SPE
SPE 13054
Use of Pressure Transient Testing To Evaluate Fractured Reservoirs
in Western Venezuela
bv G. Da Prat,* INTEVEP S.A.; J. Mannucci, Corpoven S.A.; L. Prado,* INTEVEP S.A.; and E. Millan,
Chpoven S.A.
SPE Members
Copyright 19S4 S@ety of Petroleum Engineers of AlME
This paper was presented at the 59th AnnualTechnical Conference and Exhibitionheld in Houston,Texas, September 16-19,1984. The materiil ia sub-
ject to correctionby the author. Permissionto copy is restrictedto an abstractof not more than 500 worda Write SPE, 6200 Norih Central Expressway,
Drawer 64706, Dalles, Texas 75206 USA. Telex 730969 SPEDAL.
ASSTRACT
For a naturally fractured reservoir the exist-
ence of two semi-log straight lines when analysing
real pressure traneient data is seldom observed and
some existing models for interpretation of fractured
systems have always been subjected to controversy.
In this study an analysis of pressure transient data
taken in wells completed in fractured reservoirs in
Western Venezuela has shown the existence of two
well-defined parallel semilog straight lines which
confirms the Warren and Root model from a practical
viewpoint. The data was analyeed using the type-
curve corresponding to the solutione for a well with
wellbore storage and skin in a reservoir with double
porosity (pseudo-steady etate flow). The analysis
provides valuee for the dimensionless fractured
storage parameter, u and the dimensionless matrix-
fracture permeability ratio, A which are considered
to be representative of a two-porosity system.
Finally, a production forecast analysie ie made for
t-hereservoir using the ~M~ii.ed Yalues cf w a!?d$.,
INT~DUCTIOW
Naturally fractured reservoira, also called two
porosity systems, have been the eubject of study for
many years.
From a geological viewpoint, the identification
of the type of porosity contributing to fluid stor-
age still is a subject of controversy specially for
new discoveries. It can be said that a fractured
reservoir still poeee a technological and economical
challenge. Many are the cases where a well starts
producing at a high rate and then, in a matter of a
month or two production drops considerably without a
clear explanation of the problem. Looking at the
literature over the past twenty years, a tremendous
amount of effort is being conducted to improve tech-
niques for obtaining a better reeervoir description,
well dynamics and reservoir engineering of a frac-
tured system1J14
Pressure transient teeting has proven to be a
valuable technique for reservoir description and
evaluation.
References and illustrations at end of paper.
Specifically for two porosity systems many
models for interpreting pressure transient data
have been presented over the past twenty years2-12.
Type curves are available for analysing Wells
completed in these systeme13, including wellbore
storage and akin effects.
Also, conetant pressure eolutions which define
declining production rates with time have been
presented that can be used to make a production
forecast analysis for finite and infinite fractured
reservoirs.
However, from a practical viewpoint many of
the existing models are subjected to controversy
when comparing real data vs expected behavior. For
naturally fractured reservoirs, meet of the models
for interpretation are based on the existence of
two parallel seudlog straight lines as predicted by
Warren and Root3. In the present study, build-up
and drawdown data taken in welle completed in West-
ern Venezuela reservoirs have shown the existence
of two semilog straight linee confirming the Warren
and Root model from a practkal viewpoint.
FIELD LOCATION AND RSSERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS
The three wells under study are completed in
Cretaceous formation in fields located in Western
Venezuela (South Weet Lake of Maracaibo). See Fig.
1. The wells, MACH-3X, ALT-17 and 14RN-2x belong to
The Mechiques, Alturitas and Totuesos fields, re-
spectively. The formation permeabilities are less
than 1 md and primary porosities range from 3 to
6%. The fractured nature of the reservoirs can be
inferred from the lithologycal and petrophysical
properties for the analysed cores. Figs. 2 and 3
show loge for wells MACH-3X and 14RN-2X respective-
ly. Fig. 4 shows a picture of a thin section photo-
micrograph of a core taken from the well 14RN-2X.
Fracture porosity occurs in breaks in the bladed
calcite crystals. Hydrocarbons stain fractures
both parallel to the crystal bladee and perpendicu-
lar to them.
=~il~--tipZZCl d~=#5=~. tests f~r the wells are
shown in Figs. 5 to 10. At the present time, the
lithology, petrophysical and core analysis for
these reservoirs are being carried out. It is
inportant to clearly define the contribution of
 USE OF PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING TO EVALUATE
FRACTURED RESERVOIRS IN WESTERN VENEZUELA
2
fractures, vugs and matrix to fluid reserves. The
production strategies for these systems require the
knwledge of the basic reservoir parameters. It is
the main objective of the present study to provide
information from pressure transient analysis that
can be used to adequately describe the nature of the
reservoir and to make the corresponding production
forecast analysis.
PRBSSORS TRAWSIKST ANALYSIS
Over the past twenty years, the hydrodynamics
GC f~~ifif~~ ififrz~t~~ed ~YS~Q~ has hen SUbjeCt-
ed to extensive research 2 ~11,120
As it was said in the introduction, even though
there are many models for interpreting pressure
transient data in fractured reservoirs, it is still
considered a major task, from a practical viewpoint,
to match real data with the expected behavior as
predicted by a given model. In many cases, the reso-
