moderately. and are found in market all winter. The
Red herrings are less a food than a luxury ; next best kind are the "mocker-nuts" or thick-
shelled hickories. These both larger and
they excite thirst,and tend to create fever. are
a deep dish, with oil,vinegar,pepper and salt ; and are very inferior being sometimes unfit "
"
turn often to absorb well the flavor of the mar-
inade. to eat. The hog-nuts or ories
swamp-hick- " "
may be rubbed with a bit of cold butter, and It has an aromatic smell and a bitter taste. A
seasoned with a slightsprinklingof pepper or strong decoction of hoarhound, sweetened, and
cayenne, when these are liked, or served quite drunk cold, is excellent for coughs or weak
plain. lungs. The well-known /loar/ioiiiid candy is
n. Take off the heads, open the backs of good for the same purposes ; dissolved slowly
the fish,and remove the backbones ; soak the in the mouth and swallowed, it relieves that
herringsfor two or three hours in warm milk titillation in the throat which is one of the
and water; drain and wipe them. Melt a tea- most irritatingfeatures of a cough, and also
spoonful of butter and mix it with the beaten exerts a soothing influence. {See Candy.)
yolks of two eggs and some savory herbs HOARSENESS. In general,hoarseness is "
minced fine ; dip the fish into this mixture and a symptom of a severe cold, and may be re- moved
spread them thickly with fine bread-crumbs; by alleviatingthe latter. For a sudden
broil them to a light brown over a moderate fire,hoarseness, where the throat alone seems to
and serve them on hot buttered toast, sprinkled be affected, take a teaspoonfulof sweet spirits
with a little cayenne. of nitre in a wineglassfulof water two or three
HICCOUGH. This is generally called times
"
a day. When the voice has become
"hiccup." It is a spasmodic or convulsive af- fection
hoarse by loud speaking, it may be restored
of the diaphragm, often arising from usually by simply eating a piece of anchovy.
some cause that irritates the nerves of the Borax, however, as has recently been ered,
discov-
stomach. It may come from excess in eat-
ing is the sovereign remedy for hoarseness
or drinking, from external injury to of any kind. Dissolve a piece of the size of a
the stomach, from poison, from tion
inflamma- pea slowly in the mouth, and swallow the
effect is like magic.
or tumors in the stomach or any of saliva. The
the viscera. In and acute and lignant
ma- HOCK. One of the favorites among the
gangrenes, "
quite troublesome cases are frequently cured Rhine wines, being of nearly the same lence.
excel-
by swallowing quicklya glass of strong soda With us, not only the wines made near
water in a state of brisk effervescence. When Hochheim receive, in general, the name of
the hiccough proceeds from indigestion,a Hock, but likewise those of the Rhine, the
draught of generous wine or of any spirituous Maine, the Nabe, and even the Moselle :
liquorwill generallyremove it. When a sick though the character of these sometimes varies
of hickory-nuts,
which are different HODGE-PODGE This is a genuine
very "
from each other in quality,and it requires Scotch recipe : " Put as much water into a
264: HOE-CAKE HOMINY
largesauce-pan as will make two days'supply Regular School of physicians, on the theorythat
of soup for a familyof six or eight,
tlirce hours the remedies are claimed to act specifically and
before dinner ; add two pounds of leg of beef, directly on the diseased part, which is assumed
half a pound of dried peas, one dozen carrots to be more sensitive than in health,and quently
conse-
cut in small pieces, and four onions, also will not tolerate as largedoses as might
minced ; let this boil an hour and a half,and be prescribed under other and more indirect
then add another half pound of peas
and two modes of treatment. The chief merit of meopathy,
Ho-
pounds of mutton chops. When it has all
according to its leadingadvocates,
boiled for three hours, take out the beef, and does not consist in its discoveryof the efticacy
serve the hodge-podge with the mutton chops. of small doses, but in the principlethat mala-
dies
It should be as thick as porridge nearly; a can best be cured by impressing diseased
few beans and turnips can be added, but the tissue with medicines which operate specifically
turnipsare apt yet when
to sour
peas are it ; upon these tissues themselves, rather than on
scarce and
young, it is necessary to use nips
tur- distant parts.
in order to make it thick enough. The nearly every household
As in which Homeo-
pathy
dish is considered best the second day after is practiced has its book" and case of '"^
enough boiling water to make a thick batter ; Bulbs." It will not grow out of doors in our
stir in two tablespoonfuls
of butter and two tea- climate ; but our winter suns bring tliem to fection
per-
spoonfuls of salt ; turn it into a buttered pan, at a time when other flowers are rare
flatten to one-third of an inch, and bake half and when gardening is impossible.
out-door
an hour in a moderate oven. Eat hot,with The proper the Ilomeria is equal parts
soil for
butter. of loam, leaf-mould, and sand. The bulbs
HOG. (S"^"PORK.I should be treated like the Ixia as to potting,
HOLLANDS. (S'^e
Gin.) watering, and the rest. They flower from
HOLLYHOCK." This is a tall flowering April to June, and should then be allowed to
plant,of the genus Althea, cultivated sively
exten- rest till October. The principalspeciesare :
in gardens. When grown amongst homeria lineata, with long and stiff leaves,
shrubs in situations moderately sheltered, few with and
marked white green lines,small bulbs,
plantsproduce a finer floral displayduring the flower-stem about one and a half feet long,pro-
ducing
autumn months. The great drawback to its copper-coloredflowers ; single blooms
cultivation is the of
liability the plantsto get are transient,but many
are produced in succes-
sion,
from want of water ; and as soon as flower-buds called large or small hominy according to the
are formed, dig in a little more well-rotted ma-
nure. grinding. To cook the large: Wash, and
In most instances, two flower-buds will add twice its depth of cold water ; cover and
start from the axil of each leaf ; nip out the let it cook very slowlyfor seven or eight hours ;
smaller of the two, and in any case of crowding, as the water boils away, add from the teaket-
tle
thin to the requisitenumber.
; when tender,add' salt to the taste, and
HOMEOPATHY." A system of medical when the water is absorbed, serve. Small
of
practice, which the fundamental principleis hominy requires but from one to two hours.
the treatment of diseases by the administration To the cold large hominy for break-
fast
prepare
of such remedies as, when given to a healthy : Drop a bit of butter in a small,
man, will
produce, it is claimed, symptoms lar
simi- deep, frying-pan; when hot fill it evenly with
to those from which the patientis suffering.hominy, let it heat and brown ; serve upside
The magnitude of the dose has no connection down on a dinner plate. The small hom- iny
with the principle("like cures like,")but is may be sliced and browned. ^'"Hulled
determined, as in all modes of practice, by the corn is boiled in lye (made by boilingtwo "
circumstance of each case. It must be said, handfuls of hard wood ashes in two quarts
however, that in homeopathic practice much of water for twenty minutes until the hull
smaller doses are generallyused than by the loosens, washed, and rubbed through several
HONEY HORSE 265
waters to remove the hu!l,and the taste of lye; very fragrant.Lonicera HalUana is evergreen ;
then boiled in clear water until tender. perfectlyhardy, and floweringmonthly in fuse
pro-
HONIiY'. The natural collected clusters; its flowers pure white turning
"
sugar by
bees from flowers and the leaves of certain to yellow. Lonicera brachypoda, or Japan
plants. It cannot in any way serve as a sub-
stitute
very Honey-suckle, is a
beautiful vine ; its
for sugar ; but may be used with flowers are of delicious fragrance; the leaves
tion
cau-
in various and very glossy. No hardy vine
ways, both as food and are evergreen
as a
white to ayellowish brown, intensely sweet They will grow from cuttings or seeds, are
to the taste, with a sharp acidulous flavor, entirely hardy, and require little care.
and an aromatic odor ; by keeping the color HOOPING-COUGH. {See Whooping-
becomes deepened and the taste acquiresmore Cough).
sharpness. After a few weeks, it generally HOPS. Hops are "
the flowers of the hop
is liable to produce colic or even diarrhcea. form. The young shoots are good for
It is generally abundant in the markets in the table,when cut in the Spring, when not
the summer and fall months ; it is estimated more than five or six inches high ; they are eat- en
according to the nature of the flower from as salad, or boiled and served as asparagus,
which it was taken. The best comes in which they resemble. The flowers or hops
small bo.\es (showing one or two sides with should be gathered in August ; after which,
"
glass), the comb nearly when dried and closelypacked in pockets or
"
well filled with
white honey which is supposed to be made bags, they become a solid mass, of a bright or
principally from the white clover. The wheat
buck- greenish yellow color,with a fine dust permea- ting
honey is darker, but very sweet. Large it in which the principal flavoringmatter sides.
re-
hives of honey are also found, but it is gen- The best hops are of a brightcolor,be- tween
erally
inferior to the other kinds. Strained yellow and green ; if they are very green
honey is looked upon with suspicion,and is they were gathered too young ; if very brown,
seldom found as pure as the bees made it. they were allowed to ripen too long on the vines,
When adulterated with sulphate of lime, it may or they have been over-dried and have lost their
be detected by being insoluble in water. {Set; peculiar flavor. They should have a powerful
Bee-Keeping.) aromatic flavor,particularlywhen rubbed be- tween
Clariiied Honey. Honey "
is clarified by the fingers ; should feel sticky to the
melting the best kind with water over a water- hand ; and should contain much of the yellow
bath, adding the white of egg, and boilingit to powder above mentioned. Porter brewers fer
pre-
throw up the scum ; when the scum has been hops of a rather brown color ; but ale and
carefullyremoved, the water must be evapor-
ated, table-beer brewers use pale hops.
and the honey brought to its former sistence.
con- New hops are reckoned as one-fourth or fifth
grows rapidlyin any good garden soil,is very have reference to in the following remarks are
easilyraised, has highly ornamental foliage,those used for ordinary domestic purposes.
and bears a profusion of flowers which are The selection of a horse is about as delicate a
generally of the most delicious fragrance. task as one can undertake, a mistake being
There are numerous varieties of the honey-
suckle, very easy to make and very difficult to rectify.
of which the most desirable are the The best policyfor the purchaser (unless an
Scarlet and Yellow Trumpet, Dutch Monthly, expert) is to distrust his own judgment entire-
ly
and Japan Twining. Of late years some fine and take the advice of some one on whom
varieties have been imported from China, and he can relyand who has a special knowledge
Japan. Among the Chinese the Golden-leaved of the subject. As this is not always practica-
ble,
Lonicera is one of the best ; it is a rapid however, a few rules, such as the best au-
thorities
grower, with small wiry stems, the foliageis agree upon, may be of service. The
netted with gold,and the flowers are white and first step is to ascertain the age of the horse,
HORSE 267
Nowexamine the hind quarters. Look out with other grain; but if the horse be
mixed
for below, for symp- worked and needs mix the meal
spavin. See "Diseases" toms hard more,
of Spavin. The hocks, fetlocks,and with oats, wheat, bran, or linseed-oil meal ; or,
quarters, should be on a straightline. As in use corn and oats ground together. When
the front legs,all the bones about the hock confined to dry food, roots or applesgiven once
should be as long as possible, those belovir the a day are excellent,being both wholesome and
hock as short. nutritious. Carrots are the best of the
very
When a horse is to be purchased, examine roots, as, besides giving muscle and working
the eyes at the stable-door, before he is power, they improve the wind and prevent all
brought out; the lightcoming them in "
They have even
heaves."been
upon tendency to
that situation will enable you to discover any found effectual in removing an obstinate cough.
defect that may exist. Both eyes must be Potatoes, parsnips,beets, and turnips,in the
in an equal degree of light; and if
they are order named, are next to be preferred. The
not alike,one must be diseased. Weeping, potatoes are improved by cooking. Mixtures
cloudy,dull-lookingeyes, are unsound ; and of food are best,as of cut hay,meal, and roots.
if the eye be at all diseased, do not chase. Old
pur- horses, or such as are worked hard, will
thrive much better if their food be given in
Now take him out of his stall and run him the form easiest of digestion, as cut and
down slowly on a rough or stony descent, at steamed. Much vital power is exhausted in
the end of a halter, his head unsupported, digestingdry, raw food.
and no whip near him. If he go boldly,with Do not feed one kind of food too much.
his knees bent, and his foot flat and firm to Mix a little bran with oats. Bran cannot be
the ground, without dropping his head, his swallowed thoroughlymoistened, and this
until
soundness before may be calculated upon ; requires considerable mastication, in which
and running him up hill,he go with his the oats become
if,on well ground and mixed with
hocks regularly together,and not dragging saliva. If these latter are crushed, a great
the toe, nor dropping from the hip, he is free saving will be effected,as horses are apt to
from lameness. Pottering on the toe, and bolt their food without sufficient mastication,
feeling,denotes that he is not sound. The and much nourishment passes out in the fceces.
horse should be shown quietly, because, when Horses should be fed regularly and at stated
he is agitated, a slightlameness may be over-
looked times. If their food is given at the proper
; and always see him ridden, for many time, and they are allowed to finish it at once
horses pleasant to ride that are unpleas-
ant
are without expecting more, they will lie down
to look at when ridden. When brought quietlyand digestit. This will be much more
out, let the horse be placed with his fore-legs refreshingto them than to stand at the rack or
up hill: then, if his jointsbe at all bent over, trough, nibbling continually' at hay or oats.
or his legs shaken, you will best discover it. What remains when a horse is done feeding
Never agree to take a horse before you should be at once withdrawn.
have tried him, and had him examined by a "Water should be given three times in mer,
sum-
Food. "
When the horse engaged in
is heated ; nor driven immediately afterwards.
work, of kind ought always to ac- At the trough,on the road, "c.,give but a few
grain some company
into the stable. Oats the best grain, with hot water, with a tablespoonfulof salt and
going are
barley next. Wheat and Indian corn are less a pinch of sulphur added.
suitable ; the former concentrated, The Hoof. A sponge moistened with water
being too "
and the latter too heating. Grain is always and Castile soap, may, with advantage, be used
fed more advantageously when ground or to clean out the hoof itself, taking care not to
moisten the coronet. Another very common
crushed, and wet some time previous to ing.
eat-
Corn-meal cut hay, wet and practice, in many parts of the country is to fill
put upon
well mixed, is good steady feed for slow the hoof of the horses every night with cow-
working horses, if not fed in too large quan- tities. dung, or with Indian corn meal. Now, what is
Four quarts a day may be fed un- desired by stuffing horses hoofs is to keep
268 HORSE
them soft,to prevent the horn becoming dry,1 fall are very liable. The treatment is simple
bran with half an
and promote its healthygrowth. The dan-
to ger give a warm mash ounce "
of too often stuffing the hoofs is,that the of nitre twice a day, and keep the animal ter
bet-
horn becoming too soft from too much ure
moist- housed. Remember that success in treat-
ing
is apt to decompose rapidlyand a bad case colds depends upon keeping the tempera-ture
of Thrush to result. The best stuffing of the animal equal,day and night. Give
very
in the world is a mixture of cow-dung and stiff no corn, and plenty of water. When colds
legs and fetlocks that no dirt remain to cause Treat very simply with mashes and nitre ; rely
that distressingdisease grease or scratches, on fresh air ; should the glands of the neck be
which comes from filthyfetlocks and standing much enlarged,apply a stimulatingliniment as
in dirtystables. When a horse comes in from gin,vinegar,and water. In troublesome cases
work on muddy roads with dirtylegs,the dirt mix two drachms of camphor, the same amount
should be dried and then brushed off,then rub-
bed of belladonna, with molasses, and put it on the
with straw dirty,washed ;
back of the
then, if veryhorse's tongue a little sulphur "
clean with lukewarm water and rubbed dry burnt in the manger does good. Horses are
with a piece of sacking. If not thoroughly liable to other diseases of the air passages, as
dried they had better not have been washed. pleurisy,pneumonia, (or lung fever),bronchitis
If the mud has been splashed thicklyon the etc., but the sketch of the treatment we have
horse's bellyand sides,these should be cleaned given for catarrh covers all we can reallydo "
in the same If sweaty or warm from work these cases must be left to nature, assisted
way.
the horse should be blanketed, if he is to stand by plenty of fresh air, warm clothing,and
a minute in the winter air. If put at once into careful nursing. Do not give drugs at all,nor
the stable,he should be stripped and rubbed bleed, nor blister. If the animal is very rest-
ive
for five minutes give ten drops of aconite sedative. If
vigorouslywith straw or more as a
; "
to pasture until quite cool. another spasm comes on, all symptoms ed.
repeat-
lizercise. "
When a horse is not worked, he In flatulent colic,when the intestines are
should be exercised and inflated with wind, the symptoms similar.
morning evening "
a fire
brisk trot of three miles is not too much. Purge well give clystersof warm
" soapsuds "
when he is first taken out. half of opium. For the Flatulent" give three "
Nearly all the diseases of horses can be animal well tied up and in a narrow stall.
should be cut and the shoes
traced improper food, air, or treatment.
to Corns out
Some few
obscure in their originand many
are changed. They arise from improper shoeing.
are set down as contagious,when the disease Diarrhoea is due to a derangement of the in- testines
from the all the from the of irritant ing
caus-
springs same cause attacking presence an
Horses "
HORSE 2C9
Any in
irregularity the
powdered opium, I drachm; tincture of cate-
chu, Lameness. " ment
move-
Founder,
or Fever in the Feet, perhaps the of the thrush. Inject zinc or acetate of
of lameness, results from lead,or caustic. This is
very dan-
gerous
most frequent cause any strong a
overdriving on hard roads, stones, pricks,or to disorder. Use the followingwash ; but
bad shoeing. Also may arise from causes other if possibleconsult a veterinarysurgeon :
may symptom
a a "
condition of the system. The symptoms are Hydrochloricacid " ten drops.
tenderness of the
feet,especially Methylated spirit four ounces.
great heat and "
about the coronet, throbbing of the arteries, Ring Bones and Side Bones are bony
great lameness. The best treatment sys-
temic. growths on the long or short pastern, generally
is
Remove the shoes and give a mild noticed by the horse going lame only when first
below),to be taken out of the stable. Light cases will yield
laxative (No. 2, under Remedies
followed bv febrifuges, such as nitre, half to but
blistering, more severe cases requirefir-
ing.
Glanders, a fatal disease, arises from diriy allowing it to projecton either side, and bind
Allow perfectrest.
stables a specificpoison, causing the forma-
"
tion up with wire.
"
of ulcers in the nose, with a great dis- charge Scratches or Chapped Heels ally
gener-
" " "
generally
"
from the left nostril and a arise from allowing the feet to remain
"
wet
lump firmlyattached to the lower jaw these over night. The skin over the heel cracks and
"
is prevention.
symptoms appearing,immediately slaughterthe causes great pain. The best cure
animal there
"
is no cure, and the disease is Do nof wash horses legs; or if you do, wipe
very contagious,endangering even man. them dry. If noticed early,apply glycerinewith
Grease. (^Vt-Scratches.) a soft brush twice a day. Worse cases should be
Inflammation of Kidneys (Nephritis),a first treated with mild astringents. Scratches,
common disorder,resultingfrom bad food, colds, if neglected,are apt to turn "into that trouble- some
over-exertion, etc. The urine is very scanty disorder termed by horsemen "grease."
If
and dark-colored. Do not give aloes, as it acts A filthydischarge sets in from the heel.
on the kidneys ; but treat with oil and opium this is neglected,a red fungoid growth sets in,
and calomel, as in liver disorders. Hand-rub emitting an unmistakable odor. Grease must
the animal well over to promote circulation. be treated as scratches, viz. : With glycerine
Put a mustard poulticeon the loins,keep warm, and a weak solution of chloride of zinc ; 30
and feed with mashes. grains to a pint of water, painted on. When
Lice. ^Rub white
"
precipitatewell into the the fungoid growths appear they must be cut
hair,being careful not to sweat the animal or off andcarbolic acid applied. Build up the sys-
"
tem
a weak solution of carbolic acid and water. and keep your stables in better order.
Liver Diseases" shown by clayey and sive
offen- Shoulder Slip is the strain'of the muscles
evacuations "
are often difficult to detect. of the shoulder " commonestin young draught
The animal appears heavy, sleepy, feverish, horses " from sudden jerks at the plough. The
poor appetite, tenderness on the off side. The animaJ very lame, will drag his foot round,
treatment for diseases of the liver is : Give one throwmg out the toe with much effort. Give
drachm of calomel, one drachm of opium, and a month's rest. Rub the shoulder with lating
stimu-
linseed meal to form a ball,every night" with liniment, and give a mild laxative.
pint of oil in the is a bony growth on the inner
a morning. Spavin sur.
of
Broken Knees. " Broken knees if neglected face joint,giving a stiff motion
of the hock
often result in permanent lameness. Cleanse the hind leg,and making the animal tread on
thoroughly with warm water, put on a bran its toe in trotting.Fire and blister early. (See
poultice,warmed, for twenty-fourhours tillthe Remedies below.) If neglected,a spavin,
inflammation is somewhat lessened ; then ing
hav- though not materiallyinjuring the animal's
removed the poultice, bandage tight with usefulness, will destroy his gait.
water, with a few drops of carbolic acid in it. Splints. Long growths on the small cannon
"
Should the place become too dry,grease a very bones. Often they do not interfere with the
little. Unless the is of the animal and had better be regarded.
dis-
case very bad, walk the movement
animal a little twice a day. Veterinarians differ as to the cause
270 HORSE
of these growths, but they probablyarise from and the supply of young worms thus being cut
some injuryto the covering of the bones them- selves. off,the disorder will cease. But it is most portant
im-
They are often very persistent, and to keep grease always applied to the
yield only to the hot iron. Blister No. I, anus, as otherwise the worms, which hatch out
given below, is sometimes useful. in a few hours, will find their way back into
Sprain of the Back Tendon, justabove the the rectum. In addition to this,a strong in- jection,
hoof, is a common form of lameness, attended made from boiling tobacco in water,
with much heat and swelling. Cut the hair as alternated with linseed oil will prove efficacious
closelyas possible, then should there be any dan-
ger in allayingthe irritation.
of a blister touching the hoof, anoint the Worms. III. White Worms are found "
hoof with lard. Then rub in blister No. 2, given in the small intestines. They are of a pale
below, with the hand thoroughly,leavingplenty pink color,about si.x inches in length, shaped
on the surface. Tie the animal's head well up, not unlike the earth worm. Symptoms, a hide-bound,
or better still, put on a cradle. Do not bed with stiff coat, largeappetiteand poor condi- tion.
straw, as it will cause useless irritation to the Considerable mucus is voided, and erally
gen-
animal, but put down sawdust, as the pain is dries round the anus. Several worms pass
apt to cause the animal to stamp his feet. ter
Af- with the fasces. Give a drachm of tartar emetic
a week rub a little neatsfoot oil over the in a bran mash night for a week
every and then
place with feather,to soften it.
a administer a good purgativeball,to be followed
The animal refuses to walk, trembles,and is by a pint of linseed oil. After which give a
apt soon to fall. sulphate of iron mi.xed with the oats drachm of
Staggers. Stomach Staggers are caused by once
" a day for three days. Ordinary vermi- fuges
over distention of the stomach with food, and as sold by veterinarians contain calomel
must be distinguishedfrom Simple Staggers and other preparationsof mercury, and are apt
which arise from pressure of blood on the seriouslyto injurethe horse.
brain, caused by too tight a check rein or
throat lash. May take three forms : I. Sleepy GENERAL REMEDIES. "
obvious
Staggers is rarer, blister well (with blister ones, except in the most cases.
affectingthe horn, which decomposes with behind the front tooth ; or, if much blood is to be drawn, in
a very offensive odor. Remove the cause "
the third wrinkle. In bleeding elsewhere professionaladvice
is necessary'.
generallyimproper stuffing treat with a lution
so- "
when in
in length, of a dark red color, what
some- DrcKck. A good " cooling drench horses are too
good condition, is :
pointed at either end. They attach
Nitre I ounce
themselves to the wall of the stomach, and Sweet spiritsof nitre ....
2 ounces
Whey I pint.
faeces. It has been positively ascertained that Firing, The "
applicationof a hot iron to promote the sorption
ab-
do harm whatever the is of morbid growth. No should it before
they no to horse, nor a one use ually
act-
drachm
nux vomica, one drachm ; carbonate of soda, one : and
the condition of the animal as much as the into ball with honey or soap.
ginger, 3 drachms ; make it a
former, causes much more uneasiness. The No. 2 Strong. IJarbadoes aloes, three drachms ; powdered
rhubarb, two drachms ; ginger, one drachm : and
very restive,stamping his hind
animal becomes caraway
oil, 15 drops : made into ball. a
legs,often throwing his heels above his head To give liguid medicine. Use clean horn with end " a one
head as high possible, and another seize the tongue with his as
worm depositing its eggs, which it invariably lefthand, and draw it far he can out of the right side of as as
does, on the delicate skin, immediately outside the mouth : then insert the small end of the horn to the roots
the rectum. If the of a horse afflicted of the tongue, pour in the medicine slowly, releasing the tongue
anus
at intervals, to let him swallow. Some horses will swallow a
with thread worms, be kept constantly well large quantity at once ; others seem unable to manage more
greased,these eggs will drop off when laid, than a ublespoonful at a time.
HORSE RADISH HOUSE 271
HORSE RADISH." This plant grows wild manure and tan-bark, or decayed chips or
are cultivated in gardens. Plant same as thisat all,but plant the seeds in pots in mellow
common radish in a damp shady spot. The earth, and sink the pots to the rim in the tan.
The bottom heat will start the seeds into
tops when young are sometimes used as greens, soon
other meats. When finelyground the tlavoris glass sashes whenever it is cold with the
agreeableand very pungent, but this is soon enough to chill the plants; at all other times,
lost on exposure to the air, and hence it should fresh air,which is indispensableto their health,
never be prepared until just before using. must be freelybut very cautiouslyadmitted.
Horse radish is always in season, but it may When the sun is quite warm, raise the sashes
be preservedby keeping moist and cold through enough to admit air,and cover them with mat-
ting
between the ribs, which ought to be in the warm sun allday, or, if it be freshlydrawn,
.spaces
formed by an inversion of the stitch,contain no or the weather cold, add a little warm water.
stitch at all, but an open range of tlireads, per- On cold nights, cover the sashes and
vious very
to the weather and utterlydestitute of frames with straw mats. After the Spring's
durability.As the ribs of hosieryexposed for work is done, take up the frames and store
sale are necessarily almost in contact, the fault them in a dry place for another season.
away
detected without HOUR-GLASS." One which will serve all
cannot be introducing the
hand and the tissue, when it will practical
stantly
in- be made thus : Fit a
opening purposes may
be apparent exactly resembling the cork into the necks of two oil flasks,and make'
"
flaw caused by a dropped stitch in a stocking a hole through it with a round file. In the
in wear. In cheap cotton stockings the feet middle of this hole fasten a bead, or piece of
are often cut out and sewed together; but the tobacco pipe a quarter of an inch long. Dry
sand the fire,and sift it finely;fill
seams invariablyhurt the foot. Concerning some over
into the frame six or eightinches deep. Cover only thought of that." Of course where a
this again with the sashes and let it stand two somewhat elaborate house is in contemplation,
or three days, until the heat begins to subside, specialbooks will be consulted and interviews
when it will be ready for use. Stir the surface held with a skilled architect ; we hope, how-
ever,
of soil and sow the seeds in shallow drills. In that,even in such cases, the following
a hot-bed designed exclusivelyfor flowers,t||p article will not prove valueless as an introduc- tion
soil may be composed of alternate layersof to the subject,and that regardingthe
272 HOUSE
average run of comfortable homos, it may wet for a long time after being merged.
sub-
main
enable the reader to clearlyand fullydecide spot is so well suited for a house
No
what he wants, so as to start the builder readily as a slightrise or knoll,which looks down on
and intelligently. all the surrounding Land ; and from which the
"2. the outset, it is best to arrange
At to surface waters run off easilyand quickly.
spend no more than three quarters of what you "5. Exposure has much influence on eral
gen-
can spare for the purpose, as during the pro-
gress comfort. particular,In two this
things
of the work, new features enough to use are to be considered, the prevailingobjection-
able
up the remainder will be sure to suggest them-
selves. wind, and the sun. In cities, other things
even, streets running North and South are to
be preferred,as then all the rooms have the
SITUATION AND SURROUNDINGS. sun during either morning or afternoon ; but
generally on the North Atlantic coast, the
"3. In cities the ground should be high,ifit windows of houses so situated do not get the
can be had ; but if it be too high, the water sea-breezes of summer, and in New York they
may not rise to the upi:)er stories. Nearness do get the cold North-westers of winter. Where
to old water courses is to be carefully
avoided, the street runs East and West, the North side
as they,when covered over or choked up, are should be chosen when the front rooms are to
sources of bad odors and disease. One of the be occupied constantly,and the South
most
finest houses on Fifth Avenue is reportedto side when the back rooms are preferred or
be almost untenable on this account. when it is desired to have sunny back yards.
"4. In the country many things go to the Tlie morning sitting-rooms and especiallythe
making of a thoroughly suitable site,but the NURSERY SHOULD FACE THE MORNING SUN.
consequence in the very few cities where a AND LARDERS HAD BEST FACE THE COLD WIND,
thorough system of drainage has been blished
esta- as the kitchenalways heated and it is best
is
; but in the
country, or in towns wliere to keep the larders as cool as possible. As the
each house is supposed to provide for its own house should have plenty of sun, especially
drainage,a soil that holds water and that is in the morning, a northern exposure for the
not dry for at least ten feet below the founda-
tions rooms most used is not desirable. At the
cf the house or that has not sufficient same time it is thought by some that a western
south-
slope to allow the rain-fall to run off rapidly, aspect should be avoided, because with
is utterlyunfit for the site of a dwelling-house.that exposure the sun is very powerful. This
Next in importance is a supply of water for depends, of course, what rooms are to be
upon
domestic use. In the country, especially,most used and at what seasons. Most of the
this is a vital consideration; and it is better
average American's waking hours at home are
to incur the expense of bringing water from spent in his dining-room,and this should be
a distance either by gravitationor forcing the favored room if his wife cares to make the
power, such as the hydraulic rzm, or a pipe best of home for him. A summer-house on the
from a distant spring,\.\\a.n Xo sacrifice he.alth coast should, of course, have its openings well
to the economical convenience of a well at exposed to the sea-breeze. The south side
the back-door, unless precautions are taken of a gentleeminence, with the house fronting
to prevent ingressof surface water and age.
drain- to the south-east,is generallythe best situa- tion,
Health and convenience depend so much in most placeswhere this book is apt to
on the water bemg abundant that especial be read.
care sliould be bestowed on this point. Anv "7. Trees. There is, perhaps, nothing "
system of house drainage largelydepends for which conduces more to the comfort of a
its effectiveness,on the supply of water and house than the shade and protection of trees ;
without efficient drainage the best situated of and yet very often the first thing done after
houses will become unhealthy. A quickly the site of a house is selected is to cut down
running stream, so long as it is not subject to all the trees for convenience in building. It
extensive floods,is an advantage,and may be is considered so easy to ])lant out young trees ;
the means of carrying off the unhealthy ac- but it takes a long time for trees to grow,
cumulations and
of a country residence ; but it is quiteworth while to go a little out of the
dammod up waters of all kinds, unless there to find a spot where there are oaks, ma-
ples,
way
is a good stream through them, and especially etc., for shade, and cedars and other
stagnant ponds, however ornamental, should evergreens againstthe blasts of
for protection
becarefully avoided near a house. If there is winter. If they cannot be found already
enough water to maintain minimum At
a depth of growing,they should be plantedat once.
six feet over at least two acres, it will not the same time it is not desirable to have trees
stagnate. Flooded meadows also are by no near the house itself. If too tall or too
very
means desirable,and especially
such as re- close together,they obstruct the light,
prevent
HOUSE 273
exhalations .
the minimum of draught,and tlie chim-
ney
being placed in the body of the house, as
INTERIOR ARRANGEMENT.
much heat as possible is saved. A few feet
8. Most of what we have to say will rqfer of board partitionat the back of the chimney
"
to the lower floor, because as most of the makes a recess for the bed and also an trance
en-
working hours are spent on that floor,the lobby with room for the sink, both of
ARRANGEMENT OF THE OTHER FLOORS which may be curtained off as shown by the
SHOULD BE SUBORDINATED TO MAKING THE dotted lines. The two closets are placed at
LOWER FLOOR AS CONVENIENT AS POSSIBLE, the other end of the room, so that a window
and when it is determined upon, the other seat, which also serve as a locker for coal
may
floors will necessarilyadapt themselves to or anything else, may be placed between
it. Do not adopt any feature solely be- them. This plan would probably cost $10
admired it in another person's other, the interest which
"cause you have more than the on
with his needs and very inconsistent witli paid for the difference in comfort and decency.
A person's house should be as much This illustrates the difference between an ill-
yours.
a growth individuality
from as his
a snail's considered "
or rather a not-considered " and a
shell, and people are not as nearly alike as well-considered way of doing the simplest
snails. Ask yourselfwhat room.s and features thing,and it illustrates the fundamental ciples
prin-
in rooms you and your family use most, and of domestic architecture.
witli reference to tliat. "11. Of course a house is pnmarilv to beslept
arrange
"9. To begin at the beginning ; here are in but this be done in the first
; as can any room,
two ways of treatinga house containingbut a distinct necessityis a place to cook in. and the
single room. second step is to separate the place where are
performed the ungracefuloperationsincident to
care of food and the person " the sink room.
18
always is if lie has his billiard-room up stairs. room has frequentlybeen divided by pillarsor
The no matter liow refined,has Id an arch, or even two rooms made of it. less
Un-
poor man,
do the best he can. Neitlier have we said the house is on a corner, however, the
that all millionaires in New York live in just middle (unless arranged as
room below) is dark,
such houses, or that millionaires arc the only and of
questionable desirability. We have
people livingin just such enlarged on this plan, because, for several
houses. On the contrary, reasons, after considerable experience in other
such houses are tlie vailing
pre- cities,we believe it,as used in New York, to
type in New York be not only the best plan,on the whole, for an
and, for good reasons average cityhouse, but to contain many tial
essen-
/ ^"^ narrower lots the no more, and make much more fuss and
/ ^
E"\ =1
7
"
^^
*
back
toward
closets
room
containing
across expense
WELL
most
as
PLANNED
houses
well as
about
do
not, viz.
it.
noi
HOUSE
:
It provides
MUST
rooms
and
f.veky
wliat
that
I^ibrary and Dini.ig- the basement) with an DOORS WHEREVER THEY CAN BE USED. The
Kt)om. Dumb-Waiter. arched betw-een for such I,
Recess
3 "
fur sideboard.
recess reasons having rooms are, to
^4
Closet with sink. 6
them in which the buffet secure a reasonable feehng of breadth and
"5 "
5
Bath-room. "
6 Hall. "
hall-rooms." Such a "
that we are so sad in our amusements,
closet is generally fitted as a water-closet, and have so little social entertainment but
instead of having the apparatus in the bath-
room. eating and drinking,will perhaps be quicker
Likewise on the first floor,room is removed if our homes are made more generally
often found for a watercloset with wash-basin avai.al le for sprightlyand intellectual sions.
diver-
between the stairs and butler's pantry. The
third floor is lilcethe second, and the fourth "18. If a lot is too narrow
divided into more small rooms. Between to admit of even the plan of F"g.
the bedrooms, the closets are generallylarger 10, do not on that account give
than represented in Fig. 8, more as in Fig. up the advantages Df rooms eu
Fig. i;.
thus the first floor, windows from all can open into
getting their chim
Parlor. Library and Its opening through the roof should
I "
2
neys into the middle of this well.
Dining-room. "
4 Dumb-waiter. 5 Wa-
"
the house, and making
ter-Closel. 6 Hall. The kitchen range should be der
un-
"
7
"
I Parlor. "
2 Diiung-
Room. "
7 PLAN
Closet and'Lavatory. Fig. 16.
Fig. 24.
rig. 21.
AN OF CHAMBERS
Fig. 25.
r.C-V.ITHEKS OGl
fur F and 2^ )
Fig b (Per^pect\ e i,
HOUSE. 279
The exteriors Figs. 26, 27, and 28 were contradiction of the notion sometimes held,
for the three designs Figs. 20, 21 and 22 in the that asquare house cannot be made into a
by Mr. J. C. Cady.)
One of the good features in Figs. 31 and 34
is,that the bilHard table does not impede the
be
"
put wliere the finest views are to be had, and Pantry. 7 Gentlemens'
"
dressing-
room 8 Billiard 9 Library.
pantrys, closets, etc., should not be placed " room. "
arranged and as large aspossible,try most useful rooms in the house, connecting,
it should, all of the principal rooms. Its
to use folding doors into the parlor at least. as
good one by which the Hall, as o" old, forms windows and others, its open fire with ingle-
S.E..FULLES.SC
Fig. 36. (Hall for Figs. 34 " 3 5-)
HOUSE 2R3
Fig. 39 is better for most places where it is carried on heavier beams past the flues at side
to be called for. of fireplaceopening.
apt
Staircases should
of ample " 36. Ingleside.
always The be to roughly
tho-
"34. proper way
width with broad treads approach-
ing and enjoy a wood fire is to re-establish the
low risers
to the inclined plane as near as possible; ingleside, which has of late justlyfound favor.
the treads may be of stone, marble, brick or tile It is a nook, large bay, or arched recess in the
and these should never be covered with carpet. side of the room, capable of receivinga hooded
Wooden ones may be, and padded to prevent fireplace, of size ample enough to receive the
noise. The liandrail should be on both sides fire-dogs,back and other logs, on a hearth
broad and moulded to accommodate itself to raised four inches from the floor. Over the
the hand and of convenient height, filled in opening should be a shew-board for plate,and
with turned balausters and intermediate
strings at either side of the recess proper, a seat or
pleasant for. ladies using them, and oftentimes and scenery. In the bed-rooms, deep
prevents accidents to children. The landings window recesses made by closets on each side
should be frequent and ample, and the handrails and provided with seats are to be specially
always kept at the same level, even if newel recommended.
the delicate colors of your furniture. Wood exposed to the sun, and provides a good
is always quickly lighted,cheerful, healthful, garret for storage. See Fig. 42.
Keep the house free from
and if cedar
burned, aromatic,is and has "39. Angles. as
possible,each indentation
everything in its favor, providing the fireplace angles as or corner
occasions the
is large enough. Hearths should never rest on the foundation plan, always
floor beams, but be carried brick tile builder to add appreciably to his estimate.
on on or
trimmer arches, properlysupported,and bedded Most of the hints that we find it practicable
for the other elsewhere in
in mortar, to guard againsttire,the joists
being to give rooms are
Warming lation.
Venti- small closet ; because general features of
TioN, Furnishing, and a or
houses made a century or twoago were good
enough to be revived, some architects revive
with them the
tiny panes of glass which were
*
Accordingly as our treatment relates so largely to country
houses many of the designs and ideas needed in this article
"
have been found in Villas and Cott.ages,"
by Calvert Vaux,
(New York, Harper " Brothers) from which by the courtesy
of the Author and Publishers, th^y have been taken. Figs-
29, 34, 35. 36 and 51 to 60 inclusive are by Mr. Wisedell wlio
is the author of most of the matter on Halb^ Staircases^ Fig- 43-
Fireplaces, In^lcsides, Cliiituieys,Roofs, W itido'MS,and the
entire department of Coftstrnction. His counsel, given at
Mr, Yaux's suggestion, has been a greet source of "aid and Where but a singlearch is needed, it is called
comfort" in the of
preparation this articla. Figs. 37 and 61 a recessed arch. Fig. 44.
are from English sources. The rest of the figures(except 9 to
Arcades and recessed arches,if wisely in-
15 inclusive^ are by Mr. Vaux.
HOUSE 285
troduced, always produce effective contrasts of the front door in Fig. 27, over verandas in
lightand sliade. Tliese arrangements are to Figs.26 and 31, and over the porch, veranda
be distinguislicdfrom porches and verandas, and bays in Fig. 33. A balcony is frequently
both of wliich project. supported like the one over the door in Fig.
27, on brackets from the wall instead of ports
sup-
from the ground.
Carriage Porch. See Porch. "
Fig- 44-
Kig. 4^
Being protected on three sides, tliey are
Those in Fig. 46, are arranged for
preferable, in mucli exposed situations, to tively,
respec-
six and five flues.
porches and verandas, except where breezes
are more important" in warm weather than
protectionin cold. Arcades provided with
glass frames for winter, make well-protected
conservatories. The sashes could be made
portable.
ii44. Bay -windows are well illustrated in
most of the exteriorsalready given. Fig. 45
shows a good arrangement for a bay window
with a balconyon top.
Fig- 47-
designingall roofs.
All chimneys that occur in outer walls should
be built with an air chamber or space between
Fig. 45' flue and outer walls similarlyto the hollow
walls (see " 75 ). If this is done, the flue will
The balcony could be fitted with sashes become will be ex-
not chilled and no difficulty perienced
to protect plants. in causing it to draw, and the heat will
" 45. Balcony. " A projecting platform be retained. All flues should be built square
from door window above the
a or ground 12 inches by 12 inches, so that a circular flue
floor,
illustrated over the bay in Fig.1 7, over pipe of galvanizediron or baked clay may be
286 HOUSE
used to carry off the productsof combustion be lowered several inches without rain beating
and the anglesin the left flue maybe used as a in. They also are very decorative ifjudiciously
ventilating flue from the several rooms ing
contain- used, in Fig.31, note the great hood over the
fire places. Openings for this purpose balconywhich surmounts the porch,also the
should be made mto the flue near the ceilingandone over the largewindow in Fig. 35. In a
covered with a wire guard. (The ordinaryre- gister plain house, a hood over the door, with sidings
fronts are bad for the reason that they runningto the steps, is effective. See Fig.48.
have too much iron in comparisonwith the open- ing " 51. Ombras or upper logiasopening off
and are consequently largeand unsightly).one or at most two of the principalbedrooms
A heated flue forms the best known and most are very convenient as they give effective
reliable ventilator,still no two rooms should shadows for exterior effects. See Fig. 35.
have openings into the same flue on account under right-handgable. They should always
of probable difference of temperature in the be covered by the main roof. A similar effect
two rooms and consequent drawing in from may sometimes be accomplishedby an open
one of them of the deleterious gases that it is balcony over a bay window or under the pro-
jecting
desirable to be rid of. gable of a house. All these effects
Care should be taken to prevent any timbers requirevery careful designor they may prove
from being built into flues and ordinaryflues inconvenient and unsightly.
used for smoke should be pargetted and cored, " 52. Porch is often confused with arcade,
i.e. plastered with a tenacious cement and the balcony, ombraand veranda. It properly nates
desig-
anglesrounded off so as assist the e.xitof the a covered approach to a door. For lustrations
il-
smoke and prevent the accumulation of soot. see Figs.17, 26, 28 and 33. The
" 47. Cupola, or observatory as it is latterhas a carriage-porchsuch
"
a convenience
sometimes called, is illustrated in Fig. 31. at nightand in wet weather
surprising that it is
Taste and convenience both urge placingone not to generalusfe.
find in more
on a tower where practicable,rather than raising " 53. Roofs, it need hardlybe explained,
it from the inside of the house. are very importantfeatures, both in effect and
On cupolas, exposed balconies in connection convenience. There is great latitude for pic-
turesque
with a smoking room, tea room, or it may be effects which are often marred by the
a study, often add much to the exterior effect attempt to create too many features or breaks,
of a house, as well as being a convenience. which tend to givea straggling and weak effect,
This providedthe house is sufiiciently largeto as thoughtheywere simplya collection of roofs
warrant it ; as if not, it may become all tower instead of a roof. Harmony of detail and as
and no house. Many very charming treatments far as possible continuity of eaves-line,except
of these features may be accomplished bv the it is broken by largegablesor a tower, will pre-
vent
proper use of tiles or shingles. this. For the better sheddingof driving
" 48. Dormers are windows projecting
from storms, roofs should be always steeper than an
the roof. Figs.26, 28 and 35. They are
See angleof 45 degrees (seeFigs.29 and 35 and
alwayspicturesque when properlyintroduced. study the roofs and gables in the other de- signs.)
" 49. Finials are upright decorations in Note, too. the fact that in Figs.26 and
wood, iron or terra cot/a surmounting the 28, the principal difference between two liouses
gables of either roofs, dormers, or porches. of essentiallythe same ground-planis in the
Sometimes their pattern is made continuous roofs. This feature is more seen (certainlyin
with that of the verge-board.They are trated approaching)than any other outside of a house.
illus-
in their more recent treatment in figs. A roof with the gable cut oft (see Fig.6)
29 and 35. is called hip]5ed."See verge-boardbelow.
"
" 50. Hoods over doors and windows area Shutters. [See under \ 107.)
great protection from the rays of the sun and J 54. Ventilators are always desirable and
from storms. With a hood, the top sash can may often be introduced with great effect.
Fig. 50-
Fig.48.
HOUSE 287
ones can be adapted to the plan in the article of its weight needing the sash frame
on Ventilation, which see. for security. These points are illustrated in
" 55. Veranda is often confused with Fig. 51, which is a suggestion for an ordinary
Arcade, Balcony, Ombra and Porch. It is a
covered balcony on the first floor,and is il- lustrated
at the front in Fig. 6 " 35, at the
side in Fig. 33, and in the rear in most of the
other e.\terior views.
It should never be forgottentliat the roof
of a veranda inevitablyexcludes some light
from windows. It is therefore undesirable,
ordinarily,
to have a veranda extend entirely
around a room, and, much more, around a
be less than ten feet wide, and in many cases window with a muUion. (Of course this un-
generallydesigned as though it was necessary arranged with weights and sash cords, all on
to keep them all alike,both in size and detail. one side, so as to keep the mullions tliin.
This is a most fatal error, not alone for resque Other
pictu- forms of windows will be found in the
considerations, but for convenience accompanying perspectivesof houses, adjusted
and
economy of space. Windows should always to suit varying conditions. (See especially
be adapted to the size and position of rooms,
and ingenuity and circumstances will suggest
many specialarrangements. Windows in most
livingrooms, unless carried to the floor, should
have sills of the rightheight to hold a book or
from the floor,and the upper portionof glass or balconies and are used for egress, good
slightlytinted,cut and formed with lead bands head room should always be allowed by using
288 HOUSE
a travellinghead in the sash frame ; but in r.\in driving in. The vertical method can be
far more severe than here, they are generally /. Stone and Brick houses.
used, but always have a small groove in the
frame and centre of sash going all round :
" 64. Getting a dry foundation. " After
tae site of a house has been chosen and the
ZL p.an determined on, before a foundation stone
SILL is laid the whole area and one foot outside the
fr'aivie.I ssioi Mr.
extreme limits of the walls should be excavated
^^gfi STUDS
BLEl
\
(whether there is
depth of 12 inches
to be there
below
a
the
cellar
bottom
or not) to
of the
a
in,it will find a channel desired, this will form a good floor.
prepared " 65. Sub-Drain. Should the subsoil show
to
carry it away,
" this is also well to do any signs of saturation, or be filled in, it is
in the bottoms of sashes well to lay a course of tile
agricultural of 2
that are hung, and in the inch diameter under the concrete before it is
sills. If this is done, no spread. (If the house is over 30 feet wide 2
jr; -^
Outer sills,too, should be Where the sandy or gravelly
houses have a
Section of French Win- grooved, to prevent the subsoil these should be invariablylaid. This,
dow. mass of water fallingon if properly done, will prevent dampness and
windows running down and streaking the the deleterious effects of surface water or
positionswhere it is not desiraljle to have with good hard cement ^,iinch thick and
windows, from proximity to the necessary it should be allowed to set hard before the
offices,
or for lack of furniture space, a window earth is filled in. By these means, and reason-
or panel formed of one clear sheet of glass, alile ventilation, a cellar will be perfectlydry
and arranged with a frame similar to a picture obtained.
gives a pleasanteffect. By its means an ever- I 67. Damp-course At the level of the "
changing landscape may be obtained. This ground or justunder floor joists, either a course
should never be attempted except the scene of slate laid as if on a roof, breaking jointand
be free from active life. bedded in cement, or a layer of asphalt or
" 63. Sas/ies can be arranged on centers, to some one of the several vitrified damp-proof
swing horizontally or verticallv. The horizontal courses should be used. This will prevent the
is a good method when appliedto the small upper moisture rising up into the walls by capillary
sashes of mullioned windows. (Fig. 51.) They attraction, rottingthe floor joists, etc., and gendering
en-
serve as ventilators, and should be arranged so the growth of wet rot. (See Fig. 58.)
as to ojjen with the bottom out, to prevent the "68. Cellar under Hall. In extremely cold
HOUSE 280
be used
placesit is well not to have a cellar under the be dark grey, red bricks may as a trim-
main hall of the house, but an arrangement of
flues conveyinf^the smoke and lost heat from
the furnace under the Hoor, and in brick or
stone houses 3 feet up the side walls,of the
hall. The floor being of tile will become
gently heated. If a cellar is desirable under
the hall,the flues may formed of concrete
be
or Tiel lime patent blocks, carried on rolled
iron beams. This method of heatinghas been
found in the northern countries of Europe
in all the remains of villas where the Romans
founded settlements after the conquest. If
the hall is warmed, from its generallycentral
positionmost of the house will be benefitted.
" 69. Laying stone. "
In cities the use of
stones for face work, base course, sills,jambs,
window and door heads, and ornamentation,
is very desirable, providingthe stones are laid
on their
quarry beds (i.e., with the grain run-
ning
or chamfered off or it
may be of stone similarly ^^^1^!
worked and bedded with equal beds in long
lengths. (See Fig. 5S)
" 72. 'Walls are generally erected 20
material,the brickwork being built up with hunt for a difficulty.In all cases where
ordinary jointing like the other work, and pipes are exposed to danger of freezingthey
carved when the mortar has set. should be either boxed with sawdust
up or
This carved brickwork may be seen on a covered with incombustible felt. Sliding or
house by Mr. Wheeler Smith in 57th St. boxing shutters and doors should also have
between 5th and 6th Avenues, New York, their proper provision in the walls ; a want of
and some good use of brick on
other a sion
Mis- thought in these small particularsnot only
building (also by him) on 35th between creates considerable cost but mars the best
1st and 2d Avenues. There should be rooms in the house.
more of it. Its beauty is in its shades and
color, which the woodcut cannot give.
//. IVooiiai Houses.
" 79. Pointing up of all brickwork should
be with a neat trowel-struck joint while
it is iei/a;fiiei/i, because of the mortar going " 83. The same general principlesof ex-
terior
the wholedepth of brick. (See Fig. 58 at apply to all wooden houses, however
rightupper corner). It is the stronger and great may be the apparent difference in out-
ward
with the bricks,the several features being de-signedpieces put between studs horizontally.All the
to accommodate themselves to the necessary openings for doors, windows, "c.,
heights of certain courses of brickwork so are left with double studs where large timbers
that they may be discontinued, if thought de- sirable,
are not required.
without interferingwith the bond of " 86. Covering. The outside of the frame
brickwork. In the use of brick and stone, is first covered with inch boarding laid diag- onally,
glaringcontrasts of color should be avoided, and on this is put felt,paper or other
as they tend to divide the buildinginto small waterproof material. Sometimes cleats are
layers,or panels as the case be. Blue nailed midway between the studs and inner
may
stone, brov/n stone, and often times local rough laths, and plastered one good coat. This
stones will blend in with the color of the method is more expensive,but is very desirable
bricks, and a modest and unpretending result on account of the two air spaces, which duce
con-
will be attained. In large pretentiousbuild- ings, largelyto the warmth of the house. Then
stone as lightas Ohio may be blended comes the false frame forming the finished
with brick. With good judgment and proper corners and definingwindows and other fea-tures
massing it will be satisfactorv, but it should of the design. This should never be
never be attempted in a small house. less than 5 inches wide. The spaces left may
" 82. Pipes, doors, etc., in -walls. In a be covered with tiles ; cut and plain shingles
brick or stone house, provision should be made of cvpress, cedar or pine soaked in oil slightly
for all gas and water pipes bv leaving a stained ; or with weather boarding not over $
chase or channel in the wall,and if the house inches wide, it being desirable to obtain as
292 HOUSE
Fig. 60.
many horizontal lines as possiblein a building afterwards colored. Very pretty effects can
without givingit a weak or wiry effect. be had by sticking necks and bottoms of
There are other methods of covering the bottles into the damp plaster so as to form
outsides of houses, sucji as the four following: patterns. These can be arranged either in trary
arbi-
1 87. Concrete slabs with moulded ments,
orna- patterns or to represent flowers or plants
which may be had in a varietyof colors, cut plaster. The play of lighton many-
in the
and good combinations obtained. They are glass so exposed is often very beautiful.
colored
screwed directlyon to the studs. In the eral
gen- I go. Sgraffito is a modification of plaster-fill-
ing,
plan, the dimensions of the slabs must be where layers of different colors are
considered. E.xamples of this work were on the put on, and the scratching made deep enough
New Jersey buildingsat the Centennial hibition.
Ex- to reach the various colors as desired, just
as cameos are engraved. Specimens of this,
1 88. Brickwork in patterns,
filliug, may be centuries old and still in good condition, are
employed between the timbers. In this to be seen in Italy.
case the timbers should be of hard wood "91. The two foregoing methods are almost
and grooved to receive the bricks. This untried in this country. But they are cessfully
suc-
is not
filling to be recommended in positions used in England, and there is no
tered on the underside in lime and hair to keep ^96. Ceilings should always be cross-
out weather. Slates, if of good qualityand furred before lathing,largely preventmg the
color,such as Pennsylvania black, or Vermont cracking and displacement of plaster ; and
green or red, are pleasing. They
should be of side walls are usually furred off for lath and
small size and to be waterproof,laid with a lap plaster.
of at least 3 inches of the first slate under the In the country and in small or cheap houses
third, and secured by or composition avoid high ceilingsand instead of the bare and
copper
nails. Slates of different colors in bands or cold plaster e.xpose the floor beams which
diamonds, and should
all fancy slating be care-
fully should be more carefullyfinished,allowing the
and judiciouslyused, as they generally cleats and boarding supporting deafening to
effect of the roof being in layersor be In such cases a largebeam to carry
give an seen. use
poor slate and can be made more effective. better, and especiallyfor surface decoration
Painting of a wooden house is of the walls should be sand finished,which gives
^94.
importance. Every country house texture to the work just as rough paper does
great
should have at least three tints. This variety to a water color drawing.
but little more than The ^98. Doors at the entrance should be of
costs monotony.
trimmings of the roof and openings, and the liberal width, and are generallybetter if formed
verandas, etc., should be of a color or shade of two leaves or doors. If it is possible, have
gentlycontrastingwith the main walls. The inner or vestibule doors, so that the outer door
solid parts of the shutters should be of a third may form a storm door, and fold back into a
while during the winter from furnace heat a pine core : this prevents the buckling and
they will be wide open. twistingof the door-frame.
294 HOUSE
I loi.Cabinets or book-cases may sometimes window, swings around and covers up the sash,
be placed on wheels between rooms, and serve cords, "c. They may be similarlyarranged
In a crowded library, for in- to slide up into the
stance, head ; they may also slide
as foldingdoors.
such be of great sidewise into pockets formed in the furring
an arrangement can
service. The rollingbook-cases would project off,or thickness of the walls, in a like manner
those each side, to sliding doors. In largehouses, they may be
their own depth beyond at
and in foldingback againstthem make an even arranged to form a design, or have large
surface. mirrors, and all the shutters in a room may
should be used where be arranged so as to close or simultan-
eously.
