Embryonic connective tissues (embryo)

Adult connective tissues

soft connective tissues
semi-hard connective tissue cartilage
hard connective tissue - bone
Embryonic connective tissues (embryo)
Adult connective tissues
soft connective tissues
semi-hard connective tissue cartilage
hard connective tissue - bone
is a connective tissue
ECM- bone matrix:
(Type I) collagen fibers
ground substance
cells
distinguished by the fact that its matrix is mineralized by
calcium phosphate in the form of crystals (hydroxyapatite)
highly vascularized
it is a constantly remodeling and renewable tissue
surrounded by periosteum
the bone matrix consists of
organic (35%) and
anorganic (65%) components.

the organic bone matrix contains

type I collagen fibers (90%);
ground substance (proteoglycans, enriched in chondroitin sulfate,
keratan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid)
and noncollagenous proteins.
osteoid - the matrix secreted by osteoblasts and osteocytes prior to
mineralization

the anorganic component of the bone is represented

predominantly by
calcium phosphate deposits
with the crystalline characteristics of hydroxyapatite
hydroxyapatite crystals
bone tissue is both resilient and hard
resilience is due to the organic matter (collagen)
hardness is due to the anorganic minerals
it also:
serves as a storage site for calcium and phosphate
blood calcium levels are regulated by hormones:
parathormone (PTH) - raises blood calcium levels by stimulating
bone resorption
calcitonin - reduces blood calcium by suppressing bone resorption
and increasing osteoid calcification
There are two kinds of
mature bone with specific
location:
compact bone (dense bone)
the diaphysis of long bones
spongy bone (cancellous
bone, trabecular bone)
the epiphyses of long bones
the bones of the skull
composed of cylindrical structures called
osteons or Haversian systems
osteons have variable size and
age
osteon consists of
concentric lamellae of bone matrix
surrounding a central canal called
the Haversian canal
Haversian canal contains small blood
vessels and nerves
The long axis of osteons is usually parallel to the
long axis of the bone
collagen fibres within one lamella are parallel with
one another
but the collagen fibres in the different lamellae of an
osteon are oriented at different angles
this increases the strength of the osteon
Volkmanns canals link
the Haversian canals of different
osteons with one another
with the marrow cavity
between the lamellae are
lacunae containing bone cells
(osteocytes)
canaliculi connect the
lacunae with one another
and with the Haversian canal
they contain the processes of
the osteocytes
interstitial lamellae
they are lamellae not belonging to
any osteon, but
are the remnants of previous
osteons
reflecting the fact that bone is not
static but is constantly being
remodelled
composed of trabeculae
of varying shapes and sizes
spaces between the
trabeculae are filled with
marrow
the composition of spongy
bone (cells and matrix) is
the same as that of
compact bone
osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts
originate from the mesenchymal
stem cells
able to divide and to
differentiate into three different
cell types
osteoblast precursor cells
(osteogenesis)
chondroblasts, fibroblasts
secrete the collagen fibres and
ground substance (matrix,
osteoid)
BMPs (bone matrix proteins):
osteocalcin, osteonectin, but also
alkaline phosphatase (ALP), ect
ciculating levels of ALP and
osteocalcin used clinically as markers
of osteoblast activity
responsible for the calcification
of the matrix
also involved in bone resorption
stimulating osteoclasts
differentiation
very active cells
ultrastructural
abundant rER and free ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
vesicles
with matrix precursors
with alkaline phosphatase
completely surrounded by
matrix

responsible for maintaining the

matrix
can secrete small amount of
matrix
can resorb matrix (osteocytic
osteolysis)
homeostasis of blood Ca
highly branched cells with their body
occupying small spaces between
lamellae - called lacunae (osteoplasts)
small channels, the canaliculi, course
through the lamellae and
interconnect neighboring lacunae
adjacent cell processes, found within
canaliculi, are connected by gap
junctions
dense network of osteocytes
intercellular communication
mobilization of nutrients and signaling
molecules
integrity of osteocytes is essential for bone integrity
the life of
an osteocyte depends on this nutrient diffusion process
the bone matrix depends on the osteocyte.