lution of the pressure gauge is not good enough to
detect pressure changes that can identify the frac-
tured nature of the system.
In other cases, the pressure behavior at short
times is influenced by wellbore storage effects that
can maak the fracture response of a double porosity
reservoir. Let us look at Figs. 5 to 10. They repre-
sent pressure build-up and drawdown data for the
three wells under study (WACH 3X, ALT-17 and 14RN-
2X). The data shown in Figs. 5, 6 and 7 exhibit, an
S shape. Specifically, the build up and drawdown
data for well MACH-3X (Figs. 5 and 6) can be con-
sidered a textbook case in the sense that two paral-
lel semilog straight lines can be drawn through the
data, a behavior predicted by the Warren and Root
mode13 for interpreting pressure tests in naturally
fractured reservoirs. Although the initial parallel
straight line is not so evident far wells ALT-17 and
14RN-2X, the use of the type curve matching tech-
nique as presented by Bourdet and Gringarten 13 for
two porosity systems allows the identification of a
fractured medium. Let us nw do a pressure trans-
ient analysis for each well. The reader is refered
to Appendix A, B and C for calculations and the
method used, and to Table 4 for a summary of the
obtained values for u, k, kh and S for each case.
Well MACS-3X
A horner graph for this well is shcwn in Fig.
5. Fig. 6 shows a semi-log graph of AP vs log At.
Two parallel semilog straight lines are sham
both plots. The value of w as predicted by Warren
and Root is 0.15. One of the major points of dis-
cussion regarding the appearance of the initial
semilog straight line has been that it may not be
seen due to wellbore storage effects not taken into
accourIt SY W=z=arl =F.dRcot. ?C .....-..=
-1.~+ew +him -..-.,
nnimt.
r--.--,
let us analyse the drawdcwn and build-up data using
the type curve matching technique. Figs . 11 and 12
show the type curve matching for the build-up and
drawdown case respectively. It can be seen that the
data match a two porosity behavior. Initially the
data follcms the solution for a homogeneous curve
then there is a transition period and finally the
data follows other homogeneous solution correspond-
ing to the total system. The calculated value of w
is 0.10 which is in good agrement with the value
,.Sl,.la+aa
=.....--..,J~
ip.g ~~.= warre~ Sp-d ~~Q~ ~~~~~ime
Concerning the initial semilog straight line in the
buil-up data, according to the type curve, the start
of the initial straight line is at At = 0.72 hr
SPE 13054
(+- = 79), and for the semilog-straight line
corresponding to the total system it should start
at At . 12 hr (~. = 5.7) as seen On Fig. 5.
Well.ALT-17
A horner graph and a plot of AP vs log At are
shown in Figs. 10 and 9, respectively. By just
looking at the plots, there is not a clear evidence
that we are dealing with a two porosity system
~=m ~~le
rather than with a homogeneous syskeB.
horner plot, it appears that early time data can
fit a straight line. The same is true but not so
prOnOiinCe& EOZ t% &iXW5~WC (SSta- Fi~: 13 ?I?KI14
show the lo~log type curve matching for the build-
up and the drawdown, respectively. The two porosity
nature is more evident. The data starts matching a
homogeneous (fissure) solution, a transition-period
follows (matrix-fracture) and finallY the data
matches the homogeneous (fissure + matrix) solu-
tion. Also according to the ~ezs value, the well
appears fractured (slope of .5 fOr earlY ti*
data ). It appears that we are dealing with a frac-
tured well in a naturally fractured reservoir. The
flow behavior for the early time data then is af-
fected by several factors that influence the ini-
tial semilog-straight line associated with the
fractures. Using log-log techniques the obtained
values for w and k are 0.5 and 5X10-6 respectively.
Well 14sN-2X
A horner plot for this well is shown in Fig.
S. A straight line can be drawn through almost all
the data and the behavior can be considered as one
for a homogeneous conventional reservoir. There is
not a visible indication that the reservoir is a
fractured system. A plot of &P vs log At of the
drawdown data is shown in Fig. 7. In this case an
S shape is observed. Looking at the data, two
parallel semi-log straight lines could be drawn
through the points and the Warren and Root model
applied, as it was presented originally (not con-
sidering wellbore storage and skin effects). Figa.
15 and 16 show the type curve matching for this
well. The match indicates a two porosity system.
Furthermore, it indicates that the initial se~log_
straigh line will be obscured by wellbore storage
and skin effects to the extension of the transition
period. The obtained values for w and k are 0.10
in
and 3.9x10-7 , respectively. For the sake of compar-
ison, if two parallel semilog straight lines are
drawn @ the semilog-plot as shown in Fig. 7, and
Warren and Root is applied, a value of w = 0.30 is
obtained, which is quite different from the one
calculated using type curve matching.
RBSERVOIR CHARACTSRIZATIOW
Using the valuea obtained for w and h, e pre-
liminary evaluation can be done about the type of
two porosity system we are dealing with. Table 4
summarizes the reeults for w and k. According to
reference 1, for w = 0.5 (well ALT-17), the storage
capacity can be attributed to the fractures. There
is a high fracturing density where the blocks di-
mensions are small and we can say that it is a
=-- . .=4-
e -gA= la ~cre~~~y <yg= Qf ~~~~~yQi~ * For @ = 0.1
(wells MACH-3X and 14RN-2X) it can be said that the
reservoir is a claasic fractured reservoir (double
porosity), i.e., a system of matrix and fractures
5PE lln:A
o-- G. DA PRAT, J.MANNUCCI, L. PRADO & E. MILLAN 3