1 1 02. Slidingdoors open
doors are too wide to fold without using valuable In large rooms used for ceremony or
to the doors, if strap hinges of wrought iron should be the best the market affords, as this
be used, as they admit of much good decora-
tive first expense will often prevent a great deal of
treatment. (SeeFig. 36.) Locks, bolts and annoyance and ultimately greater expense.
escutcheons are all necessities,and this being " 109. A-wnings of striped canvas are ble
desira-
the case, why should they be hidden instead of in some positions,and often add much to the
being made valuable constructional ornaments? cozy look of a house. They should always be
Some improvement has been made in the provided for in the design by pockets in the
bronze-work of late,but from the want of plain head of the window, or they will have a dis- agreeable
surface it appears cheap,sufferingfrom the at- tempt look when not in use, and soon be
to obtain more ornament from a small destroyed for want of protection.
object than it is capable of properlygiving. ^iio. Screens. Japanese bamboo or wire-
" 104. Cornices should be always formed gauze screens, both of which can be seen
of small mouldings and be free from applied through from the room but not from the ou'.side,
stucco ornaments. Ribs on the ceiling,if unless the lightinside should be greater, are
introduced, should be kept very flat and be sometimes desirable. The sash-frame should
continuous with the cornices, so as to appear also be arranged for them. A pleasantscreen,
to belong to it,and where centre ornaments are and one that admits of good treatment, may be
used let them be small, shallow and circular,or formed of alternate turned and square strips
square, plainand free from leaf ornament so of wood, with turned fiUing-inpieces between
as to form the nucleus of color decoration if forming a series of small square openings.
any is to be used. See Fig. 36. These can be inserted during the summer
1 105. Blinds and shutters may be comforts months, and are used in most of the cities of
but are frequentlymade a discomfort. Their eastern Europe instead of sashes. They give
arrangement and material should be studied to air, and, if formed of hard wood, partialpro-
tection
meet varied
requirements. Outside window- to the room. The wood being thick,
blinds are usuallymade light,and fall back on they cannot be seen through unless the ob- server
the wall. For this reason they are very weak is directlyopposite and on the same
if not tied at the angles with strap hinges or level.
angle-pieces.They should always be provided ^III. Wood finish. In the interior of a
for in the exterior designs,and this can be country house, it will generally be found
readily done (see fig.51) with little extra cheaper to trim the rooms with the white and
expense, preventing their slamming and des- truction.
red pine, well seasoned and free from sap
In the figure,the blind (thrown (i.e. dark bluish stains)noton account of actual
open ) lies in an extension of the false window- cost of hard wood but of the fancy price that
frame, and flush with it,so that the wind can- not is generallyassociated with it in the minds of
get between it and the house, to slam it builders. These are the most reliable woods
to, and the
weight rests on the sill. we have in the market ; standing changes of
^ 106. They are often arranged inside,hinged moisture and temperature better than any of
in two heights and foldinginto boxes arranged the others. They however should seldom be
to receive them. It is generallywell to have the painted and never white; painting destroys
portion exposed to the room when shut, panelled the beauty of the grain, which can be well
so as to form part of the design of the window- brought out with shellac and copal varnish, or
frame, unless the whole blind is needed to be it be slightystained and varnished. If
may
slatted. Blinds or shutters may also be arranged not varnished, it soils very easilyand it is dif- ficult
as on plan. Fig. 52, in which they are shown to clean. External work should be
hung with cords and weights,like sashes, and painted and never be varnished, as varnish
going down below the sill in two or three will not stand a season exposed.
heights; after they are down, they are covered 112. In the general designof mouldings,
'li
by a flap,and a small panel,the height of the care should always be taken to adapt them to
HOUSE 295
Fig. 6i.
An English Dining-Room.
the nature of the wood so as to bring out its ^115. Inlays are always appropriateand can
color and beauties of grainand this will usually be readilydone mechanically by any country
be accomplishedby keeping them small and flat, carpenter with a fret saw. The design should
and grouping them so as to allow a plainsurface be well massed and on thin paper which can be
for better displayof the wood. All mouldings pasted on a series of veneers of alternate color-
ed
should have continuity and either lie against wood each with paper pasted on to stiffen
or be received on wood. In general,avoid it. The design is sawn out and the pieces
shewing the end sections of mouldings as it will counter changed and applied to panels or
appear cheap if not carefullydone. Do not where it is desired.
make the trimming thin, as it is apt to look weak ^ 1 16. In hard wood there is a great diversity
and wiry. Veneers of precious woods should of colors, qualityof grain and strength,and it is
be used sparingly and as a background for the advisable at the outset to form sorrie plan by
general trim, in the same manner that you find which a varietymay be introduced into the
gold back grounds used in the paintingsby the living rooms without creating too sudden a
old masters. Never use them as a ground for contrast. The followinghas been found desira- ble.
carving in relief or it will appear stuck on The vestibule and entrance doors of oak
and lonely. relieved with wall panels of majolica tiles and
^113. Most of the hard wood in the market, tiled floor. The hall staircase and gentleman's
owing to rapid growth and consequent open
roomof black walnut carried to ceilingforming,
grain,is very apt to twist and be difficult to plaster panels for decoration, with floor of
keep in place ; hence, all mouldings should be cherry and black walnut. The libraryof oak and
formed of small members, of even black walnut in equalproportions, with floor of
separate
The drawing room
grain,with a softer wood introduced to relieve maple and black walnut.
it. If this is not and root of ash, with black walnut
properly attended to, the of oak
finish of rooms is apt to be a source of trouble sparingly used and ebony columns, narrow
and from the shrinking,swelling, pine floor for carpet. The dining room and its
annoyance
splittingor chipping of the wood, no matter floor of oak with stone fireplacefor wood fire.
how much has been taken in the seasoning furniture. It is very desirable
care 1 1 17. Fixed
and drying. to cover as much as possible of the wall space
S I r4. The best seasoning that timber which and introduce in the generaldesign^ of room
is to be used for joiningcan have, is to be well as much of the fixed furniture as possible, so as
water-soaked and then sun-dried, the timber to leave littlefor the decorator and upholsterer
standingwith its jrain vertical ; and it is well not to mar by incongruous details. The following
to relyon kiln-dried timber, in which the sap is particulars may sometimes be left to the archi- tect
only dried up, and will surelyswell and cause a with more confidence than to the average
great deal of trouble as soon as the work is furniture maker. In the vestibule, a seat, and
affected bv the change of climate. provision for the doors etc.. can be arranged
296 HOUSE HUNG N WINE
and the ceilingshould be of wood, the frost for a season, if built with unseasoned
poor
having great effect on hard finished plaster.material and bad workmanship, tell their own
In the hall,provision should be made for wrap story from the shrinking of floor boards,im-
proper
chest, hats and coats, umbrellas and seats, not closing of doors, windows, etc., separa-
tion
forgettingthe fireplaceand a of door and place for the
window-frames from plaster,
big clock. (See Figs.36 and 37). In the gentle- man's saggingor sinking of floors and separation of
room, the necessary provision for surbase, cracked plasteron walls and ceilings,
adjustingthe toilet. The butler's pantry should and general bad ironmongery, together with
be provided with a hot plate, a registeror the offensive odors "
escaping from the bad
steam coil under a slate or marble slab," and in plumbing.
largehouses should have the butler's bedroom ?I2I. All these points are readilyseen by
with plate safe near at hand. The dining-an ordinaryobserver, but the hidden difiiculties,
room may properly have a high wainscot with such as insufficient depth and number of
buffet arranged for plate and wine coolers floor beams, the want of constructional ber,
tim-
designed to form a part of it,the upper and faults in the general method of build-
ing
portion of wall panelled with a frieze of require a practiced eye to detect them,
wood designed to receive tapestry or hanging. and for this reason a written report from an
A large
open fireplace may also form a striking architect thoroughly describingthe condition
feature in this room as well as in the hall. of the house may cause a reduction in the price,
Proper provision should be made in the should the would-be purchaser, for especial
woodwork of all rooms for gas brackets, etc. reasons, still entertain the thought of buying.
In the library, bookcases with provisionfor Unhealthiness of Nevr Houses. The "
handlingevery day books, books of reference, coincidence of moving into a new house and
desk, print drawers and pamphlet closets. The soon having a doctor's bill to pay has frequently
and out of reach may be for objets been a subjectof remark ; the cause often is
space over
d'art, and wall space for maps, that the house is moved into before the walls
any convenient are
which be on spring rollers. Let there dried. It has been estimated that 30,000 gallons
may
of consumed in raisinga medium-sized
be an
open fireplace. The drawing room water are
has generallyto be given to the decorator and three-storybrick-house ; and this can only be
upholsterer,although by the proper tion
introduc- gotten rid of by slow evaporation. A house
of such features as wood mantels and should never be occupied in less than three
chimney glass,arches at bay window and the months after the plasteris on and after fires
of doors and windows, together with towels, etc. It has little beauty, but answers
household
often one side of a door and the exposed sides very well for common wear.
costinga few cents a foot more than pine(pine called the liiickhberry
swampor bhieberry; it
costs 6 cents : black walnut 8 or 9 cents but subacid, rich and juicy.
is large,purplish-black,
the latter is a little harder to work,) and in The common or huckleberry is also
hij^li-biish
mouldings and appliedornament that do not fine. The common low-bush huckleberries are
^119. taking Before always a house, it is well varietyof the loiu-biishis. the j it is
sus^ar-berry
bluish and has small seeds.
to get the best professionaladvice obtainable sweet, very
bad construction and materials are hidden 125,000 square miles, Hungary annually duces
pro-
under a mask of fresh paintand meretricious (on an average) 500 millions of gallons,
tlie newness of which off, whereas France, on an area of 204,000, reaches
ornament, soon wears
Hungarians rarelymix their wine with water, just South of the Danube between Gran and
but rather drink wine and water alternatelyComorn.
from two glasses. 4. Ruszti, grown about seven English miles
I. Red wine
north of Soprony ; (Oedenburg) dry Ruszti is
:
one of the noblest brands of white wine. Some
1. Baltazeker. healthy table wine of think it
"
A
superiorto the finest Burgundy, red
medium strength,(for a Hittigarian wine) fine or white. These also made
grapes are into
taste and bouquet.
Aszu, of a dark amber-color.
2. Budai, (grown round"
Buda). The
is warming 5. St. Gyorgy (St. George) grown near
Adelsberger or Budai-cream (as
the boundary of Austria, about
are) vigorous,slightly 13 English
most Hungarian wines miles from the battle-field of Wagram, is a
astringent, with a deep, aromatic, extremely beautiful white table-wine of
moderate strength;
gratefulafter-taste. Indisputablya tonic.
there is also Aszu made of this wine.
3. Egri. (German
"
Erlauer) a fiery,gene-
rous 6. Somlai (Schomlauer) is a superior white
very astriui^ent wine, often recommended
in gastricdisorders is
wine, full of fire, bouquet and body.
; the highest quality so
7. Sopronyi (Germ : Oedenburger) grown
vigorous,that its effect reaches the pores in the boundary of Austria, 40 English miles
near
less than two hours also a tonic. Of this ;
S. E. of Vienna near the left shore of the lake
wine, there is also an
"
aszu," for explanation
of Neusiedel ; a delicate dry wine, hot, rich and
of which term, see under Tokay below.
with an aftertaste,such as grapes, or pears
4. Karlovai. "
(Carlowitzer)grown in that
will leave on the palate,and so intense, that it
portion of
Slavonia, between the Save and
lasts until
dispelsit. some other drink or food
Drave which the Romans
rivers, Syrmium called
From select grapes of the Muscat vine planted
on hills that were first
vines by planted with
in this vicinity, the Sopronyi Muscatel Aszu
the soldiers of Aurelius Probus. Rich, gene-
rous,
(see Tokay) is made, which is quitesweet, with
warming and aromatic to a degree. The
just the least touch of fruityacidity and a
finest grapes are selected and left on the vines
or when culled,exposed to the sun until they delightful bouquet.
8. Szamarodner. In nearly
every feature a
wrinkle, then hung over
"
the greatest benefit in a largenumber of cases thirtyof bites by mad dogs results in hydro?
It stimulus to the nerves,
gives a healtliy ing
brac- phobia, even when the dog was unmistakably
them, and actinglike a tonic and soother to rabid.
the whole It is likewise invaluable in Hydrophobia in the Dog. The
system. "
symptoms
cases where the circulation of the blood is im-
pairedare usuallyas follows :
" The first,
according to
it is nearly always beneficial in
; and Youatt, is a marked change of temper ; the
cases of
indigestion, nervousness, an impaired naturallycheerful dog becoming waspish and
constitution,a too full habit, or where the pa-
tient morose, and the bold fondling pet retreating
has been livingtoo freelywithout taking from his master's hand as if it were that of a
much exercise. Having, under the head of stranger. On the other hand, the shy dog
Bath, already noticed at length the different becomes bold ; but in almost
every case there
forms of baths, and the great importance of is a total change of manner for several days
bathing,it only remains here to mention brieflybefore the absolute outbreak of the attack,
some of the forms in which it is employed as which is indicated by a kind of delirious watch-
ing
a remedial agent. These are various. Besides of imaginary objects,the dog snapping at
the ordinary bath and the shower bath, one of the wall, or, if anything comes in his way,
the most common is the douche bath, in which tearing it to pieces with savage fury. With
a singlejetof water, varying in size from that this there is constant watchfulness, and some-
times
of a quillpen to the thickness of a man's arm, a peculiarly hollow howl, while at others
is projected with great force, either from no sound whatever is given, the case being
above, below, or on one side,upon a particularthen described as dumb madness." Fever is "
part of the body. The sitz bath is taken ting. always present, but it is difficult to ascertain
sit-
Besides these there are the foot bath, its extent, on account of the danger of approach-
ing
hand bath, etc. Sometimes when the patient the patient ; and with this (in contradic-
tion
is sittingin a warm or tepid bath, cold water to the name hydrophobia) there is invaria-
is poured over the head and upper part of the Ijlyan urgent thirst,which the dog is in such
person. Pieces of coarse linen,saturated with a hurry to gratifythat he generally(ipsetsthe
cold water, are also applied to the skin, and vessel containingthe water. There is also an
covered over with dry cloths, and usuallyre- increased
secretion of saliva,which becomes
moistened several times a day. The -wet- thick, viscid, adhesive, and glutinous,and
sheet packing is one of the characteristic fea- clingsto the corners
tures of the mouth, whence the
of the system ; it consists in enveloping dog makes furious attempts to detach it. This
the patient in a sheet out in cold water, is an earlysymptom in the dog, and scarcely
wrung can
and then covering him over with dry blankets. be mistaken ; as soon as it he should
appears
The system of dietaryand exercise that are be shot, before the rabid stage is reached. It
kept up at the water-cure establishments is is thoroughly established
now a fact that
probably even more conducive to health than hydrophobia has no relation to the weather ;
the baths themselves. that, in fact,more cases occur in winter than
HYDROPHOBIA." This appallingdisease in summer.
is caused by the bite of some rabid animal, Dr. John C. Dalton,of the New York Board
usuallya dog or a wolf,though instances of its of Health, furnishes the following practical
communication by a cat or a horse have occurred. rules which should be carefullyattended to :"
It would be useless to dwell on the symptoms 1. A dog that is sick from cause should
any
of the disease, because when once it is devel-
oped be watched and treated carefullyuntil his covery.
re-
there is no known cure ; by the use of
chloroform and narcotics we mitigatethe 2. A dog that is sick and restless is an ject
ob-
may
agony of the
patient,but that is all. The great of suspicion. This is the earliest peculiar
thing is to remove the poison before it has symptom of hydrophobia.
extended itself into the system. is best dog that is sick and restless and has a
This 3. A
done by excision of the wounded part, care depraved appetite,gnawing and swallowing
being taken that every portion of it is removed. bits of cloth,wood, coal,brick,mortar, or his
When it is impossibleto the knife tually,
effec- is animal. He should
use own dung, a dangerous
powerful caustic (nitricacid,or strong be at once
a chained up and kept in confinement
liquidammonia) should be applied freelyover until his condition be clearlyascertained.
the whole surface of the wound, so as to all of the fore-
going
destroy 4. If, in addition to any or
the effects of the poison. As the
poison is not symptoms, the dog has delusion of the
very active,these means are usuallyeffective senses, appearing to see or hear imaginary
even when employed some time after the receipt sights or sounds, trying to pass through a
of the wound; but of all due
course haste closed door, catching at flies in the air where
should be made, and it is well for something
to keep washing there are none, or searching
the wound with tepid water until medical aid which does not exist,there is great probability
arrives. He
that he is, or is becoming, hydrophobic.
It is now conceded by all medical authorities should be secured and confined without lay.
de-
that many cases of so-called hydrophobia are
purelyhysterical,
being caused by the operation 5. In case any one is bitten by a dog whose
of dread sensitive organization ; it is im-
portant is effective and
on a so condition suspicious,the most
to know that not more than one case in beneficial treatment is to cauterize the wound
300 HYPOCHONDRIA HYSTERICAL FITS
are often of the most extravagant character, lasted. When a paroxysm threatens, loosen
and he generallybelieves himself to be ing
suffer- each article of dress, lay the patient on the
from some terrible and imaginary disease, floor without a carpet, and dash largequantities
or to be much worse than he really is. He of cold water into the face, to the extent of two
of letters, overtasked students, and men of generallyto be ascribed ; but it may also be
business, and those whose naturally delicate caused by nervous irritability, vivid moral tions,
emo-
arise in the strongest persons, after profound cases it is partlya desire of the mind, brought
by improper self-abandonment to the power
grief or other moral emotion, debilitating ex-
cesses on
of any kind, or the sudden suppression of the emotions, and especiallyto feelingsof a
of any habitual discharge. Those, too, who, painfulcharacter or of sexual tendency.
from want of occupation and a due amount of Treatment. The principlesof treatinghys-
" teria
exercise, acquire a luxurious habit, often fall a are threefold : I, to improve the nutrition
prey to it.
of the nervous system by bringing the blood
Treatment. The treatment
" must of course up to its healthy standard, by a strengthening
according to the origin and na- diet,hygienic means, and the judiciousemploy- ment
vary somewhat ture
thing is to withdraw the patient's mind as much in the menstrual or other functions, when they
from himself; and for this evident exciting ; 3, to act the
as possible purpose are causes upon
change of scene and cheerful societyshould be mind, by leadingthe patient to repress the first
sought. The system should also be strengthen- ed emotional excitement by the force of will,and
by tonics,and exercise in the open air. If to direct the attention to a different class of
the disease arise from idleness and lu.xury,objects,substituting a pleasantfor a ble
disagreea-
then plenty of active exercise and a spare diet train of thought. After a paroxysm, quility
tran-
are the proper mode of treatment. In all cases of mind and habits of self-control are
though generally a very innocent thing in its be unattainable, the tendency to hysterical
effects, is yet sufficiently alarming when seen attacks will often be removed by the change of
for the first time. Though most common in air and scene and habits resultingfrom a dis- tant
and similar is useful to
women of an excitable and ill-regulated mind, journey ; a course
it may occur in the most sensible and calm- distract the attention from other consuming
judging persons under sudden shocks, fright,cares and persons which may act as posing
predis-
great mental emotions, grief,joy, or anger. causes.
ICE ICE-CREAM 301
ICE." Ice is usually kept for immediate nature as to be certain to remain full of water,
family use, in refrigerators,which it is cheapest the drain will act as an inlet of warm air,and
to buy good. They should be seldom ed.
open- will effectually
counteract all the best tions
precau-
Two thicknesses of newspaper wrapped of other sorts.
and at all times when the temperature is space of about five inches between the outer
above freezing-point. An ice-house should surface of the "form" and the inner surface
never be dug in wet soil,or near a spring ; and of the "tub." This, if properly managed, will
to prevent the transmission of heat through the freeze cream in half an hour. In preparing for
earth, the sides, bottom, and top should be use, break the ice up in small pieces and put a
lined with masonry and cement, thick and close layer in the tub about three inches deep; then
enough to prevent the entrance of w'ater. A put in a layer of salt (rock salt is best),and
small-sized ice-house, cheap and simple, may then more ice,etc., using about one-fourth as
be made as follows : Dig a hole in the north much salt as ice and having a layer of ice on
trench through to the outside, for carrying off does on the inside,and it is better to have
the water produced by the melting of the ice, it reach the whole height of the freezer. A
the bottom and sides must be made of laths or hole in the tub to let off the water as the
thin planks attached to girders and uprights; ice melts is a great advantage. In taking
over this planking must be placed straw, press-
ed out for use, first wipe off every particleof
close, and forming a layerof non-conducting the ice and salt from the freezer, then with
material about half an inch thick. The top of a knife loosen the sides, then invert the zer
free-
the pitshould be covered with a ceilingof wood, the dish in which the ice is to be
upon
and over this earth should be heaped to a served, and apply two towels wrung out in hot
height of over three feet. At the north side of water to the bottom part ; the whole will soon
the pit is the entrance, a square-head forming slide out in the shape of a cylinder. If it is
an inclosure,which should be filled with straw. desired to serve the cream in moulds, pour it
A few steps conduct down to the door of the into them when it is frozen and
sufficiently,
ice-house, which must be closelycovered with then cover the moulds with snow and salt till
bundles of straw, and is itself made of wood they are wanted. Dip the moulds in warm
with straw attached to its inner side. An house water
ice- to make the ice slipout easily.
of this size will hold between three and Almond Ice-cream. Sweet almonds, 3 oz ; "
four tons of ice ; enough, allowing for all pro- bable bitter almonds, i oz ; cream, 3 pts ; sugar, 2
entered only once a day : and the straw which Pound the almonds to a paste, and add to
covers the entrance should not be removed for them the rose-water ; heat one pintof the cream
a longer time, or
more, than is necessary. almost to boiling; stir in the sugar, and when
It is necessary to /rap the drainby which the this is melted, the almonds ; simmer ten utes,
min-
water that melts from the ice is carried stirringoften ; then remove from the fire
away.
If this be not done, and with a trap of such a and let it stand ten minutes longer in a cover-
302 ICE-CREAM ICES
ed vessel. Strain the cream pressingthe bag the sugar between the slices ; cover it,and let
hard ; then return it to the sauce-pan and stir it stand three hours ; then chop it up fine,and
in the arrowroot until the cream thickens "
light with an egg-whip, adding gradually the the pineapple may be cut into bits,unsugared,
rest of the cream ; it should be lightin half an and stirred into the cream when it is half
hour. Then freeze. frozen.
Chocolate Ice-cream. " 7a/f^ .--Chocolate,3 Peach Ice-cream. " Make same as ple
pineap-
dessert-spoonfuls ; cream, i pt ; milk, yi pt ; ice-cream.
I teacupful; egg, i. Stravyberry or raspberry Ice-cream.
sugar,
"
Beat the egg very light and mix it with the Ta/^^ .--Strawberries or raspberries,
I pt ; cream,
it to the egg and sugar ; rul) the chocolate smooth Mash the berries and strain off the juice; to
in a little'milk, and stir it in. A little vanilla this add sugar enough to make very sweet, and
be added if the flavor is liked. Put on the stir in the cream ; strain in the juiceof half a
may
fire and heat until it thickens well, stirringall lemon ; press the whole througha sieve, and
the time ; then set aside to cool. When it is freeze. Currants may be worked up in the same
and mash into it the soft ripe fruit,or the eggs and stir them in ; sweeten well ; and add
grated or cooked hard fruit,or grated pineap- ple the whites of the eggs, whipped to a stiff
; rub all through a sieve, sweeten it
very froth. Boil till it begins to thicken,stir till
sweet, and freeze it. Apples, pears, peaches, cold,and then freeze.
quinces, raspberries,and strawberries, are all ICES (WATER). Omit the cream, and mix "
Squeeze all the juice from the lemons, and or solid,it is an indication that too much water
stir into enough of sugar to make
it it thick ; has been used.
then add gradually the cream, flavored with Cherry-water Ice. " 7V?/i"".--Cherries,I qt ;
some of the grated rind, and freeze. lemons, 2 ; sugar, I pt ; water, I pt ; brandy, I
I oz ; bitter almonds, \ oz ; cream, I pt sugar ; add the water and the brandy ; then
;
eggs, yolks of
8 ; sifted
sugar, 4 oz. freeze.
Blanch and pound the almonds with
a little Currant-water Ice. Take :-Kvft, red cur-
rants, "
of 2.
orange-flowerwater (or rose-water) ; beat the and granulated sugar; eggs, whites
yolks of the eggs, add the sugar, and stir all Squeeze the currants through a linen bag,
gently into the cream ; put the whole on the and for each pint of the juiceallow a pound of
fire and stir continuallytillit begins to thicken. granulated sugar and a pint of water; and
Take it off,stir till cold,and then put it into when the sugar is thoroughly melted, put into
the freezer. the freezer; when half frozen, add the whites
a bean, and boil it in the milk. When all the one quart of water, in which the grated rind of
ingredients are stirred together thoroughly, three lemons has been soaked, until highly
freeze. flavored ; when partlyfrozen,add the whites of
Take .--Pineapple, four eggs, beaten to a stiff froth.
Pineapple Ice-cream. 1 "
of 2.
Pare the pineapple,slice it thin,and spread 2 ;
sugar, i pt ; water, i pt ; eggs, whites
ICING INFANT 303
sugar.
INDIGESTION. {See Dyspepsia.)
Pare the pineapples,remove the eyes, grate, INFANT. The period of infancy,according "
add the water and sufficient sugar to make it to the division usually adopted by medical
sweet it through the colander and writers,e.xtends to the time of changing from
very ; pass
mix it littleby little with the white of the egg, fluid to solid food, or say the end of the second
beaten to a stiff froth ; then freeze. year ; and it is this period only which will be
Ice." Make as directed for treated of in detail here. For suggestionscon-
Raspberry -water cerning
done in five minutes. Flavor with lemon or other method. The best bed for an infant is
vanilla. Beating the egg stiff before the sugar the ordinary hair mattress ; if the infant be
is added makes the icingslow in drying. Ice delicate,or while it is very young, a folded quilt
the cake soon as taken from the oven. be laid on this to make it softer. As a
as may
II. Place one pound of
sugar {double re-
fined)
general thing no pillow at all will be needed,
bowl with level teaspoonful of but if
in a a
any is used, it should be a very thin one,
cream tartar.andthe whites of three eggs; beat made of hair. Blankets of a soft and fleecy
with a wooden
spoon 20 minutes, when itshould texture, and not too heavy, should form the
be very white
and light,and on lettingit run only covering,especially at first. Sheets, when
from the spoon, preserve its thread-like ance
appear- they are used at all,are better of cotton than
4 minutes. Invert the cake on a of linen.
3 or
mould that is smaller than the cake. Ice the Birth. Usually a birth takes place in the "
I inch above the top; then make a layer of the her thumb and
tightlybetween fingers,so
icing,place it in a slow oven 35 minutes out
with- to stop the beating in the arteries of the cord
as
i to J oz cream of tartar; add I qt of boiling arrive soon, she should continue thus to hold
water, flavor with lemon peel or essence of If he be
the cord till he comes. cannot ent
pres-
lemon, sweeten to taste. A refreshing and for some time, she may tie the cord, pro-
ceeding
mildly stimulatingsummer beverage. in this way : take a strong string(a
INDIA-RUBBER. A cement be
"
can
piece of stout saddler's silk is best) twelve or
like to it for than three in these two articles full enough for all the practicalpurposes
guarantee more months, of an intelligentmother or nurse ; but those desiring more tailed
de-
though it generallylasts much longer. In its and other points should procure the
information on these
caoutchouc is from which considerable of terial
ma-
pure state nearly colorless, and excellent work a part our own
hand slip,for fear the umbilical cord should be removed, especialpains being taken with any
torn from the body of the child,which is creases that may be found, and with the hair.
away
a very grave accident. Secure the knot by If,in washing the child,any real or supposed
another tie "
that is, make it a hard knot ; deformity is found, it is best to consult the
but the ends must not be cut off yet. Another physicianat once. If it is not real,it will be a
similar knot must be tied round the cord about relief to the parents to know it ; if it needs tion,
atten-
two inches farther from the child than the first it may be important that it receive it at
one ; then, with a sharp pair of scissors, the once. After the washing is completed, if the
cord be cut in two. All this should be child is cold, it had better be wrapped up snug-
ly
may
done good light,and
in a especial care taken in a warm and very soft blanket, and allowed
that nothing is in the way of the scissors so as to get warm before the dressing is proceeded
to be injured by them. After the cord is di-
vided,
with. In dressing,the first thing to be done
the cut end next child should
the be is to dress the cord of the navel. For this
wiped clear of blood and carefullye.xamined to purpose, take a stripof old and soft linen,half
be sure bleeding from it. If it does
there is no an inch wide and six inches long,and wind it
bleed, the cord be again tied a little near-
er mustround the cord till it is entirelycovered ; then
the child's body than the first string,and lay the cord up againstthe belly,and apply the
with the same precautionsas before. The cord belly-bandover it. This belly-bandshould be
however is not to be cut again. When it is a.s- of fine and soft,but strong flannel,about four
certained that there is no bleeding from the inches wide and eighteen inches long,and cut
cord, the ends of the string should be cut off straightways of the cloth. The middle of the
within an inch of the knot, and the child fully
care- band should be put over the navel, one end
wrapped in a warm and soft blanket or lapped over the other, drawn and
pretty firmly,
sheet, and kept from all exposure not
to to slip; there
cold, air will be less fastened so as
and for this purpose use a hand-basin of good bewitched to give the child a teaspoonful of
size,or a very small tub half filled with warm molasses and water, or some other nauseous
water. To use cold water as is sometimes dose, in order, as they say, to move the bowels.
done is ; for although a
unjustifiable very robust No medicine of any kind should be permitted
infant not suffer from it,the chances are, to enter the infantaslips. Even when the
may
at the best, that it will take a violent cold. mother's breast yieldsno fluid for several days,
Too hot water is also to be avoided ; the pro]" no medicine will be needed. Sweetened water,
er temperature is a little below blood-heat. lukewarm, will be all that is required for the
The may infant
be washed with a soft sponge .firsttwenty-fourhours ; afterwards, the addition
as it lies
the lap,or it may be placed in the
on of one part of boiled and skimmed milk to four
tub : the former is preferable. The difficulty
or five parts of sugar water is to be given.
in the first washing is to remove the cheesy The habit of puttingthe child to the breast
be shunned for the
matter on the surface. Oil, lard, or egg are every time it cries,should
frequentlyapplied before the washing under sake of the mother and for the sake of the
the impression that they remove this cheesy child itself. Once in two hours is often enough
matter more ; but for
effectually this purpose for the new-born child to nurse during the day,
soap, which should be delicate,not coarse, is and once in three hours during the night.
sufficient. All of this matter must be carefully With the increase in the age of the child,the
INFANT 305
intervals between meals may be lengthened so woollen socks at first. Tight shoes as well as
that when the child !s six months old, it should tight dressing,are a domestic torture against
be about three hours. From birth too, the which the infant should be protected. But it
accustomed to to sleep is not so much small shoes ill-made shoes
infant should be go as
habits be developed at this time. Iwery soon as the child begins to walk ; the ankle
can
morning the child should be put into a warm seems to give way also, and to bend towards
defective part of the shoe
bath (blood-heat is the riglittemperature), the ; and the child's
followed by a good rubbing with the soft hand ; step becomes thus both unsafe and awkward.
it should then be dressed and allowed to nurse. Caps should never be put on an infant's head,
After first month, it is well, if the weather
the except when into the open it is
air. sent
be mild, to accustom the infant to be carried Diet of Infants. The mother's milk is the
out of doors by its nurse every day. The most appropriatefood for an infant in all stages
dress, of course, must be warm, the head and of its development ; but it happens sometimes,
chest being covered and, the feet being tected that the
pro- mother cannot nurse her infant or that
from the cold. The eyes also must be her milk is and
insufficient, in such cases it is
protected from the light; but the utmost care necessary to find a substitute. This providing
must be e.xercised in arranging the veil or of artificial food is the most delicate and portant
im-
handkerchief over the face,for it is the easiest point in the raisingof infants ; and in
thing imaginable to suffocate a very young the suggestions which we shall offer on the
child. subjectwe shall follow very closelythe rules
Clothing of As regards the ma-
Infants. terial
"
laid down by Dr. Jacobi in his address to the
of infants' clothing,the same rule applies Public Health Association of New York "
senting
pre-
as to the clothingof adults {see Clothing). his conclusions as far as possible, but
Soft flannel or woollen garments should be omitting the arguments and illustrations by
worn next to the skin for the greater part which he explainsand enforces them.
of is made Since asses' milk procured in this be
the year, and when a change to cannot
lightermaterial,it should be done with great country the choice practicallylies between the
caution. Dress the infant so that it will be milk of cows and that of goats. In goats'milk
always warm, but not so as to cause perspira- the percentage of solid constituents
tion. is exces-
sive,
that the tender frame of the infant yields and the latter by adding an alkaline salt (the
readilyto pressure, and its clothing must be carbonate or bicarbonate of potassa or soda).
large and loose, so that no part of its form Whichever of these may be selected may not
shall be prevented from moving and expanding make a great deal of difference under otherwise
with all the freedom of nature. Not only will normal circumstances ; but they should be ded
ad-
tightdressingat period cause permanentthis at once when the milk is put aside for the
distortion,and thus destroygrace and beauty, infant's use. Common salt is also a very cessary
ne-
probably fatal disease. The use of heavy of either of the salts to every meal of the new- born,
diapers may have a tendency to deform the besides a small quantityof common salt,
lower limbs of an infant. If not entirely pensed
dis- and a largerdose in proportionto age." But "
with, their use need not be prolonged there is still another difficulty to be overcome
beyond a very few months of infancy,during before cow's milk can be made a perfectly factory
satis-
which the natural instincts of the child should substitute for the mother's milk; and
be made, they can be earlyperiod, that is the of its caseine
as at a very greater coagulability
to assume the form of regular habits. The which comparatively indigestible.
renders it
diaper,moreover, when used, should be very The remedy of this is as follows: IVlixquite
looselyfitted to the child,so as not to bind the thin and transparent mucilage (made of gum-
thighand prevent the free action of its muscles. arabic)with boiled and skimmed milk, and add
The substitution of short dresses for long ones the desirable quantityof sugar and salt,or soda.
may take place when the child is about four This acts mechanicallyonly^ is very soothingto
months oid, if the weather be favorable, and the bowels, and effectuallyprevents the too rapid
should seldom be deferred beyond the sixth
coagulationof the milk in the infant's stomach.
month. As this is quite a serious change in An indifferent substance of this sort will gen-
erally
the child's way of
life,it should be carefully be all that is desired for very young
watched for time and protected againstcold ; infants in weeks and
; when they advance
a
and, whatever the season, had best wear light months, they require a substance which, while
20
INFANT 307
on the nurse's knees. It should be laid on the (anteriormolars),about the close of the twelfth
bed or in its crib wide-awake, and left. In month irregularin their order; stomach
"
and
most cases, if it has not previouslybeen spoilt,eye teeth (canines), from the fourteenth to the
it will go quietlyto sleep,if sleepy,and if it is twentieth month irregularin their order ; "
sleepy,it had better remain awake. It is back teetli (posterior molars),from the eigh-
not teenth
astonishing how earlythis habit may be form- ed, to the thirty-sixth month irregularin "
every child until it is at least two years old. found that the ridge,which has previouslybeen
Sleeplessness is always an indication of de- rangement
visible along the edge of the jaw, has entirely
of function, or of organic disease. disappeared,and the gum is full and rounded.
For the first three or four months of fancy After
in- a few days, the point of a tooth makes
any strict regulationas to habits of its way through the membrane which has
sleeping can scarcelybe carried out ; but by covered it, and the remainder of its crown
the time they attain their third some steps soon appears. The slightdisturbance which
may be taken in this direction. For instance, has previously existed then disappears, and
young infants often begin their lives by sleep- ing returns only when another tooth is about to
more by day than by night a very troub- "
lesome come through.
and inconvenient habit, but one diflS- This is the healthy and natural process of
cult to alter ; yet, as soon as the infant be- gins teething,which is but rarely interruptedby
to take notice, his nurse should endeavor accidents or mishaps ; for,indeed, the disturb- ances
to keep him awake as the evening draws incident to the period are too frequently
on, by arousing his attention to everything exaggerated. When the child keeps perfectly
around, and by fondling him activelyin her well, there will seldom be pain produced by
arms. Thus, by slight fatigue and longer the pressure of the tooth on the gum, which
wakefulness, she will be preparinghim to settle not only keeps the cliild from sleeping,but
down quietlylater in the evening. As soon as from obtaining a moment's rest. "This pain
possible,suckling or feeding a child at night is rarely constant and severe. When the
ought to be discontinued ; after the first month child's mouth is examined, there is nothing
sleep at nightwill be more salutaryto the child found in most cases but more or less swelling
than food. From its birth to the age of six of the gums. When the tooth is near cutting
months an infant should have two sleeps a through, a slightdepression is found on top.
day, one in the morning, the other in the after- noon, This depression results from gradual decay of
each of an hour's length. After the sixth the tissue under which the tooth is gently
month one sleep at about mid-day will be pressing upwards. The whole is
process
sufficient;and this habit should be continued gradual and mild, like every change in the or- ganism,
until the end of the third year of the child's as long as circumstances are favorable
life,and even to a later period if the child be and the general health good. Only when the
weakly. gum^ are unusually hard or inflamed there is
In rousing young children from sleep the some danger that,by the exhaustion and tation
irri-
gentlestmeans should be employed, not vi"- which are thus produced, the nervous
lent shaking or loud speaking. It is extremely
system of the child will become deranged, and
hazardous to startle or shock children when convulsions follow. To avoid this danger, the
they are awake ; but to rouse them from gum should be divided with a lancet so as to
the unconsciousness of sleep into a state of let the tooth through. When the gum is in
terror is not only cruel,but may cause serious the condition above described, no harm can
injury.A boisterous, rude, or harsh nurse may possiblyresult from its division,provided it is
in this way make impressionof horror on a properly done.
an A cross cut (like this, X)
child's mind that no subsequent gentlenessor should be made directlyon the top of the tooth
kindness can efface. It is best under all cir-
cumstances
and down to it. No blood-vessel can be
to let the sleep come to its natural touched in this way, so there can be no danger
close. of excessive belief
bleeding,and the common
Teething." The first set of teeth (or milk that it is injuriousto the child can have no
and pressed againstit, or what is better,if a drug- of food which will be mentioned as
shop is near, a little tannin may be gotten fitted for weaned children. When the mother
and used in the same way. In the country, furnishes an insufiicient
supply of milk for the
when neither of these is at hand, a strong tea child " which may be known by its constant
may be made with white oak or hemlock bark, hunger and the inability of the mother to sup-
ply
and a soft piece of linen saturated with it it " he may, if two or four are through, be
pressed firmly against the gum. As a rule, either entirelyor partly weaned, even though
gentle pressure with two fingers is amply Summer is approaching. If no teeth are
sufficient. During the time in which teeth are through,he should be partlyweaned that is, "
pressing,care should be taken that the child's he should be fed in part and nursed in part.
bowels be kept open that is,that there should
"
Thus he may be allowed to nurse two or three
be at least one good movement from them times in the twenty-fourhours, his other meals
be allowed being of more less solid food and
every day. Two, even, may to or milk.
occur ; but when there are habitually more When the mother's milk disagrees with the
than this, and more especially when these child,as it sometimes will,there of course mains
re-
are very loose, watery and offensive, tliey no choice, except between weaning and
should be checked "without delay. providing a wet nurse.
In some cases the effects of the growth of Whatever may be the season, it is better to
the teeth are manifested not on the bowels make the change from nursing to feeding a
alone,but (either with or without diarrhoea)on gradual rather than a sudden one. The infant
the nervous system, and we have restlessness, should be accustomed to nurse at longer in- tervals,
involuntarytwitchings of the mouth, starting and, the number of times being re- duced
general derangement will be found in some ease disgustfor it that will not permit him
dis- to take
which has nothing to do with teething. It it again.
requiresthe knowledge of an educated cian
physi- The articles of diet to which the child may
to find it out. A physician who is always be graduallyaccustomed at weaning are (be- sides
ready to explain every disease or disturbance milk) bread, butter,which must be en-
tirely
in a child by teethingought not to be trusted. sweet and not very salt ; for older chil- dren
A warm bath may be given to the child just only,soft-boiled eggs, simple broths, and
before it is put to bed. plain roasted or boiled meats. Oysters are
Weaning. -The
"
change from milk to solid nearlyas easilydigestedas meats, but not all
food is called weaning, and is a very grave children like them, and it must be remembered
matter. The best time and method of weaning that they have a tendency to open the bowels.
a child depend upon circumstances. Of these, Boiled meats are not so good as roasted,
the season of the year is one of the most portant.
im- the former containingmuch less of the nutri- ent
A child that may properly be put materials than the latter,in a less desira- ble
on solid diet in October could not be so in condition. Broiled meats are also good,
June without running the greatest risk of being but fried are to be avoided. Fish is to be
dangerously sick in July and August. If the shunned, as are all salted meats. Barley,oat- meal,
child is thriving,gaining rapidly in strength, and farina are the best possiblefood for
and contented with the breast-milk, it will be a child,well cooked and mixed with milk, or
well to allow him to continue to nurse a month sometimes beef soup or beef tea. Baked tatoes
po-
or two after the usual time. It is a great mis-
take are much better for children than
to believe that a child will thrive better boiled, and sweet potatoes are more readilydi-
gested
on breast-milk than artificial food after a tain
cer- than the common white potato. ever
Which-
time. When two or four teeth are through, is used, it should be thoroughly baked
the time for gradual weaning has arrived. or roasted, the skin taken off, and a little milk
This will usuallybe when the baby is eight or or cream or butter put on it after it is mashed.
ten months old. When the child has no tooth Still,potatoes are better food for older dren,
chil-
at that time, there is something wrong. ally
Usu- and should not be given soon after
the milk
the motherof is not sufficient weaning. Meats should be thoroughly cooked,
for the full and
healthy development of the but not done very hard ; a beefsteak that is
child. In such cases the weaning of the child still red in the inside when cut, has far more
is frequentlythe best cure. A physicianought nourishment in it than one that is brown
to be called in to decide the question. To throughout.
defer weaning the child beyond the time when A little milk may temporarily soothe thirst,
si.x or eight teeth are through is simply crimi-
nal. but is not the proper thing for it. Tea and
Many diseases, such as rickets and life- long coffee are injurious. Cool water is the only
debility,and lingering,result very fre- jthing to satisfythirst. A thirstyadult does
quently from nursingwhich is continued too |not drink beef tea, or milk, or chocolate,
INFLAMMATION INSANITY 309
times
not the common beverage. In summer time check them. In the former case the quantity
give a child,where there is danger of diarrhoea, of fluid is the chief thing,and an injectionof
toast water, rice water, or barley water. Sugar tepidwater simply,or water with a little soap
ought not to be mixed with a child's beverage. in it, to prevent its rapid absorption by the
It makes him drink more greedily at unneces-
sary bowels, is generally the most effective and
times, and sours his stomach. always the most harmless way of bringing
INFLAMMATION. External tion
inflamma-
"
about a discharge from the bowels. In all
is characterized by four symptoms, either cases of constipation, in young children cially,
espe-
of which occurs by itselfin other forms of dis- ease, the effect of an injectionshould be tried
but not grouped together. These are : before any medicine is given. It makes little
I St, swelling; 2d, pain ; 3d, redness ; 4th, difference what kind of syringe is used, but it
heat. Whenever, therefore, these four symp- toms should be largeenough to hold the entire quan- tity
exist, there is said to be inflammation to be given at one time. Injectionsfor
present; when they are severe in degree, there checking the bowels always contain an active
is always fever accompanying them. Internal drug, and should never be given except under
inflammation is recognized only by the occur- rence a physician'sadvice. The syringe for these
of pain and disturbance of function, should be smaller than for the other kind of
generallyaccompanied with acceleration of the injection.
pulse and with fever of a kind called inflam- matory. INK. (Black). A good black ink can be "
In either case, inflammation is rather made as follows : Take a gallonof rain or soft "
a symptom of other diseases than a disease in water, and three-quartersof a pound of blue-
itself, and cannot be treated independently of galls,bruised ; infuse them three weeks, stir- ring
its cause. When it appears on the surface if daily. Then add four ounces each of
may generally be reduced by soothing and green copperas and logwood chips, six ounces
coolingapplications,especially of cold water. of gum arabic, and a wineglassfulof brandy.
INFLtlENZA. The symptoms "
of influenza Marking Ink. To make a good marking ink
are very similar to those of a severe cold. The take of lunar caustic, two drachms ; gum bic,
ara-
eyes become watery, and there is a persistent half a drachm ; distilled water, two drachms.
tendency to sneeze ; discharge from the nose, To be well mixed, and kept in a small stopper-
cough, fever, and oppression at the chest soon bottle,and in a dark place,as the lunar caustic
ensue. But the distinctive characteristics of loses its virtue by being exposed to the light.
influenza are a pain in the forehead,which
dull The linen to be marked upon must be pre-
viously
is very oppressive,and extraordinaryprostra- tion prepared with the followingmixture : "
a warm bath, go to bed and remain there for by a solution containing3 oz. muriatic
two or three days, encouraging perspirationacid with 3 oz. of tin-salt, protochlorideof "
by every means in his power. If it can be tin. To remove ink stains from delicate ors,
col-
had, ten grains of Dover's Powder with a which would be injured by the above
little sugar should be taken, and repeated if agents, a solution of pyrophosphate of soda,
needful. What is known as wine-whey is also prepared by calciningordinary phosphate of
very useful (to make it,see Wine-Whey.) A soda for half an hour, will after a time remove
ten grains of quinine at bed-time ; or two, re- peated, by applyinga solution of bleaching pow- der,
four times a day. or Javelle water, and afterwards washing
INFUSION. Infusions
"
are made by pour-
ing with ammonia. Cyanide of potassium may
water, either boiling, merely warm, or even jalso be used, but is so poisonous that it is ad- visable
cold, upon some vegetable substance and let-
ting to avoid its use if possible.
it stand for some time without further Ink spots on floors can be removed by ing
scour-
boiling. It is evident that the water here can them with sand wet in a mixture of water
only extract such matters as are soluble in and oil of vitroL Rinse them, when the ink is
that fluid,and infusions are seldom very strong. extracted, with strong pearl-ashwater.
The beverage called tea is an infusion of tea- INSANITY." The causes which may lead
leaves. to in
insanity,particularly those whose mental
INGRAFTING. (See Grafting.) condition'isweak, are very numerous.
One of
INGRO"WING NAIL. {See Toe-Nail.) the most fertile causes in this country is drunk-
enness.
INJECTIONS. "
Injectionsare given some- Excessive study, strong mental ex-
INSANITY IRON-WARE
310
not unfrequent cause. Inmany cases it is chances of recovery in a hospitalare about five
and this is o" the most terrible times as great as at home. If this is not clusive
con-
hereditary, one
which the mental faculties are wholly impaired, outset of mental diseases, during which the ex-
periment
patientbecomes callous or dead to allthat is this is seen, neglectto adopt it is not only mis-
taken
going on around him. Usually, however, two but criminal. Incases manifestlyincur-
able
or more of these kinds occur together. Moral from the first,home treatment may be
of concentrating the attention, for in all cases, and at the earliest symptoms, the
power any
lengthof time, on one subject; then all control advice of a physician should be sought.
is lost over the thoughts, and the mind ders
wan- INSECTS." ^i-i? Ants. Bed-bugs, roaches,
Cock-
meaninglesslyfrom one subjectto another ; Fleas, Flies, Mosquitoes, Moth,
at length there is a heedlessness of all that is and Floriculture.
going on around, and life becomes a mere istence,
ex- INSPISSATION." The process of thicken-
ing
the mental faculties being entirely any liquid solution by evaporating part
lost. of the water over a fire. This process, with most
Sometimes insanitycomes on quitesuddenly, animal and vegetable substances, is best per- formed
without any warning whatever ; at other times in a water-bath, to pre vent burning. It is
there is a previousderangement of the bodily often adopted for the purpose of rendering a
functions,loss of appetite,restlessness,and in- abilitysolution or an infusion stronger.
to .sleep.The chance of recovery pends
de- INTERMITTENT FEVER. (See Ague.)
largelyon the complicationor otherwise IRIS. One of the prettiestof the
"
early
of insanity with other diseases, especiallySpring flowering bulbs. Its culture is exactly
epilepsyor paralysis, with either of which it is the same as that of the hyacinth,except that
nearly hopeless. It is also influenced by the in planting out of doors the bulbs should be
form of the disease, the period of its duration, set three inches deep instead of four. Choice
the age, sex, and constitution of the patient.varieties are : /. Cristela, lightblue, in May ;
The mean duration of cases terminatingfavor-ably /. Florefitina,\ihit6, in June; /. Ger?"tanica,
is from five to ten months; after the latter blue, in June; /. Piimila, purple,in May.
period,recovery is very doubtful. In advanced IRISH STEW, (^^i-under JVIuTTON.)
life,insanity is generallypermanent and imbe- cility IRON {Polishing). Similar to a flat-iron. "
is very rarelycurable. The edge and point are rounded, and the
Upon the questionof home treatment in cases whole so highlypolished as to leave a much
of insanity, there must always be a strugglebe- tweensmoother surface than the ordinary iron.
prudence and affection,judgment and IRONING. (See Washing.)
feeling;but the almost universal opinion of IRON-WARE. Iron rust or oxide of iron,
"
the medical profession is in favor of hospitalso far from being hurtful, is frequentlypre- scribed
treatment for all recent cases. It must be rec-
ollected as a tonic ; and the only inconve-
nience
that insane asylums are very different arising from employing the metal
in our day from those of fifty years since ; and in its pure state is its liability to rust, thus
that, though still fulfilling the function of asy- lums wearing into holes ; and, in this case, it is also
for the chronic insane, and affordingpro-
tection apt to tinge the color of food prepared in it.
to the community from insane violence, On this account, sauce-pans, tea-kettles,and
their crowning gloryis the humane and efficient other utensils made of iron, should be tinned
treatment they afford. It is well-nigh impos-sible over to prevent rusting. Cast-iron is much less
that home treatment should be ive
effect-
as
apt to rust than hammered or rolled. Iron
as given by experts
that who have made kettles,lined with porcelain,
are best for pre-
serves
insanitya specialstudy,and in dealingwith it ; the German are superior to many
ISINGLASS IVORY 311
others. Too hot a fire will crack them ; hut, melt more easily. Take care that it does not
with care in this respect,they will last for many brown, as in that case it can never be made
years. There is one method by which, even clear,and will have an unpleasant taste. For
without tinning,the disagreeable effect pro- duced a largerquantity,use more water, but not more
on food by cast-iron when it rusts may white of egg. If the isinglassis requiredto
be almost entirelyprevented. If,instead of be clear,
particularly squeeze into it the juiceof
scouring the inside of boilers,stew-pans, etc., a lemon.
with sand, they be simply washed and rinsed ITCH. " This very disagreeable cutaneous
out with warm water, and wiped with a soft disease seldom attacks any but those of dirty
cloth, the surface of the metal will soon become habits or trade, and common cleanliness will
covered with a thin crust or coating of a dark generallyprevent it ;
but, as it is infectious
brown color, resembling enamel ; this enamel, under certain conditions,it sometimes gets into
if it be suffered to remain and consolidate,will respectablecircles.
disease is known by The
at last become so hard as to take agoodvery the appearance pimples or vesicles, of little
acquiring that color and taste which iron alone wrists and inner surfaces of the elbows when
is apt to impart to it. other parts of the body are affected ; they never
Polished preserved from rust
iron may be
appear on the face. The itchingis most ciating,
excru-
the mixture a little greasiness. Lay on this for itch. It does little good taken internally,
mixture with a bristle brush, and see that no but the ointment (made by mixing sulphur and
dust or ashes gets to it while drying. lard together in about equalproportions) should
Iron exposed to the vsreather may be served be
pre- well rubbed over the entire surface of the
as follows :
" Boil eight pounds of
hog's body night and morning, until the eruptiondis- appears.
fat, cut very small, in a glazedpot or pipkin, The sulphur,of course, has a very
with three or four spoonfuls of water; when disagreeablesmell, but this may be disguised
melted, strain it through coarse linen ; then set in various ways. Another remedy is a strong
it on a slow fire,with four ounces of camphor solution of the iodide of potassium,whichshould
broken small, allowingit to boil gently. Take be put on all the affected parts every nightand
it off,and, while hot, mix it with as much black- left to dry on. This has the advantage of having
lead as will give it color and consistence, and no smell, but is of questionableefficacy.The
lay it on hot. This will not only protect the bedding used by a person having the itch must
iron in the atmosphere from rust, but also be thoroughly aired and fumigated, and the
whatever portion may be in the ground. clothingboiled with plenty of strong soft soap.
ISINGLASS. A very fine kind of gelatine,
"
IVORT Is obtained from the tusk of the "
procured from the swimming-bladder of the elephant, and the teeth of the hippopotamus
sturgeon. There are inferior kinds, which are and walrus. Until seasoned by use, it cracks
taken from the intestines of the cod and other easily,and should never be exposed to
very
fish. It is imported from Russia, Brazil,and sudden changes of temperature. Billiard
the West Indies. The first of these is by far balls,for instance, if taken from one room to
the best in quality, while that from Brazil is another of very different temperature, should
very impure, and scarcely fitted for culinary not be used till they have had time to gradu- ally
purposes. When dry, isinglass is semi-trans-
parent change their temperature. Ivory, when
; but on contact with the water it soon wet, should always be promptly wiped. New
becomes opaque and swells, and dissolves ivory,when not in use, may be advantageously
slowly,leavinga very slightresiduum of cellu-
lar kept smeared over with olive-oil, the absorp-
tion
membrane, so thin as not to be perceptible of which closes small cracks.
without If there Carvings in ivory,when not kept under glass,
a very careful examination.
is much sediment when it is dissolved, the to become covered in time with titude
mul-
are apt a
is
isinglass not pure. Russian makes
isinglass of minute cracks, which get filled with
a transparent jellywhen cold, but that from dust, and deface them. To remove these, the
Brazil has a somewhat milky hue. Isinglassis ivoryshould be washed in warm water with soap
adulterated ties and a brush until the cracks disappear; after
by substitutingthe inferior quali-
for the superior, but chiefly by sellingcom-
mon which it should be placed under glass for pres-
ervation.
gelatineas isinglass.To distinguishthe Glass not only protects ivory,but
one from the other, see directions given under affords the means of bleaching or whitening
Gelatine. that which has been discolored. This effect is
To melt a quarter of a pound of isinglass,produced by exposing it,still under glass,to
take a little more than a pint of water, into the sun's rays, turning each side in succession
which throw the twelfth part of the white of an to the sun.
egg ; beat the water well tillit becomes white ; Ivory may be sih'ered'va tne followingman-
ner:
deep yellow color ; then take it out, wash it in young leaves come out it resembles a mass of
clean water, and expose it to the sun's rays, yellow flowers. The
plant commonly called
which will turn it black in about three hours. German Ivy is not an ivy,but it is deservedly
Upon being rubbed brisklywith a cloth,the popular from its rapidgrowth and its freedom
ivory will acquire a silverylustre. from insects. Five-leaved Ivy is the well-
rVY. This is the most
"
popular of the orna-
mental known VirginiaCreeper or Woodbine.
evergreen vines, and is equallyadapted IXIA. A variety of the Cape
"
Bulbs, re-
markable
for garden or indoor culture. In the garden for the brilliancyof its flowers. It
it requires a shady spot, where the soil is is of easy growth, but in our climate it can
moderately rich,and especially where the winter be raised only in the greenhouse or in the
sun will not strike upon it. In our climate it is parlor,as the least frost kills it. Plant about
killed far more often by this latter cause than the latter part of November in a compost made
by the actual cold of winter. It requiresa of one part sandy loam and one part peaty
great deal of moisture in order to flourish,and earth, with a little well-decomposed dung, in
in fact too much water can hardly be given it new clean pots ; fill the pots about an inch
during the hot weather of summer. It should deep with small crocks to secure good age,
drain-
be planted near some wall, or fence, or house, as without this the plantswill not thrive.
so as get support as it grows.
to Place the pots in a cool place till the plants
The of its culture,its beautiful
ease foliage,begin to grow, then place them in a strong
its rapid growth, and its evergreen character, light on a shelf close to the window ; the closer
all combine to render it a popular ornament for to the glass the better for the plants. The
tlie parlor. The soil for its growth indoors temperature for Ixias is about fortydegrees at
should be a very rich nightto sixtyby day. Five or six bulbs in a ten-
loam ; and here also a
supply of
plentiful water pot are quite sufficient,
is required,though but never mix the
it inch
should never be allowed to stand at the roots. varieties. By the latter part of January the
Slipsroot easily, taken off at any leaf joint, and flower stalks will begin to appear, as they are
placed either in earth or water ; in the latter very slender they should be secured to neat
they will soon throw out roots, and may then stakes. Soon after blooming, the leaves begin
be transferred to pots. The only precautionto to turn yellow,and the plant indicates a desire
be taken in growing ivy is to keep it from frost to rest. Unless it is desirable to ripen seed,
while in growth ; and if it be frozen, to keep the plantsshould be allowed to dry off grad-
ually,
the sun away from it,thawing it out with cold and the pots then placed in a dry place
water. tillnext autumn.
