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Introduction
Previous developments have
been limited to structures
subjected to fixed loads.
2
Figure 1.
Fi 1 Bridge
B id T Truss St
Structure
t
Subjected to a Variable
Position Load
Therefore,
Th f the
h truss analysis
l i
for each member would
involve determining the load
position that causes the
greatest force or stress in
g
each member. 3
If a structure is to be safely
designed, members must be
proportioned such that the
maximum force produced by dead
and live loads is less than the
p
available section capacity.y
Structural analysis for variable
loads consists of two steps:
1.Determining the positions of
the loads at which the
response function is
maximum;; and
2.Computing the maximum
value of the response function
function.
4
Influence Line
Definitions
F nction support
Response Function s pport
reaction, axial force, shear force, or
bending moment.
moment
Influence Line graph of a
response function of a structure as
a function of the position of a
downward unit load moving g across
the structure.
NOTE: Influence lines for
statically determinate structures
are always piecewise linear.
5
Once an influence line is
constructed:
Determine where to p place live
load on a structure to maximize
the drawn response function;
and
Evaluate the maximum
magnitude of the response
function based on the loading.
6
Calculating Response
Functions
(Equilibrium Method)
1 ILD for Ay
0 L
ILD for Cy 1
7
0 L
1
x
MB
a
0<x<a
VB
Ay
Fy = 0 V B = A y 1
Ma = 0 M B = A y a 1(a x)
MB
a
VB a<x<L
Ay
Fy = 0 V B = A y
Ma = 0 M B = A y a 8
1 a/L
VB
0
a L
ILD for VB
-a/L
MB a (1 a/L)
0 a L
ILD for MB
9
Beam Example 1
10
Beam Example 2
11
Frame Example
BD: Link
Member
Releases:
Support reaction - remove
translational support restraint.
Internal shear - introduce an
internal glide support to allow
differential displacement
movement.
Bending moment - introduce an
internal hinge to allow differential
rotation
t ti movement. t
14
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
15
Influence Line for Bending Moment
16
Application of Muller-
Breslau Principle
17
18
19
y = (L x) (a/L)
1 + 2 = 1
20
Qualitative Influence
Lines
22
Influence Lines for
Trusses
usses
In a gable-truss frame building,
roof loads are usually transmitted
to the top chord joints through roof
purlins as shown in Fig.
p g T.1.
Similarly, highway and railway
bridge
b dge truss-structures
t uss st uctu es ttransmit
a s t
floor or deck loads via stringers to
floor beams to the truss joints as
shown schematically in Fig. T.2.
25
Due to the load transfer
process in truss systems, no
discontinuity will exist in the
member force influence line
diagrams. Furthermore, since
g our attention to
we are restricting
statically determinate struc-
tures, the influence line
diagrams will be piecewise
linear.
26
Example Truss Structure
Calculate
Calc late and dra
draw the response
functions for Ax, Ay, FCI and FCD.
27
Use of Influence Lines
28
P
A B C D
yB
A B C
-y
yD
ILD for MB
+
(M B ) max place P at B
(M B ) max place P at D
29
1. The value of a response
function due to any single
concentrated load can be
obtained by multiplying the
magnitude of the load by the
ordinate of the response
function influence line at the
position of the load.
2. Maximum
2 M i positive
iti value
l off
the response function is
obtained by multiplying the
point load by the maximum
positive ordinate. Similarly, the
maximum negative value is
obtained by multiplying the
point
i t lload
dbby th
the maximum
i
negative ordinate. 30
Point Response
p Due to a
Uniformly Distributed Live
Load
32
in which the last integral
g expres-
p
sion represents the area under the
segment of the influence line,
which corresponds to the loaded
portion of the beam.
SUMMARY
1. The value of a response
function due to a uniformly
distributed load applied over a
portion of the structure can be
obtained by multiplying the load
intensity by the net area under
the corresponding portion of the
response function influence 33
line.
2. To determine the maximum
positive (or negative) value of a
response function
f ti due
d to t a
uniformly distributed live load,
the load must be placed over
those portions of the structure
where the ordinates of the
response function influence line
are positive (or negative).
37
Typical Interior
Beam Shear ILD
Typical Interior
Bending Moment ILD
yi = m x i
40
where x i is the distance to point i
measured d ffrom the
th zero y-axisi
intercept, as shown in the
schematic ILD below
below.
m
1
yb
ya
x
a
b
ya y b
= similar triangles
a b
yb yb
ya = a; m= 41
b b
For example,
xi consider the ILD
shown
h on th
the nextt slide
lid
subjected to the given wheel
loading:
Load Position 1:
42
2/3
10 ft.
20 ft.
-1/3
Wheel Loads
43
Position 1
Position 2
44
Load Position 2:
VB2 = (8(6) + 10(20) + 15(17) + 5(12))
1
30
= 15.6k
Thus, load position 1 results in the
maximum shear at point B B.
46
CAUTION: This criterion is not
valid
lid ffor any generall series
i off
loads. In general, depending on
the load magnitudes
magnitudes, spacing
spacing,
and shape of the influence line,
the value of the response
function, after declining for some
loading positions, may start
i
increasingi again i ffor subsequent
b t
loading positions and may attain a
higher maximum.
maximum
47
Zero Ordinate Location
Linear Influence Line
b+
1
m+
x-
m-
1
x+ b-
48
b b b+
x+ = + ; m+ =
m+ L
b b+ b
x = ; m =
m L
49
Example Truss Problem:
Application of Loads to
Maximize Response
50
Place
UDL = 1.0 k/ft;
ULL = 4.0 k/ft;;
CLL = 20 kips
to maximize the tension and
compression axial forces in
members CM and ML.
51
Force and Moment
Envelopes
A plot of the maximum
response function as a
function of the location of the
response function is referred
to as the envelope of the
maximum
i values
l off a
response function for the
particular load case being
considered.
52
For a single concentrated
force for a simply sup-
ported beam:
+ a
(V)max = P 1
L
a
(V) max = P
L
a
M max = P a 1
L
wl a
M max = (L a)
2