wellbore storage and skin effect made evident the

with average fracturing densities and blocks dimen-
double porosity nature of the system and allowed
sions.
the calculation of the parameters w and A. The
PRODUCTION FOSJ?CASTANALYSIS evaluation done using pressure transient analYsia
indicated a single porosity (fractures) reservoir
The analysis of the pressure transient data and reservoirs with double porosity (matrix plus
idic-tes that the wzllbore ~rsssures wzre not af- fractures). FinallY, the production forecast analY-
fected by any outer boundary effects, and that they sis allows the calculation of flow rate vs time
match pressure solutions for an infinite system. considering the fact that for a two porosity system
Fig. 17, taken from Da Prat, et.al.8 shows the solu- the initial decline ia not represantative of the
tions for the flow rate qD vs tD for different final state of depletion.
values of w and A assuming zero skin and a well in
an infinite system. For a given value of A (* O), NOMEWCLATURB
the flow rate depends initially on tD and U. AS
B . Formation volume factor, RB/STB
time increases, the interaction between matrix and
c= Wellbore storage, Bbl/psi
fracture is reflected in a period of constant flow
cD = Dimensionless wellbore storage constant
rate, after which the solution becomes the same as
%?= Total compressibility, psi-l
that for a homogeneous system. Actually, the figure
h= Formation thickness, ft
can be used as a type curve to predict flow rates as
k= Permeability, md
a function of time. According to Ref. 8, if u and
k ~afib= o~~gi~=~ f~o~ p~~~sure transient analYsis~ m= Absolute value of semilog straight line slope,
psi;cycle
then, the particular type curve can be generated to
P= Pressure, psi
predict flow performance.
Fig. 18 shows the bahavior of the flow rate vs pD Dimensionless pressure
time for a two porosity system were u = 0.1 and A = Ap = Pressure change
10-7 (values representatives for well MACH-3X). q= flow rate, STB/D
qD . Dimensionlessflow rate
Both the infinite and finite solutions are shown. To
allow f?r a akin factor the effective wellbore ra- 141.2qB~
.
diua, rw = rw e-s, should be substituted for rw.
kfh (Pi - Pwf)
The skin effect causes reD to appear SIUS1l. As
development of the reservoir continues, the wells
rw = Wellbore radius, ft
under study may feel the influence of a closed outer
re = Outher boundary radius, ft
boundary. In this case, the flow rate behavior is
different from the conventional reservoir. For examp- -- = Dimensionless outer boundary radius, re/rw
reD
le, for reD = 200 or reD = 500 the initial decline s . Skin effect
t . time, hours
should not be considered as the final stata of de-
pletion. From a practical viewpoint, given an ini- tD = Dimensionless time
tial value for the flow rate, it is important to 2.637 (10-4) kft
know the time required to deplete the two porosity .
system. Let US &e tMS ~n21jjSiS fez well W?C%-3X
(u= 0.1, A = 10-7 and let us assume an reD= 500).
The flow rate8starte declining until it reaches a At = Elapsed time, hr
vain.ie
~iiieiibjj c= T.+.mrynnitV
&..w=.=------ f~QW Shape factor~ ft-2
r~D - 1 u)= Dimensionless fracture storage
qD . A = 0.0125 . Viscosity, cp
2
L Dimensionless matrix/fracture permeability ra-
tio
This will occur at a time given by
$ = Porosity, fraction
~n[eD-
r2
A (ln reD - 3/4)]
. 2 x 105 f = Fracture
%=.2 L
~- m = Matrix
1 -w r~D (ln reD - 3/4) w D = Dimensionless
S1 Metric Ccnwersion Factor
?.~ttav
-. ... $~-i~ time
.-.--:the flow rate stays constant
until the exponential term in the long time solution psi x 6.894 757 E + 100 = kPa
for the flow rate dominates. It dominates until the md - ft x 3.008142 E + 02 = pzm
flow rate becomes zero as the final depletion state. ftx3.048 E-Ol=m
A similar analysis can be made for wells ALT-17 and CPX 1.0 E - 03 = Pa.a
14RW-2X.
RXFBRENCES
CONCLUSIONS
1. T.D. Van Golf-Racht. Fundamentals of Fractured
Analysis of pressure transient testa (build-up Reservoir Engineering, Elsevier Scientific
&ata fi~= wells ~ecated i~ frECk~urSd
anti &ra-w&o-wii) Publishing Company, Amaterdam-Oxford-New York
reservoirs in Western Venezuela have verified the (1982).
existence of two parallel semi-log straight lines as
predicted by the Warren and Root model. 2. Barenblatt, G.I., and Zheltov, Iu. P. On the
For wells
where the initial straight line was subject to Basic Flow Equations of Homogeneous Liquids in
controversy the type curve matching technique using Fissured Rocks (in Russian)-Dokl. Aka-d. Nauk
the solution for a two porosity system considering SSSR (1960), 132, N3, 545-548.
 USE OF PRSSSURE TWU4SIENT TESTING TO NALUATE
4 FNKTURED RESERVOIRS IN WESTERN VENEZUELA SPE 13054

3. Warren, i.7.
E. and Root, P.J.: The Behavior of At = 1 hr, tD/cD = 5.4
Ap= 1000 PSi, ~ = 1.2
Naturally Fractured Reservoirs, SpE J. (Sept.
1963), 245-255.
The pressure solutions that match the test
4. Odeh, A.S.: Unsteady-State Behavior of Natur- data are:
ally Fractured Reservoirs, SPE J. (Mer.1965),
OU-0*. (CDe2s)f = 1, for the fissures

5. Kazemi, H.: Pressure Transient Analysis of (CDe2s)f+m= 0.1, for the total system, and
Naturally Fractured Reservoirs, Trans., AIME ~e-2S= 5X10-2, for the transition-
(1969), 256, 451-461.

6. De Swaan, O.A.: Analytic Solutions for Determ- kfh is obtained from the pressure match:
ining Naturally Fractured Properties by Well
D)
Testing,e SPZ Z. (Jiii,?
!9?5), !17-!22. kfh = 1~1.z q Bu [
Apm
7. Mevor, M.J. and Cinco-Ley, H.: Transient Pres- . 141.2 (2700)(1.S235)(0.362)(~)
sure Behavior of Naturally Fractured Reser-
voirs, Paper SPE 7977, presented at the 1979 = 302 md-ft
California Regional Meeting, SPE of AIME,
C is obtained from the time match:
Ventura, California, Apr. 1s-20, 1979.
302
c=-{~}M= {&} =
s. Da Prat, G. Cinco-Ley, H., and Remey, H. Jr. : 33S9(0.362)
Decline Curve Analysis using Type-Curves for
Two Porosity Systems, SPE J. (June 198?) ~~&- = 0.046 bbl/psi
362.
To obtain, S, we need to calculate (cD)f~
9, Pollard, P. : Evaluation of Acid Treatments
from Pressure Build-Up Analysis,n Trane., AIME 0.S936 C - 0.S936[0.046)
(c~)fh =
(1959), 216, 38. ($ct)ftihr~ (1s18 10-6)(65)(0.2917)2

10. Najurieta, H.L.: A Theory for the Pressure = 6298

Transient Analysia in Naturally Fractured
Reservoirs, paper SPE 6017, preeented at the (CDe2s)
s = 0.5 in *=0.51n_Q=- 5.53
SPE-AIME Slat Annual Fall Technical Conference (CD)f~ 6298
and Exhibition, New Orleands, Oct. 3-6, 1976.

