FOUNDATION

ANALYSIS
AND DESIGN
Third Edition

Joseph E. Bowles
Consulting Engineer/ Software Consultant
Engineering Computer Software
Peoria, Illinois

INTERNATIONAL STUDENT EDITION

McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL BOOK COMPANY

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 CONTENTS

Preface xiii

apter l Introduction
1-1 Foundations-Definition and Purpose l
1-2 Foundation Classifications 2
1-3 Foundation Site and System Economics 3
1-4 Generai Requirements of Foundations 5
1-5 Foundation Selection 6
1-6 SI and Fps Units 6
1-7 Computational Accuracy versus Design Precision 9

apter 2 Soil Mechanics in Foundation Engineering IO

2-1 Introduction IO
2-2 Foundation Materials 12
2-3 Soil Volume and Density Relationships 13
2-4 Major Factors Which Atfect the Engineering Properties
of Soils 16
2-5 Routine Laboratory Tests 19
2-6 Soil Classification in Foundation Design 24
2-7 Soil Classification Terms 25
2-8 In Situ StresSl;_S and K Conditions 32
2-9 Soil Water- Soil Hydraulics 35
2-10 Consolidation Principles 41
2-11 Shear Strength 50
2- 12 Sensitivity and Thixotropy 60
2- 13 Stress Paths 61
2- 14 Elastic Properties of Soil 66
2- 15 Isotropic and Anisotropie Soil Masses 70

v
 CONTENTS vii

Chapter 3 Exploration, Sampling, and In Situ 5-8 Stresses and Displacements in Layered and Anisotropie Soils 196
Consolidatio n Settlements 197
Soil Measurements 5-9
200
5-1 0 Reliability of Settlement Computations
3-1 Data Required
5-11 Proportioning Footings for a Given Settlement or
3-2 Methods of Exploration 201
Equal Settlements
3-3 Planning the Explo ration Program 203
3-4 5- 12 Structures on Fills
Soil Boring 204
5-13 Structural Tolerance to Settlement and Ditferential Settlements
3-5 Soil Sampling
3-6 Marine Sampling
3-7 The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) Chapter 6 Improving Site Soils for Foundation Use 208
3-8 Other Penetration Methods 208
6- 1 Introduction
3-9 Core Sampling 209
3-10 Water-Table Location 6-2 Compaction . .
Precompression to Improve S1te S01ls . 211
3-1 1 Depth and Number of Borings
6-3
6-4 Drainage Using Sand Blankets and Drams 213
3-12 Presentation of Data 215
6-5 Vibratory Methods to lncrease Soil Dens~~ .
3-13 Field Load Tests 217
6-6 Foundation Grouting and Chemical Stab1hzation
3-14 Field Vane Testing of Soils 114 218
6-7 Altering Groundwater Conditions
3-15 Measurements of In Situ Stresses and K . Conditions 218
117 6-8 Use of Geotextiles to l mprove Soil
3-16 Static Penetration Testing-Dutch-Cone Penetration Test (CPT) 121
3-17 The Borehole Shear Test 122
3-18 Seismic Exploration Factors to Consider in Foundation Design 221
123 Chapter 7
7- 1 Footing Depth and Spacing 221
Displaced Soil Etfects . . 224
Chapter 4 Bearing Capacity of Foundations 7-2
130 7-3 Net versus Gross Soil Pressure-Des1gn Soil Press~res 225
4-1 Introduction Erosion Problems for Structures Adjacent to Flowmg Water 226
130 7-4
4-2 Bearing-Capacity Equations 227
131 7-5 Corrosion Protection
4-3 Generai Comments on Bearing-Capacity Computations 227
135 7-6 Water-Table Fluctuation
4-4 Bearing Capacity- Examples 227
140 7-7 Foundations in Sand Deposits
4-5 Footings with Eccentric o r Inclined Loadings 228
143 7-8 Foundations on Loess

~
Etfect of Water Table o n Bearing Capacity 147 7-9 Foundations on Expansive Soils 230
Bearing Capacity for Footings on Layered Soils 149 Foundations on Clays and Silts 233
7-10