There are speciesof ivy,of which the Seedlings may be easily raised. Sow the
many
most common is the English ivy (Hedera seeds thinly,about the first of October, in the
Helix),of which there are many varieties. The same soil used for bulbs ; let the seedlings
distinctions between these lie chieflyin the remain in the pot one year ; then transplant
There and old bulbs they will bloom the
vary greatlyin shape.
leaves, which are treat as ;
two beautiful kinds, the silver and the third year if well cared for. The most usual
very
golden, the foliagebeing beautifully variegated propagation, however, is by offsets ;
mode of
with white and gold. The Tree Ivy is merely separate these before potting,and they will
a form of the common ivy,as is shown by its soon make floweringplants.
returningto its primary form not infrequently. Among the choice varieties of the Ixia are :
The leaves are entire,and the plant often re- tains /. Alba Ociilata,white shading to yellow,with
white
its arborescent form for years. In the dark chocolate eye, very fine ; /. Capitata,
Irish or Giant Ivy (H. Cantiariensis), the leaves and black ; /. Conica, orange ; /. Conchijlora,
are five lobed, and larger than those of the buff colored ; /. Crispa, blue ; /. Crocata,
common ivy. H. Rocqueriana is a varietywith orange-yellow, very fine ; /. Cratenoides, dark
J.
JACKET. {See Sacque.) except that the latter are made of the firmer
JACONET." A light,open and apricots,etc,
soft cotton fruits,as pineapples,peaches,
fabric, stouter than mushn, used juicyberries,
for dresses, while jams are made of the more
neckties, etc., and quite durable. It comes such as blackberries, currants, raspberries,
in pieces a yard wide, and should be shrunk strawberries, etc. They both require great
and attention in boiling,as the slighest
thoroughly before using. care
the same and differ little from each other. taste. They must be boiled suffi-
way,
JAM JAUNDICE 313
cientlyand must have plenty of sugar or they boiled with half the quantityof sugar, and the
will not keep. other half added ; boil slowly,constantlystir-
ring
well; then add three-quarters of a pound of a smooth pulp, and a thick jam, which
leaves the bottom of the when stirred.
sugar for every pound of the berries, and cook pan
be added
longer. Keep in small jars, The grated rind of lemon
one may to
twenty minutes
brandied tissue the top, in a each pound of rhubarb and sugar. A less ex-
pensive
with paper over
tender, mash them well, and blackberry jam; but the flavor is mucli
rub them through like
a sieve. To each pound of the pulp, add three- finer if a pint of currant juice be added to
jams, and in a cool, dry closet will keep from family of climbing shrubs, which grows wild
up with the hands; boil carefully half an hour, be given rather freely. The plant should be
then add the sugar hour, carefullytrained on neat trellises, and the branches lowed
al-
; boil one
skimming it the while. to droop. The only insect attacking
in. With Red or White Currants." het them is a scale,which a little care in washing
the fruit be very ripe ; break it up ; to every will soon remove.
pound weigh fourteen ounces of sugar ; boil The most desirable varieties are : y. Azori-
the fruit half an hour, then add the sugar, cum, white flowers in summer ; J. Multijlo-
and boil it about an hour and a half,stirringrum, white flowers in spring; J. Nudifioru7n,
it constantly. yellow flowers in spring; J. Odoraiissimutn, yel- low
Gooseberry Jeun. Use fruit that is nearly "
flowers in spring.
ripe ; pulloff the stems and withered flowers, JAUNDICE. A disease characterized by "
wash in cold water; heat slowly and boil until yellowness of the skin, and eyes, and urine, the
perfectly soft ; add a pound of sugar to
every discharges
from the bowels being of a whitish
pound of fruit and boil until thick and clear. or clay color. It is caused by the excretion of
Greengage Jam. Take off the stems
"
and bile being prevented and retained in the blood,
wash the fruit ; heat slowly and boil in its own or reabsorbed and diffused through the system.
juiceuntil perfectlysoft; add a pound of sugar It depends upon various and different internal
to every pound of fruit,and boil until clear causes. Pregnant women frequently suffer
and thick. Put it up in largetumblers ; cover from it. Any kind of pressure upon the excre-
tory
weights of rhubarb and loaf sugar, and the loss of appetite,irregularor constipated
juice of two lemons to every five pounds of bowels, colic, nausea, headache, languor, etc.
rhubarb and sugar ; or the stalk may be first Sooner or later the yellow color begins to ap"
JELLY 315
for many
Apple Jelly." Take the apples (pippinsare I decorate raised pies,and liams ; and
clean and take out the other purposes of the table.
the best), wipe them
stem and eye. Cut them without
in thin slices, Barberry Jelly. -Strip the fruit from the
in stems, wash it in clean water, drain, bruise
paring or coring;put them a preserving-
kettle,add just enough water to cover them, slightly, and put it into a stone jar,without
and boil them without touching until perfectly any water. Place the jar in a pan of water,
soft put them in the kettle if it is porce-
lain-lined and steam the berries until quite tender ; this
; away
otherwise, slip them very carefully will require from
;
half an hour to an hour.
into a large earthen bowl, and leave them in a Pour off the clear juice,strain, weigh, and for
cool place for three days. At the end of that every pound of the juice,add eighteen ounces
time, drain them in a straining-clotli, without of sugar; boil quickly from five to seven utes.
min-
pressing; add a pound of granulatedsugar Unless the berries are quite ripe more
to every pint of juice,and boil for three-quar- ters sugar will be required.
of an hour ; pour it into a pitcher,fill the Blackberry Jelly. Prepare the fruit as for
"
glasses,and cover with one paper pasted over barberry jelly, put it into a stone jar, and set
the top. Do not move the glasses until the it on the fire in a pan of tepid water ; cover it
and let it boil till the fruit is broken
jellyhas cooled, as it is apt to soil the pa- per. closely,
thoroughly to pieces; then strain through a
Arro-wroot Jelly. Mi.x a dessertspoonfulof coarse
"
spoon
calf's feet,with three or four pounds of knuckle dissolved. Let the jellyjust come to a boil,
of veal, three-quarters of a pound of lean ham, then remove at once from the fire,and pour
two large onions, three whole carrots, and a into glasses that have been previously dipped
large bunch of herbs, in a gallonof water, till in hot water.
it is reduced more than half. Strain it off ; Ca!f's-foot Jelly. Put "
four splitcalf's feet
when perfectlycold, remove every particle of on to boil in a gallon of water, and continue
fat and sediment, and put the jellyinto a very boilinggently for four liours,or until the water
clean stew-pan, with four whites of eggs well is reduced to half. Then strain the liquor
beaten ; keep it stirred until it is nearlyboiling; through a sieve,and when cold and a firm jelly,
then place it by the side of the fire to simmer scrape off the grease, wash the surface with a
for a quarter of an hour. Let it settle,and little scaldingwater, and dry it with a soft hot
pour it through a jelly-bag until it is quite clear. cloth. Then put the jellyinto a stew-pan, with
Add, when it first begins to boil,three blades two pounds of white sugar, the juice of six
of mace, a teaspoonful of white peppercorns, lemons and the rinds of four (cut fine),a bruised
and suflicient salt to flavor it properly,allowing stick of cinnamon, and twenty-four coriander
for the ham, and the reduction. French cooks seeds. Set this on the fire,and add the whites
flavor jellywith tarragon vinegar when
this it of six
eggs well whipped, with half a pint of
is clarified ; cold poultry, game, fish, plovers' water, and continue beating the jellyon the fire
eggs, truffles,and various dressed vegetables, until it boils ; then add half a pint of sherry or
with many other things often elaborately pared, Madeira, and
pre-
simmer gently for twenty min-
utes.
and highly ornamented, are moulded Pass it through a jelly-baginto a bowl,
and served in it,especially at largedejeuners and if it is not clear,repeat the process. The
and similar repasts. It is also much used to color may be heightenedby a few drops of
316 JELLY
brandy than with wine. Three wineglassfuls in a pint of water ; add a pound of loaf sugar,
of brandy to two quarts of jelly will be the prop-
er and the juiceand rinds of two lemons ; boil it
proportion, and the difference should be ten minutes and strain it into the mould.
made up with water. Add the brandy, when Marbled Jelly. This pretty dish consists of "
the jellyhas been once passed through the bag. various fragments united by a cement of a
Calf's-head Jelly. (Sir Calf's Head.) different color. It may be made either with
Cherry (Wild) and Currant Jelly. Take the remains left after a supper-party, or various
"
two parts of wild cherries (stones and all) and kinds of jellyand blanc-mange, or firm creams
one of red currants ; to a pint of juice allow a may be made on purpose ; these may be colored
pound of sugar, and make as directed for black- berry yellow with saffron,turmeric, or egg-yolk,green
jelly. with spinach-juice, and pink with cochineal or
linen bag, and squeeze it thoroughly; when it each pint of juice; heat it as directed for
has ceased to drip,measure the juice,and to blackberryjelly,
and add it after the juice has
every pint allow a pound and two ounces of boiled twenty minutes. Let it come to a boil,
the best loaf sugar, in large lumps. Mix the and then remove instantlyfrom the fire.
juice and sugar together; put them in a por- Quince
celain-lined Jelly. Pare, core and slice the "
preserving-kettle;and boil for half quinces,and for every five pounds of the fruit
an hour, skimming frequently. Try the jelly add half a pint of water ; put peelings,cores,
by dipping out a spoonful,and holding it in the and all into a stone jar,set into a pan of water,
open air ; if it
congeals readily,it is sufficiently
and boil until quite soft. Strain through a fine
done. This
jellyis verv fine. sieve, and for every pint of juiceallow a pound
Gooseberry Jelly. Take fine gooseberries, of sugar ; boil almost
"
twenty-fiveminutes,and
not too ripe ; wash and drain them, and add a then strain into the tumblers.
pint and a half of cold water to
every quart of Rhubarb Jelly. Wash the " stalks well,and
gooseberries. Place them over the fire,and long; putcut them into pieces an inch or so
boil tillthe whole becomes a jam, then strain them into a preserving-kettle with enough water
it well through a jelly-bag. Make a rich syrup to cover them and boil to a soft pulp ; strain
by mixing a pound of loaf sugar with a pint of through a jelly-bag. To each pint of this
the liquor and a little water in which mains juiceadd
the re- a pound of loaf sugar; boil again ;
of the strained fruit have been boiled. skimming often, and when it jellieson the
Boil the syrup five minutes, add it to the juice, skimmer remove it from the fire, and put it
and boil them togetherfor a quarter of an hour ; into the jars.
then pour off. Raspberry Jelly. " Make as directed for
Grape Jelly. " Select the ripest grapes in Blackberry jelly.
bunches, and spread them on clean straw; Raspberry and Currant Jelly. " Take two
loaf sugar to each pound of juice,and boil half small piece of cinnamon, in two quarts of water
an hour ; set to cool,and in twenty-four hours for an hour ; pass it through a sieve,and when
JOHNNY CAKES KALE 317
cold it will be a firm jelly, which, when warmed justenough fat to prevent the cakes sticking
to
in milk and sweetened, will be very nutritious. it,and fry as before.
Add one pint of milk to the rice left in the JONQUIIi. " This favorite Spring flowering-
sieve, and boil it for a short time, stirringcon-
tinually bulb should be cultivated in the same as
way
; strain it,and it will resemble thick already described for Hyacinths. The bulbs,
cream if eaten warm. however, should be planted only three inches
Sago Jelly. the sago about an hour in deep instead
"
Soak of four. The double varieties of
cold water, and wash it ; then put a tablespoon- jonquilsare fine,but are seldom
very so grant
fra-
ful of it in a quart of water, and simmer tillthe as the single.
sago is entirelydissolved, and the liquid re- sembles JULEP (Mint.) There are many varieties
"
a thin jelly. Then sweeten, and add of mint juleps,and they be made of claret,
may
nutmeg, cinnamon, or lemon-peel,and red or madeira, gin,brandy, etc. ; brandy is generally
white wine to taste. considered best. In making, proceed as fol- lows
Strawberry Jelly. Make as "
directed for : Strip the tender leaves of mint into a
"
way, by using cider instead of wine. cut it into strips about half an inch wide
JOHN DORY. {See DoRY.) and four inches long,join the ends togetherso
JOHNNY CAKES." I. Mix a quart of In- dian as to form rings,lay them on flat tins that have
meal with enough boiling water to make been buttered, and bake in a quick oven. They
a very thick batter. Stir in two or three tea- should be a lightbrown, but perfectlycrisp.
spoonfuls of salt, and mould the dough with Almond Jumbles. Take :-A\monis, ^ lb ;
"
the hands into small cakes ; in order to mould blanched and chopped fine ; sugar, i lb ; flour,
them up it will be necessary to rub a good deal I lb ; butter, ^ lb ; sour milk, i teacupful;
of flour on the hands to prevent their sticking.eggs, 5 ; rose-water, 2 tablespoonfuls ; soda, y~
turned. It takes about twenty minutes to cook Stir the butter and sugar to a cream ; add the
them. When cooked, splitand butter them, yolks of the eggs beaten to a froth, the flour,
and serve hot. the milk, the almonds, the soda, and the rose-
n. a quart of
Mix Indian meal as before, water ; lastlythe whites of the eggs beaten to
with enough boilingwater to make a stiff bat-
ter a stiff froth. Stir all together tlioroughly,and
; add a teaspoonfulof saleratus and a tea- drop by spoonfuls on buttered paper ; bake in
spoonfulof salt dissolved in a little milk ; then a quick oven.
stir in 2 or 3 tablespoonfuls of flour with 2 tea- Cocoanut Jumbles. Make as above, using "
spoonfuls of cream-tartar. Drop the batter by grated cocoanut instead of almonds, and add-
ing
the largespoonful into a frying-pancontaining a littlesalt.
KAIiSOMINING. "
The first requisite in
quantityinto an iron spoon, and
pour a small
if there be grease or lime on any part, it must to the touch ; if the oil produces a vapor which
be scraped off and made smooth ; and all can be set on fire by means of a flame held a
imperfections,such as cracks or nail holes, short distance above the surface of the liquid,
filled with a putty made with plasterof Paris it is bad. Safe oil poured into a cup or on the
or whiting,time being allowed for the putty to floor does not easilytake fire when a flame is
harden before layingon the kalsomine. times
Some- brought in contact with it. Poor oil will in-
stantly
it may be found expedient to coat the ignite under the same circumstances,
walls with a thin sizingof glue before applying and hence the breaking of a lamp filled with
the kalsomine, and some paintersprefera coat-ing poor oil,or the use of pool* oil in any way about
of good oil paint to prevent dampness from the house, is fraught with terrible perilof con- flagration.
strikingout and discoloringthe walls. Not only the safety but the light-giv-
ing
In preparing the kalsomine, mix ten pounds qualities of kerosene are greatlyincreased by
of zinc white, if for extra fine work, or the the removal of these volatile and dangerous
same quantityof common whiting if for ordinary components of the oil ; and this is readilydone
work, to a thick cream with warm water ; then by a process of refiningwhich only slightly
add half a pound of dissolved glue,and stir all increases its cost. One of these "refined"
well together. If for side walls, more glue oils should always be chosen, and the best of
(half a pound) will have to be added to insure them is the Astral Oil.
it from rubbing off. A common whitewash Kerosene should be kept in a cool, dark
brush will answer to lay it on with, and it should place,and carefullyexcluded from the air. It
be applied wliile warm, adding hot water, to would be superfluous,probably, to caution
thin it if found too thick to spread easily. It againstusing it for lightingfires and the like,
was the practiceof paintersuntil latelyto lay since those who do such things must be fully
kalsomine evenly,one way only,as in oil paint- ing aware that in doing so they are subjecting
; but the better method is to pass the brush themselves and their property to the deadliest
indiscriminately
in every direction,leavingit in peril.
that state which seems to give it the most solid KERSEYMERE. {See Cassimere.)
KETCHUP. (See Catsup.)
appearance.
As the charge for kalsomining,and in fact KETTLE. " Kettles are usuallymade of cast-
for all similar work, is out of all proportionto iron,though not infrequentlyof copper or tin.
its actual cost, it may be useful to sum up here (See Copper-ware, Iron'-ware, and ware.)
Tin-
the expense in the way of material attendingthe In boilinga kettle care must be taken to
of good qualityproduces a bright and beautiful sheep, or pigs. The calves' kidneys are best of
liglit,inferior only to gas. In selectingkero-
sene, all,and are usuallyfound in the loins of veal,but
attention should be paid to two points: sometimes they are taken out and sold sepa- rately.
its safetyand its light-giving qualities. Good Lambs'' and sheeps'' kidneys are very
kerosene should be clear in color, and free much alike,but the lambs' are considered
from all matters which can the wick most delicate. Pigs' kidneys are also best
gum up
and thus interfere with free circulation and when taken from the young pig or shoat. No
combustion. It should also be purifiedfrom kidneys should be used for cooking purposes
all that portion which boils or evaporates at a which are not perfectlyfresh. If pigs'kidneys
low temperature ; for it is the production of have disagreeablesmell they should be
any
this vapor, and its mixture with atmospheric thrown away.
air,that gives rise to those terrible explosions Broiled Kidneys. Split the kidneys into "
that occur when a flame is brought near a can four pieces,skewer them apart, cut away all
of poor oil. To test the oil in this respect. the skinny or membranous portions,sprinkle
KITCHEN KNIFE 319
with salt,and broil over a good fire. When can be prepared and appliedby any one.
wash
brown on both sides, serve. Both ceilingand walls should be whitewashed
Fried Kidneys. " I. Trim and cut the ney
kid- at least twice a year. Painted wood-work is
into slices season them with salt and not desirable in a kitchen ; it soon looks dirty,
;
and dredge them well ;fry
frequentlywith soap, and
with flour unless washed very
pepper,
them on both sides until they are this soon wears paint off in spots. The
nicely the
Iirowned ; then lift them out, empty the pan, wood, left in its natural state, requires a great
and make gravy for them with a teaspoonful deal of hard scrubbing ; but, if oiled and var-
nished,
of butter, a dessertspoonfulof flour, pepper or simply oiled, will keep clean a long
and salt, and a teacupful of boiling water ; time, and can be easily and quicklywiped off
shake them round, and give them a minute's with a little water.
simmering ; add a little mushroom catsup, If the flooring is smooth and evenly laid,the
lemon-juice,or any sauce that will give a good cleanest and least troublesome method of treat-
ing
flavor. Minced herbs are, to many tastes, an is to oil well two or three times a year. It
improvement to this dish, to which a small does not soil easilythen, and when soiled can
quantityof onion cut fine can be added, if it is be washed readily and without scrubbing. If
liked. it is not in proper condition for oiling,stain it
n. Stripoff the skin and remove the fat,and with black walnut stain, made as follows : To
then slice the kidney rather thin ; season it one gallon of turpentine add a quarter of a
sprinkleover with plenty of minced parsley,or beeswa,x. If found too thin, add bees-
wax
equal parts of parsley and eschalots,chopped ; if too light in color, add asphaltum,
very small. Fry the slices over a brisk fire, though this must be done with caution, as a
and, when nicely browned on both sides, stir very little will make a great difference in the
amongst them a teaspoonfulof flour,and pour shade, and the wood should not be black, but a
in by degrees a teacupfulof gravy and a wine- rich,dark brown. This will probably have to
glassfulof white wine ; bring the sauce to the be renewed every Spring and Fall,but it is not
point of boiling,add a morsel of butter and a difficult to apply,and will cost less than fifty
tablespoonful of lemon-juice,and pour the cents for each application. Carpets should
whole into a hot dish, garnished with fried never be used on a kitchen floor,except a rug
bread. This is a French receipt, and an excel-
lent here and there in Winter, and oil-cloth is both
one. expensive and difficult to keep clean. If any
Stewed Elidneys. " Cut the kidney in half, carpet be used it should be rui^, because it is
lengthwise,and soak it in strong salt water for thick and heavy. This should be tacked down
twelve hours ; parboilit till about half done ; only in front of doors and places where it is
set it aside till cold, and then cut away all the liable to tripany one up. Strips of zinc may
tender meat, leaving the tendons and branes
mem- be tacked around the hearth and in front of the
unused ; put these bits of meat into a sink, and are admirable arrangements to vent
pre-
stew-pan, with about two teacupfulsof boiling dirt and wear.
water, and boil till very tender ; then add a Every kitchen should have a large sink, with
tablespoonfulof butter,season to taste with a drain running under ground. This sink
pepper and salt, thicken with a little flour,and should be scalded out every day, and occasion-
ally
boil about five minutes longer. Have ready with hot lye ; and care should be taken
a few slices of crisp toast, pour the stew over that no tea leaves peels are
or thrown
potato
them on a dish, and serve at once, garnished into it,as they soon obstruct the pipes.
with parsley. For the furniture and utensils required in a
and thoroughly ventilated. These points are ; but it must be recollected that these
of more importance than is generallysupposed, cannot be sharpened when they become blunt
since the contentment of the cook and the by use, as they soon do.
goodness of the cookery depend upon them in In washing knives the blades only should be
a very large measure. A whitewashed wall is dipped in hot water and wiped immediately,
best for a kitchen, as it is clean and neat, and taking care that the handles are not wetted ;
can be so easilywhitewashed afresh whenever they should then be cleaned on the knife-board,
it is soiled. The whitewash can be colored, if or with the patent cleaner, if there is one at
desired ; this makes a prettierwall,but has the hand. To preserve knives not in common use,
disadvantage that, whenever the blades should either be rubbed with
any placebecomes over
taken that the blade only of the knives touch the thickness of a penny, the following
paste :
the lime. Emery, one part ; crocus, three parts ; mixed
A very simple knife-cleaner may be made of with lard or sweet oil. This composition not
two boards, twenty inches long, six inches only gives a superior polish to knives, but
broad, and one inch thick, joined together,but improves their edges.
not quite close,by a hinge ; two pieces of buff KOL-CANNON. Mix, in about equal pro-
"
portions,
or belt leather are stretched over the interior some smoothly mashed cold potatoes
surfaces,and nailed on the exterior ones ; and and some cabbage or greens of any kind, first
a handle assists in holding the apparatus steady. boiled quite tender, pressed very dry, and
In using it,lay powdered Bath brick, or any chopped a little, if needful. Mash up the whole
similar dust, on the lower leather; shut the well together,add a seasoning of pepper and
boards together,lay the left arm on the upper .salt, a spoonful of butter, and a spoonful or
board, holding the handle ; put the knife,well two of cream or milk ; put a raw onion in the
wiped from grease, between the leathers,and middle of the mass, and stir it over a clear fire
'
four or five rubs backwards, not sideways, will till it is very hot and sufficiently dry to be
produce a beautiful polishon both sides. The moulded and dished like dry hash. Take out
shoulders and back may be polished on the the onion before the Kol-cannon is served.
leather turned over. In Ireland mashed parsnips and potatoes are
Or, cover a smooth board, free from knots, mixed in the same way, and called parsnip-
with thick buff leather, on which spread, about cannon.
LABTTRNTTM. " The common laburnum, bleach a little on the grassTsefore finishing.
or golden chain, is a very ornamental shrub, Rinse it in plentyof hard water, adding a little
common in gardens, and well worthy of culti- vation. blue ; then dissolve twelve lumps of white sugar
It grows in any moderately rich soil, more or less according to the qualityof the lace
requireslittle attention when once planted,and in a teacupful of hot-water, pour into a large
is perfectlyhardy. The English and Scotch basin and add a little blue ; dip each piece of
laburnum are somewhat tender in the Northern lace in separately,squeeze ; shake out, and
States ; they will, however, flower splendidly spread upon a clean cloth; roll them up for an
in a slightly sheltered location,and their golden hour more, then put them in a fresh cloth,to lie
chain of flowers is very beautiful. rolled up till nearlydry. Use a cold iron.
The seeds of the laburnum, which it bears in Fine lace covered with powdered French
profusion,are poisonous,and produce, when chalk or magnesia and so left for a week often
eaten, excessive vomiting, rela.xation, and comes out clean.
cramps. The treatment is to give an emetic of To clean black lace,squeeze it three or four
anything that may be at hand, while a dose of times through a liquid made by dissolvinga
white vitriol is being sent for ; this will soon teaspoonful of spiritsof wine, and a teaspoon-
remove them from the stomach. Afterwards ful of borax, in half a teacupful of very soft
in which
the body must be supported with brandy and water ; then rinse in a cup of hot water
cordials. a black kid glove has been boiled. Pull out the
LACE. (To clean.) To clean white lace edges of the lace until nearly dry and press
"
edging, cover a quart bottle with linen stitched for two days in a heavy book.
smoothly to fit the shape ; begin at the bottom LACHENALIA." One of the Cape bulbs,
and wind the lace round it,"basting it fast at very easy of culture,and making extremely
both edges to the linen ; soap it well with fine pretty window plants. They should be grown
soap, rinse by plunging up and down in a pail as near the glass as possible. Plant in Octo-
ber,
of clean water, "
put it into a pot and boil it till in pots filled with a rough, peaty, and
white. Then set in the sun to dry ; and, when sandy soil ; they require very little water, but
dry, clip the basting threads,and unwind the after startinginto growth should never be al-
lowed
lace. If it has been carefullybasted on, it re- quires to become parched. The foliage of the
no ironing,and will look nearlyas good lachenalia is prettily variegated with black;
as new. and the flowers, which are in bloom from
To wash white lace,baste each piece on old
January to February, are produced in up- right
muslin ; soap it well and soak in soft water spikes,and are pendulous, high-colored
over night; work the soap out by squeezing it tubes. L. pendula, with red and yellow flow-
ers,
occasionally,dipping and squeezing it again. is the most common species. There are
Change the water two or three times, repeating many species with pink, purple, red, yellow,
the dipping and squeezing ; put it (again fresh and blue flowers ; the choicest of which
among
soaped)into a saucepan of cold water to simmer are : L.fragrans, with flowers white and red ;
for a quarter of an hour or so ; boil it twice and L. quadricolor,with flowers yellow, red,
over if necessary, and if the color is still bad, and purple.
LACQUERING LAMB 321
LACQUERING. "
A thin varnish given to quarters generallyweigh from eight to twelve
brass-work, sucli as to handles of locks, door- pounds each. Later in the season the quarters
plates,etc.,to prevent their tarnishing. Brass- will weigh as much as twenty-five pounds
work may be re-lacquered in the followingman-
ner each, but the animal is then cut up like ton,
mut-
beer, for it has not lain a sufficient length of that on the kidneys,both of which should be
time in the cellar to acquire that title ; nor white, hard, and of the same color.
could it have been preserved in casks during Baked Lamb. Either the fore-quarter or "
the time requiredby lager-beer in ripening. It hind-quarter may be used for this. Put the
is more technicallytermed, and is known by joint in a baking-pan,the bottom of which is
the brewers as Schenkbier, or draught-beer.justcovered with cold water; spread a little
It contains less alcohol than the genuine lager, butter on it,and season with salt and pepper ;
and less than the various kinds of ripenedales, cover it with a piece of buttered paper, and
and corresponds to what is known in this set the pan in a moderately quick oven ; baste
country as "present use ale,"or the new ale often till done. If the paper burns, put on
commonly kept in the ale-houses. Lager is a another piece. Allow about ten minutes to the
lightand pleasant summer beverage ; but it pound, and in order to ascertain when properly
has neither the nutritive nor the stimulating done run a small knife or skewer into the
qualitiesthat are generallyclaimed for it. One meat ; it should enter easily. Serve with the
advantage is that it costs so little to manufac-
ture gravy only,or with any sauce that may be pre-
ferred.
that it is seldom adulterated.
LAMB. The sheep is Lamb should be
"
ury prizedchieflyfor its unseas'onableness ; its as directed for mutton chops. They should
flesh, although delicate and tender, is quite in- sipidbe broiled, never fried, as they are alreadysuf- ficiently
and much less nourishingthan good mut- ton. oily.
Lamb is occasionallysold in our kets
mar- Roast Lamb. Either the fore or hind- "
as earlyas March ; after which it slowly quarter will answer for this ; but the fore-quar-
ter
increases in size and plentifulness, until in the is generally esteemed choicest. The fire
months of June, July,and August, it is in full for roastingshould be clear and brisk ; put the
season and of fine 'quality. When it first ap- with a little water in the dripping-pan,
pears,meat on
lamb is not sold in less quantitythan a and it must be carefullyand plentifully basted
quarter, its weight being seldom above five or from the time it becomes warm until it is ready
six pounds. As it increases in size the lamb to serve "
first with salt and water, and wards
after-
rapidlyincreases in weight,and in June the with the gravy. Though it requires
21
LAMPS LARD d23
careful to drain them well, and not to let any with which capillaryattraction has saturated
the soda the inner wick, is rapidlyvaporizedand rushes
gildingor bronze be injuredby coming
osene
ker- out of the holes near the top of the cylinder
in contact with it. Never leave a burning
with considerable force. This vapor becomes
lamp turned down, as it will always
smoke. ignitedfrom the flame below it,of the outside
Argand Lamp. (Sir Akgand.) wick, and large horizontal jetsof flame are so
Carcel Lamp. (See Cakcel.) kept up while the supply of alcohol lasts.
ed
clean- Water be boiled by this flame with an
Chimneys of glasscan be effectually may
when water is inef- astonishingsaving of time
fectual. and fuel.
by kerosene or spirits,
known ; the one here given is not yet widely To Make. " The best way to secure pure
introduced, but is an immense convenience at lard is to make it at home. For this purpose,
the table, in the nursery and sick room, and in if " leaf-lard "
is desired, take the leaf-fat,wash
travelling. It is generally known as the it and
carefully let it drain, cut it into bits,and
Rachatid Lamp. The inventor is M. Lang. put it into a tin kettle jar,and set this
or stone
It burns alcohol vapor with which it supplies in a pot of boiling water ; stir occasionally
itself through a roll of wick contained in the until it is melted, allowing it only to simmer
small vertical central cvlinder and reaching slowly ; throw a very little salt to settle the
in
from the bottom of the lamp to near the top of sediment while still hot, strain through a
; and
the cylinder. The top of the cylinderis closed coarse cloth into jars. Good lard for common
but near the top a circle of small holes is pierced. use can be made of the fatty portions of the
The part of the
cylinderin and near the main hog lyingnext the skin. Cut these into slices,
reservoir is surrounded by a second wick jectingput theni in a large pot, add
pro- a teaspoonfulof
slightlyabove the cover of the main water to preventscorching at the bottom, and
reservoir of the lamp. When this outside wick melt slowly,stirring every few minutes. mer
Sim-
is lightedthe cylinderis heated,and the alcohol, until the meat "isshrivelled and brown and
32i LARDING LAW
ranked as The shore-lark "x sky-lark, small, white, and gathered into clusters, and
game.
is the species oftenest found in the market in bloom from February to May. The pots
; it are
is generallyvery fat,and is considered lent
excel- for growing the laurestinus should be large,and
It is in throughout the filled with a soil composed of four parts loam,
eating. season
winter months, but cannot always be obtained. and one part each of sand, leaf-mould, and
The brown lark is not quite so plentiful as the manure. The plantsshould be freelywatered.
preceding; it is in season during the months They should also be washed frequently, as
of March, April and May, when their flesh is dust collecting on the foliageinjuresthe beauty
said to be equal to the shore-lark. Meadow- and health of the plant. There are many ties
varie-
larks, or sometimes of the laurestinus,one of which, the snow
meadow-starlings, are
found in the market, and are shot in great num-bers
ball {Viburnum opttlus)is a hardy garden
South and West. The flesh of a young shrub,highly ornamental.
fat bird is almost .Ts good as that of the quail, LAVENDER-WATER." Ta/C'^ .-A pint of
but the bird itself is neither so large nor so proof spirits of wine ; essential oil of lavender,
plump. They are in the best condition dur- ing one ounce ; essence of ambergris,two drachms.
the fall months. Cook and serve as lan.
Orto- Put all into a quart bottle,and shake it up well
daily.
LARKSPUR.-One of the finest of the hardy LAW. "
While there is the same danger in
herbaceous for every
desirable law
er-garden.
flow- in medicine, that non-professional
treat-
ment
plants,and as
requiring but
It is perennial, little do more
may harm than good, fortu-
nately
attention and will grow luxuriantlyin any good necessityfor resortingto it is less
the
garden soil. It grows readily from seed, or frequent. Owing to the varying laws of differ-
ent
From increase of the roots ; and if the seed- States, to go into the subject fully and
without danger of misleading,would requirea
pods are cut off, will continue in flower from
July to November. All the attention they largevolume. There are, however, a few uni-
versal
rules that everybody should know
requireis to loosen the earth around the roots as a
LAW 325
means of safetyin estate, justas the principles is called an escrow. As a general rule the es-
crow
witli the business forms elsewhere given under remains in the grantor. The formalities
their respective titles of Account or Bill, necessary for the due execution of deeds of
Check, Draft, Power of Attorney, missory lands
Pro- are prescribed by the statutes of the
Note and Receipt, or under the several .States ; and, as the assistance of a
law of master and servant, which is treated competent legal adviser should always be tained,
ob-
under Servants. We have endeavored to no forms are here given.
the others in this article. The statute of frauds provides,that no tion
ac-
group
(Let the purchaser take shall be maintained agreement
Caveat Emptor upon any
When the article sold is not at the for the sale of real estate, or any interest in
heed). "
time of sale ifl the possession of the vendor, or concerning it, (except leases for a short
the vendee buys at unless
his peril, there be term, usuallynot to exceed one year,) unless
But if the such memorandum thereof,
a covenant or warranty of title. agreement or some
vendor at the time of sale has the article in be made in writing,and signed by the party
to be charged therewith, or his agent.
his possession, and sells it as his own, and re- ceives
fair price, he warrants the title ; and In nearly all the United States, the wife is
a
in case the title prove defective,he is bound to entitled to dower (an estate for life in one-
make compensation to the vendee. After the third part of the husband's lands) in all the
completion of the sale by payment and ery,
deliv- lands which the husband owned and possessed
the vendee find that the article sold during his life ; in which case, if the entire terest
in-
may
is not in qualityand nature what he intended in the lands is intended to be conveyed
to buy. The general rule applicablehere is, to the grantee the wife should join in the deeds.
that it is the duty of the vendee at the time he In those States, however, where the wife is
entered into the contract to examine for him-
self only entitled to dower in those lands which
and ascertain whether the article will the husband owned and possessed at the time
answer the intended purpose, and to exercise of his death, there is no occasion for her to
his own judgment with regard to its quality.joinin conveyancea by the husband.
If he omitted to do this,he cannot rescind the Erasures or interlineations in a deed, made
contract and recover the pricepaid,unless the by the grantee, subsequent to its execution
vendor was guiltyof false and fraudulent rep- and delivery,
resentations render it void ; and the rule now
material to the sale, by which seems to be, that when erasures or tions
interlinea-
the vendee was misled; or there was an press
ex- in a deed they are presumed to
appear
warranty by the vendor; or unless a have been made after execution and delivery,
warranty is implied from the nature and cumstances
cir- unless the contrary be proved. It is,there-
fore,
When of the
goods are sold sale. best when they are made before tion
execu-
by sample there
implied warranty by the is an to note that fact upon the instrument self
it-
vendor that the qualityof the bulk is equal to before signing.
that of the sample. So, if one buys an article It is deemed advisable in this to
country
for a specific which is made known have
purpose, to
every man's title to real estate appear on
the vendor, and the vendee relies upon the record, and provision is made in the several
skill and judgment of the vendor to supply States for the recording of deeds the county
by
what is wanted, there is an implied warranty clerk or other officer. An unrecorded
proper
that the article will be fit for the deed is between the
purpose. good as grantor and the
And if article is be made order, there
an to to grantee, but third persons may acquire an terest
in-
is implied warranty that is
an reasonably fitfor to the prejudice A of the grantee.
the purpose for which it is ordinarily used. It grantee should, therefore, the
upon delivery
is said that where provisions are sold by a to him of a deed, have it recorded immediately.
trader for domestic use, there is an implied The destruction of a deed after delivery, though
al-
warranty that they are sound and wholesome. unrecorded, will not revest the title in
Good faith is required on the part of the ven-dor; the grantor. To do this a reconveyance is
and
ifthe article sold have a secret defect, necessary.
which vendee the
by the strictest attention An owner of lands should exercise caution
could not discover, but which is known to the in enteringinto a written
agreement for a fu- ture
vendor, it is his duty to disclose it. sale of land, or any interest therein, and
Change. Sec- {Tender below.) satisfyhimself of the responsibility and good
Deed. Any contract pressed faith of the person with whom he deals, as
"
or agreement ex-
in wrfting, under seal, and which has otherwise he may find a cloud upon his title
been delivered, is a deed ; but the term is which obstruct his sellingto a third party,
may
often used in a more restricted note and cannot
de- be removed without
sense to litigation.
a writing,sealed and delivered, by which Delivery of personal property. " As tween
be-
lands or some interest therein is conveyed. vendor and vendee the in
property
A writing for the conveyance of lands, signed the article sold passes to the vendee out
with-
and sealed by the grantor, and placed in the but
delivery; give the vendee a
to
hands of third person, to be deliveredto the title which will
a
against third parties
avail
grantee upon the happeningof a certain event. without notice, deliveryis essential : as, if B
326 LAW
mortgaged,and be recorded in the same If goods are sold on credit, the six
manner as deeds of real estate. Where such years begin from the time the credit expired.
mortgages are allowed, and the provisionsof In case of a promissory note on time, when
law regulatingthem are complied with, the the note is due and payable. An edgment
acknowl-
mortgage is good, although the mortgagor tains
re- or promise to pay the debt renews
possession. In all other cases the mort-
gagee the liability of the debtor, and removes the
should take possession,the rule being protectionof the statute. Formerly a verbal
the same as in case of an absolute sale {Sec acknowledgment or promise was sufficient ;
sale ofpersonal properly.') but about fifty years ago a statute was passed
Dower. (See under Deed above.) in England, requiring"itto be in writing, and
Escrow. (See under Deed above.) similar statutes have been enacted in most of
Grace. (See Promissory Note). the United States. In a few States, a verbal
Interest (for Money). "
Interest, in the sense acknowledgment or promise is still sufficient.
in which it is here considered, is the sum paid A part payment of the debt, or a payment of
for the use of money or its equivalent. In most interest due upon it,also renews theliability
States taking of more
the than a certain sum of the debtor. This is upon the ground that
as interest is prohibited; in which case the the part payment of a debt is,in effect,an
taking of a largersum constitutes the offence acknowledgment of the residue, and a prom- ise
of usury. The rate fixed by law is not form
uni- to pay^it. If, therefore, at the time of
throughout the United States. By re- cent
payment the debtor denies any further liabil-
ity,
legislationin some States, usury laws, so the protection of the statute is not moved.
re-
annually,which the debtor should neglect at different times, the debtor in making a
to pay, and, after the maturity of the note, a partialpayment may, at the time of making
suit was brought for principaland interest, such payment, apply it as he sees fit. If the
The
only simple interest could be recovered. debtor make no applicationthe creditor has a
creditor might, however, have brought an ac-tion
right to do so. If neither makes a specific
for each year's interest as it accrued, in applicationby an express act, the law implies
which case, the measure of damages would an application of the payment to the items in
LAW 327
" shall
the order of their respectivedates,commenc-
ing be allowed to be good except the buyer
with that which accrued first. im-The
portance
"
shall accept part of the goods so sold,and ac-
of these rules would be illustrated in "tuallyreceive the same, or give something in
a case where the creditor held two demands, "earnest to bind the bargain,or in part payment,
one secured and the other memorandum not. in writing It might "or that some note or
become of considerable consequence to which "of the said bargain be made and signed by
demand payment was appropriated. "the parties to be charged by such
a contract, or
Mortgage. The rules vary too much "
ferent" tlieir agents thereunto
in dif- lawfullyautliorizcd."
States to make good advice practicable This section, with some variation as to the
here. {See, however, Delivery and ments.)
Pay- amount, has been generallyreenacted in this
country. It is,therefore,essential to a valid
OutlaTwry of Claims. {See Limitations, contract for the sale of goods for the priceof
Statute of. above.) fifty
dollars or more (the limit in New York)
Release. " A release is a written instrument, that-
by which arightof the maker to sue another First. There should be some note or orandum
mem-
reduced below such standard,they are a legal should always be secured. Wills unskilfully
tender at a valuation in proportion to their ac-
tual made are often the source of protracted litiga'
weight. tion,and become a curse rather than a blessing
By the Act of Congress of Feb. 12, 1S73, to those whom the testator intended to serve.
the silver coins of the United States were
To take effect,wills must be executed with
made legaltender at their nominal value for the formalities required by law : and in this re-
a gard
any amount not exceeding five dollars in any the laws of the several States are not
one payment. This limit has recentlybeen uniform, some States require three witnesses,
increased, and several bills are now pending others only two, etc.
before Congress relatingto the subject. To show the necessityof attending to all
The minor coins of the United States are a the formalities required by law, it may be
legal tender at their nominal value for any stated, that if a testator after the execution of
amount not exceedingtwenty-five cents in any his will adds another provision by an inter- lineation
one payment. in his own handwriting, it has no
United States notes (greenbacks) are a legal effect whatever, unless made with the same
tender in payment of all debts, public and pri- vate,formalities requiredfor the will itself.
except duties on imports and interest on Any person of sound mind, not under
the public debt. twenty-one 3'ears of age, nor a married woman,
A tender made in other than lawful is competent to make a will devising both real
money
is not thereby vitiated,if the creditor object and personal estate. As to the capacity of
to it only upon some other ground, as that the persons under twenty-one years of age, and
sum tendered is not sufficient. married women in this regard, the laws of the
J
Where several distinct debts are due from ; several States are not uniform.
the debtor, as upon several promissory notes, A will takes effect at the death of the tes- I
a tender may be made of the amount due upon Itator, and may be revoked by him at pleasure
one. Iduring his life. A subsequent will is a revo-
While of a prior one, if it is so ' cation
the exact sum due should be tender-
expressed, or ed,
the offer of
largersum aa good if a different disposition is made
will make of the prop-
erty.
tender unless coupled with a demand for The burning,cancelling,tearing or ob- literating
change ; in which case, if objectedto upon that a will by the testator, or by another
ground, the tender will be vitiated. If,how- ever, person in his presence and by his direction,
the creditor objectonly upon some other will also operate as a revocation. It is also
ground, as that the amount is not sufficient,a general rule,that marriage and the birth of
the demand for change does not vitiate. a child subsequent to the execution of a will,
To constitute a valid tender, the money must when no provision is made for such gency,
contin-
be actuallyproduced and offered, unless there operates as a revocation. If a single
"be an express or implied waiver thereof by woman makes a will and then marries, the will
Tthe creditor. is thereby revoked.
As before stated,the object of a tender is No person who is to take a beneficial est
inter-
to stop interest or damages and give the under a will should be a subscribingwitness,
'debtor a claim for costs in case a suit is after-
wards nor prudent for such a person
is it to draft it.
brought. It follows, that it is not a dis- advise stronglythe obtaining of the
While we
'Charge of the indebtedness, but rather an best professional assistance in all cases where
admission of it. It is, therefore, the duty of it is possible, nevertheless emergencies may
the debtor to be in readiness to the sum
arise where help cannot be had. For such
pay
"tendered upon demand, although it was refused cases, and such cases only,the following sug-
by the creditor when first offered. gestipns are given : Write out in clear and
A tender should be made in the presence of simple language the exact dispositionof prop- erty
"witnesses,and it is well to make a dum
memoran- desired. Call in three substantial and judi-
cious
of the circumstances attendingit. persons, and let the testator sign and
Warrauty. {Sec Cavca/ Emptor above, and seal the will in their presence, telling them
Enilorsctitent,under Promissorv" Note.) that it is his last will and testament, and questing
re-
Will, A will,or
"
testament, as it is some-
times
them to act as witnesses. Then let
called,is a declaration of a man's the witnesses, in the presence
tention
in- -of the testator,
w'ith regard to the dispositionof his and in the presence of each other, each sign
property after his death. The person making the following form, which should be written
the will is called the testator, and those taking underneath the signature of the testator, and
under it
legateesor devisees. on the same sheet of paper: "
"
A nuncupative will is a verbal declaration of Signed, sealed, published and declared by
a man's intentions with regard to the dispo-
sition
"
the testator as and for his last will and testa-
of his "
ment in who his
property, made before witnesses. our presence, at request,
In many States, wills of this kind have been "and in his and in the presence of
presence,
abolished and
altogether, in others they are
"
each other, have hereunto subscribed our
"
only good under peculiarcircumstances, as in names as witnesses."
case of soldiers and sailors. Following their names, the witnesses should
The making of a will is an important event write their placesof residence. It is believed
and the best legal assistance at command. that a will executed in the above described
LAWN LEEK 329
manner would take effect in nearly if not quite blooms in June, throwingout a multitude of
all the States. small white flowers.
LAWN. "
A and
linen more The
fabric,thinner varieties are: L. Augustifoliiim,luxi-
transparent than resembling foliuin, interinediuin,latifolhivi,
ordinarylinen and plaustre,
cambric. The thread for it is made as round prociitniciis, and thvinofolium,
as possible,and is not pressed so much as for LEECHES (How to use.)" Very often it
calicoes. The finest lawn is of French facture.
manu- is found almost impossible to get leeches to
The Irish is next to the French, and bite ; they will either refuse to bite at all,or
there are also Scotch and American lawns. will fasten anywhere but on the desired spot.
Lawn has the advantage that it will take and This is because they are not managed rightly.
hold delicate colors and shades of colors. A leech partakes, to
very some extent, of the nature
It conies in
piecesa yard wide, and should be of a fish that is, it lives in water," and
"
fore,
there-
shrunk before cutting. instead of holding them in a warm hand
LAXATIVES." Remedies which gently or dry towel, act in this way : First,wash
a
open the bowels, so that they are inclined to the place perfectlyclean, then
put the leeches
be loose,but no more. It is highlydesirable into a wine-glass and fill it with water; put a
that in all cases the medicines of the least piece of paper over it,turn the glass upside
power in this respect should be first employed down on the place where want them to fix,
you
when it is to the bowels cially, and
artifi- draw the
necessary open paper away ; the leeches being
and more powerful purgativesused only now in their native element,will settle instantly,
when these have failed. Sometimes, if the thereby saving a great amount of vexation and
food has been too concentrated, that is,if there loss of time. As soon as they have taken
has not been fair amount of indigestible
ter
mat- hold, place towel round the
a a glass to soak up
in it, the bowels are apt to become fined
con- the water, and remove it. In this way you get
; in such cases, the use of brown bread stead them
in- exactlywhere wish, either a'll'onone
you
of white bread will often suffice. Figs spot distributed a larger space,
or over by put-
ting
and prunes especiallyare excellent laxatives on only one or two at a time. If you quire
re-
Manna, tamarinds, and cassia are still better. one on a
very particular spot, for in-
stance,
But the most convenient for use castor- close to the eye, and have
are not a proper
oil,flour of sulphur, and magnesia, or its bonate.
car- leech-glass, put its tailfirst into a small, narrow
once a week
off the water and cannot wait for the plumber, will ise
sufficient; in this way they will clear
put some flat metal object, such as an axe themselves and recover. Any dead ones must
or hatchet blade behind the pipe,and hammer be removed, or they will spoil the water and
the pipe flat againstit. This, of course, can be
destroy the others.
done at any place between the source and the LEEK. This is a common plantof the onion "
leak, and does not necessitate waiting to tear tribe ; it is sometimes called flag-onion,from
awa)' any impediment that may surround the the large,flag-like leaves which 'ittlirows up
leak or working in an inconvenient place. If from its small, fine roots. Leeks are cultivated
the leak is up stairs at a part where the water in all respects like the onion, and have the ad-
vantage
stops running when water is turned on down
that they stand the severest winter.
stairs simply turn the water on at some faucet In the markets they are generally found tied in
down stairs till the plumber comes. (St^t:bunches, or one or two tied up with a small
Drainage and Water.)
bunch of parsley,being a quantity sufficient
LEAVEN. (See Yeast.) for a soup or stew. The whole plant is used
LEDUM. A species of low-growingever- greens,
in soups
"
dig a hole about two feet in diameter, fill in from some leeks, cut them into equal
with young
loam, and set the plant carefullyin the
lengths,tie them up in small bunches, and boil
centre, treading the soil closely around it so
them twenty to twenty-five minutes in plentyof
that it may be firmlyestablished. The ledum
water which has been previously salted and
LEUCORRHCEA LIBRARY 331
thirtyminutes, or until quite tender, then lift paper ; so that you pay four or five dollars for
them out and press the water thoroughly from what should have been put into a dollar-and-
them little,and heat them a-half book.
them ; chop a
in a clean sauce-pan with a seasoning of Always get good paper and print if you can;
and salt, and a small slice of ter
but- the latter is economical because it saves the eyes,
pepper
add little flour and stir them and both will make the book worth re-binding
; then a
publiclibraryis generally valuable ; but some their monthlies ever does so. Send your
books must be owned, and be constantlywith- in old magazines to the hospitalsand the mission- aries,
reach, or no real satisfaction can be had and save the shelf-room and the binding
from them. Of this character are dias,
cyclope- pricefor fresher books.
histories,standard poets, and discursive The bottom book in every librarymust be a
essays. Ordinary novels, satires, and other dictionary. But it is by no means necessary to
ephemeral books may be drawn from the cir-
culating
get an unabridged ; the octavo size will answer
library,finished up in an evening or every ordinary purpose, and being easier to
two, and returned. handle will be consulted much oftener. Yet
There are innurnf rable families who never the quarto editions have, in addition to the
dream of
buying any book but school-books dictionary proper, much matter which tends
and Christmas gifts. Every one who can ford to obviate the need of other books
af- of reference.
anything at all beyond the necessaries of There is now no important difference between
life should set aside a definite yearly sum for Webster and Worcester.
books, and should form the habit of frequently An American who can have but one paedia
cyclo-
dropping into a book-store to see what there should buy one prepared in America.
may be that would interest him. An excellent The chief of these is the American (i6 vols.,
way to cultivate a habit of reading in a child is $80). Johnson's ranks next (4 vols.,$43) ; and
to give him, for his own, every book of your there will soon be a smaller one, confined to
selection which he will read through. And the requirements of the average reader, and
living among good books at home is as im-
portant
omitting the things which scholars alone can
as going to school. understand, issued by Henry Holt " Co., for
We disclaim any intention, in this article,of $10. A cyclopaediais equivalent to a large
instructinglearned or
"
bookish "
"
bad o' subscription books, like other books. Empire
on any subject. Bryce'sHoly Roman
LIBRARY
332 of Painting, $6.50.
7;7/T"f/" r.rammar
is Legendary Art. "3-2S- ^'^."^- y^^^JT^
s,i iJ/r^ 7ameson's
of the first excellence
(U) a work very
Sally generalhistory of a
Europe from the
Lectures, 8..5C.
popu'laVph/siolJgy
Dalton's ($.50 : .
Huxley Canada-
above. Egypt, A""'t;i"t,.
44. r"y("-, as
^^^
The
^and-
Sea" ", =0.
Holy Roman
Household Book
''""" The of Nature,
Gallery 88. """";,";,
getgraphy-/"/a'-^A,
Empire 3"" 3.00
of Poetry 300 -G^no/, ed by j;*'iS."%
Pf"'V,!';
,5", ab^.d'ged,
8r.50.
prfce
varyingfrom a Uttle over $30 to
r- -r7roo'ir''SFry''n;-
a
" "fn^
^'We proceed now
to books the choice of
regiSil^^M^si^fr';^rti:e
which will be^determined
by md.v.dual tastes,
most of the authors' others with ?"P'^s
^^j " afford
f?^r
the use of the reader who wishes
to pand
ex-
ing library..For
bghtread.ng ,n variety,
^.^
"?^-ctllcal
.
$2.50 Smitli-s
Student
;
{2. ^w,"""
f ^'l^^Hallam.
s, o f Mrs. Parr a
gwrj-^ Sa""/,
and Macaulay connect "
Germany-5,-,"r, 13-
get Green's, or
Freeman s Thompson
mnson 8.
8t_ J y. ,^^. /^r. Titan. -J^I'^^'chailes
-S^"'';"^""/ Auchester. 5"""",
of the most compact Is Appletons' Works of the British addition to other foods,since it yieldsan agree-
able
PoeL;, revised ed.. brought down d;ite (3 vols., 8vo. $15)- flavor,and when
to
both IJritish and Ameri-
can,
prepared with hot water
The best collections of short poems,
are Dana's Household Book of Poetry, Bryant's Li- brary and properlyflavored,gives a degree of ex-
Poetry and Song (new
of ed.), Kendrick's Poetical liilaration which may be useful to the feeble,
Favorites, Bir/on's Great Book of Poetry, ly/iitUer's Three and
and is as useful to the healthy as tea
Centuries of Song, and Saunders's Sacred Poets.
The poets most desirable to have in separate volumes are coffee." Its proper position in dietetics is
the following : British Shakespeare, Byron, Burns, Tennyson,
"
somewhat more than that of a meat-fla-
Shelley, Moore, Mrs. Browning. Robert Browning (any vol-
ume
American vorer, but all that is required for nutrition
except Sordello), Wordsworth, and Keats. "
Longfellow, Whittier, Lowell, Holmes, Stedman. should be added to it. Thus, in the prepara-
tion
In humorous poetry Aytoun, Bon Gaultier Ballads. Barham,
of ordinary soup and beef-tea, the extract
Ingoldsby Legends. Cah'erUy. Fly Leaves. Cilberi, B.ab Bal- lads,
Harte. Poems. Hood, Poems. Lowell, Biglow Papers. may be added to the flavor ; or it may
increase
Saxe, Poems, Smilh, Rejected Addresses. Jones, Vers de be mixed with of egg, gelatine,
white bread, and
Society.
Miscellaneous. other cooked farinaceous substances. If,how-
ever,
principallyself-made, emi- a principalarticle of
SntiUs's works, lives of men, nent it be relied upon as
in industry and invention, 8 vols..Si. 50 each, can be had
selections from his writings,
food for the sick, it will prove a broken reed,
separately. Carlyle. Antholo.gy,
#2.50. Milton, Anthology, from his prose writings, $2.50. except to those extremely feeble persons who
Book of Golden Deeds, BosiveWs Life of Johnson, best
gi.25.
condensation tarch's
Plu-
can take very little food, and are favorablyin-
fluenced
edition practicaluse,
for by Jones, S2. 50.
Lives, h.andiest edition by Clough, Boston, _ivol.,S4- by slightcauses.
Modern British Essayists Maeaulay, Carlyle, Allison, Jef-
" frey, To Make. The extract as sold in the shops "
Sydney Smith, Mackintosh, Wilson, Talfaurd, and and the following re-
is rather expensive, by ceipt
Stephen, 8 vols., $2 each. ArjtoUCs Essays in Criticism, S2.