death of osteocytes (trauma, senescence) results in:

resorption of bone matrix by osteoclasts
repair or remodeling by osteoblasts
responsible for bone
resorption phagocytotic
cells
release organic acids to
remove Ca from matrix
release hydrolytic enzymes
to break down organic
matrix
as a result of the activity:
resorption bay or Howships
lacuna
origin: monocytes
morphology:
large, multinucleated cells
microvilli in contact with
the bone ruffled border
a clear zone limits the bone
area being resorbed
Food pantry
Osteoclast on a bone spiculi

Arrow----Inactive bone-lining cells

(osteoprogenitor cells)
2 types of bone formation - ossification
endochondral ossification
a cartilage model serves as a precursor
long bones, parts of the axial skeleton that bear
weight (eg. vertebrae)
the growth in length of the bone
intramembranous ossification
without a cartilage model
the bone grows through an appositional process
flat bones of the skull and face, the mandible and the
clavicle
natural healing of bone fractures
2 types of bone formation - ossification
endochondral ossification
a cartilage model serves as a precursor
long bones, parts of the axial skeleton that bear
weight (eg. vertebrae)
the growth in length of the bone
intramembranous ossification
without a cartilage model
the bone grows through an appositional process
flat bones of the skull and face, the mandible and the
clavicle
natural healing of bone fractures
Bone is formed by condensation of
mesenchymal cells that differentiate
into osteoblasts
8th week of human gestaion
the first step is the aggregation of
mesenchymal cells in the area where
bone is to be formed: ossification
centers
this area becomes more vascularized
Mesenchimal cells
differentiation
Osteoprogenitor cells
osteoprogenitor cells will differentiate into
osteoblasts;
they secrete the collagen and ground substance:
the osteoid (organic matrix);
the osteoblasts will accumulate at the periphery
of the ossification center and continue to secrete
osteoid at the center of the nodule;
later the osteoid becomes calcified, resulting
bone spicules (small, irregularly shaped);
the entrapped osteoblasts become osteocytes.
the bone grows through an
appositional process:
some mesenchyme cells
surrounding bone spicules
proliferate and differentiate into
osteoprogenitor cells;
osteoprogenitor cells in contact
with the bone spicule become
osteoblasts;
they secrete matrix, resulting in
appositional growth of the spicule;
Section of mandible
developing by the process
of intramembranous
ossification
2 types of bone formation - ossification
endochondral ossification
a cartilage model serves as a precursor
long bones, parts of the axial skeleton that bear
weight (eg. vertebrae)
the growth in length of the bone
intramembranous ossification
without a cartilage model
the bone grows through an appositional process
flat bones of the skull and face, the mandible and the
clavicle
natural healing of bone fractures
also begins with the aggregation of
mesemchyme cells
but these differentiate into
chondroblasts which secrete hyaline
cartilage matrix
on this cartilage model begins the
bone formation
is responsible for the growth in
length of the bone
depends on the presence of a
cartilage plate or epiphyseal
(growth) plate
has 5 zones:
1. zone of the reserve cartilage
hyaline cartilage
2. zone of proliferation
cells undergo divisions
organize into distinct columns
3. zone of hypertrophy
enlarged cartilage cells;
VEGF secretion, which
initiates vascular invasion;
the matrix is compresed into
linear bands;
4. zone of calcified cartilage
cells begin to degenerate;
matrix becomes calcified;
5. zone of resorption
blood vessels and connective tissue invade
the empty spaces (death of condrocytes)
osteoblasts begin osteoid deposition on
calcified spicules
cartilage is resorbed
primary spongy bone is formed
this spongy bone undergoes reorganization
through osteoclastic activity
results the secondary bone
more mineralized
more radiopaque
bone is constantly being remodeled throughout life
by bone-remodeling units composed of osteoclasts
and osteoblasts;
this process allow bone to change shape in response
to mechanical load;
consists of preferential resorption of bone in some
areas and deposition in other areas
it is a life-long process
Reflects a shift from bone formation toward resorption
Characteristics: decreased bone mass, normal mineral/matrix ratio
Common in: immobilized patients and postmenopausal women
Phases (6-12 weeks):
formation of a hematoma
granulation tissue (1 week)
fibrocalrtilaginos (soft) callus (3-4 weeks)
bony (hard) callus (3-4 months)
bone remodeling (few months- several years)
Recent fracture Calus, after 6 weeks