e
4-8 Bearing Capacity of Footings on Slopes 235
153 7- 11 Foundations on Sanitary Landfill Sites
Bearing Capacity from SPT 155 7-12 Frost Depth and Foundations on Permafrost 236
Bearing Capacity Using Cone Penetration Test (CPT) Data 159 Environmental Considerations 238
7-13
Bearing Capacity of Foundations with Uplift or Tension Forces 160
4-12 Bearing Capacity Based on Building Codes
(Presumptive Pressure) f63 Chapter 8 Spread Footing Design 240
4-13 Safety Factors in Foundation Design 240
163 8-1 Footings-Classification and Purpose . .
4-14 Bearing Capacity of Rocks 241
167 8-2 Allowable Soil Pressures in Spread Footmg Des1gn
Assumptions Used in Footing Design 242
8-3
Reinforced-Concrete Design-USO 243
Chapter 5 Foundation Settlements 8-4
249
171 8-5 Structural Design of Spread F ootings
5-1The Settlement Problem 171 Bearing Plates and Anchor Bolts 258
8-6
5-2Stresses in a Soil Mass Due to Footing Pressure 172 Pedestals 265
6 The Boussinesq Method for Evaluating Soil Pressure 173
8-7
8-8 Rectangular Footings . 269
~ Westergaard's Method for Evaluating Soil Pressures 178 Eccentrically Loaded Spread Footmgs 273
5-5 Immediate (Eiastic) Settlement Computation-Theory
5-6 Immediate Settlements- Application
183
187
~
8-11
Unsymmetrical Footings . . .
Wali Footings and Footings for Resdentlal Construction
282
286
5-7 Alternati ve Methods of Computing Elastic Settlements 192 Spread Footings with Overturning Moment 290
8-12
 viii CONTENTS
CONTENTS ix
Chapter 9 Special Footings and Beams on 12-5 Retaining-Wall Forces 440
Elastic Foundations 12-6 AUowable Bearing Capacity 448
9- 1 295 449
Introd uction 12-7 Settlements
9-2 Rectangular Combined Footings 295 12-8 Tilting 450
9-3 Design of Trapezoid-Shaped Footings 295 12-9 Design of Gravity and Semigravity Walls 453
9-4 Design of Strap (or Cantilever) Footings 304 12-10 Wall Joints 457
9-5 Footings for Industriai Equipment 309 12-11 Drainage . . 458
9-6 Modulus of Subgrade Reaction 312 12-12 Abutment Wing and Retaining Walls of Varymg He1ght 459
9-7 320 12-1 3 Design of a Cantilever Retaining W ali 460
Classica! Solution of Beam on Elastic Foundation
9-8 326 12-14 Design of a Counterfort Retaining Wali 466
Finite- Element Solution of Beam on Elastic Foundation
9-9 Bridge Piers 330 12-15 Basement or Foundation Walls; Walls for
9-10 Ring Foundations 339 Residential Construction 468
9-1 l 341 12-16 Reinforced -Earth Retaining Structures 469
Generai Comments on the Finite-Element Procedure
344
Chapter 10 Mat Foundations Chapter 13 Sheet-Pile Walls- Cantilevered
10-1 Introduction
349 and Anchored 474
10-2 Types of Mat Foundatio ns 349 13-1 Introduction 474
10-3 Bearing Capacity of Mat Foundations 350 13-2 Soil Properties for Sheet-Pile Walls 475
10-4 Mat Settlements 351 13-3 Types of Sheetpiling 477
@) Design of Ma t Foundations 352 13-4 Safety Factors for Sheet- Pile Walls 479
10-6 Finite-Difference Method for Mats 354 13-5 Cantilever Sheetpiling 481
10-7 Finite-Eiement Method for Mat Foundations 361 13-6 Anchored Sheetpiling : Free-Earth Suppor! 489
10-8 Mat-Superstructure Interaction 363 13-7 Rowe's Moment Reduction Applied to the
10-9 Circular Mats or Plates 374 Free-Earth-Support Method 495
374 13-8 Finite-Eiement Analysis of Sheet-Pile Walls __ 499
13-9 Wales and Anchorages for Anchored Sheetpliing 506
Chapter 11 Latera! Earth Pressure
11-1 378
The Latera) Earth Pressure Problem Chapter 14 Braced, Tieback, and
11-2 Active Earth Pressure 378
11-3 Passive Earth Pressure 379 Slurry Walls for Excavations 516
11-4 Coulomb Earth-Pressure Theory 381 14-1 Construction Excavations 516
11-5 Rankine Earth Pressures 38 1 14-2 Soil Pressures on Braced Sheeting or Cofferdams 519
388

~
Active and Passive Earth Pressure Using Theory of Plasticity 14-3 Conventional Design of Single-W ali (Braced) Cofferdams 522
7 392 14-4 Estirnation of Ground Loss around Excavations 527
Earth Pressure on Walls, Soil-Tension Effects, Rupture Zone
Reliability of Latera! Earth Pressures 396 14-5 Finite-Element Ana lysis for Braced Excavation~ 530
11-9 Soil Properties and Latera! Earth Pressure 399 14-6 Instability Due to Heave of Bottom of Excavallon 536
399