MiWs Dissertations and Discussions, 5 vols.,and Autobiogra-
phy, (which is Professor Liebig'sown) it can
I vol.,S2.50 each. Lantb, Essays of Elia, St.75- Lozvell,4 be made at home with little trouble and at a
vols, of essays, S2 each. Spencer [Herbert), 3 vols, of essays,
On Education, $1.25. Ruskin's'XrVLtt slight cost : Tai:e :-A pound of good lean beef
$2 to $2-50 each: and,
"
and Beautiful, $1.25. (rumpsteak is best for the purpose), from which
LICHENS. "
Lichens form a remarkable all the skin and
possiblybe separ-
ated fat that can
by a kind of claws, and are nourished by three hours before it is allowed to simmer, and
absorptionfrom the atmosphere. require at the utmost The but Lichen
fifteen then will
Islandicus is the "
Iceland Moss "
of
gentleboiling. Salt should be add- ed
merce,
com- minutes of
and is so named from existingin vast when the boilingfirst commences, and for
abundance on the northern coast of Iceland, invalids this,in general,is the only seasoning
where other vegetable is to be seen. withstanding
Not- required. When the extract is thus far pre-
no pared
its mode of growth, it is an ex- tremely it may be poured from the meat into a
nutritious substance, and with the Ice- landersbowl, and allowed to stand until any particles
constitutes a very important article of of fat it may show on the surface can be skim- med
food, and is prepared in a varietyof ways. It off entirely, and the sediment has sul"
is thought to have some tonic power, and to sided and left the soup quite clear ; then pour
have other qualities which commend it, espe-
cially off gently,heat in a sauce-pan, and serve at
to convalescents ; and for this reason it once.
enters to some extent into cookery throughout To mingle vegetable diet in its best form
the world. It should be made into a mange
blanc- with thisextract, boil down the kind of table
vege-
and eaten with milk and sugar. desired, sliced or cut up small,in a very
LIBBIG'S EXTRACT By
OF MEAT." moderate quantityof water, until its juicesare
this
rigidanalysisand very careful e.xperiments well drawn out ; then strain off the liquidfrom
extract has been degraded from a very high it by slightpressure, and when it has become
positionin the scale of nutritive substances to cold, pour it on the chopped meat, as directed
a pointwhere it can scarcelybe claimed for it above, instead of water. Several different
that it is a food at all. Professor Liebig,him-
self, kinds of vegetablescan be mixed togetherand
acknowledged shortlybefore his death that cooked in this way ; the water must boil before
"
"
it is not nutriment in the ordinary sense ; they are added to it.
and Dr. Edward Smith says, in his book on LIGATURE." A thread or cord tiedtightly
Foods :
"
What is necessary to render this ex-
tract round a severed artery to stop the bleeding.
as valuable as the meat itself,for the pur-
poses Stout silk or pack-thread is best for the pur-
pose
of nutrition,is to restore the substances and itshould be tied around the end nearest
which were rejectedin the process of making, the heart. It should be employed only when
and those have been shown to be almost alent pressure
equiv- and cold have failed to arrest the
to the whole meat. There is but little hemorrhage, and when surgicaladvice cannot
left in the extract to nourish the body, and the be had at once. (JSeeBleeding.)
elements which it reallypossesses are salts, LIGHTNING, Stroke of." If a person be
which may be obtained otherwise at an finitely
in- struck by lightningthere is hope of resuscitation
smaller cost, and the flavor of meat, unless the body "is scorched and blackened.
which disguises the real poverty of the sub- Throw of cold water
pailfuls on the head and
Stance." At the same time "
it is a valuable body, apply strong mustard poultices to the
334 LIGHTNING-ROD LIME
stomach, and rub the whole body brisklywith species are : L. candi-
The most desirable "
be sunk in the earth at least six feet at the called the Circassian Lily,from its native
bottom, and the tops should be well pointed. country; it has drooping, yellovz-spotted ers.
flow-
Each rod will then afford certain protection to L. Martagon is a
very ornamental variety,
a circle around it whose diameter equals the with white and purple flowers ; the soil should
height of the rod above the highest chimney ; be rather sandy. L. Cha/cedonicum is the
but it protects no farther than this extent. As Scarlet Martagon, one of the most highly-
usuallyplaced,lightning-rodsare a very slight colored species. L. Superbum is the finest
protection to a building,especiallyif it be in native species; flowers drooping, orange dish,
red-
an elevated and exposed situation. The best with numerous spots.
material for a lightning-rodis copper, which The Japan Lilies are, perhaps, the finest
should be tipped with some bright polished of the family,and are as hardy and easy of cul- tivation
metal ; the glass holders, which are supposed as the native species. The treatment
to act as insulators," are not
"
considered by is the same, except that the soil must not be
Professor Henry to be of much importance, made too rich with manure, as it tends to rot
and they seriouslyincrease the cost. the bulbs. L. Longijlorum is a very beautiful
LILAC. There
" are about twenty varieties species ; flowers pure white, very long,and
of the lilac,all of which are pretty and flourish fragrant. It blooms in July, and requires a
in any garden soil under circumstances in which slight protectionduring the winter. L. Exi-
other shrubs would dwindle and die. The com-
mon iniitm is another lovelyvarietyresembling L.
lilac is the largestof the species and one longijlorum,but the flowers are still larger and
of the most beautiful of our spring-floweringtheir color is of a satin whiteness. L. Japoni-
ornamental shrubs. The white varietyis less cutn is a variety with large,white, bell-shaped
common than the purple,and is not so sick- flowers, and very desirable for either parloror
ishlysweet. The Persian and Chinese lilacs are out-door culture.
smaller and better adapted for a small garden. The Lily oj the Valley grows from large
The former is a small tree of graceful habit, roots, which partake of the nature of tubers.
and its flowers are of a lighter lilac color. The care, will bloom
It requires no year after year,
latter is especiallydesirable ; the flowers are in the same bed, and is perfectlyhardy, requir- ing
much darker than the other varieties,and its no protectionin the coldest winter. There
foliage is of a dark, glossy green, very rich. is no bulb that flourishes so perfectlyunder
All these shrubs are perfectlyhardy, and are neglect,and no flower more perfectin form and
usuallygrown without any care ; yet if pruned fragrance. It will grow anywhere, but flour- ishes
and manured their beauty will be much creased.
in- best in sandy out-of-the-waycorners,
where the soil is moist and rich. Plant in the
LILY. " The lilyis
large family of orna-
amental late Autumn. It flowers in May and produces
bulbs, most of which are hardy, and in-
dispensable
red berries in September.
in flower garden. The LIME. A small varietyof lemon, more acid
every "
plants will grow in any garden soil,but a little and cooling than the ordinary. Most of the
attention will be repaid by greater luxuriance citric acid of commerce is prepared from it.
and more abundant bloom. The proper soil is The green fruit is excellent for preserving,
a compost of one part loam, one part peat, one but is seldom found here. As a substitute for
part sand, and one part leaf mould. Dig a lemons its flavor is not agreeable to body.
every-
hole about two feet deep, and fill in with the
The be planted from
bulbs
should Lime Juice is antisepticin scurvy ; dose
compost. an
autumn is the best time for planting. The soil or three times a day.
should be frequently enriched, as the lilyis a LIMEi. "
A mineral used in mortar, in white-
washing,
gross feeder, and will bear a large amount of and as a manure, disinfectant, etc.
smoke. Slaked lime can be had at gas-works, ounce. Melt them together,stirring all the
or where building is being carried on.
time. This is good for burns, scalds, or any
LIME-WATER." Cover the bottom of a
excoriated surface.
large bottle two or three inches LINSEED." The seeds of the flax-plant.
deep with slaked lime. Fill up with ^ They contain a good deal of oil which may be
clear water. It will not Decome too readily obtained by e.xpression; the amount
strong. After well shaking, and depends upon the method adopted, and varies
allowing itto settle,itwill be ready frorn eighteento
twenty-seven per cent. Linseed
for use. The bottle shown in the oil is especially remarkable for drying rapidly
cut is very convenient. By blow-
ing when applied to the surface of any body ex- posed
through the glass tube a, the to the air, and thus forming a hard
is forced through 6, with-
out transparent varnish. This
water
property of dryinc
disturbing the lime ing
remain- quickly is much increased by previously boil-
ing
in the bottom. Refill with the oil,either alone or with some
tion
prepara-
water until the lime disappears. of lead.
LUTEN. "
In choosing linen, e-xamine the The cake left after the expression of the oil
threads, and select those which are even and is known as oil-cake and forms an excellent
close. A raw linen with uneven threads does food for cattle. When powdered, it is common-
ly
not wear well. Also choose that which is sold as linseed-mcal, which is much used for
fectly
per-
white ; if linen is not white at first it will poulticesand for other purposes. The linseed-
never become so afterwards. Fine linens meal, however, directed to be used in medicine,
answer better than coarse ones, provided they is merely the linseed powdered; hence, it con-
tains
not unsuitable for the for which the oil which is not
are purpose present in ordinary
they are destined. The wide linens are not meal.
thought so strong and well made as those of Linseed-tea is made by puttinga quarter of
narrow width, but the latter will not cut to the an ounce of linseed in a quart of "boiling
water.
same advantage as the wider ones. Much Steep hours, and
two then strain.
that is called linen in the shops is half LINSEY-WOOLSEY. "
A cheap fabric
cotton, and does not wear so well as the cotton made of linen for and wool for woof,
warp,
alone cheap linens usually of this kind. generally one blue and the other
; are
white,or
To discover which all linen take mixed with red. It used
are a was more formerly
sample home, wash it and ravel it. If this be than now, but is still very
serviceable stuff for
the of the lot will probably be children's dresses in winter.. Shrink
food
f it is not
rest
composed
can stand it. In inflammatory
quinsy,moisten spirit flavored with aniseed and coriander.
a flannel cloth in this liniment and apply it to Bordeaux is famous for the manufacture of
the throat, renewing every four five hours this
or ; liqueur,which is very popular in France,
it rarelyfails to afford relief. It is also excel-
lent the best being made by Marie Brissart.
for inflammation or tension of any kind. Benedictine. " Made by a community of
Wftite Liniment. Take of olive oil, one Benedictine monks from
"
fragrantherbs. The
pint; spermaceti,three ounces ; white wax, one recipeis unknown. It is believed to promote
336 LIQUEURS LIVER
Creme de Girofle." Add fortydrops of oil and pounded, 2 lbs ; brandy,i gall; white
of cloves to a quart of spiritsof wine and a quart sugar-candy,2 lbs ; mace, J oz ; one grated
of syrup, with a littlered coloring This
matter. nutmeg.
liqueuris said to be beneficial to singerssuf- fering Mix togetherthoroughly; stir up well every
under relaxation of the throat. day for twelve days,and then leave it for six
Creme de Noyeau. Ta^i; :-Soit water, 2 weeks, when
" it may be bottled. It must be
quarts; loaf sugar, 2 lbs; brandy or i kept at least five months
rum, before it is ready for
gal; milk, iKpts; lemons, peel of 5; bitter use.
almonds, }4 lb. II. Take .--Sweet almonds, { lb ; bitter al- monds,
Boil the in the water, and add the
sugar i lb ; loaf sugar, I lb ; English gin,i
brandyor rum ; then add the milk (boiled), the qt.
lemon peel and the bitter almonds (blanchedand
,
Blanch the almonds and cut them small be- fore
bruised).Let the ingredients stand together adding them, with the sugar, to the gin.
five days, stirring well each day; then filter Keep them in a warm place; stir up frequent-
ly
throughvery fine linen,and bottle it. It may during a fortnight ; then strain and filter
be drunk in a month, but improvesby
keeping.into bottles.
Creme de The is made in France, flavored Orange Iiiqueur. Ta ie :-'Brzndy, 1 qt ; lump
with tea, and put ^ of a stick ; one orange.
up in bottles covered with sugar, 5 lbs ; vanilla,
gay-coloredsilk,on which are pasted paper Put the brandy into a wide-mouthed glass
pictures of Chinese scenes. The effect is quite jar ; add the sugar (reducedto powder),and
ornamental to the dinner-table. the vanilla ; stir till the sugar is all melted.
Creme de Vanille." Spirit and vored
fla- Then put in one fine, smooth, unspotted
syrup
and colored with the tincture and the jarclosely, and set it
pod of orange, whole; cover
vanilla. aside in a warm place. This liqueur should
Chartreuse." This liqueur, of which there stand two or three months, so as to be well im- pregnated
are two varieties, the white and the green, was with the perfume of the orange.
originally prepared from a secret recipeby the Raspberry Liqueur. Allow three pints of "
monks of Chartreuse,in France. In 1809 its raspberries to a quart of spirit, and let them
manufacture by the monks was prohibitedby the stand a fortnight in a warm place; then strain
Pope,and the liqueurs now sold under the name the liqueur, and add to it a pound and a half of
of Chartreuse are imitations of the original.loaf sugar.
The flavoris aromatic,and the
liqueurhas'done Ratafia. Take :-Vt^c\\ and apricotkernels,
"
ueur.
liq-
It consists of sweetened spots, and abscesses, are unwholesome, and, in
spirit
flavored
with cumin and
caraway seeds. fact,unfit to be eaten.
Maraschino comes in wicker-covered bottles. Baked Liver. Lard
"
the liver with fat pork,
To make at home, Tai" .
"-Seville oranges,'put and into an iron pan, with a pintof water
LOBSTER 337
or veal stock. Bake it three-quartersof an and narrower back, running quite to the tail
the liver,and lay the macaroni around it. Add t.iilhangs limp ; while, if fresh,it is retained
to the gravy a tablespoonfulof butter, a little close to the belly,and if drawn down, will
flour,and pepper, salt,and sage ; boil it up once, springback with some force as soon as ed.
releas-
and turn it over the dish. When the eggs of the female are large
Fried Liver (with Bacon)." Cut the liver and quite brown, the lobster will be found ex- hausted,
into slices about a quarter of an inch thick, watery, and poor. Lobsters ranging
season it with salt and pepper, and fry it from four pounds in weight are most delicate.
to a crisp brown with some breakfast bacon The whole of the lobster is good to eat, except
cut into thin slices. Serve with the the shell and the craw, or stomach which lies
gravy
alone, or thicken the gravy with a very little between the eyes.
browned flour. Help a piece of the bacon with The blue-back lobsters are a very fine variety.
each piece of liver. The shell is quite thin, and they are in season
male during the winter months. The latter is a boiled lobster;lay it in a sauce-pan with
distinguished from the female not only by the gravy and cream at discretion ; then add a ta-
blespoonful
absence of eggs under the tail,but by the longerI of butter and two
teaspoonfuls of
22
LUMBAGO LUNGS 339
and
bottle; stop it up carefully, shake. In other
an- of the serving. The plates are to be
vessL-1 dissolve the salt in the rain-water, changed preciselyas for dinner. Those dishes
adding a few drops of liquidammonia ; when
italics may be omitted which are printed in if
it is completely dissolved, and its impurities desired.
have settled,pouritoff gently,or filterit through
SPRING.
filteringpaper. Then pour in rapidlythe mi.\ed
spiritand ammonia ; cork it,and shake well
LUNCHEON FOR TEN PERSONS.
together. It is then ready for use, but must
lotion is
always be kept tightlystopped. This Consomme, with vermicelli. (Sherry.)
excellent to apply to the bites of insects and Boiled blue-fish,with lobster sauce. ) Haute-
even of venomous
much usedsnakes. 1 1 is also i Potato croquettes. \ Sauterne.
as a remedy for headache. Vol-au-vent of oysters.)
Stimulating Lotions. Mi,\ an ounce of
"
water.
a or
i Crackers and cheese.
train of ills.
repast, to which
fruitful causes
1 stewed mushrooms
"
(white).
the poorest, but will repay a little attention in gentlyforwards,with an aperture at the bottom
the way of manuring and watering. There are in front for the escape of the lye into a vessel
varieties of the Lupin. They bloom from beneath. Pour water on the top every day
many "
June to September, and throw out blue, white, justenough of it to keep it dropping out at the
yellow,and pink flowers. Sow the seeds where bottom. Of course the lye will be strong in
they are to bloom in May, or as soon as the sun proportion to the length of time taken by the
begins to feel warm on the ground. They will water in draining through.
spring up year after year.
AIACARONI. " An excellent quality of tossed gently into it ; or, after it is dished,the
macaroni is now made in this delphia cheese
country, at Phila- may be poured over the top. The whole,
and elsewhere, but those imported in either case, may be thicklycovered before it
from Italyare the best. Naples macaroni,
The is sent to the table with fine crumbs of bread
of which the pipes are larger and somewhat fried to a lightbrown and dried either
perfectly,
thin, should be selected for the table in prefer-
ence before the fire or in an oven. Rich white sauce
to the Genoa, which is less in size but or bfechamel, made not thick, with an ad-
very ditional
more substantial and better suited iox titnbales ounce or two of butter, may be used to
and similar fanciful dishes. Ribbon macaroni, vary and enrich this preparation.
delicate in flavor and ly
quick- Baked Macaroni. 7a/!v .--Half pound of
though more more "
a
boiled than pipe macaroni, is far less fre- pipe macaroni, break
quently it in pieces about an inch
seen at our tables ; yet it is extremely long,and put them into a sauce-pan of boiling
good in many simple forms and very some,
whole- water, slightlysalted boil slowly for twenty
;
therefore especiallysuited to invalids and minutes ; then drain well and put a layer in the
children. It be boiled and eaten quite bottom of a buttered pieor pudding-dish; grate
may
plain instead of vegetables or rice ; or with a some rich cheese over the top, and scatter over
compote of fruit ; or with sugar and cinnamon, it some bits of butter. Put in another layerof
or lemon-juice; or it may be prepared in any macaroni, and then the cheese again ; fill the
of the ways indicated
pipe macaroni. for the dish in this order, having macaroni at the top,
a most unpleasant flavor from being too milk and a pinch of salt. Cover over, and bake
long stored. The finest qualityis yellowish in half an hour ; then brown nicely,and serve.
color, and does not burst or break up in boiling; Boiled Macaroni. "
Most cooks soak roni
maca-
it should swell considerablyand become quite in milk and water for an hour or more fore
be-
soft, but if it does not retain its form when boiling,that the pipes may be swollen to
boiled,it has not been made of the right kind the utmost this is apt to render
; but it pulpy.
of wheat. The better way is to drop it lightly into a pan of
A-la-Creme (Macaroni). This "
is a ven,' fast-boilingwater, into which a little salt and a
delicate mode of
dressing macaroni. Boil eight teaspoonful of butter have been previously
ounces in the usual way, and by the time it is thrown, and of which the boilingshould not be
tender dissolve of any stopped by the addition of the macaroni. Boil
sufficiently ten ounces
a whole saltspoonfulof pounded mace, and two but the pipes should remain entire.
ounces of butter. The cheese should be sliced The Italian macaroni requires longer boiling
the American. Ribbon macaroni will
very thin, and the hard part adjoining the rind than
pared away ; it should be stirred into the cream generallycook in from fifteen to twenty min-
utes.
without intermission it is entirelydis-
solved, until
and the whole perfecdy smooth. The is
Richelieu, or Veal and Ham Macaroni. "
macaroni, previouslywell drained,may then be Boil three ounces of macaroni tender ; beat up
MACAROONS MACKEREL 341
boil five minutes. Serve pound of filbert meats tillthe skin will rub off ;
eggs ; mix well, and
with good gravy.
when cold, pound them to a paste with a little
Side Dish of Macaroni. " Take quarter white
:-K of egg ; add a quarter of a pound of sifted
of a pound of macaroni, and scald it till tender, white sugar and the white of one egg ; mix well,
but not so as to break or make it stick together; and bake on buttered tins or letter-paper.
when scalded, cut it in piecesabout one-third Flour Macaroons. " These are plain, and
of an inch in length,and a perfectpipe. Then are nearlyas good as any other. Work a pint
make a mince of every kind of meat, game, and of sifted white sugar with one beaten egg, till
poultry you happen to have cooked, adding a a smooth paste is formed ;then add a littlesifted
little fat and lean of ham or bacon ; add a piece flour,so as to mould it with the hands. Flavor
of onion, finelychopped, salt,pepper, a little it with rose-water, essence of lemon, or any
about a teaspoonful of catsup, the essence, and proceed as for almond roons.
maca-
cayenne,
same of Worcestershire sauce, and a small
quantityof gravy to moisten the whole. Butter Orange-flower Macaroons. Take ed
.--Pound- "
a pie or pudding-dish thickly, and stick the sugar, 2 lbs ; orange-blossoms,2 oz ; whites
macaroni closelymto it,so as to give the ap"- of eggs, 7.
pearance of a honeycomb when turned out ; fill The orange-blossomsmust be freshlygath- ered
up with the mincemeat, laying the rest of the ; cut them very small with a pair of scis- sors
macaroni at the top. Cover tightlywith a cloth, i"ito the sugar ; mix together, add the whites
set it in a pan of water, and boil gently three- of the eggs, and whisk the whole until the mix-
ture
quarters of an hour, taking it out five minutes looks like snow ; then drop by spoonfulson
before turning it out of the dish. Serve with a buttered letter-paper, and bake about twenty
tureen of gravy, putting a very little in the minutes in a very slow oven.
dish. MACE. " The reddish membrane ing
surround-
Timbale of Macaroni. " Simmer half a the shell which contains the nutmeg. It is
pound of macaroni in salted water till tender, dried previous to being packed in tightbags.
but not too soft,and strain the water from it ; Its general qualities
are the same as those of
beat five yolks and the whites of two eggs, and nutmeg, but it is considered the choicest of all
mix with half a pint of cream ; mince the breast the spices. It has an agreeablearomatic odor,
of a chicken and some ham (enoicghto make and a hot, biting taste. It contains a very
half a pound), and mix with them three table- largeproportionof essential oil,on account of
spoonfuls of grated Parmesan mace is never employed alone in medi-
cheese, ing
season- cine, which
with pepper and though possessing the usual carminative
salt; mix all the above
with the macaroni, and put it into a well-but-
tered properties of the other spices. Mace should
mould. Let it steam in a stew-pan of be pounded fine,and corked tightin small glass
boilingwater about an hour, and serve hot with bottles with mouths large enough for a junk-
rich gravy. bottle cork, and kept in a tight tin box. Or it
MACAROON'S (Almond)." ri/ie.- Al-
monds,can be kept in small tin boxes with tight-fitting
% lb; rose-water, i tablespoonful ; eggs, covers. To make essence of mace, see sences.
Es-
whites of 3 ; white sugar (powdered), % lb.
Soak the almonds in boiling-hotwater till MACERATION. The infusion of sub-
stances "
the skin will rub off easily; then wipe them in cold liquids. The term is usually
dry,removing the skins, and pound them to a employed with regard to vegetable substances,
paste with the rose-water. Beat the whites of when they are reduced to powder and exposed
the eggs to a stiff froth, then stir the sugar in to the action of water, or any other liquid, out
with-
gradually,and then add the almonds. When the assistance of heat, in which last respect
the almonds are well mixed in, drop the mix-
ture it differs from ittfttsio/i and digestion. Mac-eration
by spoonfuls upon buttered baking plates is useful either when it is required
or letter-paper, several inches apart, sih sugar merely to soften the parts of the substance
on them, and bake to a lightbrown in a slow operated on as when cinnamon and cloves are "
oven ; it will take fifteen to twenty minutes. macerated in water before distillation ; or in
The flavor of these macaroons is improved by cases where heat would be injurious "
as when
substituting
an ounce of bitter almonds for an volatile or aromatic substances are used.
ounce of the
they are sometimes
sweet; MACKEREL.and "
The common or spring
made with an equal weight of each. mackerel is one of the finest and most beauti-
Cocoa-nut Macaroons. Rasp a fresh "
be had either smoked or salted. The thimble- Boiled Mackerel {Salt). Soak one night in
"
eyed ox fall mackerel are rather smaller than lukewarm water, and change this to cold water
the preceding,and have large,prominent about half an hour before cooking. Put on
very
eyes. When found in the justenough water to cover
markets, they are with
them, and boil
usually strung together,but are not much gently for twenty or twenty-five minutes.
thought of for the table. In season from temberDrain
Sep- carefully, and pour melted butter on
perhaps the choicest of all fish,are usually Broiled Mackerel {Fresh). Cleanse the "
plentiful in the months of June, July, August, fish as for boiling; splitit open so that when
and September. They resemble the spring laid flat the back-bone will be in the middle ;
mackerel in general appearance, but are a dust lightlywith salt, and lay on a buttered
much largerfish,and without the dark lines on gridironover a clear fire, with the inside down-wards,
the sides. They are sold usually at high until it begins to brown ; then turn it
prices,and their weight ranges from two to over. When done, lay on a hot dish, butter
eight pounds. plentifully, lay another hot dish over it,and let
Baked Mackerel "
After the fish have been it stand two or three minutes before sendingto
cleaned well and washed in cold water, fillthe table.
insides with stuffing
; sew them up ; arrange Broilingwhole is an excellent way of ing
cook-
them with the roes close togetheron a coarse mackerel. Cleanse the fish without open-
ing
baking-dish; flour them lightly
; strew a little it more than needful ; dry it well, either in
fine salt over them ; and stick bits of butter a cloth or by hanging it in a cool air till it is
them ; or, melt the butter in stiff; make with a sharp knife a deep incision
upon a sauce-pan,
and pour it equallyon them. Half an hour in a on either side of the back-bone, and about half
moderate oven will bake them. Oyster ing
stuff- an inch from it,and with a feather put in a
is always appropriatefor kind of fish little cayenne and fine salt mi.xed with a few
any
which is in when the oysters are;
season but Lay drops of good salad oil or clarified butter.
mackerel commonly served with one of the the fish on a moderate
are fire upon a well-buttered
ordinarystuffings for which receiptsare given gridiron; loosen it gently should it stick,which
in article on Stuffing. Lift them carefullyit will do unless often moved ; and when it is
into a hot dish after they are taken from the equallydone on both sides, turn the back to
oven and send melted butter and a quartered the fire. About half an hour will broil it well.
lemon to table with them. Broiled Mackerel (Salt). " Soak over
the fish can he taken from the pot, laid on a and its antacid
properties are considerable.
small disli,a little of liquor poured over
the If not all
neutralized,what remains passes on
them, and served garnished with sprigs of into the intestine where, if given incautiously,
parsley. What is left can be returned to the it is apt to accumulate. In the small intestine
it acts gentle laxative,in
pot. as a
very large doses
Stewed Fresh Mackerel. ("With wine.) "
stew-pan, and stir or shake them round over the given as an antacid in heartljurn,and is still
fire until the butter is dissolved ; add a quarter more useful
for the acidityof the intestines
of teaspoonfulof pounded mace, half a tea-
a which gripes,and so is useful along with rhu- barb
spoonful of salt,and a pinch of cayenne ; pour in the earlystages of diarrhoea. It is also
in by slow degrees three wineglassfuls of claret useful when there is aciditywith a tendency to
(or port wine and a little lemon-juice). When constipation, as in
gouty subjects. In these
the sauce boils, lay in a couple of fine mackerel, patients it does remarkably well. On account
well cleaned and wiped quite dry ; stew them of alkalinity, too, magnesia is often given as an
very gently for fifteen or twenty minutes, and antidote to poisoning by mineral or vegetable
turn them when half done ; lift them out and acids, and for this it is well suited. It neutral-
izes
dish them carefully; stir a teaspoonfulof made the acid and protects the stomach from
mustard to the sauce, give it a boil and pour it injury. Many metals are also precipitatedby
over the fish. it and rendered nearly insoluble. Magnesia
MADEIRA A white
"
wine made in the has also been given as a remedy for vomit- ing
island of Madeira, which, when genuine, is one when that has seemed to depend on
of the richest wines in the world, having great excess of acid ; but other remedies are more
has, least of all,occasion for the addition from the sulphateof magnesia by precipitating
of brandy ; yet it is the constant practiceto add by carbonate of soda. The powder so thrown
some of this spiritprevious to exportation, down is a white, almost tasteless substance, in- soluble
which is incorporated in time. The inferior in water, and nearlyneutral in reaction.
kinds are made up with almonds and various A solution of the bicarbonate of magnesia has
additions ; and, in fact,the adulterations are so long been in use under the title of fluid magne- sia
numerous that the wine has latelyfallen into ; it is an admirable preparation. This may
comparative disrepute. The prejudiceagainst effervesce slightly ; when opened, the liquidis
Maderia has been considerablyincreased by clear and is not bitter. Carbonate of magnesia
the supposed discoverythat it contains a little acts in much the same way as magnesia itself,
more acid than sherry,but this opinionhas been only when itis introduced into the stomach, and
disputed,and seems to have been derived from meets with an acid, it gives off its carbonic
the inferior Madeiras. acid, which be unpleasant. Sometimes,
may
Several years the vines failed in the however, the carbonic acid gas so set free is
ago,
island of Madeira, and the best Madeira is now pleasantto the stomach. great tage
The disadvan-
very old. The new wine made from vines these remedies labor under is their bulk,
planted in the island within a few requiresto be taken ; but the objec-
years is cellent so
ex- tion
much
for its age and is of great promise. does not apply to the fluid magnesia.
Madeira keeps best in demijohns in a moder- ately Citrate of magnesia, the effervescent aration
prep-
warm place,though it keeps quite well in popularlyused as a laxative,contains,
bottles. Warmth seems to ripen it and bring besides the magnesia, citrate or tartrate of
out its best qualities. It should be drunk sodium or potassium. It is pleasant to take,
about the temperature of the room. and mild in its operation.
MAGGOTS. These "
disgustinglarvas are MAGNOLIA." This is the most beautiful
generated in meat which has been imperfectly of all flowering trees, and in several of its
cured, which has been kept for too long a time, varieties is unapproached. The magriolia
or which has been exposed to the attacks of grandifiora is a native of the Southern States,
the green lands of
fly. Cut away the part which they where it grows wild in the low swamp
have penetrated, and the meat should be dipped the coast'inthe greatest abundance. This is
anew in brine,and the outside rubbed with a the noblest species of the its great
genus;
mixture of dry ashes and salt. When they height (sometimes So feet), its shining,dark-
appear in vegetables,the vegetables must be green leaves, its fragrantwhite flowers, a foot
thrown away. in diameter and exquisitelyfine, form a com- bination
of viagnesitim rare
occurs in two forms, one more bulky than the magnolia is the kind'usually cultivated in gar-dens,
other. It is obtained in the Northern States, It
by burning the ate,
carbon- especially
and then appears as a white powder with grows to the height of about twenty feet, and
hardly any taste, almost insoluble in water, and throws out a profusionof flowers of the utmost
slightlyalkaline in reaction. When introduced fragranceearlv in the Spring. It is perfectly
into the stomach, magnesia acts as an antacid, hardy, and wi'llflourish in any good garden
344 MAHOGANY MALARIA
soil,thouglia moist, ricli spot, not too shady, in most marshes in prodigious abundance are
is best. There are also
species of in a position the most
one favorable for decomposi-
or two
tion.
the magnolia which can be cultivated as parlor The extrication goes on throughout the
and greenhouse plants. They requirethe same Autumn, but it is arrested by the frosts of Win-
ter
treatment as other window
plants. which congeal the water and render decay
MAHOGANY. {See Furniture.) impossible. In the Spring,however, when the
MAIZE. (See Indian Corn.) sun again acquires power, the remnants of
MAJOLICA." A kind of Italian pottery, vegetable matter which escaped decomposition
consisting of a common earthen-ware ground, during the previous autumn, and which have
covered with a fine glaze,and enamelled with lain dormant all the winter, are speedilyacted
painted designs. It is used chieflyfor mental
orna- upon, and the evolution of malaria begins.
purposes, and is usually found in the As a general rule malaria is pernicious in
shape of large vases, urns, etc. The antique proportionto the proximity to the source ; but
forms are very fine,and some of the designs to this rule there are numerous exceptions.
equal the best Japanese painted pottery ; but Places at some distance,especiallyif situated
in general, the ware has a coarse, tawdry, upon an eminence, are sometimes affected with
inartistic look. It is not so much used now as the same, or even than places
greater intensity,
formerly. nearer at hand. The distance to which the
MALARIA. " A term now generallyused to emanations may extend by gradual diffusion is
designatea certain effluvium or emanation from estimated to be from 1400 to 1600 feet in eleva-
decaying or animal
vegetable substances the " iton, and from 600 to 1000 feet in a horizontal
word being used in the same
miasm sense, but direction ; but when winds are blowing the tance
dis-
generallywith the adjunct of marsh. Marshes, to which the
transportedis poison may be
whether fresh, are prolificsources
salt or of unknown instances are
" recorded of its being
malaria ; but product also of different
it is the conveyed three or four miles. Though malaria is
sorts of soil,as wet meadows, grounds alter-
nately principallyowing to heat, it is not in the hottest
flooded and drained, the mud left by the part of the day that its influence is the most
retiringtide in seaport, and estuaries, land pernicious, but in the evening and at night.
covered with low and dense brushwood, or Malaria is more liable to attack new-comers,
with reeds nearly cleared of its and those
and grass, or unused to it,than inhabitants of the
wood, all these, particularly
"
in warm climates, malarious district. It will sometimes not cite
ex-
the sun is more dangerous than a greater contributions to the subjectin the discov- ery
amount ; and it is only when this moisture is that vegetable perfumes exercise a healthful
being dried up that it becomes pestilential. and purifyinginfluence on the atmosphere by
It is observable that malaria is more ant
abund- converting its oxygen into ozone, and thus in- creasing
and more powerful in Spring and Autumn its oxydizinginfluence. The essences
than at any other time of the year, and for this found to develop the largestquantityof ozone
reason : Towards the end of Summer trees and are those of cherry-laurel, cloves, lavender,
plantslose their foliageand flowers,and scatter mint, juniper,lemons, fennel, and bergamot ;
their seeds ; an immense quantity of dead those that give it in smaller quantityare anise,
vegetable matter is thus distributed on the nutmeg, and thyme. The flowers of the nar- cissus,
cause decay and extricate the peculiar sub- stances or in the open air. Flowers destitute of
which cause ague when disseminated perfume do not, as a general thing,develop it ;
through the air. Marshes again, towards the though the largesun-flower is one of the most
end of Summer, have lost much water by powerful generators of all. Reasoning from
these facts the Professor recommends the cul-
evaporation,and the water-plantswhich grow
MALIC ACID MARJORAM 345
tivation of flowers in marshy districts,and in equal parts of crude potash and whiting,and
all places infested with animal emanations on apply as above.
account of the powerful oxidizinginfluence of Iron Stains may sometimes be removed
ozone. The inhabitants of such districts, he from marble by wetting the spots with lemon
says, should surround their houses with beds juice,or oxalic acid and spiritsof wine, and in
of the most odorous flowers. a quarter of an hour rubbing the marble dry
Malaria, as we have
already said, is more with a soft linen cloth.
powerful at night than in the day ; it will attack To remove ink-stains "
see INK.
those sleepingon the ground floor,and exempt II. Rub on with a brush a paste posed
com-
ground in the open air is almost sure to bring soap-suds, and half a gill of turpentine, all
on an att.ack. Those exposed to it should take mixed together and thickened with finelypow-
dered
the greatest precautions against the night pipe-clay. Have a second brush, small
air, especially while asleep ; the windows enough to go into the carving,etc. Having
should be closed at dusk, and some perfume, applied either of these pastes, let it remain un-
disturbed
mentioned above, kept in the bed-rooms. (See for two days, then wipe it off. If
Ague.) the marble is not then perfectlybright and
MALIC ACID. (See Acids.) clean, repeat the applicationa second or even
gallons; infuse or mash as for beer (seeBREW- ING), A hearth will be improved by rubbing casionally
oc-
and strain off the wort ; then add forty with a flannel wet with linseed oil.
pounds of loaf sugar and ten pounds of sugar Rub the oil in so as not to come off and grease
candy, dissolved in thirty-two gallons of hot other things. Next day go over it with a
water ; when cooled down to 55", add one clean, dry cloth.
quart of yeast, and put it intofifty-four a lon
gal- MARIGOLD One of the prettiest of the
cask, to w-hich add on the third
day twenty garden annuals, easily grown, and bearing
pounds of raisins stoned. Let it work for brightgolden flowers throughout the summer.
three days ; then pour in half a gallon of Sow the seed in the spring, when the days
brandy, bung it down, taking care to fill the have become warm and the nights exhibit no
cask up with warm but "io/ boiling water, if frosts ; or they may be brought forward in
not already full. In four months rack it off pots so as to transplantto the open border in
into another cask and add another half gallon latter part of May. Sprinkle the seed lightly
of brandy. In a month it will be fit to drink over the surface of the prepared soil,and rake
from the wood, and in two more to bottle for them in, afterwards pressing them down with
keeping. the palm of the hand. Water pretty freely,
n. (Inexpensive.) To "
every gallon of and when they come up, thin out and plant
trans-
water, put three pounds of brown sugar ; boil to their proper places. The plantsgrow
ten minutes and skim it well ; when tfie liquor best when they are not crowded. Some of the
is nearly cold put two of yeast to it, new varieties of the Marigold are
ounces
very attrac-
tive,
and let it stand till the following day ; then but any of them is worth a place in the
put it into a perfectlyclean cask, with one garden.
pint of strong new ale in a state of fer-
mentation, Marsh Marigold (called Cowslip in the
and one pound of raisins to every Eastern States)is a common swamp or water-
gallon. Let it stand twelve months before plant,which grows from eight to ten inches
bottlingit. high,with quite a thick stem ; when young the
MANGE. "
An eruptive disease which tacks leaves
at- can be used as greens as well as a pot- herb.
several of the domestic animals, es- pecially In England the flowers are used for
dogs and pigs. It is said to be pro- duced flavoringsoup, stews, etc.
by a minute worm which burrows under MARJORAM." There are several species
the skin, and produces a scaly pustule on the of Marjoram, but that which is preferred for
surface resembling the itch. It is caused is most frequently culti- vated
by cookery, and which
confinement, want of cleanliness,and bad air. in gardens for the purpose is the Sweet
It may be cured by anointing with an ointment Knotted Marjoram."
lifarjoram, also called "
composed of equal parts of lard and brim- stone. IFinter Sweet Marjoram and Pot-Marjoram
are also cultivated. They have all the same
MARASCHINO. (See Liqueurs.) qualities,though in varying degrees. The
MARBLE, To Clean I. Brush
" a paste of Common or Wild Marjoram is found growing
" chloride of lime and water over the entire in the fields calcareous soils. This
open on
surface, taking care adjacent has nearly the same
to protect theflavor as the cultivated
wall-paper, or any kind of inferior gilding, varieties,but is inferior, and is seldom used
which will be injured by the chlorine given except when the others are not at hand. The
off. tops and leaves of the Marjoram are used
To remove oil from marble, make a paste of both in a green and dry state, and as a relish-
MEAD MELT 347
all take the same time to cook. Carp, tench, half an ounce each of cinnamon, cloves,mace,
eels,and pike are very good. and bruised ginger,and small bunches of joram,
mar-
For a matelote of any or all of these fish,after balm, ancl sweet-brier ; boil a quarter of
thorough cleansing and washing, let them lie an hour longer,and pour it out to cool ; then
a few hours sprinkledwith salt,and rinse them toast a large slice of brown bread, spread it
again before cooking ; if small, merely cut off over with fresh yeast, and put it into the
the heads and tails divide the carp and
if large, "
liquor; let it ferment for a day, and then put it
tench into two or three pieces,and the pike into the cask, but keep it open till the fermen-
tation
and eels into convenient lengths. Put some is complete. Then stop closely. Itmay
button-onions into the stew-pan and brown be bottled in a month, and the corks must be
them in butter ; when half done, add a bunch securelytied.
of sweet herbs, put in the lish with as much MEASIjES. " This disease is most common
good broth asjustsuffice to cook it ; add in infancy and early childhood, but may oc-
will cur
a little red or white wine, or good cider; stew at any age. It is infectious,but with
closelycovered until done, taking care that it ordinary care is not fatal as a general rule.
does not burn. Arrange the fish in a hot, hol- low The symptoms are a feverish cold in the head^
dish ; let the gravy from which it was accompanied by a peculiar ringing cough,
taken boil a minute or two to reduce it,thick-
ening sneezing,runningof the eyes and nose and
it with a dust of flour ; at the same itching of the face, while the eyes are red
time make what additions of seasoningyou may and very sensitive to the light. After some
think fit,such as a handful of shrimps, essence days of these symptoms small red crescent-
of anchovies, Harvey's or Worcestershire shaped spots appear on the face,generallyin
sauce, or Walnut catsup; pour this gravy over clusters,and then spread over the rest of the
the fish, and serve with thin toasted bread. body. The fever increases as the rash comes
The matelote may be varied indefinitely, cording out.
ac- When it has been out three days, the
to the cook's resources. Cold lobster, spots turn brown, and the skin crumbles off
shrimps, eggs, or oyster sauce, or simple like bran. The rash usually disappears in
melted butter, may be used as thickening. three or four days, or a week at farthest.
The seasoning may be cayenne or black per
pep- Treatment. "
based on the liquor in which the fish was in connection with measles, and should be
cooked. Cold matelote of eels and tenches is guarded againstby every precaution; the chest
excellent,forming a stiff jelly
; this requiresa in particularshould be well protectedfrom cold.
dash of vinegar,and a strong seasoning of The diet should consist only of milk and light
pepper. farinaceous food ; and a sufficient amount of
Egg of). Put into a stew-pan a
(Matelote "
tepid drinks, such as lemonade (for older
pint of viii ordinaire, or cheap claret,or of children), arrowroot, barley-water,etc., should
better wine diluted with water. Add pepper, be given. If the breathing is diflScult, put on
salt,a bunch of sweet herbs, an onion sliced, a mustard and oatmeal poulticeto the chest,
and a clove of garlicsplit. Boil five minutes, and keep the bowels open by injections if need-
ful.
remove the flavoringmaterials, and poach In general this is all that is required,and
eightor ten eggs in the liquor,as in water. the disorder will subside in from a week to ten
When done, arrange them on a dish ; thicken days ; but if the disease is not running its
the liquorby stirring in a tablespoonfulof but- ter usual course, especiallyif inflammation ops
devel-
rolled in a tablespoonfulof flour; let it just itself,tlien medical aid should be moned.
sum-
boil up, and pour it over the eggs by way of After measles great care should be
sauce. A few shrimps, shell-fish,or ready- taken to keep the secretions in good order, and
cooked pieces of eel or other fish,may be ad- ded they should be rigidly watched for some time
before serving. with that view.
MATTRESS. {See BEDS and FURNITURE.) MEASURES. {See Weights and ures.)
Meas-
MAYONNAISE. [See Salad and S.WCE.)
MEAD. "
A fermented liquorprepared from MEAT. {See Food and separate meats.)
honey. To make, put four pounds of honey to MEDICINES, For family use. {See
every gallon of water, and boil it three-quartersDrugs.)
of an hour, skimming carefully. To every gallon MEDOC "WINES. {See Claret.)
of this add an ounce of hops ; then boil it half MELONS. {See MusK Melon and Water
an hour and let it stand till next day, then put Melon.)
it into a cask, and to thirteen gallons of the MELT. This small, dark, tongue-likepiece "
liquor add a quart of brandy. Stop it up attached to the lights of calves,lambs, sheep,
lightlyuntil the fermentation is over, and then and pigs, is not often used in this country,
stop it very close. If a large cask is made, but can be made into a very wholesome and
keep it a year before bottling; for a smaller savory dish. The calves' melt is best, and
cask in proportion. next to this that of pigs. To cook: after
Sparkling Mead." Boil fourteen pounds of soaking three or four hours in a little salt and
honey in six gallonsof water for half an hour, water, and vinegar, wipe dry, pepper it well,
breakinginto it three or four eggs ; then add and boil till tender ; or, wash it thoroughly,
348 MENSTRUATION
season it stronglywith salt,and boil it over a' time the menses begin until about the twentieth
brisk fire. year, this function is the main instrument in
MENSTRUATION. " The function of struation
men- buildingup the most delicate,complex, and im-
portant
and si.xteen ; and terminates at the " critical exercise, wholesome and appropriate food, and
period
"
change of life,"which usuallyoc-
or
"
curs healthful dress the neglect is almost certain "
between the forty-fifth and forty-eighthto be dearly paid for in after-life. The fact that
It consists of sanguineous fluid which is the years embraced in this period are those in
years.
e.xuded from the vessels of the uterus, and capes which
es- girls are expected to get the most portant
im-
through the vagina, the flow generally part of their education, greatlycompli-
cates
returning every twenty-eightdays, and lasting the matter, and it is the conviction now
for the better, but sometimes for the worse; to allow of a suspension of study, complete or
and the greatest care is then necessary. It is partial, on the part of each pupil for four or
the duty of mothers especially, and of those five days in each month. When provision foi
who are entrusted with the education of girls,this is not made in the schools, their parents
to instruct them earlyin the conduct and man- agement should take the responsibility upon themselves.
of themselves at this most critical When menstruation has once commenced,
period of their lives. False modesty, tion,
inatten- its regular occurrence is absolutelyindispens-
able
and ignorance of what is beneficial or to good health ; and from whatever cause
hurtful at such times, are the source of many it is obstructed (except from pregnancy) proper
diseases and misfortunes in after life. The means should be used to restore it. For this
eating of improper food, violent affections of purpose, exercise in the open air, wholesome
the mind, or catching cold at this period, are diet, and, if the body be weak and languid,
often sufficient permanently to injure the generous liquors will generally be sufficient ;
health, or even to render the woman ever after but if these fail recourse must be had to medi-
cine.
incapable of procreation. When obstructions proceed from a
The first menstrual flow is nearly always weak state of health, such medicines as mote
pro-
preceded by symptoms which foretell its ap-
proach digestion and give tone to the tem
sys-
; as a sense of weight and pain in the must be used. The best of these are
loins, distention and hardness of the breasts, iron, Peruvian bark, and prepared steel. fuse
In-
headache, loss of appetite, languor, chilliness, two or three ounces of iron filings
in a
and sometimes a slightdegree of fever. When quart of ale, and after it has stood two weeks,
these symptoms appear at the age at which the filter it, and take half a wineglassful twice a
should be taken to avoid everything that may a bad state they occur
of the in blood, or when
tend to arrest it. Women should be extremely women of a gross or full habit, mild purgatives,
cautious of what they eat and drink at the a spare diet, and attenuating drinks, accom-
panied
time they are out of order. Everything by frequent bathing of the feet in warm
that is cold or apt to sour on the stomach water effect a cure. A half-spoonfulof the
should be avoided ; as should fish, and all tincture of black hellebore may also be taken
kinds of food that are difiicult of
digestion. twice a day in a teacupful of warm water.
Cold should be especiallyguarded against at When the flow is simply delayed beyond the
these periods; more of the se.x date their eases usual
dis- time, by a cold for instance, the feet
from catching cold while they are out of should be bathed twice a day in warm water, a
order tlian from all other causes combined, warm bath should be taken, warm applications
probably. A degree of cold that will not in the placed on the bowels and a copious draught of
least hurt them at another time will at this pennyroyal or tansy tea taken warm, witli a
period seriously endanger the health. Rest An obstruction of the strong'infusion of gin.
also, at least comparative rest, from all the menses is often the result of other maladies.
usual avocations, even from study, should be When this is the case, instead of trj'ingto force
somewhat like those of childbirth. This is and requires the most careful attention to the
before, is in attention to the general health and and keeping the bowels open. For this
the conditions which affect it. At the time of latter purpose a little rhubarb, or a dose of
the flow, if it is very copious,the patientshould Rochelle salts may be taken twice a week.
lie on a rather hard mattress, with the head Ulcerous, cancerous, or other chronic diseases
low ; confine herself to a cool and slender diet, sometimes follow upon this cessation and acute
as veal or chicken broth with bread ; drink diseases of a dangerous nature are not quent
infre-
lemonade or liquors; and
other cool acidulated ; but these are matters with which estic
dom-
take small and frequent doses of nitre (say half medicines must not venture to deal, and
a teaspoonful every two hours). If these do the advice of a physician must be sought. The
not arrest the flux, take two drachms of alum most dreaded accident, however, is too profuse
and one Japan-earth,pounded together,di-
of vide menstruation, the popular idea that this con-dition
intoeight or nine doses, and give one is natural at the turn of life, is incorrect.
three times a day. Persons whose stomachs It is probably due to some uterine disease
cannot bear alum may take two tablespoonfuls requiringthe physician'sattention.
of infusion of roses, three or four times a day, MERINGUES." Whisk to the firmest pos-sible
to each dose of which ten drops of laudanum froth the whites of six fresh eggs. Lay
be added. If these should fail, half a some strips of writing-paperclosely
may squares or
drachm of powdered Peruvian bark, and ten together upon a board or thick dish. When
drops of eli.xir of vitriol may be taken in a these are ready, mix the eggs with three-
glass of red wine four times a day. quarters of a pound of the finest sugar, well
Leucorrhcea. The discharge may offend
"
dried, and sifted;stir them together thoroughly
in qualityas well as in quantity. What is and then with a table or dessert-spoon lay the
called whites or fluor albiis is a very common mixture quickly on the papers in the form of
disease, and is very injuriousto delicate women. a half-egg, sift sugar over them without delay,
This discharge is not always whi-te,however, blow off with a bellows all that does not adhere,
but may be either pale yellow,green, or ish
black- and set the meringues into a moderate oven.
entirelysuppressed, are accompanied with sev- ere enough of the insides to form a space for some
pains in the back, loins,and bottom of the whipped cream or preserves, and put them
belly. It is caused by weak action of the again into the oven, upon some clean sheets of
vessels of the uterus, or spasm of its extreme paper, with the moist side uppermost, to dry.
vessels ; and is to be removed by warm bathing, When they are crisp through, they are done.
both topicaland general,with the use of opiates Let them become cold : fill with the cream or
Italian Msiingues. " Take the whites of six stewed pears, and let them be about half ed
cover-
eggs and a pound of fine sugar, or half the with their juice. Whisk to a solid froth the
for small number of meringues. whites of five eggs ; stir to them five table-
quantity a
Boil the with a pint of water until it spoonfuls of sifted white sugar, and lay the
sugar
whitens, and begins to fall in flakes from the mixture lightlyand equally over the fruit ; set
has stood for three minutes after the common plums, first stewed as for compotes
sugar
been worked well from the sides {See Compotes) well for
boiling,
and answer as as pears
of the pan, mix them graduallybut very ly
quick- this dish ; also apples, apricots,or peaches,
with it,until the mass is quite smooth and boiled down to a marmalade with sufficient
firm enough to retain its shape when moulded sugar to sweeten them moderately. The skins
by lay out the cakes writing- and stones of the and plums
peaches, apricots,
a teaspoon ; on
paper, and set them in an oven so slow as to should be removed, but a few of the blanched
harden without coloring them. As they are kernels may be used to flavor the fruit.
not to be but merely fastened
filled, together, MERUTO. "
An extremely fine twilled stuff,
they may be baked on tins. made of the finest wool, and used for dresses
Part of them may be varied by the addition or shawls. The French excel in the facture
manu-
of three or four ounces of pounded almonds of this article,and their best qualities,
mixed thoroughly with and sugar, approximate to Cashmere
half the eggs ; but there are also
when a meringues have been
portion of the very good merinoes of English and American
moulded ; these will requireto be baked much make. Merino is found of all colors and quali-
ties,
longer than the others ; they should be lightly and is usuallyeither three-quarters or six-
browned, and crispquitethrough. quarters wide.
Pears or other Fruit, (Meringues of.) " There are also merinoes made of a mixture
Fill a deep tart-dish nearly to the brim with of wool and silk.
rt, inlet ; jf, exit pipe ; kkk^ compartments of the drum ; ^, slit for exit of ^as from compartments ; 5, f, direction of
rotation of drum.
METERS, for Gas." These are of two kinds, arranged that when the water is at the
the water-meter and the dry-meter. The dry- proper level "
so as to immerse about three-
meter has the advantage that it doesnot aid in fifths of the drum gas "
thedepositof the water in the tubes, which is escape from some of the compartments, but
always going on more or less,and which it is cannot do both at the same time in the case of
necessary to avoid as far as possibleby taking compartment. The drum is moved by
any one
care that the pipes all drain into the meter, the pressureof the gas against the partitions.
without any depending portions except at the The motion of the drum is communicated
burners, where it is impossibleto avoid it. to wheel-work which turns the hands on the
A Water Meter consists of a drum ed
divid- meter dial. The measuring space of the meter
into four compartments by partitionsso depends of course upon the level of the water in
METER 351
the drum ; if this is too high the meter has to If the water is too low, fewer revolutions for the
make more revolutions to given amount
a of same amount are required,and it registerslow
pass
gas, and registers
high or againstthe consumer. or againstthe company. To prevent the for-
FlG. 2.
mer state of affairs so far as possible,the tube the motion of the drum, and consequently the
ft (Figs.2 and 3),is so arranged as to act as an flow of the gas. It may be thawed by pouring
overflow and stop the flow of gas completely if boilingwater over the meter or into it. Gly-
cerine
solution of chloride of calcium, 4 lbs to
the gallon,and similar liquids which neither
freeze nor evaporate, are used to prevent this
difficulty.
Besides the stoppage caused by freezing of
the water in the meter, the gas in a house plied
sup-
through a wet meter will sometimes fuse
re-
consequences of a low water level,the float /; that when expanded, the other side
one side is
(Figs.2 and 3) is appliedwhich is attached to is contracted. The gas passingthrough
the me-
ter
the valve /
(Figs.2 and 3) which shuts off the fillsand empties these chambers alternately,
gas by falling
upon its seat. and by the reciprocating action thus produced, a
The freezingof the water in the meter stops train of wheel work attached to the hands of the
352 METER MILK
dials,
is made to move. The mode of action may the meter. The dials below are marked tens,
be best understood from Figs. 4 and 5. The hundreds, thousands, etc., according to what
they record. The lowest figurewhen the hand
is between two, should be taken ; thus : if tlie
"
dial marked "
100 thousand has the hand tween
be-
"
5 and 6, that marked 10 thousand "
"
between o and 9, that marked thousands "
at
small dial above is not used except in testing milk much richer in cream than others and "
MILK-WEED MINCEMEAT 353
also upon the treatment which the cow receives. and stew like any other vegetableused for
(^SceCow.) Scarcely less important is the greens.
management of tlie milk after it is drawn
itself, MIIjLET. " The smallest seeded of the corn
upon this point. (Av Dairy.) seeds in an ear makes up for the diminutive
Millc from farm where fever e.xists size. There varieties of the mil-
let
a typhoid are numerous
is one of the most prolificsources of the which are cultivated as food in dilferent
spread of that disease. In hot weather milk may parts of the world. The comrnon millet is the
be kept sweet by scaldingit very gently, out
with- usuallygrown here (when it is cultivated
kind
boiling;also by putting a spoonful of at all),and of this there are two kinds, the
scraped horse-radish into each pan of milk, brown and the yellow. The first is sometimes
loaf-sugar, it may be kept two days. Certain is sold in the grocers'shops for making pud-
dings,
kinds of food affect the flavor of milk; turnips, and is
very delicate and wholesome.
for instance, impart flavor which is agreeable.
dis- MINCEMEAT." .--Beef-tongue,
I. r^/Cv
or
a very
This flavor may be removed by inside of roasted sirloin,\ lb ; beef kidney-suet,
dissolvinga pound of saltpetrein a gallon of 2 lbs ; stoned raisins and minced apples,each
boilingwater, and adding a half pint of this 2 lbs ; currants, 2^:2 lbs; fine sugar, 2)4 lbs;
solution to every four gallons of milk as it comes candied orange, lemon, or citron peel,8 to 16
from the cow. oz; lemons, 2; peel of 2 others grated; salt,yi
The adulteration of milk,as sold in the cities,oz ; nutmegs, 2 ; pounded mace, i teaspoonful ;
has always been considered to be very great ground ginger,rather more
"
than i teaspoonful;
that is,it has been believed that not onlywater, sherry or Madeira, )" pt; brandy, yi pt.
but various other ingredients are added in Boil the tongue {ivitliontsalt) until quite ten- der
great quantities. Recent analyses in several of and cut free from the rind ; or if the sirloin
the cities seem to prove that this is a fallacy;be used cut it from the inside of a well-roasted
and that while water is added in numerous joint. Boil the two
stances,
in- lemons whole until quite
it is extremely seldom that even chalk tender, and then chop them up entirely, with
or starch has been used for adulteration, the e.xception of the pips. Mince each of the
while of other substances there ai"e practically above ingredientsseparately, and all well gether
to-
none. Starch is said to be sometimes added to before the wine and brandy are added.
conceal the blue color produced by the addition After the mincemeat is mixed thoroughly,
of water ; it is easilydetected by the violet-blue press it into a jaror jars,and keep it closely
color formed when the milk is brought in con- tact covered ; it should be stored for a few days be- fore
with a drop of tincture of iodine. Chalk it is used, and will remain good all winter.
is added occasionally to neutralize the acidity Some persons like a slightflavoringof cloves
in sour milk, and also to give it thickness and in addition to the other spices; others add the
body. When this is the case, the deposit left juice of two lemons, and a largerquantityof
by the milk, after standing some time, if washed brandy. Minor changes such as these can be
and dissolved in acetic acid (vinegar') will effer-
vesce. made to suit individual tastes
A more common fraud than any, prob-
ably, II. T^tZ/Jv.--Lean beef {boiled), 1 lbs; beef-
consists in removing the cream ; but this suet, I lb ; apples,5 lbs ; seeded raisins,2 lbs ;
can usuallybe told merely by tasting. sultana raisins,I lb ; currants, 2 lbs ; citron,^^
Condensed Milk is simply milk boiled till lb ; pounded mace, 2 tablespoonfuls ; pounded
all the water is extracted from the other ingredi- ents, cinnamon, 2 tablespoonfuls ; nutmeg, grated,
with the addition of a certain proportion of I ; cloves, and allspice, i tablespoonfuleach ;
sugar. Dilution with water bringsit back near- ly brown sugar, 7.yilbs ; sherry,i qt ; brandy, I
to its~ originalcondition. This milk has pt.
several advantages over the fresh in cities, Wash "
the currants and raisins and pick them
one of which is that it is certainly pure. {See out carefully ; pare and core the apples; mince
Butter, Buttermilk, Cheese, Cream, and these, togetherwith the beef and suet, separ- ately
Dairy.) ; and mix all togetherthoroughly before
MILKING. {See Cow.) adding the sherry and brandy. This may be
MILK-'WEED. An
" extensive family of kept,as in preceding recipe,all winter.
plants,known also as milk-vetch," growing
"
III. Take .--Beef-suet, 2 lbs; currants, 2 lbs;
wild in many portionsof the country, the young raisins,seeded, l lb; bread, 2 oz; brown sugar,
shoots of which, when about four to si.x inches \)i lbs ; red and white wine, mixed, 3 gills;
high,make excellent and tender greens. Even lemons, peel of 2 and juice of i ; candied
after the young leaves become detached from orange-peel,4 oz ; cinnamon, mace, nutmeg,
the stalk and begin to mature, they are good. and salt, to taste.