II* Gringarten, A.C. ,~FlowTest Evaluation of Frac- u can be obtained as

tured Reservoirs, presented at the Symposium
on Recent trends in Hydrology-Berkeley, Cali- ~ ~ (cDe2s)f~ = 0.1 _ 0.10
fornia, February, S-9, 1979. To be published by 1
( CDe 2s)f
the Geological Society of America, Editore T.N.
Narasimhan and R.A. Preeze, (1980).
and k is given by
12. Strelstova-Adame , T.D. Hydrodynamics of
Ground-water Fiow in a Fracturei Formdtioii,= ).= (~.e-zs)ezs= (5x10-2) e2(-553) = 8X10-7
Water Reeourcee Research (June 1976), ~, N
13, 405. BUILD-UP TSST

13. Boudert, D. and Gringarten, A. Determination
of Fiseure volume and block size in Fractured
Reservoirs by type-curve analysisn. Paper SPE
9293 preeented at the SPE AIME 55 th Annual
Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas,
Texas September 21-24, 1980.
14. Aguilera, R.:Analysis of naturally fractured
reservoirs from conventional well loge, J.
Pet. Tech. (July 1976), 764-772.
As for the drawdown case, the preseure differe-
nce (Pwa - Pw (At = O)) was plotted as a function
of time on tracing paper and then placed over the
type curve as shown in Fig. 11. From the chosen
match point we have:
At = 1, tD/CD = 5.7, pD = ~*41 AP = 1000 Psi
(~e2s)f = 1, for the fissures

APPlnQDxxA (c~ezs)f+m= 0.1, for the total system and

PRESSURS TRAWSIEWT AWALYSIS FUR W5L MACB-3X
?be-zs= !jxIO-2 for the transition
WG-LOG AWALYSXS

DRAWDDWW TEST kfh = 141.2 qBP (~)M

The drawdown test preesure data for this well . 141.2 (3224) (1.8235) (0.362) ~
is shown in Table 1. The preesure difference
(Pwf - pwf (At = 0) ) waa plotted as a function of = 420 md-ft
time on tracing paper and then placed over the type
curve for a well with wellbore storage and skin C is obtained from the time - tD/CD match:
(reservoir with double porosity behavior) ae seen in
Fig. 12. From the chosen match point we have:
SPE 13054 G. DA PRAT, J. MMJNUCCI, L. PRADO & E. MILLAN 5

exist. For the fissure system the sedtl~~~traight

c=%p{&} =3389; ~!362) $+
. line should start at At = 0.72 hr (~= 79)
For the total system the ts~dA~g straight line
= 0.06 bbl/psi should start at At = 12 hr (~= 5.7). AccOra-
ing to Fig. 5 we have:
0.8936(0.06)
(CD)fh = 08936; =
(I$C)
~luw (1.18x10-6(65)(0.2917)2 m = 850 psi/cycle
= 8215
P; = 11400 psi, 6P = 700 psi

S = 0.5 in
De2s)f+m= 0*5 In .1
= - 5.67 kfh = 162.6 qBu = 162.6(3224)(1.8235)(0.362~
8215 m 850
(CD)f*
= 407 md-ft
A ~ ~Ae-2S)e2S = ~5x102)e2(-5.67) = 6X10-7
The skin factor S is given by:
u can be obtained as: ~P1hr=Pwf !At=o! ..
s= 1.15 - log ~ + 3.23]
m +pcthr$
~ < (CDe2s)fti 0.1
== 0.10
. 1.151 [9850 - 9670 - log 407
(c~e2s)f
S50 (65)(24.5x10-6)(0.048)
Notice that for the build-up case the short
+ 3.23] = - 5.52
production time was considered to make the appropri- (0.362)(0.2917)2
ate match on the type curve.
According to Warren and Root:
~ AWALYSIS
&&
-2QQ
Drawdown 850 = 0.15
u= 10 m = 10
A semilog graph for this well is shown in Fig.
6. According to the log-log analysis, two parallel APPENDIX B
semi-log straight lines exist. For the fissure PRSBBURB TRAUSIEWT ASALYSIS POR WELL ALIT-17
system the straight line should start after At = LOG-W AWALYSIS
0.74 hr, and for the total system the straight line
starts after At = 10.3 hr. Two parallel semi-log DRAWDWS TSBT
StSai3b.t~in.eSare SeQn..
The drawdown pressure data far thi= we2~ iS
Tineslope is: shown in Table 2. The pressure difference (Pwf -
pwf (At = 0)) was plotted as a function of time on
m = 1080 psi/cycle tracing paper and then placed over the type curve
as shown in Fig. 14. A match was found at the fol-
Vertical distance 6P is:
lowing point:

6P = 1080 PSi
PD = 1.1 fOr Ap = 1000 pSi and tD/CD = 14 for
According to Warren and Root, u is given by: At = 1 hr
~
The solutions curves that matched the test
(0= 10 m = 10-1 = 0.10 tits were:

(CDe2s)f =
,.-1, for the fissures
Let us compute kfh:
..,3 ~.
kfh . 162.6 auB ~ 2700 (1.S2335)
m 1080
(Ae-2s)m- 2.4x10-1 for the transition.
= 268 md - ft

The skin factor S is given by~ From the pressure match - PD match:

ilhr kh kfh= 141.2q BV (h)

s= 1.15 [- log + 3.23] = Ap m
m (opct)r~ h . 141.2 (3350)(1.478)(0.52) (W)

. 1.15 [4- log ( 268 = 400 ma - ft

1080 (24.5x10-6)(0.048) (0.362)
From the At - tD/CD match, the wellbore
storage constant, C, can be obtained as:
(0.231;)2(65))+ 323] = - 564
c= JQL {d&_} . 400
Build-uP {J} =
3389 V tD/CD M 3389 (0.52) 14

