MATH&146

Exam 2 Review
Lessons 12 23

1
 Example 1
Explain to someone who has not taken a statistics
course what statistical significance means.

One answer:
A result is considered statistically significant if that
result's difference from the null hypothesis could
not plausibly have come from chance alone.

2
 Example 2
A researcher conducts a study with a small sample
size (i.e., n is small). Is the researcher at a greater
risk of making a Type 1 Error or a Type 2 Error, or
are they equally likely. How do you know?

Test conclusion
do not reject H0 reject H0 in favor of HA
Correct Outcome Type 1 Error
H0 true
(True Negative) (False Positive)
Truth
Type 2 Error Correct Outcome
HA true
(False Negative) (True Positive)

3
 Example 3
Food inspectors sample food products to see if they
are safe. This can be thought of as a hypothesis test
where
H0: The food is safe.
HA: The food is not safe.
a) What would be Type 1 Error and a Type 2 Error for
these hypotheses?
b) From the consumers' standpoint, would it be worse
for the inspector to make a Type 1 Error or a Type
2 Error? What about the producers' standpoint?
4
 Example 4
According to Harper's magazine, the time spent by
kids in front of the television set per year can be
modelled by a normal distribution with a mean equal to
1500 hours and a standard deviation equal to 250
hours.
a) What percent of kids watch television for less than
1200 hours per year?
b) What percent of kids watch for more than 1400
hours per year?
c) How much television do the top 25% of kids watch
each year?
5
 Example 5
Suppose the true population proportion is p = 0.95.
Compute the expected number of successes and
failures for each sample size below. Are the conditions
for normality satisfied?

n = 20

n = 100

n = 500
6
 Example 6
Can we approximate poker winnings below by a
normal distribution? Assume the winnings are
independent of each other.

7
 Example 7
A card company claims that 80% of all American
college students send a card to their mother on
Mother's Day. Suppose you plan to gather your own
data to test this claim. You select a simple random
sample of 80 students to determine the proportion that
sent a card to their mother. Your sample indicates that
56 of the students sampled sent a card.

8
 Example 7 continued
a) Write the hypotheses for testing the claim that 80%
of college students send their mothers a Mother's
Day card.
b) Calculate the proportion of students in this sample
that sent their mother a Mother's Day card.
c) Describe how to perform a simulation and, once
you had the results, how to estimate the p-value.

9
 Example 7 continued
d) Below is a dot plot showing the distribution of psim
in 100 simulations under the null-hypothesis.
Estimate the p-value using the plot and determine
the conclusion of the hypothesis test.

10
 Example 8
A researcher wanted to assess whether his dog
Sophie tends to chase one of her toys more often than
the other. The researcher rolled both a green ball and
a red ball at the same time and observed which ball
Sophie chased. Repeating this process 100 times, he
found that Sophie chased the green ball 57 times and
the red ball 43 times.
a) Construct hypotheses regarding whether or not
Sophie preferred one ball over the other.
b) What proportion of the time in the sample did
Sophie choose the green ball?
11
 Example 8 continued
c) Have the conditions to use the normal distribution
for inference been met?
d) Assuming the conditions have been met, compute
the standard error and p-value.
e) Write a suitable conclusion in the context of this
problem.
f) Create a 95% confidence interval to estimate the
proportion of times Sophie chooses the green ball
over the red ball. Are the results from the interval
consistent with your conclusion in part (e)?

12
 Example 9
Two types of medication for hives are being tested to
determine if there is a difference in the percentage of
adult patient reactions. Twenty out of a random
sample of 200 adults given medication A still had hives
30 minutes after taking the medication. Twelve out of
another random sample of 200 adults given
medication B still had hives 30 minutes after taking the
medication. Test at a 1% level of significance.
Medication A B Total
Hives 20 12 32
No hives 180 188 368
Total 200 200 400 13