When sold in the market, the young milk-weed Prepare and mix as above. If preferred, two
is usuallytied up like asparagus, in bunches ; biscuits may be substituted for the two ounces
drug and taking a poisonous dose ; it should tightlythat the winged moths cannot penetrate
therefore be kept out of his reach. I n the so-call-
ed it, it may be kept secure. But it is to be
reaction
" "
from excessive doses of opium, observed that the moth is
very cunning, and
the suicidal mania is apt to come, so the patient unless the enfolding has been very cartful they
should be watched, even for three or four days will effect an entrance. Camphor, cedar-wocd,
after the effects of the drug appear to be entire-ly and Russia-leather will, to a certain
pepper
After it has been necessary to give extent, repel their advances ; but neither of
gone.
heavy doses of opium, it should not be stopped them can be relied on, and the above tion
precau-
off suddenly,but the dose should be continued is all that is necessary.
though gradually but ine.xorably lessened at Should any woollen articles appear to be
the rate of about one-third per day. Opium is attacked by moths, beating and brushing,and
probably the most powerful stimulant known, to the sun should be resorted to at
exposure
and the effects of its sudden withdrawal should then be hung in closet
are once. They a
more painfulthan those of even alcohol. or wardrobe containing in which an open vessel
MORTAR. {See Wedgewood mortar.) placed; this will
spiritsof turpentine has been
MOSELLE WINES." These wines are effectually destroy all the larvae. (^^^Carpets.)
made in the valleyof the Moselle (Germany), MOULD. Mouldiness is caused by the
"
and are usuallyclassified with the Rhine wines, growth of minute vegetation. Ink, paste,
though they are much inferior to the better leather, arid seeds most frequentlysuffer from it.
qualities of the latter. They are also lighter A clove, or a few drops of any essential oil,
and less spirituous, and of rather thin body ; will preserve ink. Leather may be preserved
but they are noted for an agreeable aromatic by the same substances : thus, Russia-leather,
flavor, which, however, is said to be generally which is perfumed with tar of birch, not only
imparted to the wine by mixing with it tincture never becomes mouldy but prevents its occur- ring
of elder-flowers. The better sorts of Moselle in other bodies. A few drops of essential
are highly esteemed in Germany for their sup- posed oil put in the box in which they are packed
medicinal properties; they are believed will keep books entirelyfree from mould. For
to be not only generous and stimulatingbut harness, oil of turpentine is good. Alum and
slightly laxative. resin are used to preserve bookbinders'-paste,
The most celebrated brands are the Branne- but ineffectually; oil of turpentine (three or
berger, and Scharzberger; and scarcely less four drops to a quart) succeeds better, but by
esteemed are the Zeltigner,Graacheti, Dun, small quantities of oil of peppermint, anise,
Josephshoff,Berncastle, Grunhausen, Scharg- or cassia, paste has been preserved for several
hoffbers;er, and PiesporterAuslese. By a pro-
cess years. Seeds may also be preserved by putting
similar to that by which champagne is a few drops of any of the essential oils on the
made, large quantitiesof sparkling Moselle paper or cloth in which they are enclosed ; and
are manufactured, which resembles champagne this is of great consequence when they are
in taste, and by means of false labels is sold as sent to a distance. Of course moisture must
such. It is never a pure and good wine. be excluded as much as possible,as the oils
Moselle is essentially a summer wine, and prevent the bad effects of mould only.
should be drunk cooled. Iron-mould is in reality a stain from rust,
MOSQUITOES. The only sure protection and is as nearly ineradicable as stain can
"
be.
againstthese troublesome little insects is to By moistening the part with ink, and, while
have nets at the windows, so as to keep them this is wet, rubbing it with muriatic acid diluted
out of the room, or, failingthis,to have close with five times its weight of water, both stains
nets around the bed. The fumes of camphor may sometimes be removed together.
356 MUCILAGE MULLET
MTTCILAGE. " A solution of gum in water, best. It has agreeable acid, sugary
an taste.
used in medicine, and as a paste in
many Black mulberries
are larger and sweeter, but
household processes. Mucilage of gum-arabic are slightly insipid. The white variety is
is best for these latter purposes. Dissolve smaller than either,and in flavor resembles
gum-arabic (the best is nearly colorless)in ripen about the black. Mulberries begin to
either hot or cold water tillthe whole is of the the 1st of August. When used for dessert,
consistencyof cream, and keep it as much as they should be freshlygathered,and so ripe
possiblefrom contact with the air. Add a few as to fall from the trees when slightlyshaken.
drops of any essential oil,to prevent its sour- ing. Boilingblack mulberries in a little water tillof
About 30 drops of syrupy glycerineto a the consistencyof cream makes a syrup which
pintof mucilage will prevent its crackingwhen is good for sore throat.
dry,or making labels curl. Cider (Mulberry). Press the juice from "
MUFFINS." Take .-Flour, 3 pts ; milk, I yi ripe mulberries ; mix it with an equal quantity
pts ; yeast, ]/", teacupful; eggs, 2 ; melted but- ter, of apple-juice ; and proceed as in making
4 tablespoonfuls ; salt,i teaspoonful. cider.
Heat the milk till lukewarm, and then mi.x MULCH. Half-rotten matting, straw, "
in the flour ; beat the eggs, and add them with leaves, etc., strewn around the roots of plants
the other ingredients. Set the batter to rise to protect them from unfavorable weather.
in a warm placs; when light,butter the muffin When completely rotted,it makes an excellent
rings,turn in the mixture, and bake on a grid- dle manure.
not too hot, tillthe muffins are of a light MULLED DRINKS (Cider)." Take of
brown. Serve hot. bruised stick cinnamon about % oz; half a
Bread Muffins. " Take .--Raised grated nutmeg; 10 or 12 bruised
bread, 4 cloves; infuse
thick slices ; flour, two tablespoonfuls; milk, in half a pint of boilingwater for an hour ;
Vi pt ; eggs, 3. strain the liquid,add sugar to the taste, and
Cut all the crust off the slices of bread, put pour it into a pint of hot cider.
them in a pan and pour enough boiling water Claret. " Boil the sugar and spice as above
over them to soak them well ; cover it over for a few minutes in justenough wine for the
and let it stand an hour. purpose ; then add the remainder and boil as
Then drain
off the water, and stir the soaked above for a second or two.
bread tillit is a smooth paste ; stir in the flour Port. " Boil any of the spices(cloves,cinna-
mon,
and the milk ; and add the eggs, after having nutmeg or mace) in half a pintof water,
beaten them very light. Butter the muffin- with three ounces of sugar; after it has boiled
rings,fill them with the mixture, and bake five minutes or so, add from si.x to twelve
brown. These muffins, if properly made, are wineglassfulsof rich port wine ; let it boil
very lightand nice. up once and pour out into the vessel in which
Hominy Muffins. Take .--Small hominy, "
it is to be served. If desired, the water can
boiled, two cupfuls; milk, two cupfuls; melted be drained off from the spices before the
butter, Yz cupful; salt, 2 even teaspoonfuls; wine is added to it ; and lemon or orange juice
sugar, two tablespoonfuls ; flour,I ^ cupfuls; added.
baking powder, 2 teaspoonfuls; eggs 3. Any other wine, and either ale or porter,
"
Sift the baking powder with the flour ; and may be "mulled like claret in the same way;
beat in a little of the milk, and all the eggs, it is a very pleasantdrink for winter.
butter, salt,sugar and hominy, which should MULLET. There are several
"
varieties of
be warm to mix well ; add the rest of the milk ;
the mullet, among which the striped 7"iutlet is
bake in quick oven
a plentiful.It is in season
in muffin from ber
Septem-
rings placed most
in a dripping-pan. to May, and is usuallyvery fat ; but it has
Rice Muffins. Take :-^d\\^A rice, yi P*! a rather unpleasant flavor, and is not much
"
hour.
Graham Muffins may be made by ing
substitut-
unbolted flour or Indian meal in the above Prepare, cook, and serve white mullet as
First wash and then dry the fish thoroughly in management, this natural process of the
dent
a cloth ; neither scale nor open it,but take out disease is
interrupted,the tumors about the
the gillsgently and carefullywith the small throat suddenly subside and are followed by
intestine which will adhere to them ; wrap it swellingsof the testicles in males and of the
closelyin a sheet of thicklybuttered paper, tie breasts in females,accompanied with increased
this securelyat the ends and over the mullet fever.
with pack-thread,and bake it in a moderate Treatment. In ordinary cases little
"
very
oven; broil it over a clear but not too hot fire, treatment is
required beyond the administering
of a mild laxative and the applicationof warm
poulticesto the parts affected. But great pre- cautions
must be taken against taking cold,
especiallyif the swellingis transferred from the
throat to the testicles or breast. During the
first day or two of the disease it is well to en-
courage
twenty-fiveminutes will be
generally sufficient physician should be summoned at once.
to dress it in either way. For sauce, add a Mumps are epidemic, and are be-
lieved
generally
little melted butter to the liquor which has to be contagious.
send the mullet to table in the paper wrapping ; a spicy flavor which is extremely pleasant. No
or remove the paper and dish with the sauce. cultivated grape approaches the muscadine in
IVnjLLAGATAWNY Disjoint a rabbit, size ; it is generallytwice as largeas the largest
cut the back into 6 pieces;slice Ulbs beef, thin. Delaware or Concord. Muscadines ripen in
Place in a saiitoir 6 onions sliced,and 3 ozs August. Wine is made from them in the same
butter; when brown remove into a stew-pan; way as from other grapes.
in the butter brown the rabbit and beef; put MUSH. " Take a pint of Indian meal, wet it
into the bottom of a soup-pot 4 slices of raw up with cold water, and stir it into two quarts
ham; lay in the rabbit and beef, the onions, 2 of cold water, saltingto taste. Boil two hours
sour apples grated, and rind of \ lemon. Now stirringoften with a wooden spoon or stick,
in the sau/oirpni 2 ozs butter, 2 ozs flour,3 ta- and then remove from the fire. This may be
blespoonfulsof curry-powder, i large teaspoon- eaten with butter simply, or with milk and
ful salt; stir with a wooden spoon 2 minutes; sugar, and is very good for the sickroom or the
add qts of boilingstock with which
2 the sautoir nursery. Graham meal may be substituted for
has been rinsed out, and \ pint white wine; the Indian if liked.
simmer \\ hours, skim clean; when ready pour MUSHROOM.^The mushroom is ered
consid-
into tureen; serve with rice. i^Seeunder SoUP.) by many one of the greatest delicacies
MUMPS. "
A swellingof the glands about known to our tables, and its richness in nitro-
genous
the throat. This curious disease makes its ap- elements renders it one of the most
pearance
usually in the spring, and young nutritious of all the edible
vegetables; but
persons of both sexes are much more liable to there are a varietyof poisonous fungi which so
decidedly pleasant odor, and is never shiny; salt,half an ounce of whole white pepper, an
while those which are dangerous either have a ounce of ginger, sliced or slightlybruised,
bad odor or none at all. By those however who about the fourth of a saltspoonful of cayenne
are not already skilled in detecting the charac-
teristics tied in a small bit of muslin, and two large
of mushrooms still further tests should blades of mace : to these may be added half a
be applied. For instance, sprinkle salt on the small nutmeg, sliced,but too much spice will
part or gillof to be the mushrooms
entirelyoverpower the fine natural flavor of the
spongy
tried ; if they turn yellow they are poisonous ; mushrooms. When the pickle boils, throw
but if they turn black they are good. Allow them in, and boil them in it over a clear fire
the salt to act a little time before deciding as moderately fast from six to nine minutes, or
to the color produced. Another simple and somewhat longer,should they not be very small.
efificienttest is to cook a peeled white onion in When they are much disproportioned in size,
the pot with the mushrooms ; if it turns black, the larger ones should have two minutes boil
the mushrooms are poisonous and should be before the others are thrown into the vinegar.
thrown away. It is also deemed prudent to As soon as they are tolerablytender, put them
rejectmushrooms when a silver spoon used in at once into small stone jars,or into warm
stirringthem turns black. wide-necked bottles,and divide the spice equally
In case of suspected poisoningby spurious amongst them. The followingday, or as soon
mushrooms, take a liberal dose of the emetic as they are perfectly cold, secure them from
nearest to hand. After the stomach has settled, the air with large corks, or tie skins and paper
take from one to three tablespoonfuls of castor- over them. They should be stored in a dry
oil. place,and guarded from severe frost. When
Baked Mushrooms, Select large ones "
; trim the color of the mushrooms is more considered
the stalks, remove skins with a damp cloth. than the excellence of the pickle,the distilled
Place them on oval croutons; put them into a vinegar can be used for it.
baking-pan; season with salt, white pepper, Sweetbreads and Mushrooms. Take equal "
cold gravy, slowly heated, and gently simmered A teaspoonfulof it,with a quarter of a pint of
and a small
until they are tender. strong veal gravy, as much cream,
Pickled Mushrooms. Select the smallest dessert "
spoonful of flour, will made a good
buttons of the meadow mushrooms, and let bkhamel or white sauce.
the stems off quite close, and clean them with stalks; place in a stew-pan with half the juice
bit of new flannel slightlymoistened, and of a lemon, white pepper and salt to taste, a
a
dipped into fine salt ; throw them as they are very little scraped garlic,and i oz of butter;
done into plenty of spring-water, mixed with a cover close, and stew for 5 minutes, add
allemande, or veloute sauce
large spoonful of salt,but drain them from it bechamel, to just
in the musk-de^r,an animal which is a native American muslins are scarcely inferior,
and
of Thibet, China, and Siberia. A varietyof serve admirably for all purposes for which
musli is also found in tlie musk-rat of Canada. the cloth can be used. Muslin comes of differ-
ent
Music is of a bitter taste, and has a more widths, but the customary one is a yard ; it
powerful scent than substance known ; should be carefullyshrunk before being cut
any
other substances in its neighborhood become into garments.
by it, and when MUSSELS." These shell-fish highly
strongly infected once fumed
per- are not
retain long time. It also
the scent for a esteemed as food, being tough of texture, hard
has the property, when employed in very small to digest,and
consequently not agreeing with
quantities,of augmenting the scent of other many They may be obtained
stomachs. in
substances without imparting its own. The the markets, however, though not in great
best musk comes from China ; and to have it quantities,and are best during the fall and
genuine it should be purchased in the natural winter months. Boilingand picklingthem are
bag, or pod, as it is very often adulterated. the best methods of preparing them. Choose
The Bengal musk is inferior,and that from such as are large in the shell,plump in the
Russia the worst of all. The hair on the pod flesh,and brilliant orange in hue.
of the best musk is a fawn color,and on ferior Boiled
the in- Mussels. "
Put the mussels into a
a dirtywhite. When musk is bought large tin sauce-pan without water, and with the
otherwise than in the pod, draw a silken thread lid on. a brisk fire ; the mussels Set it over
two or three times through a clove of moist at the bottom will immediately let out enough
garlic,and then through the musk ; the latter, liquorto keep them from burning. As soon as
if genuine, will instantlyovercome the odor of they begin to warm shake or "hustle" the
the garlic. To preserve musk well, keep it sauce-pan so as to bring the bottom over the
perfectlydry; and when it is to be used as a top ; and so on tillall the mussels have felt the
perfume, moisten it. influence of the heat. When they open they
MUSK -MELON. " The varieties of this are done ; too much cooked they are spoiled.
melon are very numerous, some of them being Pour them, with their hot liquor over them,
distinguishedby a thick and warty rind, some into a bowl or deep dish, and serve diately.
imme-
by a rind cracked in a net-like manner, some
by ribs and furrows, and others by a perfectly Pickled Mussels. Boil them as above, and "
smooth and thin rind. They differ also in the when done, pick out the mussels with a fork
color of the Jlcsh of the fruit,which is green, and put them into a common preserve-jar, ing
dust-
yellow,and red ; and in size,which varies from pepper over them from time to time. When
three or four inches to a foot in diameter. The the liquorwhich comes from them has settled,
choicest varieties are the citron, cantaloupe, pour over the mussels a mixture of half liquor
nutmci;, and pineapple. Of these, the citron and half vinegar. They will then keep several
is most valued for its sweetness, richness, and days. If not for early use, they should be
high flavor. They appear in the Southern pickled in pure vinegar with plenty of spice.
markets (whence they are shipped North) about Tie them down close with bladder or thick
the first of August, and are distinguishedby paper.
their small size and comparativelysmooth rind. MUSTARD. The pulverized seed of the "
The mitineg is preferred by most people for mustard-plant. There are two varieties of
its high musky flavor and large size,and the mustard, the black and the white, both of
skin appears as if covered with a net, ribbed which are cultivated in our gardens. The
or crossed like the nutmeg spice. They are in seeds should be sown in the early spring,in
season in July and August, and are among the rows about two feet apart ; they grow very
most extensively cultivated of the varieties. rapidly,and flower in June, shortlyafter which
The cantaloupe is the first ripe musk-melon the seeds appear. The leaves of the young,
but is less cultivated than the former. It has white, hood-leafed mustard are excellent for
a sweet and pleasant flavor. Most musk- salad, or to boil with meat as greens; they
melons when ripe have a decided yellowish be had at time in a few days by sow-
ing
may any
tinge,but this test is not always conclusive. the seed in a box and keeping it in a warm
MTJSK-RAT. " This animal is
place. The seed-vessels of the black mustard
sometimes
seen in the Northern markets, but is
are often
smooth, those of the white rough and hairy.
not
eaten, more on account of its name probably The seeds of the former are small, of a dark
than anything else,for its flesh is both tender brown color, inodorous when whole, but when
and well flavored. If it can be hung and frozen powdered and mixed with water have a strong,
a few days it is considered stillbetter. pare, penetrating odor, and a sharp,burning taste ;
Pre-
cook, and serve like Rabbit. those of the latter are larger,of a yellow color,
MUSLIN." A fine, thin, flimsy sort of and less pungent taste. The flavor of mustard
cotton cloth, which has a fine warp on its is obtained by crushing and siftingboth kinds
surface. There numberless varieties of of seeds, which
are are usuallymi.xed for this pur-
pose.
muslin, it being manufactured in nearly every
country of the world. The best is the Indian The adulteration of mustard is well-nighuni-
versal,
muslin, which has a special reputation for dura-
bility, wheaten flour being added and turmeric
and for retainingits whiteness ; and the to give the proper color to the mixture. The
Swiss muslin ranks next. But the English and adulterations, however, are only of importance
360 MUTTON
as far as the money-value is concerned, as the seem to indicate. The most solid meat is the
turmeric is innocent
of any qual- leg, and the least the shoulder
ities. mischievous and breast.
In there
purchasingmustard is no guide The latter has the further disadvantage of hav- ing
short of the microscope but the palate, as the more fat than lean, whilst the lean is not
full strengthis not developed until the flour is easilymasticated and has but little flavor. It
mixed with hot water. Most people can judge is sold at a lower price, however, than any
of the strength when used, and this will serve other jointof mutton, and may be made into a
as a guide in future purchases. variety of economical and serviceable dishes.
The art of mixing mustard is to have it per-
fectly
smooth and of the proper consistency.
The liquidwith which it is moistened should
be added to it in small quantities, and the mus-
tard
boilingupon an ounce of scraped horseradish, To secure the best mutton, choose that in
and left for one night,closely covered, will be which the lean is firm, juicy,of a darkish red
ready to use for this mustard, but it will be color, and finely-grained ; and the fat white,
better for standing two or three days. clear,and hard. When the latter is yellow,the
MUTTON." The name given to the flesh of meat is rank and of a bad quality. If the ani- mal
sheep when slaughteredand dressed. The age is diseased, or has been driven a long way,
of the animal producing the best mutton pears the flesh will be flabby,the kidney-fatsmall,
ap-
to be between three and five years. with a stringy appearance, and the lean seen
When younger than three years, it is usually through the skin on the back of a dark, bluish
tender; but has not so much flavor and ness hue.
juici-
as that which is older and more fullyde-veloped. It is maintained by some that mutton is best
The qualityof mutton depends also immediately after being killed, or before the
to a great extent on breeds and feeding. A animal heat has been lost ; but this seems to be
large-framed, coarse-woolled,fat sheep produces a mistake, and butchers themselves agree that
a coarse-grained, dry, and poorly-flavored mut-
ton it is much improved by standing a day or two.
; while the short-wooUed, round, plump, When the weather will permit,the tenderness
and thick sheep (such as the Southdown, Leices- ter, and sweetness of a joint of mutton may be
"
Cotswold, etc.) yield the close-grained,greatlyincreased by hanging it for a week "
jointin the sheep and justifies the higher price for the digestionof mutton is three to
demanded for it. The neck has the greatest three and a quarter hours.
proportion of bone, with a largeproportion of Mutton is in season throughout the year, but
fat,and is not so economical as its price would in the Autumn is not so good as at other sea-
MUTTON 361
"
broiling; dip them in beaten
as for eggs and
Baked Mutton. " Either a loin,saddle, leg, roll them in pounded crackers ; fryin hot lard
shoulder or breast, may be baked. Put the or dripping ; drain them as they are dished,
meat into a balcing-panwitli a little butter and serve hot.
spreadover in enough
it ; pour cold water to Ham of Mutton Select a plump, ing
solid-look-
cover the bottom the pan, and
of then .set it in leg of mutton. Mix a quarter of a pound
aquick oven. After it has been in the oven of brown sugar, an ounce of saltpetre, and an
about fifteen minutes, baste and place a piece ounce of black pepper ; rub this mixture into
of buttered paper on the top of the meat ; if the the meat for some minutes until the outer part
bottom of the is gettingdry, add a little is well saturated with it ; then put the mutton
pan
more water. If too much large earthen-ware
fat accumulates vessel, cover it with
in the into a
take the out, the fat off,adding about a pound and a half of salt,and let it
pan, pan pour
cold water instead, and set back into the oven stand three weeks, turning it every day and
to finish cooking. If the paper scorches, sub-stitutebastingwith the brine; after the first week add
another piece,but by basting over the a teacup of vinegar. At the expirationof the
paper it will last a good while. Cook until a three weeks, remove the ham from the pickle,
skewer or small knife can be run into the joint wash first with cold water and then with vine-
gar,
a pound), and
and hang it up in a cool place for a week
easily(about twenty minutes to
these the
leg is much the choicest ; but the and a head of celery,and soak an hour and a
neck, being smaller, is convenient for small half in salt and water, or boil tender in broth,
families,and may be further diminished by adding a dozen small onions. Then take a
taking a few chops from its best end. It also neck of mutton cut into chops,trim off most of
takes less time to cook another convenience. the fat,flour them
"
and frythem brown, season-
ing
Wash the joint, but do not soak it, and wipe them with a sliced onion, salt,black
pepper,
dry. Put it into a pot as near its size as 'con- and
venient, cayenne. Next fry the vegetables,and
hot water,
cover it
and with
add a put them with the meat into a stew-pan with all
small tablespoonfulof
salt ; skim off the scum the gravy, a little sugar, and a little catsup, and
as fast as it rises,boil till you find by probing simmer the whole very gently for two hours.
that it is tender in its thickest part (itwill take Strain off the gravy, thicken it with butter
twelve or fifteen minutes to a pound). Remove and flour, and pour it over the meat on the
from the fire, drain perfectly dish.
and serve dry,
with melted butter,caper sauce, or with either Hash (Mutton)." ^Cut cold mutton up into
brown cucumber Or small squares, leaving out most of the
fat,and
or oyster sauce. carrots
and turnips may be boiled with it and wards
after- prepare same as beef hash ; add, however, a
dished with the meat. small onion (grated), to give a slight flavor of
Broiled Mutton. Either onions and thus hide the strong mutton
"
chops or cutlets taste.
the latter taken from the neck be Irish Stew Procure 3 lbs of thick mutton
may
"
" "
quart of when it boils skim off flour dissolved in a little cold water. Set it by
water; every
particleof the scum and then add a little cold the side of the fire,where it will gently sim-
mer
water to make the scum rise afresh add for an hour; then add 12 small potatoes,
; a
parsley-root
about the size fingers,and pared neatlyround, the size of the onions.
of two As
a tablespoonfulof rice or barlev (previously soon as the potatoes are tender, remove from
soaked) ; boil it an hour and a half at least,or the fire; dish the chops in close circular order;
until the meat falls to pieces; then strain it and take out the potatoes and onions whole into the
serve. Either mutton, beef, or veal may be center; strain the sauce, add 3 tablespoonfuls
used in this receiptor the three combined. of chopped parsley,and over the stew.
pour
2. CWith the meat Minced Mutton (browned) Take cold
in). Cut a neck of mut-
ton "
into chops, taking off roast mutton, and cut away all the skin and fat;
every particle of fat ;
put it into a stew-pan and pour in enough boil- ing chop it up very small and season with pepper
water to cover it ; slice four carrots and salt; mince a little parsleyand onion, and
and six
mix all together with a
turnips, and put in the pan at the same time ; quarter of a pound of
add a little salt,and as the scum rises skim it grated bread-crumbs. Moisten the mixture
off Simmer about with tablespoonfulof vinegar and a teacupful
a
slowly four hours. An
of rice may be of gravy; put it into a pie-dish;lay an ounce
ounce or two added with the
of butter in small bits the top, and
vegetables,if desired. over grate
NARCISSUS NERINE 363
They requirethe same treatment as hyacinths the neck. Any attempt to place the neck in its
(See Hyacinths), and should be planted three proper position by manual force is attended
inches deep, in clusters ten inches apart. with danger.
The best varieties of the Polyanthus Narcis- sus NECTAR. Take .--Raisins (chopped), 2 lbs ; "
are : Bazelmati Major, white and yellow ; honey, 4 lbs ; juice of 2 lemons strained, and
Grand Hfonargue, wliite and citron ; Grand the peel of the same rubbed on sugar ; boiling
Priino, white and citron ; Grand Prime, Vfhite water, 2 galls; 3 bottles of sherry,or 3 pintsof
and lemon ; and Soldi d'Or, yellow and rum, or brandy, or gin.
orange. Mix all the ingredientstogether and let them
NARCOTICS: "
Substances which duced
intro- stand two weeks ; then strain ; and afterwards
into the stomach have in the first placea filter clean and bottle.
stimulatinginfluence on the nervous system NECTARINE. A varietyof the peach, dis- tinguished "
(differingin this respect from sedatives), soon by its perfectlysmooth skin and the
followed by a depressionof those powers accom-panied pulpinessof its flesh. As in the peach, there
by sleep,or by coma if given in sufficient are two sorts of nectarines : the freestone, with
quantities. To tliis class of medicines belong the flesh partingfrom the stone ; and the cling- stone,
opium, hemlock, henbane, belladonna, aconite, with the flesh adhering to the stone.
camphor, stramonium, alcohol,ether, and a Among the choice varieties are the earlyviolet,
varietyof other substances. A full dose of a the RoTiian, the French white, the Boston, and
narcotic introduced into the stomach will,if the X\\e late yellow. Nectarines can rarelybe grown
stomach be empty, destroy the desire for food, in the northern parts of the United States, with-
out
while if it contain food, the digestiveprocess is the protection of glass and the forcing of
suspended or rendered slower. Their ued
contin- artificial heat,and consequently but few of them
or frequentuse is injuriousto the nutrition are found in our markets. They begin to
of the body, besides being attended with im- ripen about
mediate August ist, and continue good
danger to life. They should never be until October.
used by any one except under medical advice, NEGUS. In order to make good negus it is "
and then only in strict accordance with the necessary to use good wine and not as some
doctor's directions. [See Morphine.) suppose any sort of stuff in any condition.
NASTURTIUM. " The name properlygiven Port ne^xis is delicious if made as follows :-
to Indian cress, a very useful and showy garden Pour boilingwater upon a sufficient quantityof
plant. It grows abundantly and is easy of sugar to sweeten the whole, stir it well ; heat
cultivation,flourishing
without attention in any some good Port (making the mixture strong or
moderately rich soil. The young leaves are e.x- mild according to taste)and pour it to the water ;
cellent in salads, being in this respect scarcely stir together briskly,and add a little grated
inferior to winter-cress to which it is related. nutmeg. A slice of lemon put in with the
The flowers serve as garnish for dishes of
a and a little of the yellow peel scraped
sugar
cooked meats ; and the scarcelyformed buds, with it improves the negus ; but it is very good
and the green seed (pods or fruit)when pre- without.
served
in vinegar make an excellent small Barley
Negus. To one pintof barleywater, "
pickle,which is used like capers and which put pint of wine, a tablespoonfulof
half a
many preferto the latter. These pods should with grated nutmeg
lemon-juice, and sugar to
be gathered in August. taste. This is a very agreeableand refreshing
Pickled Nasturtiums. Gather the
"
pods drink.
quiteyoung, and a portion of the buds, when NERINE. "
The Nerine is one of the finest
very small, should be mixed with them. pare
Pre- of the Cape Bulbs, making beautiful plants
a pickle by dissolving and a half either for For indoor culture
an ounce parloror garden.
of salt in a quart of pale vinegar,and throw in the soil should be very rich loam, peat, and
the pods as they betome fit,
from day to day. sand, in equal proportions,and water should be
Use them instead of capers for sauce. When supplied during the flowering and
plentifully
the pods purchased for pickling, them
are put growth. The flowers have a peculiar lustre,
at into jar and them well with and glitter
hke jewels in the sun ; they are
once a cover duced
pro-
vinegar. in showy umbels in September or Octo-
364 NETTLE RASH NIGHT-DRESS
off tlie plants graduallyand set them aside in it generallyyieldsto treatment. The neuralgia,
a cool dark place for a season of rest. In for instance, that depends on an impoverished
growing them in the garden the treatment condition of the blood can be"cured by iron
should be the same as for Hyacinths. tonics, good diet, and outdoor exercise ; that
N. coruscans is the most common species; which arises from the effects of miasmatic
it has large umbels of shining,salmon-colored poisoning disappearsrapidlyunder the use of
flowers. N. curvifolia is a fine specieswith quinine; and that of rheumatic origin can be
glittering scarlet flowers. N. sarnoisis is the controlled by preparations of colchicum,the
far-famed Guernsey Lily. All these varieties alkalies,and alkaline and sulphur baths. The
the skin ;
these are of whitish color frequent cause' of neuralgia local counter-
and the skin a "
around is often very red ; the face is swelled, the irritation by cups, blisters,setons, issues,etc. ;
eyes closed, and often with all this there is a always gives relief and usuallyeffects a cure.
feelingof nausea and weight at the pit of the Temporary relief may be secured in all forms
stomach. of neuralgiaby the administration of powerful
Treatment. The best treatment
"
is to dis-
lodge anodynes. Those most commonly used are
the offending matter by an emetic of morphine and aconitine, they may be used
ipecacuanha (eighteengrains or one scruple of either internally or externally, but only under
the powder, or one teaspoonful of the syrup, the advice of a physician.
for an adult),and afterwards a brisk aperient The following can be recommended as an
should be taken. The warm bath often gives excellent nerve tonic in neuralgia: "
much relief. To allay the irritation, dust Iron reduced by hydrogen, 2 drachms.
starch-powder over the eruptions; or use a lo-
tion Arsenic, i grain.
back in the same by Fig. 2 {See Sacque), but fortunatelyits importance is beginningto be
way
and add gores. strengthen the garment it better appreciated by the people at large. In
To
is usual to line the shoulders, cuttingthe lining cases of ordinary sickness the members of the
in shape like a yoke. familyusuallydo the nursing,and in such cases
The sleeves for a sacque should
night-dress their zeal and affection make up to a great tent
ex-
the buttons, and a wide one on the other for ignorant. She will also be quick to notice
the button-holes. The neck should have a row
nar- changesin the patient'ssymptoms which the
binding and a collar,and the sleeves may relatives,from inexperience, would overlook,
be simply hemmed up, or may be finished off and which it
may be important for the doctor to
with a cuff. be informed of. But most sick nurses will quire
re-
(For symptoms and trcatvient see SULPHURIC as frequentlyin man as in woman. The lutely
abso-
cent, pure acid ; the dilute" is strong,"with lift the patient when
"
necessary ; activity,
"
fulness,
use-
five or six times its bulk of water, and is used cheerfulness, yet with the power of
as a tonic. That sold as
"
double aqua fortis
"
being quiet "
a noisy nurse being utterlyout of
in sick-room. She should
contains 60 per cent, pure acid, and "single place a be free from
fortis
"
half that. any habitual cough, or habit which
any might
aqua
NITROUS OXIDE." Ktown as Laughing annoy a patient,such snuff-taking,
as and the
Gas. Sir H. Davy discovered that it was respir- like. She should be scrupulouslycleanlyin per-
son
able and produced intoxicant effects. Small and habits, and in particularshould have
tities
quan-
produce uncontrollable laughter; pure breath. She should be able to read ting
wri-
may
hence the name. It was found that it would
pro-
duce readily,or she may be led by the resem-
blance
anaesthesia. After discovery of ether and of drugs and vials to make dreadful
chloroform itwasalmost discarded; it acts more
mistakes. She ought to have her five senses
quicklythan these,and is claimed to be less fatal "
in effects,and has again come into use. Should healthy,active condition. Sight, that she
be used only under medical advice. may be able to read directions or read aloud
NOSEBLEED. {See Bleeding.) to the patient, and watch the change of
NOTE. {See Promissory Note.) countenance. A quick-sighted nurse will not
NOYEAU. {See Liqueurs.) need to wait till the sufferer has asked
NURSES AND NURSING." In any case
for anything in words. She will from the
of sickness, whether serious or otherwise, noth-
ing motion of an eye, or the lips,
or a finger,
see in
" not even skilful medical advice "
is more a moment what is wanted. Hearing, that she
important than good nursing. Only doctors may catch the faintest whisper, and not oblige
know how valuable lives are saved a weak patientto exert the voice, and to repeat
many by
good nursing,and on the other hand how many every request. Feeling, that she may detect
are actually thrown away by the want of it ; any change in the heat or dryness of the skin
of the patient,and not use application any
366 NURSERY OATMEAL
which will either scald with heat, or cause a The nutmeg is much used as a condiment,
chill with cold. Smell, that she detect and is one of the spices;
most wholesome of the
may
the least impurity in the atmosphere of the but it has been observed that when taken in
room, or in giving medicine, notice if there large quantityit has narcotic effects, and duces
pro-
be mistake. Taste, that she
any may not symptoms indicating great tendency to
offer food unfit to be used, or good in itself,the head, on which account it should be cau-
tiously
but cooked in such a way as to be disgusting used by persons of an apoplecticor
to the patient. She should be an experienced paralytichabit.
cook, so as to prepare such food as the patient NUTS. These are a speciesof fruit much
"
requires.This is often of great importance where enjoyed by most persons, but though they are
the food of the sick-room is different from that nutritive, they are less digestible than any other
of the rest of the household, and must food.
pared vegetable substance
be pre- used as a Boiled-
at irregularand frequent intervals. In chestnuts are flouryand soft, and consequently
selecting a sick nurse it is well to take the unobjectionable, but raw nuts are hard, dense,
attendant physician'sadvice, as itis with him that and full of oil,and are apt to lie for a long time
she has to co-operate and to him that she should on the stomach undigested. The different
be chieflyresponsible. {See Wet Nurse.) kinds of nuts used as food in this country, as
NURSERY. (See Children, Furniture well as those imported,are described in their
and Infants. proper places.
NUTMEG. "The true nutmeg is a native of Nuts of any kind may be preserved during
the Moluccas or Spice Islands, but is prin- cipally the winter by placing them in a large earthen-
ware
confined to the island of Banda, under pan, which when filled is to be placed in
the equator, where it bears blossoms and fruit a deep hole dug in the ground ; the top of the
all the year round. The latter is gathered at pan should be covered with a board on which
different periods "
namely, in July, Novem- ber a heavy weight is to be placed, the hole then
and April. The mace is good in July, being filled with earth. By this method nuts
when the nuts are most abundant ; in Novem-
ber
may be kept in a fresh state tillthe season of
it is superior,but in April both the nutmeg their maturityreturns.
and the mace are in greatest perfection, the sea-
son NUX VOMICA." Poison. Syynptoms : "
then being driest. The outer pulpy coat is Tetanic convulsions, difficult breathing,finally
first removed, and then the mace ; the nuts are asphyxia. Treatment: In case of poisoningby
then placed over a slow fire when the inner Nux Vomica, the poison must be promptly
shell becomes brittle and the seeds, or nutmegs removed either by the stomach-pump or by
of commerce, are easilytaken out. They are emetics; but when the paroxysms have set in,
then soaked in sea-water and impregnated with an attempt to use either generallybrings on
lime, a which the double convulsions. Then it is best to trust to the
process answers pose
pur-
of sectsinhalation
securingthe fruit from the attacks of in- of chloroform.
and of destroyingthe vegetatingproperty. The fruit o{ Strychnus Nux Vomica, which
There two sorts of wild, grows in the East Indian Archipelago. The
are nutmeg "
one
which is long or oval shaped and much inferior ; seeds, which contain the active principle,
are
the cultivated nutmeg is nearly round. The extremely bitter, and contain a considerable
best nutmegs firm,hard, and of an unctuous
are quantityof strychnia, one of the deadly pois- ons.
consistence, the odor strong, aromatic, and A sixth of a grain is sufficient to kill a
agreeable ; the taste hot and acrid. When cut dog. Nux Vomica is extensivelyemployed in
across, they appear full of small veins, which medicine as a tonic for the digestion and in
are full of volatile oil. This oil is yieldedby some derangements of the nerves; and the
distillation, and it possesses the flavor of the seeds, rasped or filed, are often used to destroy
nutmeg in perfection, two drops being equal to noxious animals and vermin. But it should
a pound o" the powder. It is employed in be used with extreme care, and never placed
medicine. where children can possiblyget at it.
oats of this country, while superior to that pro- Dr. Smith in his book on Foods,
duced says
in southern England and on the continent, "
is known as a strong food and one that
is inferior to that of Scotland, whose climate is requiresmuch cooking in order to break its
better adapted for it and where much more starch cells ; but when it is well cooked it
attention is paid to its cultivation. Scotch meal,
oat- thickens milk or water more than the same
therefore,is superior to any other for weight of wheaten flour. It also yieldsa jelly
table use, and as it is prepared in such a way or blanc-mangeof a finer qualitythan that
OATMEAL OIL-CLOTH 3G7
derived from wheaten flour,and is doubtless Pudding (Oatmeal). " Pour a quart of boiling
the stronger and better food." In Scotland it milk over a pint of oatmeal, and let it soak all
is used more food for than night; next day beat two into it,and add
extensivelyas man eggs
anywhere else in the world, and in certain a Httle salt; butter a bowl that will justhold it,
sections forms almost the exclusive diet of an cover it tightwith a floured cloth,and boil it
exceptionally hardy and robust peasantry. The an hour and a half. Eat it with butter and s;il',
flavor,although sweet, is rough, and to be When cold,slice and toast it,and eat it as oai-
are so cheap and abundant, it has never come kind of floor-covering made of cloth paintedover
into generalor extended use. with oil colors, so as to be impenetrable to wa- ter;
When oats are ground in the ordinaryway a and also a lighterkind of cloth used as a
portion of the husk is left in the meal, but coveringfor tables,etc., made in the same way.
less in meal made by mill-stones than by crush- ing For the former a stout hemp canvas is chosen,
corn-mills. The meal is ground in two and after being well sized and rubbed down
forms, namely, in somewhat large grains,as in with pumice-stone, is covered with four coats
the Scotch oatmeal, and in fine powder like of stiff oil paint. It is then printed in the same
flour, but either may be obtained from the manner as calico, tlie colors employed being
same grain. The Scotch always prefer the always white lead mixed with ochre, umber,
large grain and boil it for a long time ; by and the usual earthy pigment ground in linseed
which they obtain a thicker and sweeter ridge oil and
por- mixed with a little turpentine. In the
than can be obtained from the finer meal. cheaper kinds of oil-cloth whiting is mixed with
The longer it is boiled, the more digestibleis the white lead, but such cloth cracks and does
the food produced. Oatmeal is cooked in two not wear well. It is reckoned that every square
principalways, namely, as porridgeand cakes. yard of oil-cloth should weigh 3^ to 4^ lbs.,and
The word "porridge," in Scotland, means meal
oat- hence the qualityof the cloth may in part be
boiled well in water, in which state it is estimated by the weight. There is a great va- riety
"
known in England as hasty-pudding; but it
"
of stylesin the patterns of oil-cloth. Some
is more usual in England to boil a smaller por- tion are made to imitate marble, some wainscots,
of it with milk and water in the preparation and some carpets of various kinds. Those are
of milk porridge. The former kind is eaten as best which have several colors and a rather small
a thick pudding with cold milk, or it is sweet-
ened pattern. When the large, defects
pattern is
with molasses, butter, as in
sugar and
or are sooner perceived; other hand, but on the
eatinghominy. Oat-cakes are made by mixing those which have the pattern large to imitate
the meal with water and kneading it into a marble can be repaintedby any house painter.
dough, which is baked on iron plates,
producing In buying an select
oil-cloth, one that has been
bread much
enjoyed by those accustomed manufactured for at least two
a to years ; the longer
it,and extremely nourishing. One advantage it has stood previous to use, the better it will
possessed by bread made of oats is that it will wear, as the paint will have become hard and
keep sweet as long as it is kept dry. durable. An oil-cloth that has been made in
with-
Groats (or grits),are the whole kernels of the is
year scarcely worth buying, as the
the oats when freed from the husk. They paint will be defaced in little time.
are a very Age
not eaten in the form of bread
cake, but are of course adds the
or to cost, and, consequently,
boiled in water or milk in the
preparation of the cheaper oil-cloths are to be both
very apt
gruel. When thoroughly cooked with milk, flimsyand newly-made.
they make a very nutritious pudding ; but as the Oil-cloth for coveringtables,etc., is made on
flavor is far less delicate than that'ofrice fine side after having received
they canvas ; one
are rarelyused for that purpose. The groats the proper number of coats of paint,is printed
requireto be cooked much longerthan ordinary with blocks ; and the other side,next the table,
oatmeal before they can be digestedeasily. receives of
only one coat paint,which, while
Gruel (Oatmeal). Sci: Gruel. is strewed with flock made of
wet, over cut
Mush (Oatmeal)." Make the mush resemble baize.
same as wool, so as to
of Indian meal, but boil at least twice as either hot
long. /" cleaning cil-cloths never use
Porridge (Oatmeal)." Put as much water water or soap, as the latter will cause the paint
into a sauce-pan will make the desired off bv oil with which it
as to come dissolvingthe
quantityof porridge; let it boil,and then take was made. If not too much dirtied,oil-cloth
a handful of oatmeal in the left hand and let it may be kept clean by wiping with a damp cloth
fall by degrees into the water, stirring
the water and rubbing well with a dry cloth and then with
and meal quicklyaround with the rightwith till it shines. If much soiled,rub
a a dry brush
wooden spoon or ladle do
this till it is of the and a soft cloth.
; brisklywith lukewarm water
of
consistency thick gruel,then salt to taste ; To Make Oil-Cloth." A very good and dur-
able
let it boil for minutes follows ;"
ten ; add a littlemore oil-cloth can be made as Place
boilingwater, and boil it five
longer; some minutes
good rosin or gum-lac over the fire in dry-
ing
it will then be quite smooth and very digestible linseed oil till the rosin is thoroughly dis-
solved,
(boiling it well is the secret of making it diges-
tible and the oil brought to the thickness of
and nourishingfor invalids). cream. Spread this upon canvas, or any hnen
368 OINTMENTS OLIVE-OIL
Spanish white or tobacco-pipe clay,which has season for blooming is July,but that may
been completely cleaned by washing and sift- ing be changed and bloom produced at any season.
it from all impurities, and mix it up with In indoor culture give them plenty of pot room
boiled oil, to which a drying qualityhas been in soil made of two parts loam, two parts peat,
given by adding a proportion of lithargeone- and one part well-rotted manure. During the
fourth the weight of the oil. This mi.xture, growing and blooming seasons water should be
being brought to the consistence of thin paste, abundantly suppUed ; and as the plants are
is spread over the cloth, etc. ; when the first subjectto white scale, frequentwashings of the
coating is dry, a second is applied. The un- leaves and stems are desirable. They may be
evenness occasioned by the coarseness of the wintered in a lightcellar, and then water should
canvas or the unequal distributionof the paste, be given sparingly.
is smoothed down with pumice-stone reduced to The principal varieties are the double rose
powder and rubbed over the canvas with a bit {iXcereiun oleander splendens); striata pletio,
of soft serge or cork dipped in water. When with double striped flowers ; and pttrpjirea,
the last coating is dry, the canvas must be well dark red. There are many other varieties, and
washed in water, to clean it ; and when dry, a any of them will repay the care bestowed upon
varnish composed of gum-lac dissolved seed their cultivation.
in lin-
oil boiled with turpentine, is applied,and OLIVES. The fruit of the olive-tree,
" which
the process is complete. The color of the is extensivelycultivated in Italy, Spain, and the
varnished canvas thus produced is yellow. South of France, partlyfor the green fruit and
A cheap and serviceable oil-cloth for the kitch- en partlyfor the oil which it yieldswhen mature.
or other room may be made thus : Buy a Olives are oval in shape, with a smooth
"
rind,
cheap tow-cloth, and fit it to the size and shape and closelyresemble a small half-ripeplum.
of the room. Then stretch and nail it on the For the purposes of the table they are gath-ered
sunny side of an outbuilding, and, with a brush, when immature, and are then pickled in
cover it with a coat of thin rye paste. When salt and water and barrelled for exportation.
this is dry,put on a coat of yellow paint, and The Italian olives are the best, then the
let it dry for a fortnight ; then put on a second French, and lastlythe Spanish, which, though
coat, and at the end of another fortnighta third large,are not so well flavored. In choosing,
coat. Then let it hang two months to season," select the
"
light-coloredand bright-looking
and it will last for many years. The longer ones ; those which have a blackish cast are un- fit
varnished it will last much longer. Pickled Olives are supposed to have peculiar- ly
OINTMENTS. (5^"? Drugs, Glycerine, appetizing properties,but they are eaten
and under the special disorders to be treated.)chiefly with a view to remove the taste of food
OERA. A plantwhose
"
unripe pods are much from the mouth previously to enjoying the
used in some parts of the United States, alone, flavor of wine. They should be passed round
or in soups and stews. It is the basis of the after the soup.
favorite Gumbo soup of the South. It is raised OLIVE-OIL. This
"
oil, sometimes called
by sowing the seeds from April till June in salad oil,is expressed from ripe oHves. It is
drills an inch deep, dropping the seeds about largely used in the more delicate kinds of
eight inches from one another, and
earthingup of butter, and cookery,instead
is a useful dition
ad-
the plantstwo or three times during the season. to salads, preventingthem from ferment-
ing
It grows on a smooth stem four or five feet high, and from causing flatulency.When it is
and the pods may be used from August tillthe fresh and pure it has only a very slightyel- lowish-g
end of November. By slicingthe pods into color, and but little smell or
rings and drying them on strings, they can be flavor, so that it may even be drunk by those
preserved for winter use, and are then espe- cially who like oil; and it cannot be doubted that it is
useful for soups, stews, etc. Okra is a one of the most easilydigested fats in food.
wholesome and highly nutritious vegetable; Its use in cookery might properlybe extended
but when eaten alone the pods should be young in this country, notwithstanding our excellent
and tender. animal fats.
Boiled Okra. " Place the pods in enough The best qualityof oil is that produced by
salt and water to cover them and boil tillquite the first gentle pressure of the olives, and this
tender. Drain thoroughly, dish, pepper and is at once bottled in the flasks peculiarto the
salt to taste, and
pour over the top three or article. Stronger pressure on the fruit breaks
four tablespoonfulsof melted butter. the kernels and produces an inferior grade of
OLEANDER. very "
A showy plant well oil, which is exported in jars and barrels.
adapted both
for cultivation, in the parlor and Italian oil is superiorto either French or Span-
OMELETTE ONION 369
ish,and is distinguished
as Florence,Lucca, then glazewith white sugar and send quickly
and oil.
Gallipoli The first is most desirable. to table. Ground rice may be used instead of
OMELETTE. "
Put an ounce of butter in a flour. The rind of a lemon grated, or lemon-
frying-panthe size of a breakfast plate; when juice,gives the omelette an agreeable flavor.
in three been beaten
hot, pour eggs that have Strawberry Omelette. " Beat up a dozen
for a moment, with little salt and
a chopped eggs as before directed,but mix with the yolks
parsley; as the omelette of pepper
cooks, lift the edge and salt a heaping table- instead
with a knife and press spoonfulof pounded lump sugar ; mix well and
it toward the centre.
The instant it is set (itneed not be brown) fry in butter. When done, put in the centre of
fold one side over the other, and serve diately. it four tablespoonfulsof strawberry jam, let
imme-
A spoonfulor two of rich cream ed
add- the jam lie long enough to
get well warmed
with the parsleyis an improvement. Beat through, then double the whole into a half-
the eggs but very little, to avoid making them moon keeping the jam in a mass inside. Dish
too thin. The fact that in the best omelettes it,and dust the top thicklywith white sugar.
we often see spots and streaks of white, proves S-weet Omelette. Beat four eggs together "
the beatingto have been very slight. as for plain omelette, omitting the salt and
Aux Fins Herbs (Omelette). Beat the pepper and sweetening to taste with fine white
"
with parsleyand green thyme. Cook as ONION. The varieties of the common "
soon as the ingredients are well mixed. onion are not so numerous as might have been
Friar's or Apple Omelette. Prepare twelve anticipated, considering that it is raised from
"
medium sized apples as for sauce, and stir in a seed. They vary, however, in very sensible
quarter of a pound of sugar and a quarter of a qualities, such as hardness, pungency of taste,
pound of butter ; when cold, add four eggs well shape, size,and the color of the skin. The
beaten ; fry in butter or lard made very hot. common onion succeeds well in any rich, moist,
Ham Omelette. Prepare the batter as for sandy soil, using old manures,
"
mixed with
plain omelette, and then stir in some ham ashes and soot, or thoroughly decomposed
minced very fine. Cook at once and serve as meadow muck, mixed with well-rotted horse or
soon as done. Or, cook the omelette plain,cow manure. The seed should be sown in
and when it is done scatter the minced ham May, in drill rows about a foot apart. As the
thicklyover the surface and double the omelette plants appear they should be kept free of
it.
Chicken, tongue, or veal may be used four fivehoeings be-
fore
over weeds, and will need or
instead of the ham, in the same the tops arrive at their full growth. The
way.
Savory Omelette. Same as Omelette aux full exposure
"
to the sun's rays onion requiresa
Jins herbs. and all the warmth it can get ; so that weeds, if
Soufil^. I. Beat the yolks of six
eggs first suffered to grow, would impede the progress of
"
to. The danger of poisoning is not the worst a solution of lunar caustic (one grain to two
danger to which the habitual or ignorant user ounces of distilled water) will
generally be
exposes himself. {See MORPHINE.) found effectual. The applicationof the lotion
OPHTHALMIA." This term is appliedto in- should
flammation be made thrice (the drops once) daily.
of the thin mucous membrane which When there is severe pain, however, and the
covers the front of the eyeball and lines the eyelidsare red and inflamed, a leech may be
inner surface of the lids. In some forms of appliedto each temple. The
edges of the lids
ophthalmia, however, there is inflammation of should be anointed night at bedtime with
every
the cornea and of the anterior part of the strong simple cerate. The patientshould be kept on
fibrous coat of the eye, called sclerotic. mia
Ophthal- diet, and
a light the bowels kept open if neces-
sary
very frequentaffection,presents
is a many by administration of cathartics. The eyes
forms, and originatesfrom one or more of a should be protectedby a dark green shade.
great number of local and constitutional causes. Purulent Ophthalmia, or Epythalmia,is the
Among the principalof these causes are the most malignant form of the disease. It times
some-
presence between the lids and the surface of attacks individuals who have been lected
col-
the eye of foreignsubstances, such as particles together in large numbers under faulty
of dust, sand, etc ; particlesof steel and iron, hygienic conditions, and breaks out occasion-
ally
when impelled with much force,adhere to or in large schools of young children. The
are imbedded in the tissue of the
eye- symptoms
ball, in the earlier stages resemble
cornea those of
or
Eastern markets but is much liked and much fine juicy oranges, and with the point of a
sought after in the South and South-west. small knife cut out from
the top of each a round
oranges are equal in flavor, but have a thick nearly cold, drain and wipe the orange rinds,
and rough rind ; the pulp of either is very juicy and fillthem with alternate stripesof the two
and delicious. The Maltese oranges have also jellies; when they are perfectlycold cut them
a very thick and spongy rind, and are times
some- into quarters, and dispose them tastefully in a
almost juiceless. The Sicilian fruit, monly
com- dish with a few light branches of myrtle between
called Messina have a thin them. Calf's feet or any other varietyof jelly,
oranges,
rind and a sour taste, but are usually most or different blanc-manges,may be used at choice
abundant and cheap. The Florida and West to fill the rinds ; the colors, however, should
India oranges are in market from October till contrast as much as possible.
April,and those from the Mediterranean from Salad (Orange). " Take off the outer rinds,
January until May, after which periods they and then stripaway entirelythe white inner
lose flavor and become
spongy. dry and skin from some fine oranges ; slice them thin,
The Seville orange oris of the same
bitter removing the seeds and thick skin of the cores ;
varietyas the sweet, but it cannot be eaten raw, strew over them plenty of white sifted sugar,
and is used only in marmalades, candy, etc., and pour on them a glass of rum or brandy ;
and for the same purpose as the lemon. It is when the sugar is dissolved serve the oranges.
not brought to this country to any considerable Powdered sugar candy used instead of sugar is
extent an improvement to this salad ; and the tution
substi-
Essence of Orange-Peel. {See Essence.) of port, sherry, or Madeira for the
Fool (Orange). Mix " the juice of three brandy is often considered so.