A horner plot is sh~n in Fig. 5. According to = 0.016 bbl/psi

the lo-log analysis, two semi-log straight lines
 USE OF PRESSURE TSANSIENT TESTING TO EVALUATE
6 FRACTURED RESERVOIRS IN WES!lERN
VENEZUELA SPE 13054

527 {d} .
0.B936 c !),8936(0.016)
(c~)fm = 3389 (0.52) 24
(bet)f~hr$ = (0.038)(74.6x10-6)(24)
.012 bbl/psi
= 1494
(0.375)2
0.8936 C 0.8936 (0.012)
(cD)fti = =
(@c)thr$ (O.O38)(74.6X1O6)(24)
Theu, the akin factwr, S, c-11
- tilculateu u~:
= 1121
(~e2s)fa (0.375)*
S = 0.5 in =0.51n~ =-5.15
(CJ))f* The skin factor, s, is then given by:

Which is indicative ofa stimulated wellbore. It,2.5x10-2 _

s= - 5.36
1121
u is given by:

~ ~ (CDe2s)fti u is given by:

5X1O-*
==0.5
10-1
(CDe2s)f (cDe2s)f~= 2.5x10-2 =
IA)< 0.5

and k can be obtained by:

(CDe2s)f 5X1O-2

A = (Ae-2s)e2S = (2.4x10-l)e2(-5*15) = 8XI0-6 A can be computed as:

2(-5.36) = 4.4X1O-6
A = (Ae-2S)e2S s (2x10-l)e
The (CDe 2s) value for the fissures (0.1) in-
dicates a fractured well 13. In this case, the frac- The fracture half-lenght can be computes from
ture half-lenght can be computed from the akin as: the skin as:
e-s = 2 (0.375)e+ 5.15 = 129 ft
Xf s 2 r% Xf = 2 rwe-s = 2 (0.375)e536 = 160 ft

l%sf SMImc+ ANALYSIS

The pressure build-up data ia shown in Table 2. Build-up .

