Cholera

Cholera is an acute bacterial infection that presents as profuse, watery diarrhea. It is

associated with rapid dehydration and occasionally hypovolemic shock, which may be
life-threatening. The spectrum of disease is wide, with mild and asymptomatic illness
occurring more frequently than severe disease. Cholera is caused by an enterotoxin
produced by Vibrio cholerae

Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV).
virus (HBV) is one of several viruses that cause hepatitis. HBV is a double-stranded
DNA virus with three major antigens, known as hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg),
hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg). HBsAg can be
detected in serum 30 to 60 days after exposure and persists until the infection resolves.
Any person positive for HBsAg is considered infectious. In most cases, anti-HBs appears
after HBsAg has disappeared and the infection has resolved. In severe acute HBV
infections, anti-HBs may be present simultaneously with HBsAg.

Rabies
Rabies is caused by a virus. The virus invades the central nervous system and disrupts its
functioning
It is a neurotropic viral infection that has two clinical presentations and is a fatal disease.
After infection, the usual incubation period is 20 to 60 days, although it may vary from
several days to years. The more common, agitated (furious) form presents with the classic
symptoms of hydrophobia or aerophobia with a rapidly progressing encephalitis and
death. The paralytic form of the disease manifests as progressive flaccid paralysis, has a
more protracted course and is more difficult to diagnose.

Tetanus
Tetanus is caused by a toxin (poison) produced by a bacterium, Clostridium tetani. The
C. tetani bacteria cannot grow in the presence of oxygen. They produce spores that are
very difficult to kill as they are resistant to heat and many chemical agents.

Typhoid
Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi, which differs from most other Salmonella
species in that it infects only humans and frequently causes severe systemic illness. The
organism is generally transmitted through food contaminated with the feces or urine of
people with the disease or those who are S. typhi carriers.

Measles
Measles is caused by a virus. It is a highly contagious and acutely infectious disease
caused by a virus. Symptoms include fever, cough, coryza (runny nose), conjunctivitis,
Koplik spots (white spots on the inner lining of the mouth) and rash.

Pertussis
Pertussis is caused by a bacterium, Bordetella pertussis.