Seville oranges, three eggs well beaten, a pint Syrup (Orange). Select ripe and thin-
"
of cream, and a little nutmeg and cinnamon ; skinned oranges ; squeeze the juicethrough a
sweeten to taste. Set the whole over a slow sieve,and to every pint add a pound and a half
fire,and stir it till it becomes as thick as of powdered loaf-sugar ; boil it slowly and skim
cream, but do not let itboil ; then pour it into as long as any scum rises ; then take it off, and
a dish and set it by till cold. This is an cellent when
ex- it becomes cold, bottle it and secure the
dessert dish. corks well. Two tablespoonfulsof this s"Tup
Fritters (Orange)." After having strippedthe mixed in melted butter make a good sauce for
outer rind from the oranges, remove carefullyplum or batter pudding. It also imparts a fine
the white inner skin, and in slicing them take flavor, especiallyto punch ; and is so useful
out the seed ; dip the slices into batter pared and so easilymade
pre- that no housekeeper should
as for ordinary fritters, and fry them in be without it.
hot lard or butter to a pale brown ; let them be Tincture of Orange-peel. (See Essence.)
very dry. Serve them heaped high upon a Wine (Orange). To each gallon of water "
folded napkin,and strew sifted sugar over them. allow three and a half pounds of loaf-sugar;
Ice-Cream (Orange). {See Ice-Cream.) boil them together, and take off the scum.
Oranges Filled vrith Jelly. Tliis is one
" of When cold add (for each gallon of water) the
the fanciful dishes which make a pretty ap-
'
of toast spread with yeast. Let it stand two OTTER. " This animal is now scarce except
days, and take out the peel putting it in the far north and west, and is seldom offered
before
into the cask. The addition o" the juice and in the market, especially for food. The flesh,
rind of three or four lemons is considered by however, is quite good eatingand should not be
some a great improvement. rejectedwhen it can be obtained ; the only ob- jection
ORANGEADE. This is made
"
in precisely to it is that it has a somewhat fishy
this is not
way as lemonade, simply substituting
the same flavor. But rank enough to be
oranges for lemons, and using less sugar. It disagreeable except in a very old otter. Prepare,
is very useful in a sick-room, as affording a cook, and serve in the same way as Rabbit.
varietyin the beverages of feverish patients. OVERSHOES." This is perhaps the most
ORGrANDIE. A species of muslin
" or ton
cot- common of the numerous terms applied to the
fabric extremely light and nearly transpa-
rent. india-rubber shoes designed for wearing over
It is used only for ladies' dresses,etc. the ordinary ones in wet weather. Where the
The French is the best. ordinary shoes are of proper stoutness it is
ORGEAT. "A beverage made of syrup of best to wear no overshoes at all ; but when
almonds mixed with water that has boiled and these latter are worn they should be worn only
become cold, in the quantitymost agreeable to out of doors and left off immediately on enter- ing
the palate; a tablespoonfulof the syrup in a the house. Never wear overshoes in two
tumbler of water makes a very agreeabledrink. widely-different tetnperatiireson the same day.
Syrup of almonds may be made thus : Blanch Carelessness
"
in this respect is one of the most
and pound in a Wedge wood mortar a pound of fruitful causes of winter colds and their long
Jordan almonds and one ounce of bitter train of ills. Another objectionto overshoes is
almonds ; add a tablespoonful of orange- that if worn "
or two long at a time they draw the "
flower water. Mix a pint of rose-water with a feet to an extent which is often painful and
pint of clear water, add this to the almonds, sometimes productive of frost-bite.
and pass the whole through a lawn sieve. OXALIC ACID." Poison." i;c/"//(7;/" ."
Then boil three pints of clarified syrup, and Great distress of the stomach. Treatment :
only by the rich virtuosi. in th5 household for removing stains from
ORTOLAN." The little bird which is called clothing, for cleansing marbles, polishing
ortolan in this country is commonly known as brass, etc. It is one of the most deadlyof
tlie snow-buHling, or luliite snow-bird. It is poisons if taken in any quantity,and as it bears
delicious eating,but bears only a slightresem- blance a close resemblance to Epsom salts care should
to the ortolans which are so famous in be taken to have it kept where no mistake can
Elongata, Flabe folia,Hirta, Hirtella,Lesi- if dipped a second time in the egg and
proved
andra, Multiflora, Pahiiata, and Speciosa. bread-crumbs after an interval of half an hour.
The O. Versicolor is the finest of all ; it has Omelette (Oyster). Chop " into small pieces
flowers white, with yellow eye, and pink half a dozen largeoysters. Throw
rosy a pinch of
or crimson outside. Plant six or eight large salt upon them nnd let them stand in their own
bulbs (the largestdo not exceed a pea in size) liquorfor half an hour. Beat six the
eggs,
in a five inch pot. The plants are a mass of yolks and whites separately; the fornfer
to a
bloom from January to April. smooth thick
the latter to a stiff froth.
paste;
OYSTER. " When spawning, oysters are Add to the yolks a tablespoonful of rich stock,
milky, watery, and poor ; and are unwholesome pepper and salt to taste, and then lightlystir
food. The months of spawning are May, in the whites.
June and July; but Drop into a hot pan a lump of fresh butter
they require a month
longer to fatten,and are seldom in good con-
dition the size of a hen's
egg. When it is thoroughly
before September. melted, and begins to fry,pour in your egg
Wholesale dealers usuallyhave four ties
quali- mixture,and add, as quickly as possible,the
or sizes of oysters for sale. The best are oysters .
Do not stir ; but with a broad-bladed
known extras, the second best as box, and
as omelette-knife,
lift,
as the set, the ome-
lette
eggs
then follow ctillings and bushels. Retail deal-
ers from the bottom of the pan, to prevent it
usually open them and sell them by the scorching. In six minutes, it will be done. from
hundred, gallon,or quart, in any quantity de- sired. Place a hot dish,bottom upwards, over the
Other dealers make a large business omelette, and dexterouslyturn the pan over,
of pickling them for home and foreign con-
sumption, bringingthe omelette with the brown side up- permost
and packing them for inland places. upon the dish. Eat without delay.
The largestoysters are not always the best, Patties (Oyster). Line some small patty-
pans "
especiallyfor eating raw and for stewing; with rich puff-paste, and make covers of
those of medium size are generallypreferred the same ; pinch and trim the edges,and bake
by epicures. Nor are those found in clusters in a brisk oven. Drain a quart of small oys- ters
as good as the single oysters. Oysters are from their liquor; put into a sauce-pan an
not good when dead. To ascertain whether ounce of butter and a teaspoonful of flour;
they are or not, as soon as opened and when shake them round over a gentle fire,and let
one of the shells is removed, touch the edge them simmer two or three minutes ; throw in a
of the oyster gently,and, if alive,it will con- tract. little salt,pepper, and half a teaspoonful of
pounded mace, then add by degrees two or
Broiled Oysters. Wipe them dry,sprinkle three tablespoonfuls
"
of rich cream ; let these
them with salt and pepper, and broil them on boil, and pour in the strained liquor of the
a wire gridironover a clear,hot fire. In dish- ing, oysters ; next add the oysters and keep at the
put a small piece of butter on each. The boiling-point for a couple of minutes. Raise
oysters are often dredged with flour, or bread- the covers from the pattiesand fill them with
crumbed, after being seasoned ; this forms a the oysters and their sauce ; replacethe covers
crust, and is thought to preserve the juices. and serve at once before the juice has had
Catsup (Oyster). Open one hundred ters
oys-
"
time to soak through the crust.
and preserve all their liquor; add to them Another way is to prepare the oysters, etc.,
one pound of anchovies, three pintsof white as above ; let them just come to the boiling-
wine, and one lemon sliced with half the peel ; point and fillthe patties(not baked) ; then put
let this boil gently half an hour; then strain it in a quick oven and bake twenty minutes.
through muslin, add to it cloves and mace, a Pickled Oysters. Take out the oysters, "
; let it boil a quarter of an hour more, of black pepper, a pod of red pepper
then add to it two ounces of eschalots. When broken into bits,two blades of mace, a ful
teaspoon-
cold, bottle it with the
spice and eschalots. of salt, two dozen cloves, three tablespoon-
fuls
This is rather expensive,but it gives a deli-
cious of white wine, and half a pint of white
flavor to white gravies and sauces, and vinegar. Simmer the oysters gently in this
is an excellent condiment for cold meats. five minntes, then take them out and put them
Curried Oysters. " Drain the liquorfrom a into jars; then boil the pickle,skim it,and
quart of oysters, and put it into a saucepan ; pour it over them. Keep them in a dark, cool
mix a quarter of a pound of butter with two place,and when a jar is opened use up its con-
tents
tablespoonfulsof flour,and stir this into the as quicklyas possible. Oysters pickled
liquor; add one tablespoonfulof curry pow-
der. in this way will keep three or fourweeks.
Let the whole come to a boil ; put in the Pie (Oyster). I. Line the pie-dish half
"
oysters ; boil up once, and serve hot. way up with good pie-crust ; fillthe dish with
Fried Oysters. " Select the largest and pieces of stale bread, place a cover of paste
fattest oysters to be had ; place them in a col-
ander over this,and bake about fifteen or twenty
and let them drain half an hour, and minutes in a brisk oven. Take off the crust ;
then wipe them dry ; dip them one by one in have ready some oysters prepared as for ties,
pat-
beaten egg, and roll in bread crumbs ; fry to a fill the pie with them, and put on the
crispbrown in plentyof hot lard. Serve with crust. Serve at once.
tomato catsup. The oysters are greatly im- n. Line a pie-dish(a deep soup-platewill
OYSTER OYSTER-PLANT 375
bake in a brisk oven. When done, fillthe dish once, and then put in the oysters, with a large
with oysters ; season with pepper, salt,and an tablespoonfulof butter, rubbed smoothly with
ounce or so of butter ; dust over a little flour, the same quantity of flour. Stew gently a few
and cover with a thin crust of puff-paste.Bake minutes : tastes vary regardingthe time. Serve
quickly;when the top crust is done the oysters at once,
with oyster crackers or crisp cream
should be. Serve promptly, as the crust crackers.
quicklyabsorbs the gravy. This pie is excel-
lent OYSTER-PLANT (Salsify)." A vegetable
cold, and and is an admirable dish for pic- nics with a grassy top, and a long,tapering,white
for travelling. root, somewhat like a carrot, which, when
or
cooked, has flavor very similar to that of the
Poulette (Oysters a la)." Prepare a sauce a
warm.
is needed, as the roots extend deep into the
Wash the them tillthe beards ground. The beds should be in an open uation,
sit-
oysters, stew
wine and and the seed in the spring in
curl,in equal parts of any lightwhite sown
them and in the drills about six inches apart and half an inch
water, remove serve sauce
oysters is on the " half-shell." Wash the out On coming up, if the plantsare too thick, they
sides of the oysters; open them, detaching the should be thinned to three or four inches tervals.
in-
flat shell ; then detach them from the deep In the autumn, when the roots are
shell, but leave them on it. Serve five or six dug, let them be exposed to the air for a few
on a platewith quarter of a lemon in the centre. hours, and then pack them separatelyin dry
Eat with salt,pepper and lemon-juice,or egar.
vin- sand, whence they may be taken for use during
the winter. As sold in the markets they are
In. servingthem without the shells,the most usuallybound up in bundles of half a dozen
attractive way is in a dish of ice made by ing
freez- roots together.
in tin form like salad Boiled Oyster-plant. Wash the roots,
water a shaped a "
(in the shell);lay them in a quick oven, on the from turning black : cut them into lengthsof
they three or four inches, and when all are ready
top of the stove, or in the coals ; when
open they are done. Pile in a dish or in a pan put them plenty of boilingwater, with a
into
and sand to table,or take them out and lay little a couple of
salt,a small bit of butter,and
them on toast, pouring over all the liquorthat tablespoonfulsof white vinegar or the juiceof
accumulates while opening them, with a little a lemon ; they wiW be done in from three-quar-
ters
butter melted in it,and seasoned to taste. of an hour to an hour. Try them with a
of crumbs, and then a layerof oysters, and so as directed above, drain, and then press them
on tillthe dish is filled ; have the top layerof lightlyin a soft cloth ; throw them into a tol- erably
bread-crumbs thicker than the others,and stick thick batter; take the pieces out sepa- rately
bits of butter over it. Pour over it a teacup- and fry them in plenty of hot lard to a
ful of the oyster liquor, or oyster liquor and lightbrown ; then place in a colander to drain;
milk mixed in equal quantities. Bake in a dish, sprinklefine salt over them, and send to
moderate oven thirty forty
or minutes. Pour table hot.
in a glassof champagne before cooking,if Or, after boiling, mash the roots to a smooth
you
care to.
paste, make them into round cakes, dip them
Steamed Oysters. Lay some oysters in the in beaten egg and then in bread-crumbs, and
"
of
species of highly ornamental garden brush, using warm (but not hot) soap-suds;
plants,which blossom through several weeks of wash the soap off immediately with old flannel
the early part of the floral season. The paeo- dipped in clear water, and wipe dry with a linen
nies are divided into two groups, those which cloth. The entire process should be gone
are herbaceous and those which are shrubby; through with quickly,so that the water will not
but woody stems
the of the latter (commonly dry upon and streak the paint. {See ing.)
Clean-
called Tree
Paeonies) are of a herbaceous
character, with very large pith. The several To Remove Paint. "
Apply either spirits of
sorts may be cultivated in the open air,cover-
ing turpentine or benzine, with a piece of woollen
the plantsin winter in the colder latitudes,cloth ;'the turpentinemay afterwards be gotten
and where heavy snows might break the rid of by continuing the friction with a clean
branches, with a perforated barrel, cask, or piece of cloth, or, if necessary, follow it up
box, a method that secures the floweringfor with soap and water or spirits of wine. When
the next season, which sometimes fails. In paint is suffered to get hard and dry, it is very
pot culture,the chief point is not to allow the difficult to get rid of it entirely, but by perse- verance
plantsto start suddenly into growth and push with either of the above solvents it
their flower-buds immaturely. If kept in the may generallybe removed.
shady part of the greenhouse or conservatory, PAINTING. "
Painting as applied to house- building
and not too near the window in the parlor consists in the applicationto woods
the display of flowers will be longer pre- served.and other materials of artificial colors com- pounded
The best soil for them is a good loam with oil,oil and turpentine, or water.
mixed with a little leaf mould ; and in the gar- den It is founded upon the power possessed by oil
a good loamy soil, with occasional prunings and varnishes and white lead,of preventingthe
of the plants,will be found the best mode of injuriousaction of the atmosphere upon wood,
cultivation. The paeony is easilypropagated iron, stucco, and even stone, while at the same
by division of the roots and by seeds ; and cut- tings time it is capable of considerable decorative
may be taken in August or September effect.
(with a portion of the old wood attached). In In painting woods, especially pine or deal,
selectingthe seed for sowing, the smaller ones the knots must first be killed; otherwise they
in the capsules are the best. are constantlygiving out turpentine,and thus
Herbaceous paeonies. "
The common red destroying the effect of the paint. The com- position
paeony used to be found in every garden, its for this purpose is made with red and
largeand brilliant red flowers rendering it very white lead, ground fine with water on a stone,
conspicuous,and delightingall lovers of gorge- ous and mixed with warm double glue size ; it
colorings. It is only a few years since the should be brushed on the knots while warm.
white varietywas introduced and shortlyafter- wards A second coat of white lead ground in oil with
the pink ; now over a hundred distinct the addition of a dryer,as red lead or litharge
varieties are given in the catalogues. Among (one quarter as much of the dryer as of the
the choicest of them are the following: Alba " white lead)will generallybe necessary unless
Plenaia, double flower,white ; Albicans Ple?ia, the wood has been thoroughlyseasoned. This
rosy pink ; Amabilis, outer petal rose color, should be allowed to become quite dry, and
inner ones creamy white ; Baron Rothschild, then should be rubbed down with pumice-
pale rose ; Duchesse de Nemours, rose lilac ; stone. After this knotting is completed, the
Duchcssc d^ Orleans, outer petals violet-rose,next process is to prime. The paint for this
centre, salmon-buff; Fcstiva, white shaded to is composed chieflyof white lead mixed with a
carmine in the centre ; Maidens Blush, bright very small quantityof red lead in raw linseed
pink ; Poinpadoura, dark crimson ; Pomponia, oil; it should be laid on very thin, so that a
purplishpink,salmon centre ; Pattsia, purplish pound ought to cover eighteenor twenty square
crimSon ; Queen Victoria, rose ; Rubra Striata, yards. Another coat is generallylaid on wards
after-
richest rosy crimson; Tenuifolia, funnel- still thinner than the first;and in this
shaped leaves, flowers deep crimson ; Virgin- condition the work is said to be printed and
ialis,pure white ; W^/i2V/"y/, very fragrant, white one coat, ready for painting, which will require
with yellow centre. two coats more. AH the nail-holes and other
Tree Paeonies. There are varieties irregularities should be filled up with put-
"
buildingsis late in the autumn or during the plateready to follow the first ; serve with
winter. Paint then appliedwill endure twice as plainbutter,sugar, and cinnamon. (See Buck-
wheat
long as when applied in early summer, or in Cakes and Slap-jacks.)
hot weather. In the former it dries slowlyand Apple Pancakes. Make a batter
"
as for
becomes hard, like a glazed surface,not easily common pancakes, adding to it a few apples,
affected afterwards by the weather, or worn off peeled, cored, and chopped very fine ; these
by the beating of storms. But in very hot must be stirred up in the batter each time a
weather the oil in the paint soaks into the wood pancake is taken from it. Apple renders the
at once, as into a sponge, leavingthe lead near- ly pancakes light and delicate ; but too much
dry,and nearlyready to crumble off. This makes them fall to pieces in frying.
last difficulty, however, may be guarded against, German Pancakes. Beat half a pound of"
though at an increased expense, by first going butter to a cream ; mix with it half a pound of
over the surface with raw oil. By painting in flour, half a pound of sugar, the yolks of twelve
cold weather another serious objectionto paint- ing eggs, and a pint of lukewarm cream ; beat the
in summer may be avoided, namely, the whites of the eggs to a stiff froth,and add
collection of small flies on the fresh paint. them, togetherwith a littlepowdered cinnamon
Measurement of Painter's Work. When
"
and lemon-peel chopped very fine. Fry the
this kind of work is not done by the job it is pancakes on one side only,and place them in a
done by measurement. In the latter case, the pile,one above the other, so as to form a cake,
work is always measured by the yard super- and cinnamon being strewn between each
ficial, sugar
and the dimensions are taken in yards, layer. The pileshould be cut downwards like
inches, and tenths. Every part passed over a cake, and served with wine or jellysauce.
by the brush is measured, consequently the di- mensionsPANSY." Also called Heartsease and Car-
must be taken in a line that girtsover den Violet. This flower is a universal favorite,
the moulding, etc. Ornamental and carved and a garden is seldom found in which it does
work are charged extra. not fill some quiet,shady spot with its rich,
PALSY. {Sc-eParalysis.) velvetyblossoms. It is a perennial that is,it "
or milk and water; boil five minutes, stir- ring for a pansy bed the plantsare too small
"
all the while. Then add a saltspoonful of to plant separately should be shady, or
"
at
salt,one ounce of butter,and a couple of raw least protected from the noonday sun ; and the
egg-yolks. Stir well together,and serve in a soil should be rich and mouldy. Pansies are
bowl.
gross feeders,and can scarcelybe manured too
Chicken Panada. " Make accordingto above strongly; they will bloom better if watered at
receipt, reducing the quantity of bread, and least once a week during the summer with a
substituting for it the white meat of chicken tablespoonfulof guano dissolved in a gallonof
minced very fine. The egg-yolks may be water. Water should also be given them very
omitted or not. freelyevery day. Pansies can be obtained of
Cracker Panada. Splitsome Boston ers,
crack- every color,from the deepest purpleand bright- est
"
to signifya loss of motion in some part of the be done until three or four weeks after the
body ; but as the nerves supplying most parts disease has begun, and then only when the pa-
tient
of the body are of a mixed character that is is in a fit state for it. Improvement may
"
Moreover, it may be complete when there is a months the strength of that side will be much
total loss and
of power sensation, or partial, impaired, and even in favorable cases complete
when these partly, arenot wholly,lost. Some- times restoration can hardly be expected. In every
the word partialis used to imply that case the treatment and chance of recovery pend
de-
only certain parts of the body are affected, but upon the nature of the original injury.
for this purpose the term local seerrts prefera-
ble. Paraplegia. This denotes loss of power, as "
General paralysisimplies that the whole we have said, over the lower extremities and
body is affected,but the term generalparalysis lower half of the body, and is always depend-
"
ent
of the insane expresses
"
one particular form of upon some change in the nervous system,
malady which is an accompaniment of insanity.and generallysome disease in the spinalcord.
The two most common forms of paralysis, and The causes are : inflammation of the spinalcord
the only ones which it is worth while to treat of or its membranes ; cancer of the cord, or any
speciallyin a book of domestic medicine, are other tumor pressing upon it or growing into
hcmipla^ia and paraplegia. Hemiplegia is that its substance ; fracture or dislocation of the
form of paralysis which affects one lateral bones forming the spinal column ; a wound of
half of the body without the other side being the spine ; and hemorrhage into or softening
affected : hence hemiplegia is right or left. of the spinal cord. It may also come on in
Paraplegiaon the other hand means paralysis cases of hysteriawithout there being any true
of the lower half of the body ; but there is no paralysisat all. The symptoms are in most
right or left paraplegia it must affect both
" cases tmgling and numbness of the legs and
sides, if not quiteequally,at all events to some feet,with occasional twitchings, followed by loss
extent. of the power of moving them ; sensation is
Hemiplegia. This is much
" the most mon
com- generallyinterfered with but not wholly gone.
form of paralysis. In most cases it is If the paralysisbe due to an accident it may
produced by an injuryto one side of the brain, appear at once ; if to cancer or a tumor, the
and then if the right side of the brain is in- jured,symptoms may come on gradually; if to inflam- mation,
the left side of the body is affected and the paralysismay come on in a very
vice versa. But all forms of hemiplegia do few days, and often terminates fatally from its
not depend on brain mischief some arise from "
extending upwards and involving vital parts.
injury to the spinal cord, affectingonly one In most cases the bladder is also paralysed,so
side of it ; and so we may have cerebral or that there is retention of urine, which stantly
con-
change and epilepticattacks will cause this paralyzedand the patient dies of suffocation,
form of paralysis. An ordinary attack of apo- plexy, as he cannot expand his chest. This happens
when the patienthas recovered from the chieflyin inflammatory cases, while if the pa-ralysis
shock, leaves the individual in this state ; it is, be due to other causes, the parts affected
ir. short, a symptom of mischief in the brain, will be below the seat of injuryand the sufferer
and not the disease itself. Hemiplegia may may go on for months and even though
years "
kill. Inflammation of the cord is generallyfatal the other hand, sympathize with them too
within a week or a fortnight ; otherwise a slow much. Daily reading some sensible book, re- moving
recovery may be looked for. In hysterical all trashy novels, trying to engage
cases, the patient is generally of the female the mind on some amusing topic,avoiding all
se.\, very emotional and excitable in her nature, e.xcitement,and some lightoccupation,as sew- ing,
and not unfrequently the subject of deep re- ligious knitting, or wool work, will be most likely
impressions. There is no true disease to do good. Cold bathing, electricity for a
of the spinalcord, but the patientwill not or short time every morning, and firm but kind
cannot exercise her will to move the limbs. dicipline, will promote a cure.
Treatment. " In all cases of paraplegia, the Palsy." Sometimes called "
shakingpalsy "
when required. The urine must be even to the jaws. This agitationis in- creased
drawn off by a catheter,at least twice a day, if by any mental effort,especially to call
the patient cannot pass it, or if it dribiales into play the muscles affected. The disease
away ; often, too, it is a good thing to wash the is progressive, and by-and-by the entire body
bladder out night and morning with warm becomes affected, so that the patientcan hardly
water. The feet should be kept warm in hot walk, being always disposed to run. All this
flannels,but the heat must not be too great, or time the faculties are unimpaired,and the pa- tient
the feet are Very liable to blister in this affec- tion. is acutely sensible of his misfortunes,
The diet must be light and nourishing, which often sadly interferes with his occupa- tion.
and modified to suit the patient's palatein long His bodilypowers become impaired after
standing cases. No bleeding must be used ; a time, from the inability to sleep or take food
no mercury is to be given, except in cases of a in comfort, on account of the incessant ing.
shak-
syphilitic origin,and not always then ; no These cases commonly occur in men vanced
ad-
blisters need be applied,as they do no good. in life, and in them little benefit is to
For acute cases, an ice-bagmay be laid along be hoped for ; but it may occur earlier,and
the spine, and this gives relief sometimes. In then it can be alleviated,if not cured, by the
chronic cases, when the paralysisis made out judicioususe of strychnine,iron, and galvan- ism,
clearlyto be incurable, the only thing one can especially of the continuous current.
do is to make the rest of life as easy as possi- ble PAREGORIC ELIXIR. -Poison, if in very
for the patient. In hysterical cases, ment
treat- large doses. Symptoms, sleepiness. Treat- ment,
is of much avail. It is too common for same as in opium, which see. The pound
com-
among both sexes, and especially amongst slightpain in the stomach and bowels.
young women, to find cases in which the emo-
tional It is often given to children under the belief
faculties seem developed out of propor- tion or pretence that it contains no opium, but the
to the intellectual ones ; such people are modern paregoricelixir contains one grain of
what are ordinarilycalled of a nervous and opium in each half ounce of the elixir,and is
e.xcitable temperament ; they often indulge therefore unfit for indiscriminate domestic use.
in emotional excitement, and this often as- sumes The practice, once common, but now happily
a religious aspect, varying in its devel- opment dying out, of giving it to infants as an ano- dyne,
accordingto the people who associated is a most dangerous one. A teaspoon-
with the padent in ordinarylife. Intense men- tal ful of paregoricis the full dose for an adult.
worry, great grief,loss of a relation,and PARLOR. {See Furniture.)
numerous. other causes tend to produce an Inlaid woodwork
PARQUETRY." in geo-
metric
excitement of the emotional faculties, while at patterns, generally composed of two
the same time they are not duly balanced by a different tints,and generallyused for floors.
well-taughtintellect;this is what is meant by As formerlymade, this was rather expensive
"giving way to the feelings." In some cases, decoration,but in the modern form of wood
this goes on to such a degree that the will is carpeting,etc., it is economical and can be
not exerted by the patient,and cannot be ex- erted made very tasteful and pretty. {See Floors.)
unless some strong stimulant, as elec- tricity, PARROTS. " The parrot familv comprise six
etc., is given to the nervous system. At divisions ; the principal are the IVIacaw, which
one time, the voice is lost, or an arm is palsied; includes the cockatoos and the toucan ; the Par-
rots,
in another case the leg is paralyzed,and it is includingthe paroquet ; and the Lories.
PARROTS 381
The distinguished
Macaws
are from the true tallest forest trees, where they are fond of
parrots by having the cheeks bare of feathers, perching.They will eat almost anything. Their
and the tail very long. They are extremely mode of eating solid food is
very peculiar "
are livelyand very noisy,occupying a the point of the bill,throw it upwards, and then
great part of their time in discordant ing.
screech- catch it in the open mouthso dexterously that
In the hall or drawing-room they are tremely
ex- it goes at once into the aperture of the gullet,
ornamental, from the beautiful metallic and is swallowed without difficulty.The cans
tou-
reflections which
playover their plumage. The are so sensible to cold that they dread the
macaws are mostly natives of tropicalSouth night air,even in tropical climates ; it is neces-
sary,
America, where they nestle in decayed trees, therefore,to keep them in a warm perature.
tem-
which some speciallyexcavate, as do our peckers.
wood- They do not speak their utterance "
The food of the macaws is chiefly is merely a kind of croak. The preacher tou-
can
dry seeds, or the fruit of the palm, and in the has a singularcry, which it almost constantly
coffee-growing lands they eat coffee-berries : but utters. It is easy to tame and keep.
here, in confinement, we must nourish them The True Parrots are less elegant than the
differently.The red and yellow macaw must macaw tribe less splendid in color than the "
passages
its variety, as well as for its beautiful plumage length. Some parrots live to fifty,
grey
and exceedinglydocile and amiable temper ; it sixty,seventy, or even a hundred It
years.
will repeat almost
any lesson immediately,call moults regularlyonce a year.
persons whom it is accustomed to see by their The Paroquets are smaller than the true par- rots
several names, and is fond of children as more slender,and elegantlyproportioned,
" "
the other macaws are not. with long, pointed tails ; several from Africa
The Cockatoos may be recognized by the and Asia have ringsround their necks. Thus
beautiful crest of feathers on the head. The the paroquets may easilybe distinguishedfrom
name is derived from the loud and distinct call- the parrots, which are all stout, heavy birds,
note of some of the species,sounding like with short and even, or slightly rounded tails.
"
Cock-a-too," very distinctly uttered. These The Lories are so named from the call-
birds come from Australia and the Indian isles ; note of some of the species. They are gorge- ously
they live on seeds and fruits,and can crack the beautiful,but exceedingly difficult to
stones of the hardest fruits ; their color is preserve in a cold climate. Tliere are many
mostly white, tinged with rose-red or sulphur- varieties,but here we shall only mention the
yellow; they are not capable of speaking more purple-cappedlory "
a very rare and costlybird,
than "cock-a-too." The great white cockatoo " of resplendent tints. It utters "
Lorie, "
sulphur-crestedcockatoo is a most agreeable most highly endowed of the whole parrot race.
pet "
playful,jocular and affectionate. The In keeping parrots it should be borne in mind
red-crested cockatoo is the largestand that they require large,roomy cages, and the
freat
andsomest of the species. Some of the larger birds open perches ; the eating and
feathers of its crest are six inches long,of a drinkingvessels should be }iot of zinc or pew- ter,
rich orange color at the base. This is not so but of glass or porcelain; coarse sand
gentlea bird as the more common cockatoo. It should be sprinkledon the floor ; and in warm
has a loud, trumpet-likevoice, with which it weather the cage should be cleaned out every
shrieks out its own name, and calls Der- day, in cold weather "
twice a week. Carefully
"
deney, clapping its wings the while like a guard all kinds of parrots from cold,but give
cock, whose crow, as well as the cluck of the them plentyof sunshine and fresh warm air.
hen, and the various cries of different animals, Let them out amid flowers,shrubs, or in a green- house
it readilyimitates. It is not a delicate bird, ; and, in teaching them, never
threaten
and may be easilyreared and kept. to punish,but repeat the lesson frequently, and
The Toucans are known at once by their reward with choice morsels. Take care the
enormous bills,which are curved and hooked, bread and milk be not sour, and vary it with
and toothed at the edges, and are thus able
formid- biscuit, grain,nuts, and fruits ; and for the
weapons. In their native haunts in Guiana small birds, add hemp and canary-seed and
and Brazil they go in littleflocks of from si.x to millet. Give no meat ; and be very chary of
ten ; and, althoughheavy fliers,
will reach the pastry and sweets.
382 PARSLEY PARTRIDGE
PARSLET. "
This is the herb most used in put over a moderate fire until the mixture boils ;
cookery and for
garnishing. There are two then arrange the parsnips on a dish, pour the
sorts, the plain-leavedand the curly. The sauce over them, and garnish with parsley, and
latter is much to be preferred,being prettierserve.
whether growing or on the dish, and more easily Fried Parsnips. I. Prepare as for buttered "
distinguishedfrom the Aei/iusm, or fool's pars- parsnips. Dredge the slices with flour,and
ly a species of hemlock
"
which is poisonous. fry them in hot lard,turning when one side is
The best mode of cultivatingit is by seed, browned. Drain off the fat,season vifith pep-
per
sowing where it is to remain any time between and serve hot.
the middle of March and the middle of June ; n. Boil them until they are about half done,
and if the stalks are cut down occasionally, to lift them out and let them cool; slice length-
wise
prevent their seeding, it will last for several in thick slices,sprinklethem with fine salt
years. The seed should be buried about an and white pepper, and fry them a pale brown
inch deep. Parsley is always in season except in good butter. Serve with roast meat or dish
at short intervals through the winter months ; them under it.
if dried and preserved in bottles from which "Wine of Parsnips. Wash, scrape, and "
the air is excluded, it retains its flavor a long slice the parsnips very thin ; for every three
time. Besides its usefulness for cooking and pounds of the parsnipsallow a gallonof water ;
garnishing,parsleychewed has the property of boil an hour and a half,and strain the liquor
destroying any foetor in the breath, or the without bruising the parsnips; then measure
smell impartedto it from spirits,onions, or the liquorand make up any deficiency(under
other substances. The roots also are edible, the originalquantity)with boilingwater. To
boiled like carrots, but are not much used. each gallonof the liquor add three pounds of
Fried is an
Parsley. excellent nish sugar
gar-
"
This
and one ounce of crude tartar; when
for fish,etc.
prepare it, wash and nearlycold,put it into a cask, add a tablespoon-
To
pick the parsleyand throw it into clean water, ful of yeast, and keep it in a warm place; stir
and then into boilingfat,when it will instantlydaily until the fermentation subsides, which
become crispand must be taken up. may be in ten days or a fortnight,and then
PARSNIP. " This wholesome and ing
nourish- bung it down. It may be racked and fined in
root has the advantage of being in season three or six months, and bottled in six months
during the winter and spring months when more. Wine made thus is thought to be but
other table vegetables are scarce. It contains little inferior to Madeira of equal age. Spirits
good deal of
a
sugar, and this gives it a pecu-
liar may be added if it is liked strong.
sweetish taste which many like,but which PARTRIDGE. " It is said that we have no
to some is very
insipid. Those are sweetest genuine partridge in this country ; and it is
which are grown in rich soils,while those certain that the birds sold as partridgesin our
grown in stiff clayey soils have a much milder markets are very different from the English
flavor. In cultivating, sow the seeds in the partridge. Moreover, the birds known as
spring in rows eighteen inches apart, burying quailsat the North are called partridgesat the
the seeds about an inch deep; thin them out South, while the southern pheasant is the
to intervals of six or eight inches. Among ruffed grouse, which is the Northern partridge.
the best varieties are the Guernsey and the The
" "
partridge,pheasant, or ruffed grouse,
"
Large Hollow Crown." Parsnips are im- provedare very plentifulin our markets from about
by standing until after heavy frosts^andthe 1st of September to the ist of January;
in dry soils ; they keep perfectly in the ground but they are best in October and November.
until .Spring, but they must then be dug before After January ist it is not safe to eat them,
the new growth begins. especiallyif the winter has been very severe,
Boiled Parsnips. According to their size as they are
" then deprived of their ordinary
and the time of year (they require long cook- ing food and are forced to feed the leaves of
upon
in cold weather) parsnipswill take from 20 the poisonous evergreens. They have been
minutes to more than an hour to boil. Every found with their crops filled with the green
speck or blemish should be cut from them after laurel,and if their flesh be eaten vmder such
they are washed and scraped,and the water in circumstances the result may be serious. An
which they are boiled should be salted and well old partridgehas a white bill and bluish legs;
skimmed. If
they are large,slice them down when the bill is of rather dark
young a ish
gray-
the middle before
boiling; if young and tender, color,and the yellowish. As long
legs are
boil them whole. When quite tender, dish as the does not turn blue, the bird is
rump
them, and serve either whole (with butter fresh enough.
spread over them) or mash like potatoes, adding Baked Partridge. Clean and " wash out the
a little milk and butter,and seasoning with inside with soda-water, afterwards rinsingit in
pepper and salt. fresh water. Cut off the claws to about half
Buttered Parsnips. scrape, and
" Wash and
their length; truss it,and cover its breast with
then boil as above till tender. Slice length-
wise a thin slice of fat salt pork, tying the pork on
into pieces about a quarter of an inch with twine. Place the partridgeon its back in
thick,season with pepper and salt,and put the baking-pan with a piece of butter the size
them into a sauce-pan with three tablespoonfulsof a walnut on it ; set it in a quick oven, baste
of melted butter and little chopped parsley
a ; often,and serve when rather underdone.
PARTRIDGE PASTILLES 383
Boiled Partridge. " Clean the partridges,Spread thin slices of corned ham or pork over
and tie down tlie legs very closely. Put a the entire bird and bind them on with twine ;
pound of salt pork into a pot and boil it an roast before a hot fire about 40 minutes,bast-
^r-fi
Partridge.
wipe dry on a towel,season with salt and pep- PASSION FLOWTiR." The common sion
pas-
flower (/".cceruled)is a native of Brazil,
where it grows to the thickness of a man's
of a pound ; benzoic acid, three ounces ; oil of quite done with a little parsley; season with
thyme, carraway, rose, lavender,cloves, and salt,a grate of nutmeg, and a bit of grated
santal, of each fifteen drops. Before mixing, lemon-peel; add a little cream and gravy, let
dissolve half an ounce of nitre in a quarter of it stew gently a few minutes, then fillthe pat- ties.
a pint of rose water ; with this solution wet the This dish is improved by the addition of
charcoal, and then dry it in a warm place. a little minced ham.
Next pour over it the mixed oils,and stir PAW-PAW. The paw-paw "
or custard ple
ap-
in the flowers of benzoin : mix by sifting(bet-
ter grows wild in great abundance in the South-
ern
for mixing powders than the pestle and and Western States. In form and color it
mortar), then beat the whole up in a mortar resembles a small cucumber when ripe. Its
with water to bind it. pulp is almost too luscious to be agreea-
ble,
gum
PASTRY. Under
" this term are included although it is liked by many; the fla-
vor
pies,tarts, and all productions of cookery in is like that of custard, the color is saf- fron,
which flour-pasteis a principalingredient. and it is quite full of hard seeds which
Directions for making these are given under look like those of the water-melon, but are
the respective articles; and we sliall only re- fer larger. It is best when touched by frost ; but
here to the practice, becoming more and some like it best when boiled in a
green state.
more common in cities,of purchasing pastry at The paw-paw ripens about the middle of Sep- tember.
the baker's instead of making it at home. This They are not often found in the mar- kets.
used are nearly always inferior. They look at proper intervals,a succession of green
discovers be secured during the entire summer.
very well, but the stomach the impos-
ture, peas can
and its owner pays the penalty. Only Landreth's Extra Early is said to be the earli- est
the best butter, etc., should be used in making for garden use, and the best. phia
Philadel-
pastry, especially when children are to eat it. Extra Early is also desirable. Little
pAt6. {See Patty.) Gem is very dwarf, and of fine flavor,growing
PATTY." Patties are made of rich puff only one foot high. Hundred-fold, or Cook's
paste, and baked in patty-pans, with a piece of Favorite, is a first-class variety, earlyand very
bread inside ; after the crust is done, the piece prolific. Laxton's Supreme is the earliest
of bread is removed, the proper contents are wrinkled pea, and has the largestpods of any
inserted,and the patty is served either hot or kind. The Champion of England, though a
cold. Almost any kind of meat, or poultry,or late variety, is very luxuriant and much the
fish can be used. best familysort raised. The Marrowfats, though
Lobster Patties. Make " these with the deficient in flavor,are excellent for earlysum- mer
same seasoning as for oysters, adding a little use. Green peas should always be pur- chased
cream and a very small piece of butter. in the pods, which should feel cool and
Oyster Patties. Prepare the pastry as
"
dry. If closelypacked they have a mashed or
directed xm.A.t'cpatties. Thicken, over boiling wet appearance, and a warm feeling,which
water, half a pint of cream with two even table- much injures their natural flavor ; and wlien
spoonfulsof flour rubbed with one ounce of the shells or pods begin to turn to a lighter
butter ; add half a teaspoonful of mace, a shade, or to look rusty, the peas have usually
teaspoonful of salt,and a pinch of cayenne. a black spot upon them and are too old to be
Stew, until plump, a quart of oysters in their good. But to have them in the greatest per- fection,
own liquor,with an even teaspoonfulof salt; they should be picked very young and
drain,and stir them into the hot cream ; fillthe should, if possible,be cooked almost ately
immedi-
pattiesand serve. (See also under Oyster.) after being taken from the vines. The
Podovies or Beef Patties. " Shred done
under- first new peas that reach the market are ally
gener-
roast beef, with littleof the fat ; season
a in small quantitiesat high prices. They
with pepper and salt,and a little shalot or come from the Bermudas about the ist of
PEACH 385
April; from Charleston and Norfolk about the fine ripe,but firm peaches ; put them in the
middle of May; from southern New Jersey syrup in a shallow vessel,as the fruit should be
about the ist of June ; and from Long Island, slowly until clear; drain
in one layer; cook
etc., about the middle of June. They are in from the syrup, place on plates and dry in a
season till September. heater or in a very moderately heated oven.
Large quantitiesof dry, soaked, and split Placed in the heater belonging to a cooking
peas are sold throughout the winter season ; stove, the fruit will be sufficiently dry in twenty-
the Japan and the "lady pea are rieties.four
the best va-"
hours, to pack in jars.
These all require to be boiled with Plums and cherries may be done in the same
salt meat to give them a flavor. way, after stoning. Bartlett pears too are cellent,
ex-
then put into salted boiling water and boil them in largeslices from the stone, spread these on
twenty minutes if young and tender, half an wood or cloth,and dry thoroughly in the sun.
hour if old. The English always put in a lump This will take several days, and they must be
of sugar, which improves both the flavor and brought in or covered over at night. In the
the color. When don", drain well, dish, stir Northern and Western States it is generally
in a good lump of butter,season with a little best to have a small room heated with stoves, in
and serve hot. which the fruit can be dried, the sun not
pepper
SteTved old Peas. "
Steep being powerful enough. When
them in ter
wa- thoroughly
all night if very dry, otherwise half an dried, store in bags in a cool dry place. In
hour will do ; put them into just enough buying dried peaches choose those that look
water to cover them, with a piece of salt beef brown and clean and dry ; the whitish colored
or pork ; stew gently till the peas are soft and have less flavor,and the damp ones are seldom
the meat is tender. If the meat is not salt,add good.
salt and a little pepper. Dish them around the Peach (Leather). Allow a pound of sugar "
prices; from the Southern States about tlie Salad of Peaches. " Pare and slice half a
end of June or first of July; and from lower dozen fine ripe peaches,arrange them in a dish,
New Jersey about the 20th of July. They do strew them with pounded white sugar, and
not appear in large quantities,however, until pour over them two or three wineglassfulsof
about the middle of August, when they com-
mence champagne. Other wine may be used, but
to be plentiful and continue so until the champagne is best ; persons who preferbrandy
20th of September ; they then gradually de- creasecan substitute it for wine, using a smaller
until in October and November, only quantity. The quantityof sugar must be pro- portioned
the hard winter peaches are to be found. After to the sweetness of the fruit.
this they are found in a dried state. (See Com-
pote, Ste-wed Peaches. I. Should the peaches not "
lemon-peel, half a pound of sugar in lumps, as pink crimson with white edges and violet mark- ings
much water as will nearly cover them, and ; Emperor of Pelargonium, very large
snow-white flower spottedwith violet and tinged
should a very brightcolor be desired, a dozen
grains of cochineal, bruised and tied in mus- with rose, petals finelyfringed; Gen. Taylor,
Hn; stew the fruit as gently as possible four or rich crimson blotched with very dark red ; and
live hours, or longer,should it not be perfectly A'iagara,white, stripedand blotched with crim-
son.
tender. Wine may be added if the taste is liked.
Or, if the pears are small, cut out the som,
blos- PELISSE. "
a furred
Originally robe or coat,
end paring or coring,and
without stew now a silken coat or habit by ladies,
worn
them whole, in enough water to cover them. mostly as a part of their travellingcostume.
When quite tender addhalf a teacupfulof white Pelisse cloth ig a woolen fabric,twilled and
for quart of pears, and boil ten made quite soft; it is usuallyseven quarters
sugar every
minutes ; then dish the pears, add a few cloves wide.
or a pinch of ginger to the
syrup, boil ten utes,
min- PENNYROYAL. " A speciesof mint which
in
and pour over the fruit hot. grows wild in great abundance many parts
PEARLASH. {See Potash.) of the United States, and is sometimes vated
culti-
PECAN-NUT. A "
species of hickory-nut for making an essential oil which is used
which grows abundantlyin the Southern States, in medicine. Its odor seems to be very annoy-
ing
especiallyTe.xas, and in some parts of the to certain insects, ticks
especially and fleas ;
West. It is about an inch in length,of oblong and in this way it may be made useful. It is
shape, with a smooth, hard shell,and about as generally for sale in the markets during the
largeas a common-sized finger.Pecan-nuts are autumn months, sometimes in largequantities;
of an agreeable taste, and wholesome, and make and it is put up in packages and sold in a dried
an e.xcellent dessert. The fresh nuts begin to state at the drug stores. The essential oil is
come in in December, and are in season till used in medicine for the same purposes as pep-
permint
April; they are best when they have been kept a and spearmint ; the reputationof the
month or two. herb as an abortive is altogetherfallacious.
PELARGONIUM. "
A speciesof plantvery PEONY. {See P^ONY.)
similar geranium, under which it is gen-
to the erally PEPSINE An organic secretion in the
included in popularspeecli.The leaves of stomach of animals, which is regarded as an
the plant are more pleasantlyperfumed than active agent in digestion. In all healthy stom- achs
those of the geranium, and have no zonal, or it exists in sufficient quantity for the ac- complishment
horse-shoe markings, but are of a rich vivid of its purpose, but in many cases
green. The flowers are much sought after on of gastricdisorder it must be introduced ficially.
arti-
account of their perfectcoloring;no tion
descrip- The best medicinal pepsine is made
can convey an idea of their beauty. There from pigs'stomachs and is called Pepsina por-
are all shades of scarlet,crimson, pink, purple, ci; it is free from acid and starch, and has a not
and white ; the lower leaves,and frequentlythe disagreeableodor. It should be given during
upper ones, are veined and blotched with the or after a meal. The best way of administering
darkest crimson, purple, and red, beautifullyit is in a dose of five to ten grains along with
veined with the lightershades. They are the food, and thereafter to take dilute nitric acid,
most showy-flowered of all the bedding-out in a dose of five drops, in a wineglass of
plants,except the Scarlet Salvia, and should water, with sugar. In cases of great debility
find a place even in the smallest garden. They of the stomach, especiallyin old people,the
are propagated both from cuttingsand seeds. habitual use of pepsine may render life easy
They requirea light, sandy loam,"well enriched where before it was unendurable. It is also
with cow-manure, and if they are not ly
plentiful-valuable in cases of the regurgitationof half-
supplied with water, their buds will wither digested or half-putridfood, and in cases ot
away. They need more sunlight than the obstruction at the passage from the stomach
geranium to bloom in perfection.^The different to the intestines. After a time, a dose of
colors and sizes may be grouped together in a five grains of salicylic acid may be given to
bed, so as to produce a very beautiful effect ; prevent putrefaction of what remains. For
some of them, however, are fall in growth and it has been tolerablyclearlyproved that sub- stances
produce a good effect planted singly on the which are digested in the stomach are
same as for the geranium. into and there absorbed, there will
peptone
There are hundreds of varieties of gonium, be
Pelar- no necessityfor itto pass on into the intes-
tines,
and many novelties are added nor will there be time for it to undergo
every
season. The followingare a few of the best :- decomposition.
388 PEPPER PERITONITIS
The dilute nitric acid should be taken through this fish,most of them, however, being known
a tube. The acid can
salicylic be taken as any by other names. The best variety,commonly
other powder. Sulphiteof soda or of magne-
sia, called black perch, are in realityblack bass,
taken in doses of from ten to fifteen grains,
is also good to arrest decomposition in the
stomach.
PEPPER. This most generallyused of all
"
berry of the Piper longnm, is not ground, and June, and July. The white pe^ch and the yel-
low-bell
is not much used at the present day ; it is not perch are the kinds usually sold as
so aromatic as the black, but more pungent. perch. They are in season in the winter and
Peppercorns is the name given to the whole spring months, and so small they seldom "
berries ; the best are those which are not too weigh more than a quarter of a pound each "
small nor too much shrunk in drying,but which that they are only fit for frying.
feel heavy in the hand and sink in water. per
Pep- Fried Perch. Clean, wash and dry the fish ; "
is universally employed as a condiment, sprinkle them with salt and dredge them with
and from its promoting the secretion of the flour; and fry to a lightbrown in hot butter,
of the lard,or dripping. Serve hot.
gastricjuice,it aids the digestive powers
stomach ; but even in small quanties,it is hurt-
ful PERFUMES. The use of perfumes about "
in inflammatory habits. Its use should be the person is,of course, a matter of individual
invalids and children. taste ; but they are useful deodorizers in the
prohibited
to as
Pepper, both black and white, is adulterated .sick-room, under circumstances when fresh air,
with a variety of articles "
as the flour of seed, which
lin- is by far the best means for the cation
purifi-
mustard, wheat, sage, and arrowroot. of a room, cannot be immediately intro-
duced.
the sweepings of In such the of perfumes is
Also by "pepper-dust,"being cases use
Bell pepper [C. grossum), is the largestand are given in the proper places.
Inflammation of the peri-
toneum,
best variety,and is easily raised from the PERITONITIS. "
PEPPERMINT. "
variety of mint which
A of the stomach and covers the intestines.
It maybe
is usually found growing wild in damp soils. Its danger varies with its cause.
It is sometimes used in cookery, but its chief produced by a stab or gunshot wound in the
is for distillation in the manufacture of abdomen ; these cases are often fatal. Cancer
use
the oil of peppermint, of which great quantities and tubercle may bring it on, but this is gener- ally
are used by confectioners, druggists,liquor- only a part of the malady, and the chief seat
dealers, etc. It should be gathered in August of disease is elsewhere. Any tumor of any or- gan
four ounces of double refined sugar, and beat canal will bring it on ; and it is often associated
of two until perfectly with typhoidfever. It is perhaps most often
it with the whites eggs
add of the oil of of child-bearing. The chief symp-
toms
smooth ; then sixtydrops permint, sequence
pep- a
beat it well, with a small stick,drop it of Peritonitis are pain over the abdomen,
white and dry at a distance from the vomiting, and a raised temperature ; the pulse
on paper,
is quick and small,the countenance an,xious
fire.
relieve
Essence of Peppermint. {See Essences.) and sunken, the legs drawn up so as to
PEPPER-SAUCE. {See Sauces.) the pain. The pain is worse on any movement,
PERCH. There "are numerous varieties of and is very wearing to the patient. In some
PERIWINKLES PHLOX 389
cases of blood-poisoning, as in certain forms of triple, and ley. Plate metal is said to be formed
puerperal fever, etc., there may be peritonitis, of 1 12 parts tin,6 or 7 of antimony, and a small
and yet no pain. Colic, which often comes on portion of brass or copper to harden it ; it is the
in lead poisoning, must not be mistaken for best kind and is used for making dishes. The
this disease ; in the former case, there will be sort called triple is used for alehouse pots, cheap
no fever, and the patientwill have a blue line dishes, spoons, etc., and is composed of lead
around the gums. Some cases of hysteriamay and tin,with a littlebrass. The leypewter used
simulate peritonitis ; here, again,the tempera-
ture for wine and spiritmeasures has more lead.
is normal, and there are the usual signs of Lead being a cheaper metal than tin it is the
hysteria. interest of manufacturers to employ as much of
Treatment. Perfect rest in bed must be en-
" joined it as they can, and, consequently,pewter is apt
; hot fomentations,
made as sible, to contain
lightas pos- too much of it. Lead being a nox- ious
must be applied over the abdomen ; the metal, danger was apprehended from its
weight of the bed-clothes should be taken off employment in this way ; and the French ernment
gov-
the patientas far as possible. Opium must b; appointed a commission of some very
given to relieve the pain,and for this purpose, able chemists to examine the subject. They
large doses are frequentlyrequired. Cooling, found that, when wine or vinegar is allowed to
saline drinks, and iced water may allaythe thirst stand in vessels composed of an alloyof tin and
and nausea, while milk and beef-tea must be lead in different proportions, the tin'isfirst dis-
solved,
given every three hours or oftener, so as to while the lead is not sensiblyacted upon
keep up the strength.
patient's Each case, of by these liquors,except at the line of contact of
course, will vary so with the cause as to require the air and the liquor; and no sensible quantity
a somewhat different line of treatment ; and for of lead is dissolved even by vinegar,after ing
stand-
this competent medical advice must be
sought. some days in vessels that contain no more
Peritonitis often forms a serious complication than 18 per cent, of lead. Hence it was cluded
con-
in cases of typhoid fever. {See Typhoid that,as no noxious effect is produced by
Fever.) the very minute quantityof tin which is dis-
solved,
PERIWINKLES. " These are small fish,
shell- may be considered
pewter as a safe
of which several varieties
occasionally are material when it contains about 80 per cent, of
found in our markets. highlye.s-
They are not tin ; and, where vessels are intended merely for
teemed as an article of food, being somewhat measures, a much less proportion of tin maybe
rank-flavored ; but they are sometimes eaten by allowed. But the common pewter of Paris was
the poor who live near the coast. They are found to contain no more than to
25 30 per
in season in the summer and fall months. Boil cent, of tin,and the remainder was lead ; there
and picklethem like Cockles. is reason to fear that this is also the composition
PERRY. "
A very pleasantdrink made from of our common liquor,and pewter ; if so, malt
pears. Any of the commoner kindspears of particularlyporter, always containing more or
will answer, but they must be just ripe without less acetic acid, cannot fail to dissolve some of
being mellow in the least
degree decayed ; the deleterious metal. The use of pewter for any
or
when they are not sufficiently ripe an excess of vessels in which food or drink is prepared
fermentation cannot be prevented, and when should therefore be avoided : and in fact the in-
vention
they are too ripethe liquorrarelyferments kind- ly of the Britannia and similar wares which
and is exceedinglyapt to become sour. In make up in superior durability fur their slightly
making perry the pears are mashed and pressed greater cost, has now rendered it
unnecessary.
in exactlythe same way as apples in making PHEASANT. There is no genuine pheas-
ant "
cider. The subsequent management of tlie in this country, what is called pheasant in
perry is also the same as cider (ji'^ Cider), ex- cept the Northern markets being reallythe ruffed
that a few daysafter the liquoris pressed grouse, which is also called partridge at the
out it should be drawn off from the lees,and South. (See Grouse and Partridge.)
fermented in another vessel. An excess of fer-
mentationPHLOX. " This is another of the peren.
is
prevented by the means used in the nials,the beauty of which should secure it a
arts, but at least two valuable articles are made The latter are numbered by hundreds,
from it. {See Benzine and Kerosene Oil.) and we can onlv mention here a few of the
PEWTER-'W ARE." Pewter is an alloyof most desirable. For Early Spring ing
Flower-
_
rieties. For Summer Flowering : " P. Beppo, condition it is very firm-fleshed, sweet, and
purple or crimson ; P. Cotntessof Home,vi\\\\.^,well-flavored ; it is best in the winter and spring
crimson eye ; P. Henri Lierval, purplishcrim-
son montns, from September to March, and during
; P. Louis Van Houtte, striped; P. Ma- that time is generallyquiteplentiful in the mar-
kets.
white, with red eye ; /-". Dianthiflora, rose duck's bill,and the eyes are very small ; the
and white ; P. Hersine, purple and white ; P.
Le Croix de Louis,
St. rose and white ; P.
Madame Basseville, rosy white, red eye ; P.
Madame le Cerf, pure white ; P. Oculata, lilac,
white centre ; P. Osirus, white, with red eye ;
P. Mr. Regel, violet, purple, and crimson ; P.
Pickerel.
Souvenir de la Mer, white, violet centre.