AS for the drawdown test, the pressure difference
A horner plot of the build-up data is shown in
(PW8 - Pwf (At = 0)) was plotted as a function of
Fig. 10. There is not a clear indication of a dou-
time on tracing paper and then placed over the type
ble porosity reservoir if compared to the log-log
curve as shown in Fig. 13. A match was found at the
graph. According to type curve matching, the ini-
following point:
tial semi-log straight line should start at At =
6.4 hr (~= 26). Initially the data is dom-
At = 1 hr and tD/CD = 24
Ap = 1000 pai and~ = 1.5 inated by a slope of 0.5 as characteristic of a
fractured well and a straight line will develop
The pressure curves that match the test aata after At = 6.4 hr. However, the transition period
were: matrix fracture appears well before the start of
the semilog straight line. For the total sYstem#
-2, for the fissures should start at At = 18 hr
(CDe2s)f = 5x1O
ae seen in the semilog graph. The
~~~t~a~ght 9.8)line
~cDe2s)fa - - -2 SVntem
= ~.bxlo , fey the tO&d -.-f- slope is:

(Le-2s)~ = 2X1O 1 for the transition m= 875 psi/cycle

Aps = 1913t3
psi + p~ = 11116 pSi
The value of (CDe 2s)f indicates a ractured
f@ lhr
= - 50 &Mi + P,hr = 9166 PSi
welli3.
The product kfh is given by:
From the pressure - PD ~tch:

Icfh- 162.6 aBv - 162.6 (3240) (1.478) (0.52~

kfh= 141.2qBW (~) m 875
Ap M
= 462 ma - ft
. 141.2 (3240) (1.478) (0.52) ~
The skin factor, S, is given by:
= 527 md-ft ~lhr
s= 1*151 [- logk + 3.23 + log=]
m (Opct)r:
From the At - ~/CD match, the wellbore storage P
constant is . 1.151 [*- log 19
875 (0.038)(0.52)(74.6x10-6)
+ 3.23 + log 160)]
( =- 5.51
(0.375)* 159
SPE 13054 G. DA PRAT, J.MANNUCCI, L. PRADO & E. MILLAN 7

Drawdown 0.8936 C = 0.8936 (0.02)

(cD)fa =
($ct)fahr~ (0.0S2)(1.5X10-5)(29)
A graph of Ap vs log At is shown in Fig. 9. As
for the build-up case there is not a clear indica- = 25799
tion of a two porosity system by just looking a the (0.175)2
seti-log graph. According to the log-log SOIUtiOn,
the initial straignt Line snoula si=artat At = 5 nr. The skin factor, s, is given bY:
For the total system, the semi-log straight line
should start at At = 11 hr. Using the semilog (~e2s)fti= o s In 0.5x102
straight line for the total system we have: s = 0.5 in . = - 2.78
(cD)f* 25799
m = 1070 psi/cycle
u is given by:
plhr = 125 psi
(CDe2s)fti 102
a< == 0.10
kfh = 162.6 (3350)(1.4713)(0.52)_=391 ~d-ft ,03
1070 (C~e2s)f

The skin factor, S, is given by: A can be computed as:

s . 1.151 [-
~ 1hr log (J_ ) + 3.23] A = (ke
-2sje2s ~ ~lo-4)=2(-2078) = 3.9X10-7
m @*ctr$
Drawdown Test
. 16
1.151 [=- log
1070 (0.038) (0.52)(0.746x~0-4 ) The drawdown pressure data for this well is
shown in Table 3. The pressure difference~ pws- pwf
+ 3.23] = - 5.2 (At = O), was plotted as a function of time On
(o.375)~
tracing paper and then placed over the type curve
APPmmIx c as shown in Fig. 15. From the chosen match point.
PSES8WSS TRANSIEST ANALYSIS FOR WELL 14824-2X
At At = 1 hr, tD/CD = 56
mL@ AUALYSIS
At AP = 1000 pSi, ~ = 3.8
BUILD-UP TEST
and for the matched curves:
The build-up pressure data for this well is
show in Table 3. <e pressure difference (Pwa -Pws (CDe2s)f = 103, for the fissures
(At = 0)] was plotted as a function of time on
tracing paper and then placed over the type curve as (CDe2s)f+m = 102, for the total system and
shown in Fig. 16. From the chosen match point:
(Ae-2s) = 10-5, for the transition.

at At = 1 hr, tD/cQ = 27 It corresponds to a dameged/acidized well.

at Ap = 1000 psi, pD = 3.7 From the pressure - PD match have:

The pressure curves solutions that matched the kfh = 141.2qBP (~)
data were: Ap M

( CDe 2s)f = 103, for the fissures . 141 .2(2160)(1.2816)(1.8142)(~) =

. 2625 md-ft
(CDe2s)f+m = 102, for the total system and
~Ae-2s) = 10-4, for the transition From the At - t~CD match:

From the pressure - PD ~tch: c= A {A} . 2695

{:} 5
3389 P t~CD M 3389(1.8142)
kfh = 141.2qBp (~)
= 0.01 bbl/psi

= 141.2 (2160) (1.2816)(M142)(&) = 0.8936 C = 0.8936 (0.01)

(cD)fti =
(Oct)ftihr$ (O.O52)(1.5X1O-5 )
= 2624 md-ft
12900
From the At - ~/CD match, the wellbore storage (29)(0.175)2 =
constant, C, can be obtained:
The skin factor, S, is given by:
C=a{a]= 2624
{+} = 0.02 bbl/psi
3389P t~CD 3389(1.8142) s = 0.5 h cDe2s)fa = 0.5 In&= - 2.43
(cD)f* 12900
 USE OF PRESSURS TRANSISNT TESTING TO EVALUATE
9 FRACTURED RESERVOIRS IN WESTESN VENESUSLA SPE 13054

162.6[ 2160)( 1.2816)( 1.8142) = 3446 nd-ft

w is given by: kfh =
237
(CDe2s)fti ,02 ~ ,
w< The ekin factor, S, is given by:
~%e2s j~ ~=
Plhr log ()
h + 3.23]
s= 1.151 [-
m ~pcth~
A can b calculated as:
log 3446
1.151 [--
L = (Ae-2S)e2S = 10-5 ~e2(-2.43), = 7.8 10-8 237 (0.052)(1.5x1u-5)(2s)(0.175)2
+ 3.23] = -0.57
~ AWALYSIS