~
Earth-Pressure Theories in Retaining-Wall Problems 14-7 Other Causes of Cofferdam Instability 539
l 401 14-8 Construction Dewatering 540
Graphical and Computer Solutions for Latera! Earth Pressure
- Latera! Pressures by Theory of Elasticity for Surcharges
404 14-9 Slurry-Wall (or -Trench) Construction 544
3 Other Causes of Latera! Pressure 414

,
ll-14 419
Pressures in Si1os, Grain Elevators, and Coal Bunkers
420
Chapter 15 Cellular Cofferdams 548
15-1 Cellular Cofferdams: Types and Uses 548
Chapter 12 Retaining Walls 15-2 Celi Fili 552
12-1 Introduction 431 15-3 Stability and Design of Cellular Cofferdams . 553
12-2 431 15-4 Practical Consideratio ns in Cellular Cofferdam Deslgn 563
Common Proportions of Retaining Walls
12-3 433 15-5 Design of Diaphragm Cofferdam Celi 565
Soil Properties for Retaining Walls
12-4 Stability of Walls 436 15-6 Circular-Cofferdam Design 568
438 15-7 Cloverleaf-Cofferdam Design 573
 X CONTENTS CONTENTS xi

Chapter 16 Single Piles- Static Capacity and 19-6 Bearing Capacity and Settlements of Drilled Caissons 720
Latera! Loads; Pile/ Pole Buckling 19-7 Design of Drilled Caissons 725
575 729
16-1 Introduction 19-8 Laterally Loaded Caissons
575 19-9 Inspection of Drilled Caissons 730
16-2 Timber Piles
582
16-3 Concrete Piles
584 732
16-4 Steel Piles
589 Chapter 20 Design of Foundations for Vibration Contro!
16-5 Corrosion of Steel Piles 592 20-1 Introduction 732
16-6 Soil Properties for Static Pile Capacity 592 20-2 Elementary Vibrations 733
16-7 Static Pile Capacity Forced Vibrations fora Lumped Mass 738
593 20-3
16-8 Ultimate Static Pile Point Capacity 598 20-4 Approximate Solution of Vibrating Foundation-
16-9 Skin Resistance Capacity 602 Theory of Elastic Half-Space 743
16-10 Static Pile Capacity- Examples 610 20-5 Lumped-Mass Solution of the Vibrating Foundation 749
16-11 Piles in Permafrost Soil Properties-Elastic Constants 757
616 20-6
16-12 Static Pile Capacity Using Load-Transfer Load-Test Data 620 20-7 Coupled Vibrations 759
16-13 Tension Piles- Piles for Resisting Uplift 622 20-8 Effect of Piles to Reduce Foundation Vibrations 760
16-14 Laterally Loaded Piles Other Considerations for Machinery Foundations 761
623 20-9
16-15 Buckling of Fully and Partially Embedded Piles and Poles 632
Appendixes
Chapter 17 Single Piles- Dynamic Analysis 638
17-1 Dynamic Analysis
17-2 Pile Driving
638 A Generai Pile-Harnmer and Pile Data Tables 765
638 A-1 H-Piles 765
17-3 The Rational Pile Formula
643 A-2 Pile Hammers 766
17-4 Other Dynamic Formulas and Generai Considerations 647 769
17-5 Reliabi1ity of Dynamic Pile-Driving Formulas A-3 Sheet Piles
654 A-4 Pipe Piles 771
17-6 The Wave Equation
656 A-5 Prestressed-Concrete Piles 773
17-7 Pile-Load Tests
663
17-8 Pile-Ori ving Stresses
665 774
17-9 Generai Comments on Pile Driving
668 B Selected Computer Programs
B-1 Beam, Latera!- and Sheet-Pile Finite-Element Program 775
Mat Program 781
Chapter 18 Pile Foundations- Groups 671
B-2
787
B-3 Three-Dimensional P ile-Group Program
18- 1 Single Piles versus Pile Groups
671
18-2 Pile-Group Considerations
67 1 788
18-3 Efficiency of Pile G roups
673
References
18-4 Stresses on Underlying Strata
676
18-5 Settlements of Pile Groups Indexes 807
683
18-6 Pile Caps
687 Name Index
18-7 Batter Piles
690 S ubject Index
18-8 Negative Skin Friction
690
18-9 Matrix Analysis for Pile Groups
696

Chapter 19 Caissons Including D rilled Piers 705

19-1 Types of Caissons
705
19-2 . Open-End Caissons
706
19-3 Closed-End, or Box, Caissons 711
19-4 Pneumatic Caissons
715
19-5 Drilled Caissons
71 7
 ASTM
American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street Pb"J .
REFERENCES ASTM STP
Pa. adelph 1a,
American So~iety for Testing and Mareria/s Specia/ Technica/ Publicati
(wrth appropnate number) on
AWPI
American Wood Preservers Institute, 2600 Virginia Avenue, Washington,
D.C.
CGl Canadian Geotechnical lournal, Ottawa, Canada
ENR Engineering News-Record, New York (weekly)
ICE Institution of Ci vii Engineers (Lo ndon)
P/CE Proceedings of Institurion ofCivil Engineers
ICSMFE
Proceedings of lnternarional Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation
Engineering