PIANOFORTE (Care of the). A "
piano
should be tuned at least twice a year by an color
perienced
ex- on the back is of a bluish gray, and times
some-
long without tuning, it usually becomes flat, muddy yellow and quite full of dark, irregular
and troubles a tuner to get it to stay at concert marks. There is a smaller variety,called
pitch,especiallyin the country. Never place "brook pickerel,"which are different in shape
the instrument against an outside wall, or in a and smaller ; they are not so desirable as the
cold, damp room, particularlyin a country regular pickerel. Prepare, cook and serve
or damp day ; and when the sun is on the win- dow, so many of them do, of crude, hard vegetables,
draw the blind down. Avoid puttingme- tallic or of unripe fruit. Those which are commonly
or other articles on or in the piano ; such sold in the shops are especiallyobjectionable,
things frequently cause unpleasant vibrations, as in most cases they are so injuredby adultera-tion
and sometimes injure the instrument. The as to become dangerous to persons who
more equal the temperature of the room, the partake of them often or largely. Color is of
better tlie piano will stay in tune. great moment in pickling; and the fine green
PICCALILI. This "
is a name given to mixed color of many of the prepared picklesis secured
pickleswhich may contain almost any combina- tion by the addition of sulphate of copper, or blue-
of the vegetablesusuallymade use of for stone, directlyto the vinegar,and where this is
following makes excellent not done, they are made in copper brass
pickling. The an or
radish-pods,French beans, samphire, celery, testing whether such "greening" has been
white cabbage, carrots, capsicums and button ventured upon, is to put a few drops of the
onions. Soak them in brine for twenty-four suspected vinegar on the blade of a knife, or
hours ; drain them and dry with towels, then cut the pickleswith it ; add a drop of sulphuric
place them in glass cans and pour over them, acid (oilof vitriol), and heat the under surface
boilinghot, the followingprepared mixture : To of the knife over the flame of a candle ; the
one gallonof vinegar add four ounces of bruised vinegar in evaporatingwill deposit the copper
ginger,two ounces of whole black pepper, two upon the knife-blade, if any be present. The
ounces of whole allspice, three ounces of curry, best plan, however, is to make the picklesat
and half a pintof sweet oil ; boil them togetherfor home, for then they can be relied upon as at
half hour, and then pour them
an over tables, least pure.
the vege-
having mixed a little turmeric and tard
mus- For home
picklingwe subjoin a few leading
in a bowl with small
quantityof vinegar, rules. Acids dissolve the lead contained
a in the
which should also be poured in. Some persons tinningof saucepans, and corrode copper and
preferstrainingthe vinegar,but the spice ma- terially brass ; consequently,if vinegar is kept in them
improves the flavor of the pickle in for any length of time, it becomes highly poi-
sonous.
keeping ; and at last the liquor makes an cellent
ex- This danger, therefore, is easily
sauce for cold meats. Put up in glass avoided by heating the liquorin a stone jar on
jars. a stove ; but glased stone jars should not be
PICKEREL." This fish is known delphia used
in Phila- for pickles,as salt and vinegar dissolve
as Pike," and in Virginia and the the lead which
"
is in the glaze. Scalding or
Southern States as "Jack." It is one of the parboilingthe articles to be pickled in salt and
most delicious of the fresh-water fish,being es- teemed water
will cause them to absorb the vinegar
hardly inferior to trout. When in good much sooner ; but this does not add to their
PICKLES 391
raw vinegar becomes ropy, and will not keep ; larger ones. The pickles should always be
but it should be remembered that neither covered with vinegar,at least two inches above
their surface. The least quantityof water, or best cider vinegar add a teacupful of sugar,
a wet spoon, put into a jar of pickles,will spoil three dozen peppercorns, three dozen cloves
the contents. a dozen and a half of and
allspice, a dozen
Barberries. "
Take barberries, when not blades of mace ; boil five minutes, then put
quiteripe,pick out the stalks, and preserve the beans into a stone jar and pour the vine-
gar
which
the finest sprigs, should be tied
together over them scaldinghot. Set away, closely
in bunches, as they may be wanted for
ing
garnish- covered. Two days afterward scald the vine-
gar
in salt and carefully, again and to the pickles,and repeat
; wash them water return
and set them in a sieve to drain ; place the this process three times more at intervals of
berries and the branches of sprigsin separate two or three days. Then cover over tightly,
jars,and pour over them a picklemade of two and set in a cool place : they will be ready for
pounds of common salt and a gallonof water ; eating in a couple of months, but improve with
fillthe jarsto the brim, skim the pickleas long age.
as any scum rises, then pour it off and fill the Radish-pods are often pickledalong with the
jars again, and tie over. The acidityof the beans, and it improves them. The pods should
barberry renders vinegar unnecessary. be gathered justbefore maturity.
Beans. " Pick the young string or snap Beet-roots. Select roots
"
of blood-red color;
beans justbefore they change color,and leave wash them well, boil them till tender ; then
them quitewhole. Let them stand two weeks peel them and cut them into cross slices,not
in a brine made of two pounds of salt to a gal- lon too thin ; put them in layers into jarswith a
of water, stirring them up from the bottom little mace, whole pepper, cloves, horse-radish,
every day ; change the water then for fresh salt,and bruised ginger,and fill up with the
with blad-
der.
and let them remain in that another day ; they best vinegar. Tie the jars closely
are now ready for pickling. Line a kettle with
thick layer of vine-leaves, put the (Red)." Take a largeclosely-grown
a
green Cabbage
beans into it,add a half-teaspoonful the outside leaves,which cut m
dered cabbage, stripoff
of pow-
thein.
alum for every gallon of water, fillthe thin slices into a dish, sprinklingsalt over
kettle with cold water, put another them with cloth, and let them he'
layer of Cover a
vine-leaves over the top, and cover with a close- twenty-fourhours. Next drain the cabbageon
fitting lid ; simmer over a slow fire for five or a sieve, and put it into a clean jarwith allspice,
six hours, without and sliced ginger ; pour over it
allowing it to come to a boil. whole pepper,
When tie it closely over little
the pickles are of a bright green move
re- cold vinegar, and ; a
the leaves, and drop the beans into very bruised cochineal will brighten the red color,
cold water, leavingthem there while the follow- ing but is not requisite. The jar should be com- pletely
is
pickle prepared : To
"
one gallon of the filled.
PICKLES
392
Capsicums, or Red Pepper. Soak green and " boil an hour in just enough vinegar
capsicums three or four days in a strong brine, to cover them; set them aside in the hot vinegar.
drain them, put them into jarswith mace and Then make a strongly-spicedvinegar (adding
allspice, and fill up with cold boiled vinegar. a pound of sugar to each gallon),put the cu- cumbers
Red capsicums will not requiresoaking. Chilies into it, and stew them tAvo hours.
be pickled in the same This pickleis ready for use as soon as made.
may way.
Cauliflower. " Choose a hard, white flower;
cauli- Elder Pickle. "
Cut the tender shoots of
pull it into small pieces,which put the elder-tree,peel them, and soak them twelve
into a stewpan salt and water, and
with boil. hours in brine ; drain and dry them; then boil
Then take out pieces,dry them before the in two quarts of vinegar,two ounces
the of whole
fire,and pour on them spiced vinegar: a little ginger,two ounces of whole black pepper, and
turmeric will give the cauliflower a fine yellow the same of allspice ; pour it boiling upon the
color, and will also improve the flavor. elder shoots in a jar,and cover
up.
A nice spiced vinegar for cauliflower, or any Eschalots. For a quart of ready-peeled "
paper over
a half of sjlt,half an ounce of ginger,and as French Pickle. Take:-Grttn tomatoes, i "
much whole white pepper, to each quart of peck ; green peppers, 6 ; onions, 6 ; salt,yi pt ;
vinegar,and set it to boil. Having pickedand brown sugar, i pt; horse radish (grated), yi pt;
washed, and cut into small pieces,fine fresh ground cloves,groundallspice, ground cinnamon,
celery,put it into the boilingpickle,and when I tablespoonfuleach ; mustard seed, celery
the whole has boiled two minutes, put it into seed, 2 or 3 tablespoonfulseach ; peppercorns,
dry stone jars; or let it cool, and then put Vz gi.ll-
it into bottles. It will remain good for a long Slice the tomatoes, onions and ing
(hav-
peppers
taken the seeds from the latter)
time, and the vinegar will make good salad- sprinkle
the salt over them and let them stand all night.
dressing. A few button onions may be thrown
into the vinegar. Then pour off the water and add the other in-
gredients
Cherries. Leave
" about an inch of their ; mi.\ well ; put it in a large porcelain
stems on some fine, sound cherries,which are
lined kettle,cover with good vinegarand boil
not over ripe; put them into a jar,cover them slowly until well cooked ; this requires several
with cold vinegar, and let them stand three hours. A fewTcd peppers be added, if liked.
may
weeks; off two-thirds of the liquor and Gherkins. " Pickle these exactlyas directed
pour
for cucumbers. The smaller gherkins make
replaceit with fresh vinegar ; then, after /lav-
ing
the choicest pickles.
drained it from the cherries,boil it whole
with an ounce of coriander-seed, a small blade Higdom. " Peel and take the seeds from large
of mace, a few grainsof cayenne, or a teaspoon- green cucumbers ; chop them and to two quarts
ful of white and four bruised add one of chopi-edonion; mix them, adding
peppercorns, 3
cochineals to every quart ; the spices should tablespoonfulsof salt ; after two hours hang
be tied looselyin a piece of muslin. Let the them in a thin cloth, to drain for twelve hours ;
picklebecome quite cold before it is added to put them in a preserving kettle, season with
the cherries. In a mosth they will be fit to cayenne and black pepper, cover with vinegar,
is poured from heat slowlyand boil ten minutes.
use. The vinegar which the
fruit makes a good syrup of itself,when boiled Kalamazoo Pickles. Take :-%ma\\ cucum- "
with a pound of sugar to the fruit,but it is bers(2 or3 inches long)y^ bush. ; brown sugar, I
improved by having some fresh raspberries,qt ; white mustard seed, % pt ; broken cinnamon,
cherries, or currants previously infused in it I oz ; alum, 2 oz ; celeryseed,i oz ; vinegar,7 qts.
for three or four days. Wipe the withered flowers from the end of
Cucumber. " I. Select small cucumbers "
the cucumbers ; cover with a brine made of two
none should finger in length; they gallonsof water and a pound of salt ; let them
be over a
should also be perfectlysound. Pickle them stand twenty-fourhours ; dram them ; boil the
in the manner previouslydirected for Beans ; vinegar,alum and spices ; put the cucumbers
be kept either a week in glass cans, rinsed in hot water, pour in the
but the cucumbers may
or a month in the brine,according as they are boihng vinegar and spices,and close at once.
PICKLES 393
Mangoes." Take the latest growth of mangoes large,peel them, and let them stand in strong
of not more than a third or half their full size. salt and water three days, changing the brine
Keep them in brine several weeks; then soak on the second day. Heat more brine to a boil,
throw in the onions, and boil three minutes ;
them for twodays in cold water changing the wa- ter
frequently; boil them in vinegar with a small then drain off the brine, and throw the onions
piece of alum, three quarters of an hour; stand into cold water, leaving them tliere several
them in the vinegar (well covered) for a week. hours. Pack in jars, season with cloves, mace,
Remove the seecJs and fillwith this mixture : one and whole pepper, and fill up with scalding
pound of ginger soaked in brine for a day or two, vinegar in which sugar has been dissolved in
until soft enough to slice, whole black pepper, the proportion of a teacupful to
" or every gallon.
cloves, mace, allspiceand tumeric, one ounce Cork while hot. They can be used in a month,
each ; half a pound of garlic, soaked for a day or but improve with keeping.
two in brine,and then dried ; grated horse radish, Onions (Sliced) and Cucumbers. Slice "
black mustard seed and white mustard seed, one but do not peellarge cucumbers, and peel and
pinteach. Bruise the spicesand mix them with cut in thick slices large onions ; soak them in
a teacupfulof olive oil. For each mango add brinefor aday : then drain them, put them into
a teaspoonful of brown sugar. This is suffi-
cient jars,and pour on boiling vinegar,with ginger,
for four dozen large mangoes. Having allspice, and whole black pepper, three succes- sive
chopped six or eightimperfectones to mix with days. This is a cheap and good pickle.
the stuffing, tie up and pour over them the Peaches. Take, at their full growth justbe-
"
fore
best cider vinegar. Set in a lightdry place they begin to ripen,si.x largeor eightmod- erate
to be cured. After a month add three sized peaches ; wipe the down from them
pounds of brown sugar to the vinegar; scald and put them into brine that will float an egg.
and pour it over them hot; keep them dry In three days take them out, and drain on a
ready hot milk and water, and boil them in it two gallons of green tomatoes, and also
a few minutes ; take them out carefullyand slice a dozen medium-sized onions ; add half a
put them into a jar with a little salt, and gallonof vinegar,a pound of sugar, two table-
them closelywith a cloth ; let them stand of salt, black and
cover
spoonfuls each pepper,
till next day, then boil up the vinegar and pour ground mustard, and one tablespoonfuleach of
over them. c4oves and allspice. Put on the fire and stew
Onions. "
Choose fine white ones, not too until the tomatoes and onions are quite tender,
PIES 395
requiresbut little experience to show that bad from the butter, and form the latter into a ball
butter is sure to reveal all its worst qualitiesby twisting it cloth ; in a clean roll out the
in pie-crust.Butter intended for pastry should paste, put the ball of butter in the middle, close
be washed carefully in several clean, cold it like an apple dumpling, and roll it very
waters, and kneaded while under water in until
lightly, it is less than an inch thick ; then
order to extract the salt ; then wipe it dry and fold the ends into the middle, dust a little flour
lay it in a cool place till the time comes for over the board and the roller,and roll the
workins; it in. The board on which the butter paste thin a second time, then set it aside for a
few minutes in a very cool place ; give it two
is harder to make good pastry in warm weather Stir the salt thoroughly into the flour, and
than in cold, on account of the tendency of mix the cream in till a smooth paste is formed;
butter to oil,and thus render the crust heavy roll it out thin and add the butter minced fine ;
and solid. re-roll it three or four times. Handle this
Pie-Crust. I. " Tiz/iv .--Sifted flour, i lb ; crust as lightlyas possiblein making it,and
butter, 3.^lb ; cream tartar, two teaspoonfuls; send it to the oven as
soon as it is ready. It
soda teaspoonful; ice-water. be used for pies, fruit tarts, puffs,and
one may
The butter should be stiff and firm ; cut it other varieties of small pastry, or for good
into the smallest possiblebits,and add half of meat pies. good crust for ordinary family
A
it to the flour,with which the soda and cream use may be made by omitting the butter, but
tartar should have been previouslywell-mixed ; the butter improves it greatly; six ounces of
work with ice-water into a stiff dough ; then butter to the pound of flour will give a very
roll it out thin, spot it over with one-third of the rich crust.
remaining butter,fold it up closelyinto a long Puff-paste. " Take .--Flour 2 lbs ; butter I lb.
roll, flatten and roll out again ; repeat this 10 oz; a little salt.
operation three times, until all the butter has Break eight ounces of the butter lightlyinto
been worked in,and it will then be ready for the flour (sifted) ; add a pinch of salt, and
use. forming the pie,roll out the crust
In
enough cold water to make the paste ; work it
thin,butter the pie-plates, lay the paste lightly as quickly and as lightlyas possible,until it is
over them and press it down so as to take the smooth and pliable, then level it with the paste
shape of the plates ; then cut it off evenly roller until it is three-quartersof an inch thick,
around the edges, saving the scraps to roll out and place regularlyupon it six ounces of but-
ter
into another sheet. Now fill the plates with in small bits ; fold the paste like a bolster
fruit,or whatever is to form the inside of the pudding, roll it out again,lay on it six ounces
pie,lay the paste over this,trim as before, and more of butter, repeat the rolling, dusting each
press the edges of the upper and lower crusts time a little flour over the board and paste, add
togetherwith a spoon, key, or jagging-iron, so again six ounces of butter, and roll the paste
as to prevent the escape of the juice. Pies out thin three or four times, folding the ends
should be baked to a light-brown,in a mode- into the middle. If very rich paste be required,
equal portions of flour and butter must be
used ; and the latter may be divided into two,
instead of three parts, when it is to be rolled
in.
French Puff-paste. " 7a^^ .-Flour and ter,
but-
with the flour, and work them into a smooth ice. Take an equal weight of good
paste with cold water; press the buttermilk butter free from the coarse salt which is found
396 PIES
in some, and which is disadvantageous for this recipe,without the sugar, and with a little salt
paste, and of fine,dry, sifted flour; to each mixed with the flour,answers very well for
pound of these allow the yolks of two eggs, meat-pies.
and a small salt.teaspoonfulof
Break Suet-crust. Take .-Flour, 2 lb ; beef or a few "
small bits of
very lightly
the into the
butter veal kidney-suet, 1 2 to 1 6 oz ; salt (forfruit pies),
flour,put the salt into the centre, and pour on yi teaspoonful; (formeat pies,one teaspoonful.)
it sufficient water to dissolve it (we do not un-
derstand In many families this is preferred,both for
why the doing this should be better pies and tarts, to crust made with butter,as
than mixing it with the flour,as in other pastes, being much more wholesome ; but it should
but such is the method always pursued for it); never be served unless especiallyordered, as
add a little more water to the eggs, moisten to some persons it is peculiarlydistasteful.
the flour gradually,and make it into a very Chop the suet extremely small, and add from
smooth paste, rather lithe in summer, and never six to eight ounces of it to a pound of flour,
exceedinglystiff,tliough the opposite fault,in with a few grains of salt; mix these with cold
the extreme, would render the crust able.
unmanage- water into a firm paste, and work it very
Press, in a soft thin cloth, all the moist-
ure smooth. Some cooks beat it with a paste-
from the remainder of the butter, and roller,until the suet perfectlyblended with
is
form it into a ball ; but in doing this be careful flour ; but the crust is lighterwithout this. In
not to solten it too much. Should it be in an sultryweather the suet, not being firm
very
unfit state for pastry, from the heat of the enough to chop, may be sliced as tliin as sible,
pos-
weather, put it into basin, and the basin and well beaten into the
a set paste after it is
into a pan of water mixed with plenty of salt worked up.
and and
saltpetre, let it remain in a cool place Apple Pie. " I. Select ripe and rather tart
for an hour, if possible, before it is used. winter apples ; pare and core them, and slice
When it is ready (and the paste should never rather small ; line the pie-platewith crust, put
be begun until it is
so), roll the crust out in the fruit,and cover with a top crust; bake
square, and large enough to enclose the ter,
but- in a moderate oven tillthe crust is lightbrown
flatten this little upon
a it in the centre, and the fruit tender. Then take from the
and then fold the crust well over it,and roll it oven, remove the
upper crust without ing,
break-
thin lightlyas possible, after dredging and add
out as
sugar and nutmeg, cinnamon, or
the board and the paste roller with a littleflour : rose-water to taste. Some preferthe season-
ing
this is called giving it one turn. Then fold it added before baking.
'
A little orange
peel
in three,give it another turn, and set it aside chipped fine and added before baking,gives a
where it will be
very cool, for a few minutes ; pleasantflavor.
give it two more turns in the same way, rolling II. Pare, core, and quarter the apples; put
it each time very lightly but of equal thickness, into a preserving-kettlewith four tablespoon-
and to the full length that it will reach, taking fuls of powdered sugar to a pie,and add water
always especial care that the butter shall not enough to make a thin syrup ; add a few blades
break through the paste. Let it again be set of and boil the
apple (a few pieces at a
mace,
aside to become cold ; and after it has been time, so as to avoid breaking them) in the syrup
twice more rolled and folded in three, give it a tilltender ; as they get done, take them fully
care-
half-turn,by foldingit once only,and it will be from the kettle and lay them in dishes.
ready for use. When enough applesfor the number of pies to
Short-crust for Sweet Pastry. " Take: "
be made are ready,add to the syrup cinnamon
Flour,I lb ; butter, y, lb ; sugar (sifted),
2 oz ; and rose-water, or any other spice, enough to
milk, and salt. flavor it well, and divide it
among the pies.
Break the butter very small and add it to the Put the contents of each pie into a pie-plate
flour ; mix well with these a pinch of salt and without a bottom crust, line the rim with paste,
the sugar, and add enough milk to make them and cover with a top crust; bake to a light
'
up into a smooth and somewhat firm paste. brown in a moderate oven. This is an excel-
Bake this slowly to a very lightbrown. It will lent recipe.
be found an admirable crust if well made and Beefsteak Pie. "
Line a largepie-dishwith
lightly handled, and will answer many for a good crust ; pour into it a teacupfulof higlily-
dishes much better than puff-paste;it will rise seasoned stock or cut the steak into
gravy;
in the oven too, and be
extremely light. Ten pieces of convenient size for serving to each
ounces of butter will make it very rich, but person, and dust them on both sides witli flour,
eightis enough. pepper, and salt ; arrange them in the dish,in-
termingling
Ecouomical Short-crust. Take Flour, with them
"
: "
a small proportion of
I lb; mixed dripping and lard (or all dripping fat. A few pieces of veal, with two or three
alone will do), ^^ lb; cold water. hard-boiled in quarters, make
eggs an agree-
able
Mix the dripping and lard into the dry flour varietyin the contents of the pie. Pour
well, either witli the thumb and fingers,or with over these half-a-teacupful
more of soned
well-sea-
a fork or ; add justenough cold water stock with
spoon to or gravy, cover a good stout
wet it and make paste ; roll it out three times. hour in
a crust, and bake an or more a moderate
After covering the dish, wet the crust with oven. Beefsteak pie is best hot, but is an en-
joyable
too solid a dish for ordinaryappetites; but any half full of the currants, and add half a tcacup-
pie composed of meat, fowl, or game, is the ful of sugar, a tablespoonfulof butter, and a
better for having a layer of beef steak at the little ground cinnamon ; fill up the plate with
bottom, on which the other ingredientsare currants, add nearly half a cupful more of
afterwards placed. The bottom of the pie-dish sugar, and cover with a crust ; bake half an
being in contact with the floor of the oven, the hour in a moderate oven. These pies may be
steak intercepts the heat which might wise
other- eaten either hot or cold. If the foregoing re-
cipe
overcook the tenderer meats ; it likewise makes them too sweet, use less sugar.
enriches the gravy. (See also under Beef.) Currant (Ripe) Pie. " Stem and wash the
Blackberry Pie. " Line a deep plate with currants ; stew them ten minutes, and strain
paste ; fill it about half full of blackberries, them through a sieve ; add plenty of sugar
previouslypicked and washed ; add half a tea- while they are hot, and set them away to cool.
cupful of sugar, a tablespoonfulof butter, and Line small pie-plates with paste, fillthem with
a little cinnamon ; fillup the platewith berries, the currrants, and bake in a moderate oven
add a little more with a good until the crust is done. No top crust is put
sugar, cover
crust, and bake an hour in a moderate oven. over these pies.
A few improve this pie.
currants Custard Pie. I. (Apple) Stew the apples " "
without an upper crust. II. (Corn-starch). Put three pints of milk "
grate the white part, mi.x it eggs, and the whites of two, and flavor with
with milk, set it on the fire,and let it boil two teaspoonfulsof essence of bitter almonds;
slowlyeight or ten minutes. To a pound of line with paste,
pie-plates fillwith the custard,
the grated cocoanut allow a quart of milk, and set in a moderate whip up the re-
oven maining ;
eight eggs, four tablespoonfulsof sifted white whites of eggs with two tablespoonfuls
sugar, a glassof wine, a small cracker, pounded of white sugar and a teaspoonfulof vanilla,and
fine, two tablespoonfulsof melted butter, and as soon as the custard has "
set,"draw the pies
half a nutmeg. The eggs and should to the
edge of the oven and spread the mixture
sugar
be beaten together to a froth, then the wine quickly over them.
stirred in. Put them into the milk and cocoa- Arrowroot or rice-flour may be substituted
nut, which should be first allowed to get quite for the corn-starch in tliis recipe.
cool; add the cracker and nutmeg; turn the III. (Peach.) "
Pare some nice ripe peaches
whole into deep pie-plates,
with a liningand and remove the stones ; stew
them in a little
rim of puff paste. Bake them as soon as water till thoroughly done, then mash them
turned into the plates. smooth and flavor with nutmeg; set aside to
II. Cut the brown with paste, fill with the
away part of the cocoa- cool. Line pie-plates
nut as before, and grate the white part ; beat 1 2 peach, and bake in a moderate oven until the
ounces of powdered sugar and si.x ounces of crust is justdone. Make a meringue by whip-
ping
butter lightcream, adding a wineglassful
to a to a stiff froth the whites of three eggs for
of white wine, two
tablespoonfuls of rose-water, each pie; sweeten with a tablespoonful of
and a teaspoonfulof nutmeg; then stir in half powdered sugar for each egg, flavor with vanilla
a pound of the grated cocoanut, and finally the or rose-water, and beat to a very stiff froth ;
whites of five eggs, whipped to a stiff froth. then spread it nearly an inch thick over the
Line the plates with paste, fillwith "the above pies, and set them back into the oven until the
mixture, and bake without a top crust. Eat meringue is well set. To be eaten cold.
cold, with sugar sifted over the top. Gooseberry Pie. Pick off all the stems "
when they are young and tender. If not very sugar, and when the pies are done, spread
and strain them out the them and return to the oyen for three
small, stew to get over
each layer of and cut them into thin slices line a deep pie-
a pie without stewing, put to ;
grapes a thick layerof sugar, and a tablespoon- platewith a thin paste, fill up with the fruit
ful of water. and sweeten liberally, though very ripe peaches
Huckleberry Pie. Make exactly like a will not requiremuch sugar; allow three peach-
"
Lemon, or Mock-Apple Pie. ^L For one a puff paste, and bake three-quartersof an "
two soda crackers broken in small crust, cross-bars of the paste may be laid across
square
bits,add a small piece of salt,the gratedyel-
low the top.
rind and the juiceof one lemon, also a pint II. Peel some peaches, cut them in halves,
well-beaten ; mi.\ with little
of coffee-sugarand one egg and put them saucepan, into a a very
and bake with as well as a lower water and sugar ; simmer until the peaches are
an upper
crust. tender; lift the peaches out and set them aside
II. Take two lar^elemons
good-sized, ; grate to cool ; add a little more sugar juice,
to the
the yellow rind, squeeze juiceand chop the
the and let it simmer tillit thickens. pie-Line a
white skin and pulp as fine as possible; mix platewith paste, lay in the peaches carefully,
two and a half even tablespoonfuls of corn-
starch and turn the juice over them ; cover with a
with a little cold water and stir it in one rich puff paste, or omit the top crust entirely;
gillof boiling water; add this to the lemon bake minutes. (See Custard Pie,
twenty
with half a pint of coffee-sugar;mix well, pour [Peach.)
on paste-lined plates,cover with pastry, and bake Plum Pie." Put the plums in a little sugar
half hour If less flavor of the until they tender
an or more. and water, and simmer are ;
rind is liked, grate but one lemon, throwing then take them put them in a dish ; add
out and
the thinyellow rind of the other. The and boil it till it begins
away more sugar to the juice,
various lemonpuddings called pies are not so, to thicken ; then turn it over the plums, and
strictlyspeaking,as they have no upper crust, set aside to cool. When cold, line tin pie-plates
neither should a pie be called a pudding or a with a rich fill them with the plums and
paste,
tart, both of which uncovered. with puff paste, and bake half an
are
juice,cover a
3 cloves, rind of 2 lemons pared thin, and shown in the cuts, with a perforated
a pinch of salt. When it boils, strain ; return to moveable top, and a small valve to allow the
fire with 4 tablespoonfulscorn starch dissolved of the steam, must be had for this pasty,
escape
boil,and which be
in a littlecold milk, and 6 oz sugar ; move
re- which is a good family dish, and may
yolksofeggs,juiceof 3 lemons, 4 oz Arrange the
; add varied in numberless at
5 ways.
butter. Line with paste, work
pie-plate up a high bottom of the mould from two to three pounds
rim. Pour in the cream; bake without top crust. of mutton to the taste,
cutlets, freed, according
Marlborough Pie. " Pare and grate some from all or from the greater portion of the fat,
nice sweet apples. Beat a couple of eggs to a then washed, dredged
lightly on both sides with
froth,and stir in enough brown sugar to make flour, and seasoned with salt and pepper, or
the pie sweet ; add a pint of milk and a pint cayenne. Pour to them sufficient broth or
of the grated apple pulp, the grated peel of a water to make the gravy, and add to it at pleas-
ure
lemon, and wineglassful of brandy ; stir
half a a tablespoonfulof mushroom catsup or of
all well Bake
together. in deep plates, without Harvey's sauce. Have ready boiled, and very
crust. A little stewed pumpkin smoothly mashed, with about one ounce of
any upper
mixed with the apples is considered an provement
im-
butter, and a spoonful or two of milk or cream
to these pies.
Mince Pies. Directions for making mince-
"
meat
are given under Mince-meat and Mock
Mince-meat. Mince pies should have a very
light crust both top and bottom, and be well
baked. Eat either hot or cold, with sugar
sifted over the top.
Orange Beat
Pie. a level teacupfulofwhite
"
thick ; put the cover on the mould and arrange, or the under crust to the pies will be clammy.
these it, leaving them little Tlie the number of
in the pies, the
equally upon a more eggs
rough on the surface. less time will be required to bake them.
Bake the pasty in a If you have pumpkins that have begun to
moderate oven from decay, or frozen, they can
that be
are kept
three-quartersof an hour several months, in cold weather, by cuttingthe
to an hour and a quarter, good part up, stewing it till soft, then stirring
according to its size and it,and adding sugar and molasses, to make it
its contents. Pin a ed
fold- very Make
sweet.it strong of ginger, then
napkin neatly round scaldseasoning in well. Keep it in a stone
the
the mould, before it is jarin a cool place; whenever you wish to use any
served, and have ready of it for pies,take out the quantityyou wish,
Pasty Mould. the
^ ^^^^ ^\^]^ to receive and put milk and eggs to it.
cover, which must not be lifted off until after n. (Rich). To one quart of strained pumpkin
the pasty is on the table. add two quarts of milk and a pint of cream ;
Potato Boil mealy Irish po-
(Irish) Pietatoesone "teaspoonfulof salt, and four teaspoonfuls
until perfectlydone, then peel of ginger; two teaspoonfuls each of nutmeg,
they are
them, and mash them through a colander. mace, and pounded cinnamon, and ten eggs,
To one pound of the potatoes, put a quart of well beaten. Mi.x together well, and sweeten
milk, three tablespoonfuls of melted butter, to taste. Line a pie-platewith good paste, fill
four beaten eggs, and a wineglassfulof wine: with the pumpkin, and bake (without a top
sweeten with to taste, and season with crust) tillthe pie is solid in the centre.
sugar
nutmeg and mace. Bake without any top Squashes may be used instead of pumpkins
crust, and let them cool before eating. in making these pies. (5^^- SQUASH Pudding.)
Potato (Sweet) Pie. Boil some mealy "
Raspberry Pie. " Like cherry pie.
sweet potatoes tillabout half done, and when Rhubarb Pie. "
I. Peel the stalks of barb,
rhu-
quiie cold grate them. Beat half a teacupfulof and cut them in very small pieces; hne a
butter,and not quite a teacupfulof sugar, to a deep pie-platewith paste, fillit half full of the
lightcream ; add the beaten yolks of four eggs, rhubarb, and put in plenty of sugar; season
the juiceand grated rind of a lemon, a table- with a little pounded cinnamon ; then fill up
spoonful of cinnamon, and a teaspoonful of the platewith rhubarb, add more sugar, and a
with a
nutmeg; stir together,and add by degrees a teaspoonful of butter ; cover the whole
pound of the grated potato, beating them in good crust, and bake tillthe crust is done ; then
well ; then add a wineglassful of brandy, and open the oven door and let the pies stand
the whites of the eggs whipped to a lightfroth. ten or fifteen minutes.
Line some deep pie-platcs with a rich paste, n. Cut the stalks of the rhubarb into small
fillwith the mixture, and bake without any top- pieces,and stew them with some lemon-peel
crust. Eat cold. tilltender; strain them, sweeten to taste, and
Pumpkin Pie. " ^L Cut the pumpkin in add eggs, more or less,according as you want
half,remove the seeds, and rinse out the side the
in- pies rich or otherwise. Bake without an
wish to have the pies very rich, put to a quart der-crust and of paste but
rim no top-crust. A
of the stewed pumpkin two quarts of milk, and few raisins improve this pie.
twelve eggs. If you like them plain,put to a Strawberry Pie. "
Pick the berries fully.
care-
quart of the pumpkin one quart of milk, and pie-platewith good paste, put in
Line a
three eggs. The thicker the pie is of the a layer of the strawberries, and sprinkle plen-
tifully
pumpkin, the less will be the number of eggs with sugar ; then another layerand more
with Fill very full as
required; one esrg, a tablespoonful of sugar, till the plate is full.
flour,will answer for a quart of the pumpkin, strawberries shrink greatlyin cooking. Cover
if very littlemilk is used. Sweeten the pumpkin with a light crust, and bake in a moderate
with sugar, and very little molasses the sugar "
oven.
and eggs should be beaten together. Ginger, Tomato Pie. Take tomatoes turn
"
green
the giated rind of a lemon, or nutmeg, is good boilingwater on them, and let them remain in
spice for the pies require a it a few minutes ; the n stripoff the skin, cut the
pies. Pumpkin
very hot oven. The rim of the pies is apt to tomatoes in slices,and lay them in deep pie-
get burnt before the inside is baked sufficiently ; plates,lined with paste ; sprinkle sugar over
on this account, it is a good plan to heat the each layer,and a little ground ginger ; cover
pumpkin scalding hot when prepared for pies, with a thick crust, and bake slowly for about
before turning it into the .pie-plates. The pies an hour. Grated lemon-peel and the juice of
should be baked as soon as the platesare filled, a lemon will improve these pies.
400 PIG PIGEONS
slaughtering; living or dead it is called a It will take from an hour and a quarter to
pig, a roaster, or more commonly a " roasting-an hour and three-quartersto roast a pig of
pig." When desired for a choice dish, it should
ordinary size.
not be less than three nor more than six weeks In dishing the pig lay the body flat in the
old. The skin of the roasting-pigshould be middle, and the head and ears at the ends and
white (this color being preferredto all others)
plump, hard, and well-cleaned. The flanks,
where it is opened, should be thick and fat,
and it ought to weigh from eight to fourteen
pounds. The best season for it is during the
fall and winter months.
Baked Pig. "
Prepare the pig exactlyas for
roasting; truss and place it in the dish in
which it is to be sent to the oven, and anoint
it thickly in every part with whites of eggs
which have been beaten
slightly ; it will require
no basting,nor furt^ierattention but turning, Roast Sucking Pig
and will be well crisped by this process. It
will take from one to two hours to bake. sides. When very pure oil can be obtained
Roast Pig. "
.^fter the pig has been scalded it is preferableto butter for the basting: it
and prepared for the spit,wipe it as dry as should be laid on with a bunch of feathers.
possible,and put into the body about half a If the pig is small it is more ornamental to
pint of fine bread-crumbs, mixed with three dish and send it to the table whole, garnished
heaped teaspoonfuls of sage, minced with the green leaves of whatever vegetables
very
small, three ounces of good butter, a large are in season.
saltspoonfulof salt, and two-thirds as much of carving the pig,cut the head off first; In
skewered back, and the hind ones forward of the dressing to each person.
;
lay it to a strong clear fire,but keep it at a PIGEONS. The old pigeons are rather "
moderate distance, as it would quickly blister dry eating as compared to some other birds ;
or scorch if placed too near. So soon as it has but the flesh is well flavored,and if they are
become warm, rub it with a bit of butter tied cooped up and fed well a few days before kill-
ing
in fold of muslin thin cloth,and it will be more delicate and tender. The
a or repeat
this process constantly while roasting. young pigeons,or sqjiabs,
it is are rightlyesteemed
When the begins to drop from it,put a great delicacy, and their nutritiousness makes
gravy
basins or small deep tureens under, to catch it them an excellent food for the sick. They are
in. As soon as the pig is of a fine lightamber found in the markets all the year round.
brown and the steam draws stronglytowards IVilii Pigeons, both alive and dead, are to
the fire,wipe it quite dry with a cloth, be had in the markets
clean throughout the winter
and rub a bit of cold butter over it. When it months, and are generallyvery plentifuland
is half done, a pig-iron,
or in lieu of this,a cheap in September and October, when they
large flat-iron should be hung in the centre of are at their best. The wild squabs, when fat
the grate, or the middle of the pig will be done and fresh, are a very delicate and savory food ;
long before the ends. When it is ready for the cooped bird is also good, though the flesh
table lay it into a very hot dish, and
an old or poor wild-pigeon
before the is rather dry ; but
spitis withdrawn, and open the head is very
take off indiiferent eating,even if well cooked.
and splitthe body in two, chop togetherquickly The tame and the wild birds are dressed and
the stuffing and the brains, put them into half a served alike.
pint of good veal gravy ready thickened, add a Baked Pigeons. Clean, and prepare as for "
glass of Madeira or of sherry,and the gravy roasting; lay them in a bake-pan on their
which has dropped from the pig ; pour a small backs, and place on the breast of each a thin
portionof this under the roast and serve the slice of salt pork or bacon ; cover the bottom
remainder as hot as possible in a tureen; a of the pan with cold water, and set in a hot
littlepounded mace and cayenne, with a squeeze oven baste often till done. Place the birds
;
of lemon-juice,may be added, should the on their backs in the dish, garnish with water-
cress,
flavor requireheightening. Fine bread sauce sprinkle with lemon-juiceall over, and
and plaingravy should likewise be served with serve warm.
it. Some still preferthe old-fashioned Boiled Truss them like boiled
persons Pigeons. "
currant sauce to any other ; and many have the chickens, drop them into plenty of boiling
brains and stufiingstirred into rich melted water, and throw in a little salt in fifteen
;
butter,instead of gravy ; but the receiptwhich minutes, lift them out, dish, pour parsley and
we have given has usually been so much butter
proved,
ap- over them, and send a tureen of it to
that we can recommend it with some table with them.
confidence,as it stands. Modern taste would Broiled Pigeons. "
Young pigeons or squabs
PIGMENTS 401
are best for broiling.Clean and wash them roast them at a brisk fire,basting constantly
carefullyand then wipe them dry ; split them with butter. Roast 20 or 25 minutes if large,
down the back and laythem breast downwards and about 15 minutes if very Serve
young.
on a gridironover a clear fire ; when brown on with brown gravy, and a tureen of parsley and
one side turn them over. Dish them, spread butter.
them inside
liberally and out with butter,and St e'wed Pigeons. " Draw and wash care-
season with pepper and salt. This is one of and stuff like
fullyi chickens ; put them into a
the best of dishes for a sick-room when meat good-sizedpot, pour in enough of cold water
is permitted; it is almost always relished. to cover them, set on the fire,and stew gently
Fried Pigeons. "
Clean and wash four for an hour, or until tender ; then season with
broth ; take the pigeons off when about half them, and serve at once.
done, and as soon as they are cool, dip each PIGMENTS Practical directions for ordi-
nary "
piecein beaten egg and roll it in bread-crumbs ; house-painting will be found under ing.
Paint-
strain the butter left in the frying-pan,add The pigments or colors most monly
com-
about an ounce more, and fry the birds two or employed by house-paintersto mi.x with
three minutes. Serve plain,or, for an mental
orna- the white-lead, are the following: "
pepper, salt, and mace. Some cooks put the color from copper precipitatedupon chalk.
pigeons whole into the
pie-dish; but they are Indigo,a color extracted from plants in India.
more convenient help at table if divided
to Smalt, a glass colored by cobalt,and grpund
into quarters by first splitting them lengthwise to a fine powder.
down the back and along the breast-bone, and Bro-virns. Burned umber, a native earth. "
then cutting them across. Line a deep pie- Asphaltum, a native bitumen. Bistre, a kind
dish with a thin puff paste ; set an inverted of soot from peat smoke. Cologne earth, a
cup in the centre of the dish to retain the native pigment dug up.
gravy ; at the bottom of the dish put a layerof Greens. Verdigris,a carbonate of copper. "
lean beefsteak, or veal, or ham and bacon, as Prussian green, a composition similar to the
may be preferred; on the steak (or other meat) blue of that name. Terre verte, a native
lay the quarteredpigeons until the dish is full ; earth.
have ready some hard-boiled eggs, peeled from Orange Color. Orange lake, the tinging "
draw carefully,
them and pour plenty of water White-lead, carbonate of lead.
through them; wipe them dry, and either stuff Yellovys. " Yellow ochre, called often stone
like chicken, or put into each bird a small ochre, a native earth of various qualities.
Dutch pink, chalk colored by French berries.
King's yellow,arsenic combined with sulphur.
Naples yellow, Raw Terra di Sienna, a native
earth.
Compound Colors. "
It would be an endless
task to attempt to enumerate all the colors
and tints produced by the mixture of other
Pigeons Trussed for Roasting. colors but the following table showing the
;
simplest method of making the various tints
bit of butter dipped into a little cayenne most frequently used will probably prove
pepper ; truss the wings over the backs, and serviceable. To produce.
26
PIMENTO PIPES 403
skin at some distance from the anus, and bran in most cases
or injurious,or
are ineffective
poulticesor poppy-head fomentations be placed both.
favorably known
The of these
most
over the whole of the affected region. When a local applications Sir William Knii^htoii^s
"
intolerable pain in one pilewhich is found to half a dram of liquorof potass and three ounces
be swollen, tense, and livid,an incision into of spiritsof wine. Apply this to the pmiples
this with the point of a sharp knife will often with a camel's hair i^encil ; if it causes flammation
in-
let out a small dark-red clot of blood, and give or irritation, add one-half pure
immediate and total relief. By these means water to it.
the bad effects of both external and internal PINKS. This is a popular name "
for the
pilesmay be much relieved,or, as occasionally flowers more commonly called carnations, and
takes places,the disease may be permanently is applied to the same order of plants as the
cured. When, however, in spite of careful at- tentionlatter ; but there is one variety the Picotee "
to diet, to local ablution, and to the or Paisley pinks which is not usually ranked "
treated by excision, the tumors, together north. When the flower-stems are ten
with the adjacent ridges of thickened skin, or more inches high,they should be supported
being removed with largecurved scissors. ternalwith
In- stakes, and when the flowers if
appear,
piles have been treated by various there is danger of their bursting the calyx,and
operative methods ; many surgeons apply a thus spoilingtheir symmetry, it is well to tie a
ligatureround the base or contracted portion of bit of colored worsted yarn"about them ; this
each pile; other surgeons preferto cut away the gives support, and retains the leaves in place.
pile and then to apply to the raw surface the The Picotee is a profuse bloomer, and on this
red-hot iron. Fuming nitric acid is often ap- plied account makes a desirable house-plant.
to the surfaces of small internal piles. PINE- APPLE. This delicious tropical
" fruit
In cutting operations upon external piles,the is very abundant in our markets during the sea- son
surgeon, whilst endeavoring to obtain for the for it,which commences about the 1st of
patienteffectual relief, is careful not to take April and lasts until September. There are
away too much of the skin lest contraction of two kinds of pine-apples, known dealers
among
the anus should follow the shrinking of the as the bird's-iyeand the sugar-loaf; the first
scar. In these operations, but more especially is considered best for dessert, etc., the latter
in those consistingin excision or incision of for preserving in different ways. In buying
internal piles the bleeding is very free,and, the fruit for immediate consumption, select
if it should recur in the absence of a medical those which look yellowish on the smooth faces,
sur-
ties,
Arvensis), well known as "the poor-man's and are liable to irritate the coat of the
weather-glass," is a little trailingplant with a stomach. It is
customary in this country to
pretty scarlet flower and violet mouth, common cut pine-applesin horizontal slices ; but in the
in the fields throughout the country. The West Indies they are sliced obliquely,in the
flowers open about eight o'clock in the morn-ing, direction of the pips. They are brought to
and close in the afternoon, and they are so our markets from Havana, Nassau, Matanzas,
sensitive to lightthat in cloudy weather, espe- cially Jamaica, etc. Their usual weight is from two
when there is moisture in the air,they to five pounds. (,SVfIce-cream, Marmalade,
remain closed altogether. Like their glorious and Preserves.)
sisters,the morning-glories, which share with Pine-apple Water. This is excellent
"
for
them the misfortune of being a native wild- flavoring, and it also makes an agreeable
flower, the pimpernels have been crowded out beverage. Peel and slice a moderate-sized
of our gardens to make room for more showy pine-apple,and pound it to a pulp in a mortar ;
and novel plants, and are seldom seen vation. put this into a bowl, and pour in a pintof boil-
in culti- ing
A few seeds sown in the early spring svrup ; add the juice of a lemon, stir to- gether,
eliminate the objectionable matter from the universallyemployed for small water-pipes.
system rather than in local applications,which where
For the largerpipes,especially water is
404 PISTACHIO NUTS PLASTERING
to the salubrityof water is founded on this country and in England, and is much used
black oxide forms cheap, and durable material for
; for thin
error a soon as a warm,
an
lime the latter is deposited as a fine crust over PLANTAIN. The plantainis allied to the "
the inside,and defends them from corrosion ; banana, with which it is commonly confounded.
and there is no danger that iron pipes will fill It is about the size of ordinary cucumbers, but
passed through the whole length for several are brought from the West Indies, and are in
coated on the inside from February to September.
days, the pipes became season
water perfectly pure ; but they cannot bear ounces of water, in a glazed earthen vessel;
liable to be broken by add ounce of white wax, cut in thin slices.
much pressure are very one
expensive. (See Leak.) When the whole is melted and mixed together,
accident, and are
PISTACHIO NUTS. These nuts" are it is ready for use. Having dried the plaster
brought Sicilyand Syria,where they grow
from figure before the fire,suspend it by a string,
upon a kind
of turpentine-tree. They are oblong and dip it in the mixture ; when it has become
and pointed,about the size and shape of a fil-bert,nearlydry,dip it a second time, and that gen-erally
and have a kernel of a pale greenish suffices ; cover it carefully from the dust
color. Their taste is very agreeable,much semblingfor a week
re- ; then rub gently with soft cotton-
wool,
that of sweet almonds ; but they are and it will have a brilliant shining gloss.
have flavor, and are more oily. A coat of cream tinted paintwill be found to
sweeter, more
"
Tartan ribbons." The true Scotch plaid is a water, and afterwards saturating it with water
and puttingit into tubs to settle and
coarse, strong stuff,well calculated to keep to excess,
out the wet, and stillused in Scotland, especiallylet the water evaporate. The use of the second
in the Highlands. The stripes and squares coat of plastering is to give a perfectlysmooth
formerly varied in their patterns and colors surface for coloring or papering. Sometimes,
PLATED WARE PLEURISY 405
if the work is required to dry or set very due to the roughened surfaces moving on each
soon, a littleplasterof Paris is mixed with it,and other. There is also feeling of weakness
a
it is then caWed ^'auj^vtistujf. In order to cure
se- and lassitude, the pulsequickens,the tongue is
the perfectdryness of plasteringin brick coated white ; tliere may be headache, thirst,
houses, the walls should be battened. This is and loss of appetite; the of the
temperature
fixingon them upright slips of wood called body is raised,and the usual febrile symptoms
battens, on which are nailed close together appear.
laths In a day or two the breathing be- comes
thus
horizontally, leavinga cavitybetween the worse, because effusion of fluid is now
lath's and the walls. The plasteringbeing laid going on ; the patientis obliged to keep to his
upon these laths, no wet or dampness that may bed, and lie on his back in a diagonal position,
penetrate the walls can reach the plaster; this so as to enable the healthy lung to expand,
kind of work is called /nth and plaster. The while the one affected is too sore to rest on.
lath and plasterfor partitions and ceilingsis These symptoms go on for several days with-
out
put on in the same manner. much change being observed, but they
PLATED WARE." The best plated-ware vary in intensity according to the amount of
has received three "coats," as they are called, the effusion ; in some very bad cases there is
of the silver,and in appearance and durability much distress and anxiety of countenance, the
is quite equal to the solid silver-ware. The respirationsare quick and shallow, and the
demand for cheap goods, however, and the face pale,while the lipsare livid;any exertion,
competition between rival manufacturers has as moving in bed, or talking,increases the
rendered it common to prepare ware for the discomfort. In less severe cases the distress
market with only one coat or even without any lessens as the fever abates, and the breathing
genuine silver at all upon it. For this reason, becomes more regular. Then comes the time
the followingprocess of testingthe genuineness when the fluid begins to be reabsorbed, and
of silver-plating on metals may be of value ; it when the lung commences to expand again;
should be applied to all plated-wareof which but this takes up a very variable time, so that
the price is very low. Cleanse the metallic sur-
face no rule can be laid down as to the duration
cold, saturated solution of bichromate of potash, while others may take weeks or even
in nitric acid ; wash it off immediately. On months before they are reallycured. Long
silver,a blood-red spot of chromate of silver is before this, however, the severe symptoms
formed; on German-silver, or Britannia-metal, have abated, and the chief trouble is shortness
the stain is brown or black. Clean plated-ware of breath on any exertion. In most cases the
as directed for silver-ware. patientis liable to pain in the chest afterwards,
PLEURISY. "
An inflammation of the pleura and to a recurrence of pleurisyon being heated,
over-
or serous membrane, wliich covers the lungs or on exposure to cold and wet.
and lines the greater part of the cavity of the Treatment. "
The patient must be at once
chest. In health this membrane is quite placed in bed in an atmosphere of about 60"
smooth, and is lubricated by a small quantity -65" Fahr., and the air sliould be tolerably
of fluid, so that the lungs can moveupon it moist. This can be effected by boiling some
with the least possibleamount offriction ; but water in a kettle in the room, and occasionally
when it is inflamed,it becomes roughened, and lettingthe steam escape. The important
in most cases a large quantity of fluid is thing is to avoid any great variations of perature,
tem-
and if given in excess tend to depress the The danger is greater if they are eaten before
patientand liurrythe breathing. Restlessness becoming perfectlyripe. Plums, in some of
at night is a common symptom. Opiates in the varieties,are generallyfound in the mar- kets
doses sufficient to relieve pain are well borne, from the latter part of July to the middle
and by diminishing the difficulty of breathing of October. {See Marmalades, Pies, Pre-
serves,
contribute thus to the relief of the disease. ters
Blis- and Puddings.)
should not be applied in the early stage PLUSH. A kind of stuff having a nap "
when there is fever, but they must be used resembling that of velvet on one side,composed
later on, so as to hasten the alSsorption of the regularlyof a woof of a singlewoollen thread,
fluid ; or tincture of iodine may be paintedover and a double warp one of wool, of two threads "
the affected side for the same purpose. In twisted, and the other of goat'sor camel's hair.
cases of double pleurisyit may be necessary to Some plushes,in imitation of these, are made
of other materials. Plush formerly much
tap the chest and let the fluid out, and in some was
soon, especiallyif the weather is cold, foggy, PNEUMONIA. This is the name given to "
or damp. He should sit up at first in the after- noon, inflammation of the substance of the lungs. It
and may go from one warm room to come on of itself as the result of exposure,
may
another; but no exertion must be persistedin or it may follow in the course of some other
which hurries the breathing. Tonics then disease,and the symptoms may then differ what.
some-
may
be given to improve the general health,and the Pneumonia is often associated with the
ordinary diet may be resumed. All patients fevers, as typhus, typhoid,and measles, also
should be careful for some weeks to avoid e.x- with some blood disorders, and in these cases
posure to bad weather, should avoid being out it adds to the gravityof
originaldisease ; the
after sunset if possible,should not get heated,
over- but the main symptoms of pneumonia are then
and should always wear flannel next the either masked or modified by the associated
skin. disease under which the patient is suffering.
PLOVER." One of the best of the small Simple,uncomplicated pneumonia of one lung,
birds for table purposes. There are several or part of the lung, is not a formidable affection,
varieties of the plover,all bearing a eral
gen-
and more than nine-tenths recover with proper
resemblance to each other, and being treatment. The first symptoms of pneumonia
about equally desirable. The (;ray plover are shiveringor severe headache, pain on one
( sometimes calledgrass, field, or upland side of the chest, furred tongue, and a high
plover) are generally found in the markets temperature of the body ; in the course of a
August and lasts until October. Besides the so speedy a termination must not be looked for ;
egg, magnum bonum, apricot,and the common be much delirium, especiallyin those of in- temperate
blue, or horse-plum. The choicer varieties of habits ; and occasionallythe inflam- mation
plums make a most delicious dessert, and the does not clear up at all,but passes into
inferior kinds make excellent pies,puddings, one of the forms of consumption.
marmalades, preserves, and sweetmeats. Eaten Treatment. The patient must at once "
be
in moderate quantitiesplums are very whole- some put to bed in a room with a temperature of from
; but excess in the use of them is liable 60" to 65" Fahr., and the air should not be too
to produce colic, diarrhoea,or even cholera. dry. Hot linseed-meal poulticesor hot stupes
POISONS AND ANTIDOTES 407
is that it enables
must be applied to the chest, and changed as stomach-pump you to wash
pain, the stomach out and it without
often as they become cool. If there is much empty any action
a few leeches to the side will give relief, for on the part of the stomach itself. In cases
Pleurisv. In
very severe cases, the ment
treat- In cases where, from whatever cause, the
must vary with the specialrequirements stomach-pump cannot be employed, we have
of each case ; and on these, of course, only a left to us the self-evacuation known as vomiting.
competent physiciancan decide. This sometimes is one of the results of the
POISONS AND ANTIDOTES." Give an poison itself ; in others it must be e.xcited. If,
emetic instantly! For specialpoisons look for as most irritants do, the poison have given rise
their names. Whenswallowed poison has been
to vomiting, it may only be necessary to courage
en-
poison if, shortly after food or drink, he be must be continued until everything
seized with violentpain in the stomach, or with seems from
e.xpelled the stomach. Sometimes,
Yoraitingor purging,especiallyif convulsions however, there is no vomiting, and then thing
some-
or paralysis are present, or if the individual must be given to cause the stomach to get
suffer from giddiness delirum, if rid of its contents. Here the same rule that
great or or
there be a strong tendency to sleep. Whenever the readiest is best prevails. It is useless, or
these and especiallywhen than than useless, to wait tillan emetic is
symptoms appear, worse
any poison is known to have been taken, brought from the druggist,if that be far away the
three things have to be done: "
ist. To resources of the localitymust suffice. Three
get rid of the poison. 2nd, To stop its effects.things may be made use of as emetics, which
3rd, To remedy the evil it has done. everywhere. These
It does are toare be found almost
not matter which of the first two is attended smelling-salts,to besides
mustard, the salt, and
first. To save time is the important thing; stimulation of the fauces with the finger,and
"whatever is readiest is best" is emphaticallythe use of lukewarm water. Smelling-salts are
the rule in dealing with poisoning; better the not suitable for all cases, but are good in a
poorest remedy given at the moment, than the certain number of cases of poisoning,especially
very best given an hour later. There is this, by vegetable substances, which give rise to
however, to be said, as far as the general narcotic symptoms. The dose of this is a tea-
publicare concerned, that they always have the spoonful given in a pint of lukewarm water,
means of gettingrid of the poison by them, but and followed up by copious draughts of the
of stopping its action Mustard is a better emetic, and is gen-
not always the means same. erally
or remedying its effects ; so that, generally to be had ; its use is limited to those
where there is no violent irritating effect
speaking, the former should be attempted in cases
the absence of medical aid. A considerable produced by the poison. Usually it suits best
number of all poisons are self-evacuating ; where there is a sedative effect produced by
having been taken, they produce vomiting and the poison,and the stomach requires a stimu-
lant
purging and are thereby eliminated. In such to call its action into full play. The dose
cases all that it is necessary to do is to aid the of mustard is a tablespoonfulmi.xed up with a
self-evacuating process ; especiallyto aid the pint of lukewarm water, and followed by copious
vomiting,and so perhaps get rid of the poison draughts of the same. Salt can always be had,
altogether. Ordinarilytwo different methods and a handful of this dissolved in water will
are employed to get rid of the substance in the usually suffice to produce copious vomiting,
stomach : these are the stomach-pump and vom- iting. and so the evacuation of the stomach contents.
stomach-pump, and usually where one can be where the stomach has been already irritated,
obtained, the skilled aid necessary for its em-ployment and it is desirable to effectually get rid of any
can also be obtained. In passing the irritant substance which may remain. It is
tube down into the stomach the important rule best given as ipecacuanha wine ; half an ounce
is to use as littleforce as possible,and to make for a dose.
the point of the tube slide along the posterior When the poison has been administered
wall of the gullet. Grievous accidents have sulted
re- locally,
as in snake-bite, it may be necessary to
an attempt to pass the stomach-pump would Washing, too, should be freely employed, es- pecially
given. Now, no single antidote is suited to all Symptoms. The sumach is more ous
poison- "
naturallydistributes itself,at this point,into and is apt to cause the appearance of small
the different poisonous substances which are water-blisters. But perhaps their damaging ef- fects
used about the house in one shape or another. are most frequentlyconveyed by some latile
vo-
These are treated of separatelyin their proper principlepervading the air to the distance
places. of several feet, though the distance at which
POISON PLANTS." The only poison one person can be affected is not a very relia- ble
poison ivy (sometimes called Poison Oak) and ivy) with impunity. In other persons, how- ever,
the poison sumach (sometimes called Poison they produce an affection not unlike
Dogwood). erysipelas. The worst effects are ly
general-
in the face. They begin with redness and
itching,followed by swelling,water-blisters,
and the peelingoff of the skin.