Let us assume, for the sake of comparison,
Suild-up Test that two parallel semilog straight lines exist and
apply Warren and Roots original model. In this
A horner graph of the build-up data is shown in case, w is given by
Fi9. 8. Almost all the data points fit a straight
line; therefore, it is difficult to conclude that we -g 125
are dealing with a fractured system. According to .lO-= =0.30
1A)=1O
the log-log analysis the semilog straight line for
the ii sure system should start at At = 3.9 hr
t+ft which is quite different from the value calculated
(~ = 29.9), and, for the fissure plus matrix via log-log analysis (w = 0.10).
system, the semilo straight line should stati at
t+A?
At= 4.8hr (~-= 24.4). The slope is:

n = 268 psi/cycle APlhr = 1220 Psi

p* = 7685 psi, P,hr = 7135 psi

The product kfh is given by:

$h = 162.6 aBM= 162.6(2160)(1.2816)(1.8142)

m 268
= 3047 md-ft

The skin factor S is given by:

s= 1.15 [~-log kh ,3,23 +log~]

m ($pct)hr~
P
= 1.151 [w- log 3047
268 (0.054)(1.5x10-5)(29)(0.175)2
113.5
+ 3.23 + log 1 =- 2.14
112.5

Drawdown

A plot of Ap vs log At is shown in Fig. 7. As

compared with the horner plot for the same well, the
data points form an S shape that could be attribu-
ted to two porosity systems. For this caee, the
log-log analysis can tell where the initial semilog
etraight line should stati. According to Fi+ 15,
it should start at At = 2.3 hr. As can be seen,
there is only one point satisfying this condition.
It is believed that the system is already on the
transition period after At = 2.3 hr. For the total
system the semilog-straight line starte at At = 2
hrs. Using thie line, we have:

m = 237 psi/cycle

ApIhr = 1415psi

lhr = 6265 pSi

 TABLE 1. DATA FOR WELL t4Acn-3x
TABLE 2. DATA FOR WSLL ALT-17

~= 3224 B/D [Build-up) , 9 = 2700 B/D (Drawdown) Reservoir anti f iiiid&ata

h = 651
B = 1.8235 RB/STB q = 3240 B/D (Build-up) q = 3350 B/D (Drawd~n)
k = 0.362 Cp
CL = 24.5 X 10-6 psi-l
$ = 4.8 %
rw = 0.2917
T = 270F,tp = 56 hr
p(At=O) = 9670 PSi

BUILD-UP TEST DRAWDOWN TEST BUILD-UP TEBT DRAWDOWN TEST

At(hr) Pw=(Psi) At(hr) Pwf(Psi)
At(hr) Pw~(Psi) At(hr) Pwf(psi)
9216 o 10896
0.25 10095 11347 0.08 9381 0.08 10S61
0.50 10255 0.25 10989 0.17 9449 0.17 10851
0.75 II)*51 i).5u lIJb30 0.25 9505 0.25 10s00
1.00 10564 0.75 10486 0.33 9547 0.33 10770
1.25 10631 1.00 10359 0.42 9581 0.42 10728
1.50 10703 1.25 10343 0.50 9606 0.50 10700
1.75 10743 1.50 10271 0.5s 9623 0.58 10646
2.00 10806 1.75 10215 0.66 9638 0.66 10590
2.25 10814 2.00 101s3 0.75 9652 0.75 10552
2.50 10830 2.50 10136 0.s3 9667 0.83 1051s
3.00 10854 3.00 10112 0.92 9676 0.92 10498
3.50 ii3876 ~e~g 10080 1.00 9690 1.00 10462
4.00 1087s 4.00 10056 1.15 9717 1.50 9il*Aa
,.,-~
5.00 10902 4.50 1004B 1.30 9742 2.00 10281
6.00 10902 5.00 10040 2.00 9777 3.00 1019s
7.00 10917 5.50 10032 3.00 9832 5.50 100s5
8.00 10925 6.00 10016 5.00 9917 7.00 10003
9.00 10933 7.00 10000 7.00 9984 10.00 9905
10.00 10941 8.00 9984 10.00 10067 15.00 97s0
12.00 10941 9.00 9968 15.00 10176 20.00 9679
14.00 10950 10.00 9960 19.20 10255 25.00 9592
16.00 10959 12.00 9936 25.00 10346 30.00 9517
18.00 10958 14.00 9920 30.00 10409 35.00 9460
20.00 10973 16.00 9904 35.00 10459 40.00 9406
24.00 10982 18.00 9880 40.00 10507 45.00 9353
28.00 10939 20.00 9864 45.00 10551 50.00 9302
32.00 10989 24.00 9832 50.00 10588 55.00 9264
36.00 10989 28.00 9816 55.00 10613 60.00 9227
40.00 11045 32.00 9?92 60.00 1(3(s39 63.00 9145
~i33
45.00 11109 36.00 9759 63.00 10650 67.00
50.00 11109 40.00 9735 63.50 10652 70.00 9115
55.00 11109 45.00 9703 64.00 10654 73.00 9098
70.00 11141 50.00 9679 65.00 10657 78.00 9070
72.00 11149 55.00 9647 67.00 10662 S3.00 9045
75.00 11149 66.00 9487 70.00 10673 S8.00 9016
79.00 11156 67.00 9479 73.00 106B2 93.00 S993
83.00 11165 69.00 9463 78.00 10696 98.05 8967
87.00 11165 71.00 9455 83.00 10711 108.00 S918
92.00 11181 74.00 9447 8S.00 10723 113.00 8901
97.00 11181 77.00 9431 93.00 10737 118.00 8877
102.00 111s9 80.00 9423 98.00 10745 123.00 SS58
107.00 11197 84.00 9406 103.00 10751 125.00 8S02
112.00 11200 88.00 9382 108.00 10758 126.00 8797
117.00 11200 92.00 9358 113.00 10764 128.00 S790
122.00 11200 96.00 9342 11s.00 10769 130.00 s7a3
127.00 11200 100.00 9326 123.80 10774 132.00 8776
13s.00 11229 104.00 9302 127.00 10786 134.00 8766
140.00 11229 108.00 9294 132.00 10793 136.00 8764
142.00 11252 112.00 9270 137.00 10803 139.00 8761
145.00 11252 116.00 9246 10816 144.00 S739
147.00
148.00 11268 120.00 9230 157.00 10842 149.00 8727
153.00 11284 131.00 9150 10861 154.00 8716
167.00
1s7.00 11292 132.00 9142 10B71 159.00 8701
175.00
160.00 11300 134.00 9134 182.30 10896 164.00 S686
164.00 11300 136.00 9125 169.00 8671
169.00 11308 138.00 9117 172.00 S663
174.00 11316 143.00 9109