1st ICSMFE = Harvard University(l 936)

2d ICSMFE = Rotterdam, Holland (1948)
3d ICSMFE = Zurich, Switzerland (1953)
4th ICSMFE = London (1957)
5th JCSMFE = Paris (1961)
6th ICSMFE = Montreal (1965)
T o simplify and condense the reference list, the following abbreviations are used : 7th ICSMFE = Mex.ico City (1969)
8rh ICSMFE = Moscow (1973)
AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Ollicials 9th ICSMFE = Tokyo (1977)
ACI American Concrete Jnstitute, Detroit, Michigan lOth ICSMFE = Stockholm (1 981 )
l ACl lournal of American Concrere l nsrirure (monthly)
SMFE Soi/ Mechanics and Foundation Engineering
ASCE American Society of Civil .tngineers
lGED lournal ofGeotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE (1974-0000) _
lSMFD 1 ourna/ of Soil M echanics and F oundation Division, ASCE (1955-1973, mel.) Geotechnique is published by the Institution of Ci vii Engineers, London, England.
PSC Proceedings of Soil M echanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, speciality
conferences as follows: Highway Research Board, Highway Research Record, etc., published by National Academy of Sci-
ences, Washington, D.C.
fst PSC = Shear Strength ofCohesive Soils, Boulder, Colo. (1960)
2d PSC = Design of Foundat ions for Contro! of Settlement, Northwestem AASHTO (1977), " Standard Specifications fo r Hghway Bridges," 12th ed., 496 pp.
University, Evanston, 111. (1964)
3d PSC = Placement and lmprovement of Soil to Suppor! Structures, ACI (1975), Recommended Practice for Design and Construction or Co ncrete Bins, Silos and Bunkers
Cambridge, Mass. (1968) for Storing Granular Materials, Report or ACI Committee 313,' l ACI, O ctober, pp. 529-565.
ACI Committee 336 (1972), Suggested Design and Construction Procedures for Pier Foundations,
4th PSC = Latera! Stresses in the Ground and Design of Earth Retaining l ACI, August, pp. 461-480.
Structures, Cornell University,lthaca, N.Y. (1970)
ACI Committee 436 (1966), Suggested Design Procedures ror Combined Footings and Mats, l ACI,
5th PSC = Performance of Earth and Earth Supported Structures, Purdue
October, pp. 1041-1057 (now committee 336).
University, Lafayette, Ind. (1972) . _
AISC (1980), Stee/ Construction Manua /, 8th ed., American Institute of Steel Construction, 400 N .
6th PSC = Ana lysis and Design in Geotechnical Engineering, Umversrty or Michigan, Ave., Chicago, Ili. 6061 L
Texas, Austin, Tex. (1974)
AISI (1 975), Steel Pile Lcad T est Data, American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, D.C., 84 pp.
7th PSC = In Situ Measurements of Soil Properties, North Carolina State
Akinmusuru, J. O . (1978), Horizontally Loaded Vertical Plate Anchors in Sand, JGED, vol. 104, GT2,
University, Raleigh, N.C. (1975) . _ February, pp. 283-286.
8th PSC = Rock Engineering for Foundations and Slo pes, Umversrty or Aldrich, H. P . (1967), Precompression ror Support or Shallow Foundations, lSMFD, ASCE, vol. 91,
Colorado, Boulder, Colo. (1976) _ SM2, March, pp. 5-20.
9th PSC = Geotechnical Practice for Disposal of Solid Waste Matenals,
Alizadeh, M., and M. T. Davisson (1970), Latera! Load Tests on Piles-Arkansas River Project,
University orMichigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. (1977)
lSMFD, ASCE, vol. 96, SM5, September, pp. 1583-1604.
JOth PSC = Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, Pasadena, Calif.
Alpan, I. (1 967), The Empirica! Evaluation or the Coellicient K 0 and K , Soi/ and Founda tions,
(1978) To lcyo, vol. 7, no. l, January, pp. 31-40. 01

Andersland, O. B., and D. M. Anderson (1978), "Geotechnical Engineering ror Cold Regions,"
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<\SME American Society ror Mechanical Engineers Anderson, D . G., et al. (1 978), Estimating in Situ Shear Moduli at Competent Sites, lOth PSC, ASCE,
vol. l, pp. 181-197.
788
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