The symptoms appear within a day of ex-
posure,
and decline
generally within a week.
bunches of bright red berries. The well known extract of Witch Hazel has
Poison sumach is a beautiful shrub or also been recommended as awash. A child "
white color, and it bears nearly round pale- that the patient was not very susceptible to
berries. These
green or whitish are erally the
gen- poison.
to be seen only in June or July. Whatever applicationis made, it is well to
POMADES PORGEE 409
preparationsfor softeningthe skin and hair,and used for ladies' dresses. There are several rieties.
va-
consist of fats or oils,with the addition of some Irish poplm has long been celebrated,
perfume. It is to choose such fats and is unsurpassed for richness by any other
necessary
as do not becoma rancid; the best are clarified fabric ; it is manufactured in Dublin, liesides
beefsuet, or clarified beef marrow, and hog's the Irish, there are brocaded poplins,figured
lard. Beef or mutton suet and hog's lard arc poplins,and watered poplins. Poplin is gen-
erally
clarified from the raw materials by chopping a yard, and sometimes a yard and a half,
the fat in a water-bath, or by other gentle heat, fruit of the opium poppy grown in this country
and strainingit while warm. It should then and gathered before they are quiteripe. They
be put into bladders, to keep it from the air. contain some opium, and the numerous seeds
Or it may made in their interior,called
by boiling it in water, and
be maw-seeds, contain a
skimming it off when cold ; but by this method bland oil; consequently a decoction of these
it contains water, and does not keep so well as capsules possesses a doubly-soothingproperty
when melted by itself. Purified beef marrow from the opium and from the oil. A warm
the water and beating every day. Put it into syrup. This syrup used to be given to children,
a sieve to drain, and, when dry, into a jar,and but it is dangerous and should be banished
the jar into a saucepan of boiling water ; when from medical practice.
melted, pour it into a bowl, and beat it with PORCELAIN. (.S"^^ Earthenware.)
two teaspoonfuls of brandy ; drain off the PORGEE '2"\^^ox'g^^ifix porgy ,sc^tp,scup- "
matum,
po-
pound; castor-oil,half a pound;
one
so tender as not to come away entire ; after it closelyand evenly into a shallow tin,and bake
is peeled, either spot the surface of tlie pork it in a very gentle oven from an hour to an
with patches of ground allspice-^-an ornament hour and a half. It is served cold in slices.
not unpleasing to the eye or to the palate or Should the proportionof fat be considered
"
too
sprinkle bread-crumbs over the surface and set great, it can be diminished on a second trial.
it in an oven to brown. Ineither case, after ferring
trans- Pickled Pork. " Make the brine and treat the
it to the hot dish on which it is to be sent pork exactlyas directed for Pickled Beef.
to table,garnish with sprigsof fresh parsley. Pie, {Pork.) " I. Take three parts (in weight)
Boiled is improved by being of lean spare-rib loin of pork, and of
Leg of Pork or one
stuffed with parsley. Chop the parsleyas fine veal ; cut all the meat
away from the bones,
as possible, and mix witli it a little pepper and divide it into dice, and mix it together, season-
ing
until the meat on the pig's-headwill fall away and remove as much of the fat as possible ;
from the bones ; then drain off the Hquor, re- move cut each into three or four pieces,leaving the
the bones chop the meat very fine bone attached in flour,
and to the meat ; roll them
while it is hot; season with a small onion and season with salt,pepper, and allspice. Peel,
minced fine, a teaspoonful of salt,a half tea- quarter, core, and slice some apples,in quan-
tity
spoonful each of black pepper, cayenne pepper about half that of the pork. Pour a tea-
and mace, and a pinch of pounded cloves ; cupful of cider or broth into the pie-dish; at
mix well into the meat, and pour all into a the bottom put a layer of pork, then a layer
mould that has been previouslyrinsed out in of apples,then another layerof pork and so on,
cold water. This is very nice. finishing with sliced apples at the top; pour in
Broiled Corned Pork. Take"
some nice another teacupfulof cider or broth ; cover with
slices of corned pork, and broil quickly over a a solid crust, not too rich in butter or fat ; and
hot fire ; mix some pepper and salt with a tea- bake thoroughly in a slow oven. This old-
spoonful of mixed mustard and a little vinegar, fashioned dish is palatableand wholesome, and
add a tablespoonfulof butter, and spread the may be partaken of fearlesslyby those who
whole over the pork. Serve hot for breakfast. are afraid of pork in most of its other shapes.
Chops and Steaks. Chops from the chine,
"
m. Pot-pie. The chine is best for this,but
"
and steaks from the loin are best. Remove it may be made of any lean pork; cut the meat
the skin, and trim away the superfluousfat ; into strips as wide and half as long as the
.
dust on both sides with pepper and salt,and middle finger,and break the bones ; grease the
broil or fry them. They may also be dipped inside of a pot which is round at the bottom,
in egg and bread-crumbs and fried. A good and line it with a lightpaste ; put in first a layerof
way is to broil them without seasoning,and the meat, then a layerof potatoes, parboiledand
when dished, add salt, pepper, a pinch of cut in half,and seasoned with pepper and salt ;
sage, and another of minced onion ; then proceed in this way tillthe pot is nearlyfull,then
closely and set in the oven five minutes of cold water, and cover with a
cover
pour in a quart
till the aroma of the seasoning flavors the stiff top-crust; cut a round hole in the top through
meat. Tomato catsup is the best condiment which hot water maybe added should the gravy
for pork chops or steaks fast. Put on the lid of the pot,
; or they may be boil away too
served with apple sauce. and boil from one hour and a half to two hours.
Italian Pork Cheese. Chop, not very fine, When
"
done, remove the upper crust carefully,
one pound of lean pork with two pounds of the turn out the meat, etc., into a bowl, lift out the
inside fat ; strew over and mix thoroughly with lower crust and place it upon a hot dish ; ar-range
them three teaspoonfuls of salt, one and a the meat, etc., in order upon it,pour the
half teaspoonfuls of pepper, half a teaspoon-
ful it,cover it with the top crust, and
gravy over
of mace, one small nutmeg, and half a tea- serve. This is good either hot or cold.
412 PORK
Pig's-Ears. " I. {Boiled.')Soak " the ears in as directed under Stuffings, and after having
warm water for a few minutes, tlien wasli and loosened the skin from the knuckle insert as
clean tliem well, and scrape off tlie hair. Drop much as can well be secured in it. A little
them into boiling water for two minutes and clarified butter or salad oil may be brushed
take from the fire ; add four onions for four over the skin first,particularly
at should the
ears, one carrot, salt, and pepper ; leave just meat not be very fat, but unless remarkably
water enough to cover the whole, and boil till lean, it will speedilyyield sufficient dripping
tender and to baste it with. Joints from which the fat has
; then drain serve.
place on a gridiron over a clear fire, Brown gravy, and apple or tomato
and broil about two or three minutes. Serve sauce, are the usual accomiianiments to all
with a inaitre d'/iotel sauce. of pork. roasts Spare-ribs and cliine-pieces
Pig's-Feet. "
[Fried.) "
a batter
dryer and consequently requiremore
Make with a are
ful
care-
little flour,one egg, water, and a little salt,dip basting (with butter if necessary) than the
the feet in tillthey are well covered ; have some other joints.
fat scalding hot, and fry them in it until quite A leg of pork weighing 8 lbs will require
brown. Serve with drawn butter,and a little three hours to roast ; loin or shoulder of from
vinegar. 5 to 6 lbs, with the skin on, two to two and a
Pig's-Head. {Roasted.) Take the head of quarter hours ; spare-ribs
" " of 6 or 7 lbs, an hour
a half-grownpig; clean and splitit,taking out and a half ; chine,about twenty minutes to the
off this,wipe the head dry, and wash all over ears and feet,clean them thoroughly,and soak
with beaten dredge thickly with bread- crumbs, them in salt and water several days. Boil them
egg;
seasoned with pepper, sage and onion, till tender and splitthem, and they are then
and roast, basting twice with butter and water ; ready for frying. If it is desired to keep them
then with the liquor in which the head was some time, soak as above in salt and water, and
boiled ; at last with the gravy that runs from then turn boilingvinegar over them, strongly
the meat. Wash the brains in several waters spiced with pepper-corns and mace ; cloves im- prove
until they are white ; beat to a smooth paste, the taste but turn them a dark color.
add one quarter pint fine bread-crumbs, and They will keep good in this picklefive or six
season with pepper and salt ; make into balls, weeks. Either fry them plain in hot fat ; or
binding with a beaten egg ; roll in flour, and make a batter with milk, egg, flour, and butter,
fryin hot fat to a lightbrown. Arrange about and dip them in it before frying;or dip each in
the head when it is dished. Skim the gravy beaten egg and then in pounded cracker. The
left in the dripping-pan,thicken with brown feet are e.xtellent eaten cold.
flour,add the juice of a lemon, and boil up Souse of Pig's Head. Boil a pig's head "
once. Pour it over the head, and serve. (with the on) until the bones
ears come out, and
Pig's-Head Cheese. (.See Souse, below). "
then chop the meat up very fine ; pound about
Pig's-Iiiver {Fried). " Cut the liver in slices eight soft crackers very small, and mi.x them
half an inch thick; pour boiling water over with the meat (or the crackers may be omitted
them and then frying- altogether); season
drain it off; put into
to taste with sweet herbs,
a
pan and let the liver juices, spices, salt,pepper, and a little vinegar; mix
cook in its own
turning it till it looks brown on both sides. the seasoning in thoroughly,put the souse into
Take it up, and pour into the frying-panenough a mould, and press it for two or three days.
cold water to make the desired quantity of The souse is then ready for use, but if it is de-
sired
to keep it several weeks, take it from the
gravy ; put in an onion minced fine, add a bit of
butter, and a little salt and nutmeg, and let it moulds, set it in stone jars and cover it with
boil up once ; put back the liver for one minute, cold vinegar. It will keep then a month or six
then dish it,pour the
gravy over it,and serve hot. weeks; if it proves too acid, pare away the out-
side.
Roast Pork. " The following are the best This souse is usually sliced thin and
for roasting,in the order in which they are eaten cold; but the slices may be warmed in
named: leg,loin,'shoulder, spare-rib, and chine. a frying-panwith a little butter,or dipped in
When the skin is left on the jointwhich is to egg and cracker-crumbs and fried.
be roasted, it must be scored in narrow strips Stewed Pork. Bits of lean that cannot be "
of equal width, before it is put to the fire,and used in any other way will answer for stewing.
laid at a considerable distance from it at first, Cut the pork in pieces about an inch square,
that the meat may be heated through before put them into a pot and pour on enough cold
the skin hardens or begins to brown ; it must water to cover them ; cover closely, and stew
never stand still for an instant,and the basting about forty minutes; then add a few Irish
should be constant. Pork is not at the present potatoes, parboiled,skinned, and cut in thick
day much served at very good tables,particu-
larly slices ; season with salt and pepper, a minced
in this form ; and it is so still less with the shalot, a bunch of sweet herbs, and a table-
old savoury stuffing of sage and onions, though spoonful of catsup ; cover again and stew
some eaters like it always with the leg: when twenty minutes longer,or until the pork is
it is ordered for this joint,therefore,prepare it quite tender.
PORRIDGE POTATOES 413
PORRIDGE. " Set a pint each of milk and season with cinnamon and nutmeg; warm two
water over the fire ; make a tliin batter of
wineglassfulsof sherry,and stir into
a the cream ;
tablespoonfulof Indian meal and a talilespoon-then pour the whole rapidlyfrom one vessel to
ful of flour,and pour it into the boilingmilk another until it is perfectly
smooth. Or it
may
and water; salt it to the taste, and boil ten be made with beat up in milk instead of
eggs
minutes. This is excellent for the sick-room cream.
when stronger food cannot be tolerated. For Treacle (Molasses) Posaet. " Set half a pint
oatmeal porridge,see oatmeal. of new milk and half a pint of water on the fire
PORT "WINE. Pure Port is a dark purple, in a sauce-pan
" stir in two tablespoonfulsof ,
astringent,and full-bodied wine brought from molasses, and boil up. Or it may be made of
Oporto in Portugal; but it is so generally,we milk without if desired
water very rich.
might almost say so universallyadulterated, PORTER." Porter is made almost exactly
that it would probably not be possibleto obtain like ale {see Brewing), the chief difference be- tween
in this country a bottle of it absolutelypure. it and ale being that the former derives
Even the London dock For/, which claims dark color and from the
to a
astringent
taste use
be the wine as shipped from Oporto, has been of brown or highly dried malt ; that it contains
shown bv Dr. Hassell to be adulterated and more hops than ale, and that the saccharine
"doctored" to a shocking degree; and it is matters have been more exhausted in the fer-
mentation.
said that more Port is sold in London alone Porter, as compared with ale,may
than the entire vintage ever amounts to. The be considered a dry malt liquor. It is con-
sidered
qualitiesof good Port are : richness of flavor more wholesome and nourishing than
bordering upon sweetness ; brightnessof color, ale, when pure ; but it is also believed to be
hue neither purple nor reddish, nor too deep; more generallyadulterated ; that is,the charac- teristic
a generous, fruitytaste ; and oiliness rather dark color is no longer produced by the
than dryness. It should run smooth on the use of brown or dried malt, but by coloring
palate,and be free from all heat, harshness, and substances and drugs. The common American
acidity. The wine purchased in bottles should porter has about the same percentage of alcohol
be of the right age, neither too green nor too as ale, and is mild as compared with English
light {seeWines) ; they should be clear and porter.
bright,supposing the crust or deposit undis- turbed. Bro-wn Stout is,or ought to be, a superior
The beeswing; is of little moment ; it kind of porter ; but nothing can be inferred as
is a natural deposit,in which potash predom- inates, to its qualityfrom its color, as that is artificial.
and can be produced at any time in new London porter and Dublin stont are excellent
Port by putting the bottles into warm water, porters, the latter being generallypreferredin
raisingit to the boilingpoint,and then placing this country. All these porters are, of course,
them in a cool cellar. Perhaps the most easily imported,and are sold only in bottles.
applied test of good Port is this : The cork, POTS. (See Ironware.)
when it has dried, that is to say, an hour after POTASH." This was formeriy called the
it has been drawn, should be covered on its vegetable alkali, because it is obtained from
under surface, and part of its cylindrical sur-
face, the ashes of land vegetables. When the ashes
with crystalsof tartar. If a good stock are mixed with water the potash is dissolved,
be wanted buy in the wood, and and the earth and impuritiessettle to the bot- tom.
manage
it yourself; if but little,buy in the bottle. This water is then evaporated by boiling
The Port manufactured in England (and this in iron pots, and the solid substance that re-
mains
is the kind usually sold here) requires to be is the potash of commerce, so called
kept three or four years in the wood and as from the manner of its production. When
many more in the bottle, in order to destroy this is stronglyheated in a furnace, it becomes
the fierystrength of the brandy with which it whiter and stronger, and is then Pear lash.
is mixed ; but before that time elapses the These substances,however, are not pure pot- ash,
vinous characteristics are often completely lost. for they are united with carbonic acid,
Port should be drunk at about the temper- being thus carbonate prived
de-
ature of potash. Potash
of the room ; at dinner, with or after of the carbonic acid by another process
dessert. is called caustic potash, which instantaneously
Mulled Port. Put half a pint of water
"
into acts upon and corrodes animal substances, and
a sauce-pan, with three ounces of sugar and a is used by surgeons in some of their operations.
little nutmeg and cloves ; boil all of its
togetherfor a The ordinarypotash preserves somewhat
few minutes ; then add from six to twelve wine- be observed from its effects
causticity, as may
glassfulsof rich port wine, and let it boil up upon the skin in washing. Potash, both mild
once ; pour into a pitcher and it is ready for and caustic,is an extremely useful substance,
use.
being employed in medicine, and for domestic
POSSET, Ale." Boil a pintof new milk with purposes in a great variety of ways, which are
a slice of toasted bread ; pour a bottle of mild described under their respectiveheads. It is
ale into a bowl, sweeten and add spices,and also extensively used in the manufacture of
then pour the boilingmilk over it. A fine bead Salt
soap, in bleaching, scouring, etc. of
or froth should rise. Tartar is an impure carbonate of potash.
Sack Posset. Boil a pint of cream
"
with POTATOES. Of all fresh vegetablesgrown "
some grated sweet biscuits ; add sugar and in temperate climates none is so valuable as
414 POTATOES
the potato when we have regardto its agreeable almost uneatable. They will keep throughthe
flavor and its nutritive and medicinal qualities.winter, however, in cool, dry cellars ; or, as in
A native of America, and unknown in Europe the South, banked up with earth to keep out the
until introduced into England by Sir Walter frost.
almost every globe. It is the boiled potatoes into small pieces. Put into a
quarter of the
more valuable as it grows readily in nearly saucepan three tablespoonfulsof butter, three
every climate, and its culture is extremely easy. tablespoonfuls of parsley chopped fine, salt
It will succeed well on land which will not pro-
duce and pepper ; stir together until hot, add a tea-
grain, and under favorable conditions a cupful of milk or cream, thicken with two tea-
given quantityof land will produce many times spoonfuls of flour,and stir until it boils ; add
more food than the same quantity sown with the cold potatoes, boil up once and serve.
wheat. The best qualities of potatoes are A la Maitre d' Hotel. Cut cold potatoes "
grown in tolerably rich garden soil. Cut the into rather thick slices. Put two fuls
tablespoon-
"
seed potatoes up so as to leave an
"
eye in of butter into a stew-pan and add a tea-
each piece, and plant in the early spring,in spoonful of flour ; when the flour has boiled a
rows about three inches deep and two. feet minute or two in the butter add by degrees a
apart; heap the earth up in ridges,and when teacupful of broth or water; when this has
frost comes cover them with straw, "
or ever
when- boiled up put in the potatoes, with chopped
the tops wither they may be dug and stored parsley, salt, and pepper. Let the potatoes
in a dry cool place,but secure from frost. Of stew for five minutes, then take them from the
the many varieties, Early Rose is as yet passed,
unsur- fire,and when the boiling has subsided, add
both in its early ripening and in its the yolk of an egg beaten up with a littlelemon-
; the
prolificness Peerless is one of the best juice and a teaspoonfulof cold water ; as soon
late potatoes in cultivation : it grows to a very as the sauce has set^ dish the potatoes and
large size, is of pearly whiteness, and has a serve hot.
delicious flavor Jersey Peaeh
; Blows are ways
al- Baked Potatoes. " Wash and put them
good, but do
not yield so plentifully.Be-
sides whole and unpeeled into the oven and bake
these there are the Carter;, Kidneys from half an hour to an hour. Serve ately.
immedi-
(black and white). Mercers, Buckeyes, Prince
Alberts, Western Reds, Dikcmans, Yellow Baked Sweet Potatoes. " Bake them er
long-
Pink-Eyes, Jackson-whites, Northern-whites, than Irish potatoes. Or, boil tillabout half
Junes, Dovers, etc. done, and then transfer to the oven and bake.
The first new potatoes received in the New This is the best way of cooking old.potatoes.
York markets in theSpring are the Berimidas ; (Wew^) Potatoes. Procure them ofBoiled "
they arrive in April. About the first of June nearly equal size, and, if young, wash them
come the Charlestons ; about the 20th, the Nor- only; if older, rub off the skin with a scrub-
bing
folks,and early in July those from New Jersey brush or coarse towel. Drop into boiling
and Long Island. The old potatoes are at water and boil fifteen or twenty minutes, or till
this time scarce, poor, and not much sought tender; when dished,sprinklea little salt over
cool placeafter they are taken out of the ground, Boiled (Old) Potatoes. Pare or merely "
the better they will be both for keeping and wash them as preferred,and put them into a
eating; if exposed to the light and to drying sauce-pan of cold water with a teaspoonfulof
winds, they lose flavor and are otherwise salt ; boil them
jured.
in- till they are done, which can be
readilyascertained by stickinga fork into them ;
Potato-flour is in fact, dry starch powder then drain the water from them and hold the
procured from the potato, and is much used in saucepan (with the lid off)over the fire for two
French cookery in fine bread and pastry ; it is or three minutes, shaking well at the end of
also sold in the stores here, but often as arrow-
root, the time ; put the lid on loosely so as to allow
There many are varieties, differing in size nearly the same size as possible,wash them,
shape, color and flavor ; but it is seldom that and put them into cold water without any salt ;
more than two kinds appear in our markets " boil till a fork will easilypiercethe largestone ;
the red or purple,and the white or yellow. The then take up arid lay in the oven to dry for a
former are mostly cultivated in the Southern few minutes. Remove the skins before ing
send-
States, and are esteemed for their large size, them to the table.
and sweet flavor: the latter
grown in the
are Broiled Potatoes. Parboil, slice length-
wise, "
Northern in
States, chiefly New
Jersey. Sweet and broil on both sides. Or, parboil,and
potatoes are in season from August until De- then set them
cember, whole on the gridironover a very
after which they begin to lose their slow fire,and when thoroughly done serve them
flavor,
and towards Spring become spongy, and with the skins on.
POTATOES POULTICES 415
Potatoes
Sautes." Heat some dripping or they yieldreadilyto pressure. Or, roast in the
lard frying-pan,and drop in some
in a slices,or ashes as directed for Irish potatoes. The ter
lat-
brolien pieces will do quite as well, of cold is the better
way.
boiled potatoes ; stir pretty constantly and in Scooped Potatoes. Wash and wipe some "
about ten minutes they will be browned enough ; large potatoes of a firm kind, and with a small
then drain off the superflous fat,season with scoop form as many diminutive ones as will fill
pepper and salt, and serve. (Sfi: Potato a dish ; cover them with cold water, and when
Chips, below.) they have boiled very gently for five minutes
Fried (Sweet) Potatoes. "
Parboil,skin,and pour it off,and put more cold water to them ;
cut them into thick slices ; fry until tender in after they have simmered a second time for five
butter or drippings. Cold boiled potatoes may minutes, drain the water quite away, place the
be sliced and fried in the same manner. cover of the sauce-pan so as to leave an inch or
Lyonnaise Potatoes. " Slice cold boiled more of open space for the moisture to evapor-
potatoes and fry them brown, adding pepper,
salt,a little grated onion, and parslejchopped
fine.
Mashed Potatoes. " To two pounds of hot
the oven ; continue in this way until all are or milk, or butter, and salt ; return this mixture
cooked. to the shells again,replacethe piece cut off the
Potato-Fritters. " Boil two large potatoes, top, and roast before the fire for a few minutes
and mash them well ; beat the yolks of four
a napkin. before serving. Serve on
eggs and the whites of three, and add them to POT-AU-FEU." The followingis M. Soyer's
the potato, with a tablespoonfulof cream, other
an- receipt for this famous French dish : Put six
of sweet of lemon-juice,pounds of beef into a
wme, a squeeze pot containing four
and a little nutmeg. Beat this half an hour; quarts of water, set it near the fire and skim ;
it will then be very light. Put a good quantity when nearly boiling add a teaspoonfuland a
of lard into a frying-pan,and drop a spoonful half of salt,half a pound of liver, two carrots,
of the batter at a' time into it; fry them, and four turnips,eight young or two old leeks, one
serve with a sauce composed of one wineglassful head of celery,two onions (one of them burnt),
of white wine, the juiceof a lemon, one spoonful
dessert- with a clove stuck in each, and a piece of pars-
nip.
of peach-leafor almond water, and Skim again, and simmer your or Jive
some white sugar warmed together. hours, adding a little cold water now and then;
Roast Boil till about
Potatoes. half done, skim off part of the fat, put slices of bread into
"
take off theskin, and roast them in the oven a soup-tureen, lay half the vegetables over
to a lightbrown. Or, put them with the peel them, and pour in half the broth ; serve the
in the ashes of wood fire. This latter is half of the
on a meat separately with the other
excellent method.
an
vegetables.
Roast (Sweet) Potatoes." Select them about POTTERY. (Sec Earthenware.)
the same size,wash, wipe dry, and roast antil POULTICES. When poulticesare ordered
41G POULTRY-KEEPING
by the it is
physician, importance with proper food and favorable
of the conditions
utmost all
that they should plied will produce a reasonable
be
properly ap- well made and
quantity of eggs.
; and
before being put on the skin they The food of chickens may consist of the
should be smeared with sweet-oil or glycerine, different kinds of grain,either broken, ground,
to prevent any particlesticking. For bread or cooked ; roots, and especially boiled pota-
toes
and linseed poultices-the "
ones most often plied
ap- are nutritious and economical; and all
"
authorityneed
no better be wanted than kinds of vegetables,such as cabbage,
green
the celebrated Dr. Abernethy. The bread-and- lettuce,chickweed, most of the grasses, clover,
"water poulticehe directs to be made as follows : etc., are eagerly eaten by them. Though not
" Put half a pint of hot water into a bowl ; add absolutelyessential to them, yet nothing con- tributes
to this as much of the crumbs of bread as the so much to their laying as unsalted
water will cover; then place a plate over the animal food. This is a natural aliment, as is
bowl and let it remain ten minutes ; stir the shown by the aviditywith which they pounce
bread about in the water, or, if necessary, on every fly,insect,
or earth-worm which comes
let any lumps remain in the bowl, but stir the varietyof grains which they can procure at op- tion,
poultice well, and do not be sparing of your and select as their appetitecraves. They
trouble. If properly made, it is so well worked are also for.d of milk, especiallywhen it has
together that you might throw it up to the ceil- ing, become curdled ; and indeed scarcelyanything
and it would come down again without edible escapes their notice. It is better to give
fallingto pieces; it is in fact like a pancake. them their food warm (not hot),and there should
What you do ne.xt is to take as much of it out always be a plentifulsupply before them to
of the bowl as you may require, and lay it on a prevent gorging. The accompanying cut rep-
fomentation. A linen
bag should be or flannel
made of the size required,and loosely filled
with bran; then boilingwater should be poured
it till it is thoroughly moist ; ne.xt it is to be
upon
wrung out in a coarse towel, and applied as di- rected.
lime. If
allowed not
to run at large,where unmistakable. The treatment is to purge gently
they help themselves, they must
can also be with castor oil,and keep in a warm place.
furnished with gravel to assist their digestion; Blindness is also a common disease of
and box bed of ashes, sand, and dust, is poultry,generally accompanying " "
a or Roup ; is
equally essential to roll in for the purpose of readilycured by droppinga very weak solution
riddingthemselves of vermin. of laudanum with water mto the eye. Finally,
The hen-house should be perfectly dry in regard to the diseases of poultryit should be
throughout,properly lighted,and capable of well understood that they arise from ill-kept
being made warm and tightin winter, while houses, and require better management either
affordingcomplete ventilation,desirable at all in regard to cleanliness, ventilation or food.
seasons. In
this arrange the nests in bo.xes on Medicines usually do no good, and often do
the sides,in such a manner as to humor the in-
stinct
much harm.
of the hen for concealment when she sorts
re- Of the many varieties of chickens the Dorking
to them. When desirable to set the hen, is esteemed one of the best, being large,well
these nests may be so placed as shut
hardy,good layersand setters, and
to out the formed and
others, yet open into another yard or beyond table ; they are both white excellent for the
the enclosure, so that they can take an occa-
sional and speckled,and generallyhave five toes. The
stroll and help themselves to food, "c. Poland, a very largebreed, from 8 to 10 pounds,
This prevents other hens laying in their nests, is both white and black, with a large tuft,gen-
erally
while setting ; and it may be easilymanaged by of white feathers,on the head ; they are
having their bo.xes placed on the wall of the of good size, and excellent layers,very large
building,
with a moveable door, made to open eggs, but are seldom inclined to set,which makes
on either side at pleasure. Hens will lay them peculiarlydesirable for such as wish eggs
equally well without a nest-egg, but when only. The Cochin China, is admired for its
broken up, they ramble form new off andnests, large size, its handsome and the
appearance,
if they are not confined.
They will lay if kept brightnessof its colors ; but more especially
from the cock. Hens disposed to set at im- proper for its layingqualities, and its gentledisposition.
times, should be dismissed from the The chickens are exceedingly hardy. A first-
common yard, so as to be out of reach of the class fowl should be large,square, and com- pact
nests, and plentifully fed tillweaned from this ; full in the chest ; deep in the keel, and
inclination. Young chickens require to be broad across the loins and hind quarters. The
kept warm and dry for a few days after hatch- ing, head is delicatelyshaped, the tail short and
and they may be fed with hard-boiled eggs, horizontal, and legs very short, yellow, and
crumbs of bread or pudding, and milk or water, heavily feathered. The Brahmetpootra is a
and allowed to scratch in the gravel in front of remarkably useful and hardy fowl, layinglarge
the hen, which should be confined in a coop for
eggs, foragingwell when at liberty, and good
the first three or four weeks. setters and mothers. The chickens fledge
The diseases of chickens are not numerous early,grow fast,and are very hardy. These
nor complicated,and may be avoided by proper birds when full-grownweigh from ten to twelve
treatment and food, and by being kept from pounds each. The chief objection is their
wet grass or damp ground, such as are indi- cated tendency to roam, as they are not satisfied unless
in the foregoing observations. Gapes or they have some acres of land to wander over;
fip is generallycaused by drinking unwhole- some but when thus gratified they will find food for
or dirtywater. A feather dipped in coal themselves, and live on much less than the
oil or a mild solution of carbolic acid, thrust Cochins, which, though great eaters, must have
down the throat, twisted and withdrawn, is a all their food provided for them. The nique
Domi-
good remedy. Or compel the Ijirdto swal- low is a speckled fowl,of barely medium
a large lump of fresh butter mixed with size,compact, good layers,and valuable for the
Scotch snuff. After an attack, feed for a few table. The Ban/am is but little larger than a
days with lightfood, such as soaked bran and pigeon, and is usuallypure white, but some- times
recognized by dizziness, turning round, the with black crest, wattles, legs, and feathers;
chicken falling on its back and kicking, is quite several varieties of the Top-knot,and others.
"
27
POULTRY-KEEPING POWER OF ATTORNEY 419
cribed ; but for economical purposes, any of the may be allowed to remain twenty-fourhours
common sorts -will be found to answer better without food, but should then be fed with hard-
than the fancy pigeons. boiled eggs, cut fine, or with crumbs of wheat
Turkey. "
is anative
Tlie turlcey of America, bread. Boiled milk, curds, and buttermilk ford
af-
and is found wild at tlie present day nearly all an excellent food. As they get stronger,
over the temperate parts of the continent, barley meal is suitable,but Indian meal,
rat or
frost they are not to be left out with impunity, called,is an instrument 'n writing, under
as their legs and feet are liable to become seal, whereby one person authorizes another,
frost-bitten ; they should therefore be pelled
com- called the attorney, to do some act in his stead.
to enter some outhouse at such times. It may be in the followingform :
and will not
Turkeys are very fond of roaming, Know all IVIen by these Presents: "
long thrive without being allowed to wander That I, John Doe, of the City, County and
over farm-land, where they pick and greedily State of New York, have made, constituted and
devour insects of all kinds, as well as the ten- der appointed,and by these Presents do make, con- stitute
heads of turnips,etc. The flesh of the and appoint Richard Roe, of said New
turkey,both wild and domesticated, is exceed- ingly York, my true and lawful attorney for me, and
delicate and palatable; and though the in my name, place and stead, to (licreinsert a
former does not possess the high game-flavor particulardescription of the business which the
of the smaller wild-fowl,it exceeds them in di-
gestibility
attorney is to transact), giving and granting
and healthfulness. The turkey is unto my said attorney full power and authority
useful chieflyfor its flesh,as they seldom lay to do and to perform all and every act and
more than a nestful of eggs in one season, thing whatsoever, requisiteand necessary to
when they brood on these and bring up their be done in and about the premises, as fully
young. If full-fed,however, and their first to all intents and purposes, as 1 might or
eggs are withdrawn from them, they frequentlycould do if personallypresent, with full power
lay a second time. of substitution and revocation, hereby ratify- ing
In choosing turkeys for breeding,the cock and confirming all that my said attorney or
should be selected with a broad breast, clean his substitute shall lawfullydo or cause to be
legs,wingsand tail ample and well-proportioned, done by virtue hereof. In witness whereof, I
eyes bright,and the carniculated skin of the have hereunto set my hand and seal the first
head and neck should be fullydeveloped and day of May, in the year one thousand, eight
changeable in color. The young cock is suffi-
ciently hundred and seventy six.
mature for breeding purposes at a year Sealed and delivered in presence of
old ; but he does not arrive at perfection till Andrew Harking,
three years old,and lasts tillhe is double that age. Richard Wright.
The hens should be plump, lively, with plumage
similar to that of the cock with which they are John Doe. ; l. s. :
to be mated, so as to any mixing of colors.
avoid
One vigorous cock will suffice for a flock of ten The attorney may be authorized to transact
or twelve hens. The laying generally com-
mences all the business of his
principal,in which case
in March, and is indicated by the hen he has a general authority; or to do some ticular
par-
assuming a degree of importance and restless-
ness act in behalf of his principal, as to sell
which is new to her. She should now be stock, in which case he has only a special au- thority.
Scarcely anything will induce her to leave her upon him, he is personallyliable to the
nest, and she must have person
food and dealing,although he
water placed with whom he is
within her reach. From the 26th to the 31st may have been innocentlymistaken as to the
day the hatch takes place, and the chicks extent of the authoritydelegated.
should be carefullyremoved, by a person to It is the duty of the attorney to observe the
whom the old bird is accustomed, as fast as strictest good faith in his dealings for and in
they are hatched, and kept in a warm basket behalf of his principal. To observe faithfully
tillall have made their appearance. The young the instructions received ; to render just and
420 PRAIRIE CHICKEN PRESERVES
true accounts ; not to mix the property of his range what is called a low fire will answer, and
principalwitli his notifyhis principal in other cases
own ; to some contrivance (as a trivet)
of acts clone in his employment, and he is not which will lift the bottom of the preserving-
allowed to retain for his own use any profithe kettle an inch or two from the coals should be
may have made in tlie course of the business used.
upon which he may have been employed. 3. Use granulatedsugar for nice preserves i
Any one personallycompetent to do an act brown or moist sugar will affect both the color
may authorize an attorney to do the act in his and the flavor.
behalf. Persons under twenty-one the sugar is added to them
years stir theof 4. After
age, and married women, as a rule,are ble
incapa- preserves gently at first,and more quickly
of appointing an attorney ; but they may toward the end, without quitting them until
act as attorneys for others. they are done ; this precaution will prevent
An ordinary power of attorney may be voked
re- the chance of their being spoiled through
at any time by the principal,and his burning.
death always operates as a revocation. If, 5. All preserves should be cleansed
carefully
however, it be coupled with an interest in the from the scum as it rises.
attorney, as if he be authorized to transfer 6. Fruit which is to be preserved in syrup
stockstanding in the name of the principalas must first be blanched or boiled gently,until it
securityfor a debt due him from the principal,is sufficiently softened to absorb the sugar;
it is irrevocable. and thin syrup
a poured on it at first,
must be
PRAIRIE CHICKEN." Called also heath- or it will shrivel instead of remaining plump,
hen 2:adipinnated grouse. Somewhat similar to and becoming clear. Thus, if its weight of
the partridge (ruffledgrouse), sugar is to be allowed, and boiled to a syrup
but is more regularlymarked, with a pint of water to the pound, only half the
or barred, on the breast. weight must be taken at and this
first, must not
The tail-feathers are like, be
fan- boiled with the water more than fifteen or
PRESERVES." By far the best utensil for ; pee! and remove the cores without dividing
preservingpurposes is the porcelain-lined ket- them, and then parboil the apples. Make a
Jiat on the fire,as this renders the preserves on the syrup, and tie over.
[iable to burn to it. In the ordinarykitchen- If desired,instead of putting them in jars,
PRESERVES 421
mer
a they cease
oven to and instantly.
cover
stick to the fingersif touched, they may be put Figs. Take ripe figs,
" with the stems on, and
away in boxes, with white paper between eacli let them stand over night in cold water; then
layer. simmer in water enough to cover them, until
Barberries. " Pick the largest bunches of tender, and spread out upon a sieve to cool.
barberries, and put them with wa(er to make Allow a pound of sugar and a tcacupfulof cold
the syrup into a pan, and boil them until tender ; water for each pound of the fruit ; boil them
then strain them through a sieve, and to each togetheruntil the scum stops rising;then put
pint of liquor add one pound and a half of in the figs,
and simmer ten minutes. Remove
; boil and skim, and to
lo.af-sugar each pintof the from the fire,lift the figsout with a skimmer
syrup put half a pound of the fruit in bunches, and spread them on dishes to cool ; add to the
and boil them gently till bright. When cold syrup the peel of one lemon and the juiceof
put them in jars,pour the syrup over them, and two, and a little ginger (for three pounds of
tie down. fruit)and boil it thick ; put in the figs
Cherries. "
Use French short-stemmed, or again, and boil fifteen minutes ; fill the jars
Morellas ; stone them and to every pound of nearlyfull,pour in the syrup, and when cold
fruit allow a pound of granulatedsugar. Heat tie up.
the cherries slowlyand stew them half an hour Ginger. " Pare green ginger, and throw it
in their own juice,then add the sugar and stew into cold water, to keep its color; boil it tender
gently until clear, pour them boilinghot into in three at each change putting the
waters,
cans taken from hot water and screw down the ginger into cold water. For each pound of
covers. ginger allow one pound of refined sugar ; when
Crab-apples. " To seven pounds of fruit al-
low cold,drain the ginger,put it into the pan with
seven pounds of granulated sugar and one enough of the syrup to cover it,and let it stand
quart of hot water. Put the sugar and water in for two days ; then pour the syrup to the re- mainder
the preserving kettle boiling and of the sugar, and boil it for .some
leave it over time ;
water to dissolve while the fruit is being pre- when cold, pour it upon the ginger again,and
pared.
Rub the crab-applesclean,prick them set it by for three days ; then boil the syrup
well with a coarse needle, nip off the remains again, and pour it hot over the ginger. Pro-
ceed
of the flower, but do not disturb the stem thus till you find the ginger rich and
;
place the syrup where it will boil,skim it well, tender, and the syrup highly flavored. If you
then add the fruit and boil gently until it is so at first pour on the syrup hot, or if it be too
tender that a straw will reach the core. Put it, rich, the ginger will shrink and not take the
boilinghot, in cans taken from hot water and sugar.
screw down the covers at once. A can need Preseved ginger is now imported, in large
not be heated if a silver fork is first placed in quantities, from China and the West Indies;
it and allowed to remain until the can is filled ; the best is that sold in small bottles. The
it must be immediately withdrawn, a spoonful cheaper sorts, in jars, with covers, are less
of the boilingsyrup added and the cover at delicate.
once made fast. Gooseberries. " Take full-grown,unripe fruit.
Cucumbers. Pare Follow the
rule for damsons.
"
soft part, and put them into a jar,with salt and pin, then put them in scaldingwater, let them
water, and set them in a warm place,to become simmer a few minutes, and strain them : take
yellow. Then them, wash and set them, ed
cover-
their weight in
sugar, put it into a preserving-
with cabbage-leaves,in
a of water, on kettle w'ith a quarter of its bulk of water, let it
pan
the fire ;
the pan, to keep in the steam,
cover boil well, and skim
very clear ; put in the plums,
and simmer them tillof a fine green color. If let them boil up once, take them off,and set
requisite, change the water and leaves,and sim- mer them aside till next day; then take them out
them again. Then take them out, and one by one from the syrup, boil it, and skim
put them into a sieve to cool,and put them into again ; put in the plums and let them boil very
cold water two days, changingthe water four gently for twenty minutes ; take them off as be-
fore,
times. Make a syrup of four pounds of loaf- and let them stand tillcold ; then put them
sugar and one quart of water, boiling
and skim-
ming into jarsand tie up close.
it well ; add the rinds of four lemons n. Gather the largest gages, free from
pared
thin, with three ounces sliced ginger,and boil specks,and just before ripe. Lay in the pan
all together ten minutes. Remove from the vine-leaves, and then the fruit in layers,with
fire,and when cool, put in the cucumbers, and leaves between, and covering them, fill up
them
JDoil until they clear. Then it to hot moderate
are put them with water, and set get on a
in glassesor pots, strain the syrup over them, fire ; skim them put the fruit in a sieve to
and
when cool ; and tie over. and put them again into
cool ; then peel them
Damsons. " Pick over the plums carefully.,
the water, with fresh leaves, and boil them
but leave the stems on ; allow a pound of sugar' three minutes, keeping in the steam; set
to a pound of fruit ; put the plums in the pre-
servingthem at a moderate dis'tance from the fire,six
kettle ; heat slowly;stew until the skins or seven hours, until they become green ; then
are tender ; add the sugar, let the whole sim- put them in a sieve to drain, and boil them up
422 PRESERVES
in a clear syrup once a day for three successive Preserve lemon-peel in the same ing
allow-
way,
the gages out, put them in pound and quarter of sugar
days. Take glasses a a to a pound
or jars,pour over them the syrup when nearly of fruit.
cold ; and tie down. Peaches. " I. Pare carefully large white
Groseilles. " Cut the stalks and tops from a Clingstones and remove the stones; boil till
gallon or more of ripe gooseberries,put them tender in a thin syrup made of one-third of a
into a large preserving-kettle, and boil them for pound of sugar to a pound of fruit put them in
;
ten minutes in enough water to cover them, a bowl, pour the syrup over them, and let them
stirring often with a wooden spoon ; then pass stand two days in a cool, dry place; then make
both the juiceand pulp through a fine sieve, and a rich syrup, allowingthree-quarters of a pound
to every three pounds weight of these add half of sugar to a pound of the fruit; drain the
a pint of raspberry juice,and boil the whole peaches from the first syrup, put them into the
brisklyfor three-quarters of an hour; draw the rich syrup, and boil them until they are clear.
kettle aside, and stir in two pounds of sugar; Fill the jars about three-quartersfull of the
when it has dissolved, renew the boiling for peacliesand fillup with the syrup.
fifteen minutes longer. 11. Select the largestand freshest fruit ; not
Melon (Citron). Remove the soft pulp ; cut
"
too ripe ; rub off the down with a piece of old
according to fancy ; pare smoothly and boil linen, and divide the skin at the seam with a
until tender, with an ounce of alum to four penknife. Put them into a jarof French brandy
quarts of water. Allow a pound of sugar and and tie them down for eight or nine days, then
two fresh lemons to every pound of melon. Cut take out the fruit and boil it in a fine clear syrup
the lemon rind in thin strips or in leaves and until very bright,when put it into glasses,pour
boil until tender. Make the syrup, allowing the syrup over it,and cover closely.
half a pint of water and the juiceof the lemons Pears. Allow three-quarters of a pound of "
to a pound of sugar. When boilingand well sugar to a pound of firm,ripefruit ; lialve it and
skimmed add the melon and the rind of the avoid the stem, core, pare and boil in clear water
lemon ; cook until clear. boiling-hot into until tender; drop the fruit into a rich boiling
Put it
air-tight cans. {St'cWater-melon.) syrup made with the sugar and a little of the
Mixed. I. Take
" two pounds of clear red water in which the pears were boiled; when
gooseberry juiceand boil it for three-quarters of clear,put the fruit in glass cans, leaving them
an hour; add one pound of very ripegreen-gages, in boilingwater while the syrup boils,until thick-ened
weighed after they have been pared and stoned ; ;
then fillthe cans and cover at once.
then stir to them a pound and a half of sugar, Pine-apples. I. Select those that are ripe "
and boil again for twenty minutes. If the and perfectlyfresh ; pare and cut, shred from
quantity be much increased, the time of boil- ing the core with a silver fork, in large or small
must be so likewise ; this had better be pieces to suit the taste ; allow a pound of gran- ulated
done before the sugar is added. sugar to every pound of
fruit ; heat the
II. Take raspberries,red currants, and white pine-appleslowly and let it stew in its own juice
currants, in any proportion that may be con-
venient, until perfectlytender ; add the sugar and let it
or gooseberries and black currants in simmer five minutes ; put the fruit in glass cans,
equal quantities; heat them togethercarefully,and leave them in boilingwater while the syrup
and stew them slowly for twenty minutes or is thickened by rapid boiling ; drain the thin
half an hour, according to their weight ; then syrup from the cans, fill them with the thick
for each pound of fruit add three quarters of a boilingsyrup, and close at once.
pound of common moist
sugar, dried and heated n. After paring off all the rind, grate the
before the fire ; boil five minutes longer, and pine-apples; allow a pound of sugar to a pound
llien put in jars. of the pulp ; and boil together gently for half
Oranges. " Put the oranges into water and an hour. This is excellent.
boil till a straw will penetrate the rind,easily; Pine-apples fresh for Christmas. "
Select
allow three-quartersof a pound of sugar and large, fresh and ripe pine-apples,pare them
not quite half a pint of water for each pound of carefully,
removing every eye ; shred from
fruit, and make a syrup of them ; take the the core with a silver fork; allow a pound
oranges from the water in which they were and a quarter of granulated sugar to every
boiled, pour the hot over them, and let pound of fruit ; put them in layers in a large
syrup
them stand in it till ne.xt day ; then boil them occasionally
bowl, stirring to dissolve the sugar;
in the syrup tillit is thick and clear ; put them then put it inglass cans, and screw down the
in jars,and strain the syrup over them. covers as tightlyas possible.
Orange-peel. " Allow a pound of sugar for a Plums (Egg). Pour boilingwater
"
on them,
pound of fruit ; peel the oranges carefully, and let them stand five minutes, and then peel
cut
water
the
peel into narrow
tender, changing the water
each
strain
time
the
squeeze
;
juice,and
strips;
twice, adding hot make
the oranges
add
ly,
thorough-
it to the sugar,
boil
a syrup
it till them
with a
to a pound of fruit ;
them. In three days boil a second time gently, small green tomatoes, and pour enough cold
and then tie them water on them to cover them ; add the juiceand
up.
rind of two
rected
di- lemons (pare the rind thin so as to
Plums {IV/iileor Green). Preserve as "
for egg plums. Or they can be preserv- get none of the white part),a few peach leaves,
ed
with the skins on by prickingthem. and half an ounce of powdered ginger (tied up
Prunes. Pour
"
enough boilingwater on them in bags). Boil the whole together gently for
to cover them, add a lemon cut in small pieces, }( of an hour, strain the liquor, and put to it a
and set tliem where they will keep hot ; when pound and a half of white sugar to a pound of
swelled out to nearly the originalsize,put to the tomatoes four and a half pounds in all ; "
each pound of the prunes half a pound of put in the tomatoes and boil gently tillthe syr- up
brown sugar, and a stick of cinnamon, or a tea- appears to have penetrated them. In the
spoonful of ground cloves ; if there is not course of a week turn the syrup from them,
enough water to cover the prunes, etc., add heat it scaldinghot, and turn it on the tomatoes.
more, and stew them in the syrup a quarter of Tomatoes preserved in this manner resemble
an hour. a wine-
taken from the fire,
Add, when West India sweetmeats.
glassfulof every three pounds of the
wine to Tomatoes (I^tpe). Procure three pounds "
prunes, and put them into jars. of round yellow tomatoes, and peel them : add
Quinces. I. Peel them, carefully taking three pounds of sugar, and let them
"
stand to-
gether
out the parts that are knotty and defective; cut till next day : then drain off the syrup,
them into into round slices boil it till the to rise, put in the
quarters, or ; put scum ceases
skimming it well; then put in the quinces,and "Watermelon rind. " This as usually served,
pre-
boil them gently twenty minutes. When the is not only very troublesome to make,
sugar seems to have completely penetrated but is insipid to the taste, and far from some
whole-
them, take them out, put them into jars,pour ; but the followingreceipt can be mended
recom-
very wet. By January the plants will bloom, darts,and the same rule that determines the
but they must not be allowed to over-bloom, as height of darts for persons of stouter figure
they are apt to do. After their bloomingperiod than the average, decides here whether the
is over, and when the weather has become quite curved line shall meet the vertical midway of
warm, set them out of doors, but do not allow the latter, or a littlelower than that. The por-
them to bloom in the summer. Let them grow
tillautumn, then repot in soil made as before ;
and by Christmas they will begin bloom,
to fording
af-
a succession of flowers till spring.
PRINCESSE DRESS. " This garment,
called also the Empire, and the Duchesse dress,
is made with waist and skirt of onepiece,and
resembles the pattern of the basque, with this
difference only,that the fronts are cut in three
pieces each, and each part cut entirely
separate.
Having taken a length of paper sufficient to
extend from the neck to the bottom of the skirt,
the length to the waist is indicated by drawing
a horizontal line, and the rest of the paper
folded under. We then design the outlines of
a plainwaist (.SV?"? Waist). Next, takinga sixth
of the waist measure (VI.)* we lay it along the
waist line beginningat the seam under the arm,
and mark the other end. Then take half of
this,or ^ of the entire waist measure and lay
it upon the waist line,beginning at the front,
and mark
draw
shoulder
waist
the
a
the point where
vertical line from
seam
waist line, a
it ends. We
the middle
to the point first marked
line ; and from
then
of the
the
i
front outline of a dart, to meet the vertical line
about midway of its height. We then cut, fol-
lowing
these lines,and thus divide the front
Fig. 2.
Upon the paper, when unfolded,we are able fullness can be obtained
which maybe laid over
only to draw the first part, i, of the garment in a large,double
plait,also a very graceful
in full. The pattern requires to be pieced at effect ; and for the Watteau plait, sometimes so
the dotted line a a, for the second and third much in favor,it is only
necessary to widen the
part. That the size and shape of these two back from the neck and lay the material over
"
$525 ^5_o. ne;v York, May i, 1876.
"
Sixty days after date, for value received, I
"
promise to pay John Doe, or order, five
Fig. ". "
hundred and twenty-five -f^^ dollars,at
"
the National Park Bank.
middle, which gives it a more graceful sweep.
"Richard Roe."
By widening the pieceadded at thewaist,extra
The person making the note is called the
maker, and the one to whom, or to whose
order it is payable, is called the payee.
It is
customary to insert the words "value
received," although it is unnecessary.
Business men usually make their notes
payable at some specifiedplace,as at the bank
where they transact their business,or at their
store or warehouse.
A promise to pay payee to the
or order, as in
the above form, or the payee or bearer, ren-
to ders
This is one of the most virulent poisons the boiler or stew-pan to permit the escape of
known, an almost inappreciablequantitylaid on the steam from witliin.
the tongue beins; sufficient to produce death; Plum-puddings which it is customary to boil
but, like most poisons, when employed in very in moulds, are both lighterand less dry when
minute quantities,it is a useful medicine. closely tied in stout cloths well buttered and
Greatly diluted prussic acid reduces sensibilityfloured,especiallywhen they are made in part
of the skin, so if there is much pain or ing
itch- with bread ; but when this is done care should
in the part such an applicationoften does be taken not to allow them to burn to the bot-
tom
good. In skin diseases, when there is much of the
pan in which they are cooked ; and
and
itching, the skin is not broken, there can it is good plan to lay a plateor dish under
a
be no better application
than a very weak tion
solu- them, by way of precaution against this mis-
chance
of prussic acid ; for this purpose add half ; it will not then so much matter whether
a dram
(fluid)to six they be kept floating
ounces water. Moderate
or not.
doses allay irritability of the stomach, and A very littlesalt improves all sweet puddings,
are frequentlyused in all painfulaffections of by takingoff the insipidity, and bringingout the
that organ, in ulcers, cancers, and especially full flavor of the other ingredients,but its
in neuralgia. It is also used with advantage presence should not be in the slightest degree
in certain chest affections, in whooping-cough, perceptible. When brandy, wine, or lemon-
and in functional or other diseases of the juiceis added to them it should be stirred in
heart. It should wt-ivr be used, however, e.\- briskly,and by degrees, quite at last,as it
cept under medical advice, and then with very would be likelyotherwise to curdle the milk or
great caution. eggs-
PUDDINGS." ingredientsfor pud-
All thedings Many persons prefertheir puddmgs steamed ;
should be fresh and of good quality; the but when this is not done, they should be
slightestdegree of mustiness or taint in any dropped into plenty of boiling water, and be
one of the articles of which they are composed kept well covered with it until they are ready
will spoilall that are combined with it. The to serve ; and the boiling should never be al-
lowed
perfect sweetness of suet and milk should be to cease for an instant,for they soon come
be-
especially attended to before they are mixed in heavy if it be interrupted.
a pudding, as nothing is more offensive than Pudding and dumpling cloths should not only
the first when it is over-kept,nor worse in its be laid into plenty of water as soon as they are
effect than the curdling of the milk, which is taken off,and well washed afterwards, but it is
the certain result of its being in the slightestessential to their perfect sweetness that they
degree sour. should be well and quicklydried (in the open
Currants should be cleaned, and raisins stoned air if possible), then folded and kept in a clean
with exceeding care ; almonds and spicesvery drawer.
finelypounded, and the rinds of oranges or When a baked pudding is sufficiently browned
lemons rasped or grated lightlyoff (the white on the surface (thatis,of a fine amber-color all
part of the skin having no flavor), when they over) before it is baked through,a sheet of
are used for this, or for other class of
any
dishes ; if pared, they should be cut as thin as
possible.
Batter is much
lighterwhen boiled in a cloth,
and allowed full room to swell, than when fined
con-
in a mould ; it should be well beaten the in-
stant
before it is poured into the cloth and put to
in-
the water immediatelyafter it is securelytied.
The cloth should be moist and thicklyfloured,
and the pudding should be sent to table as ex-
writing-paper
should be laid over it,but not fore
be-
it is set. When quite firm in the centre
it is done.
All puddings which are solid enough to low
al-
of it should be turned on to a hot dish from
the one in which they are baked, and strewed
with sifted sugar before being served.
Pudding Mould.
Minute directions for the preparation and
management of each particularpudding will
peditiously
as possibleafter it is
done, as it will be found in the recipe for it.
quickly become heavy. This appliesequallyto To Mix Batter for Puddings. " Put the
all puddings made with paste, which are dered
ren- flour and salt into together;
a bowl and stir them
uneatable by any delay in serving them whip the eggs thoroughly,strain them through
after they are ready ; they should be opened a a fine hair sieve, and add them very gradually
littleat the top as soon as they are taken from to the flour ; beat it well and with
lightly the
428 PUDDINGS
back of a wooden spoon, and after the eggs are ful of powdered sugar and half a teacupfulof
mixed well, thin the batter with milk to the butter to a light
cream ; add an egg, well beaten,
consistence. The whites of the eggs the juiceand half the rind (grated)of a lemon,
proper
beaten separatelyto a solid froth, and stirred and a teaspoonfulof nutmeg, or nutmeg and
gently into the mixture the instant before it is mace mixed ; beat hard for several minutes,
tied up for boiling,or put into the baking-oven, and add
(aspoonfulat a time)three tablespoon-
fuls
will render it remarkably light. When fruit is of boilingwater. Put the bowl into a sauce-
pan
added to the batter, it must be made thicker of boilingwater, and heat the sauce
very
than when it is servedplain,or it will sink to