178.00 11316 148.00 9085
1B3.00 11316 153.00 9061
158.00 9037
163.00 9021
168.00 9013
173.00 9005
178.00 8981

sJ?Ei305~
 TABLE 3. DATA FOR WELL 14RN-2X

Reservoir and fluid data

q = 2160 B/D (Buiid-up and Drawdown)

h = 29 tp = 112.5 hr
B = 1.2816 RS/STB
P = 1.8142 Cp
Ct = 1.5 x 10-5 psi-l
@=5.2%
rw = 0.175
T = 255F
~f(At=O) = 7680 pSi; PwS(At=O) = 5915 PSi

BUILD-UP TEST DRAWDOWW TEST

At(hr) Pw8(Psi) At(hr) pwf(pai)

0.25 6904 0.25 6328

0.33 6960 0.33 6313
0.42 7020 0.42 6297
0.50 7059 0.50 6290
0.67 7070 0.67 6259
0.s3 7097 0.83 624S
1.00 7126 1.00 6221
1.25 7155 1.25 6202
1.50 7179 1.50 6171
2.00 7214 2.00 6161
2.50 7239 2.50 6148
3.00 7264 3.00 6133
4.50 7316 4.50 6123
6.00 7345 6.00 6116
S.oo 7372 B.00 6102
10.01 7396 10.01 60SS
12.50 7417 12.50 6076
15.00 7435 15.00 6067
20.00 7464 20.00 6052
25.00 7485 25.00 6024
30.00 7497 30.00 6007
40.00 752S 40.00 5979
~~=g~ 1535 45.00 5966
60.00 7562 60.00 5935
So. oo 7586 80.00 5s97
100.00 7610 100.00 5s51
125.00 7638 125.00 5735

TABLE 4. SUMMARY OF RJ?SJLTS

MACH- 3X ALT-17 14RN-2x

AWALYSIS
kh s w A kh s w A kh s w A
md-ft

TYPE CURVE
BUILD-UP 420 -5.67 0.10 6X10-7 527 -5.36 0.5 4X1 O-6 2624 -2.7S 0.10 3.9X1 O-7

TYPE CURVE
DRAWDDWW 302 -5.53 0.10 Sx10-7 400 -5.15 0.5 8X10-6 2695 -2.43 0.10 7.SX1O-8

SEMI-L(X
BUILD-UP 407 -5.52 0.15 - 462 -5.51 - - 3047 -2.14 - -

SBMI-LOG
DRAWDOWH 268 -5.64 0.10 - 391 -5.2 - - 3446 -0.57 0.30 -

sf?Ei3054
 f=
/

i
../]
,/

u-
-j

~m,
OscAll

Dmc

o
u
c:
ETA
CADIUAS

nCIA
J LA9UI11LLAS
IIAmnycs aAu Jc
~
>: / ~ ~ &AU JIMMI 2(

I %1

~. j43i9,Y0mhicd
-._=T . hxatkm d fields.

WELL: 14-RN-2X

F@.2-W bg for14RN-2X.

sREi3054
-.
x

a
z
-/ ..J ;~- -22 -- ; . I;=_l=
I P . _: - : --*:-- ____.,_
_r

.-. _-., ---- .-_+---. -+--. -.--7-

::-L-=3- =- -
A
z

lb ..+. _. -.. ..
,. . -

:
MJd3a
,
1
.
.

=
.
m:
-!

-,
1
f

I
1~,
N
II , -
,,,
,: . . . -
I .
1 -
,, ..:....

y-j!jLbdEiJ
2, ?.
=:

J--.l,~
~~..-
_,. _.-.-+*
:; ~[ ,. 4.. - ~, :!---,_
8. :-*-=-+%- %-
a ::
.-m
~wi! , -~
 I MACH31X/ BUILDUP MACH- 3X/ DRAWDOWN

20CQ

*\m=850cc
.=

zlWIO-

>~
m: 1080psi/cyclo
1000
-

0
500 0

~
I
0. .-+-
lo+
tp+ At/At At, hrs
Fig. S-Homer gmfih WallMACH-3X.
for Fig.6-AP vs. LogAtforWallMACH-3X.

WELL 14 RN2X- ORAWDOWM

2s

.-

: ~
rn:237psi/cydt
$P :125psi
APB,:
1415psi
~,,: 6265 psi
0
0
0
~3
~o
0
0

a /

m
/

F-J]
w 1-
no
1
10
I
,.2
I
s+
0
At, hrs
u F@.7--AP vs. @l AtforWall14RN-2X.
 14RN-2X/ BUILDUP
300(

B = 268 psi/cyclo
\ IIP*: 1770 psi i P*: 7685 psi
m
dq~: 1220psi; ~k~ 7135 psi

\ m :1070 psi/cyclo
100 APB,: 125 psi
o
0

0
\
10IL, 0

!i~ I
10
~s
I

D IIJ w
tp+htllit At, trrri
Fig.
6-Homw@m ixWll1411N-2X. F@ 9-AP w. Lcq At h WI ALT-17.

ALT-17/BulLo-uP

n :675 psi/cycle
AP*= 1!)00 p$i

!73
m
I-J
w
o tp+Atl At
-rig.lotiomer pbt forWellALT-17,
u-l
-f=
 ,
APPROXIMATE START
~o,2~ , 0,22936 C,2S
I
OF SEMI-LOG
@c, hrzw
STRAIGHT LINE >

\. ,030

3.
,4

2-

,0-1.
1
8.

10
6

/ 5

. 5.10-2
;



..
3
. . . .. 3

;/ 0-3 2

,.-2

.
/
~,.23
..
,..

,.,
...

~
...
,02
~-1 ,00 101
A1, hra.
4
,.l ,.2 lo>
.-
,Ao

* =O.mosw Q ~
DIMENSIONLESSTIME pc
M. w-T@-Onn nntchlw An W W, W MAW-SX.

102-

APPROXIMATE START
~~ ~~~! . ~Q~ - .,, 0,0936c02S &
.0--- =-~
STRAIGHT LINE
tP
\\ * .-. . 1-
10 -J

6.

4.

3.

,04
2

,..1,

6
5
4

3
, . . . . . . . . . ....

. ..
,,. .

....
/ . .. ,.-2
....
,.,

...
,... 10-= . al~ + 82s
,,..
..,
,..,
...
/,.,
I
A -1 ,~o / , ~1

102 _
,b2

103 1 ,4
I ,00 101 At, hm.
-Q = aooo223~ ~
DIMENSIONLESS TIME C~ P=

sJ?Ei3054
..*-
-
102

APPROXIMATE START
OF SEMI-LOG
STRAIGHT LINE \

1 o\

2-

,0-1..
n- .

.-
: I
: lo%
a

................
,,,
,.
...-
,.... ,0-2 -,
..
.,.
,..
,.,
,..
.,
~*-2s .~,; *.-2$

. /:
,.
/
x 102

1 100

DIMENSIONLESSTIME *. O.000295 h ~
~c

$10. lS-T)PR.DJW nMcMrq fw LmikjIIPti. Wall ALT.17.

APPROXIMATE START
OF SEMI-LOG
~ ,2 5 . o.363sc0ss
D @c+hr~
STRAIGHT LINE
\

,.-1

6
5

10
.
J .QW=JL!! AL
DIMENSIONLESSTIME co #c
IIs lGWIW rnatdiq b dmwckmmdala Well MT-17.

sPEi3054
------
z..
 ,
APPROXIMATE START
OF SEMI-LOG
C0.2S * 0. s3ec = At
STRAlfJHT LINE *T
\
10

6-

4-

3-

2-.

.-
:

.4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1.?. 10-1-.
$
8-.

s -.
5-.

4--

,.-2-.

~,-zs= *: * ,.2s

,.l *
102 103 10

olMENSIONLESS TIME >CO =0,00029S ~ S

Ac

w. *s-we-Cwvn .atctnna b drwdOw!! dam, wall 14RN.SX

APPROXIMATE START
OF SEMI-LOG
CO*2S , o. W3sC02s A
STRAIGHT LINE
\ ~ ~
10 .
1
Ic?G

.-,
z
- lfY-
a
S
6
3
4

,..2

I
so+
SYJ
At,hrs
la-zs.
a,:*c-ZS

10J ,01 ,.2

1
~=a~bhg
DIMENSIONLESS TIME co
#c

SE!E13054
 t\
t\
w =1 (HOMOGENEOUS)

000

10
k
rl
w =0.01
A=o

I 1 I
10
1 I
~, 10-3

I
r

I
10

$
,0-5

Fig. 17-qD vs. b forconstantpmssumpmductka.

I
10-7

1
[

I
10
10-9

1 1 1

W: I).I, X: I()-
F@.l~v8. bbranwtml PIe6wekwodwlb (w=o.l, k=loands .0).

wEi3054