6/26/2017 ArtificialIntelligentSystems

ArtificialIntelligenceIntelligentSystems
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Whilestudyingartificiallyintelligence,youneedtoknowwhatintelligenceis.ThischaptercoversIdeaofintelligence,types,andcomponents
ofintelligence.

WhatisIntelligence?
Theabilityofasystemtocalculate,reason,perceiverelationshipsandanalogies,learnfromexperience,storeandretrieveinformationfrom
memory,solveproblems,comprehendcomplexideas,usenaturallanguagefluently,classify,generalize,andadaptnewsituations.

TypesofIntelligence
AsdescribedbyHowardGardner,anAmericandevelopmentalpsychologist,theIntelligencecomesinmultifold

Intelligence Description Example

Theabilitytospeak,recognize,andusemechanismsofphonology Narrators,
Linguisticintelligence
(speechsounds),syntax(grammar),andsemantics(meaning). Orators

Theabilitytocreate,communicatewith,andunderstandmeanings Musicians,
Musicalintelligence madeofsound,understandingofpitch,rhythm. Singers,
Composers

Theabilityofuseandunderstandrelationshipsintheabsenceof Mathematicians,
Logicalmathematicalintelligence
actionorobjects.Understandingcomplexandabstractideas. Scientists

Theabilitytoperceivevisualorspatialinformation,changeit,and Mapreaders,
Spatialintelligence recreatevisualimageswithoutreferencetotheobjects,construct Astronauts,
3Dimages,andtomoveandrotatethem. Physicists

Theabilitytousecompleteorpartofthebodytosolveproblemsor
BodilyKinestheticintelligence fashionproducts,controloverfineandcoarsemotorskills,and Players,Dancers
manipulatetheobjects.

Theabilitytodistinguishamongonesownfeelings,intentions,and Gautam
Intrapersonalintelligence
motivations. Buddhha

Theabilitytorecognizeandmakedistinctionsamongotherpeoples Mass
Interpersonalintelligence feelings,beliefs,andintentions. Communicators,
Interviewers

Youcansayamachineorasystemisartificiallyintelligentwhenitisequippedwithatleastoneandatmostallintelligencesinit.

WhatisIntelligenceComposedof?
Theintelligenceisintangible.Itiscomposedof

Reasoning

Learning

ProblemSolving

Perception

LinguisticIntelligence

Letusgothroughallthecomponentsbriefly

ReasoningItisthesetofprocessesthatenablesustoprovidebasisforjudgement,makingdecisions,andprediction.Thereare
broadlytwotypes

InductiveReasoning DeductiveReasoning

Itstartswithageneralstatementandexaminesthepossibilitiesto
Itconductsspecificobservationstomakesbroadgeneralstatements.
reachaspecific,logicalconclusion.

Evenifallofthepremisesaretrueinastatement,inductivereasoning Ifsomethingistrueofaclassofthingsingeneral,itisalsotrueforall
allowsfortheconclusiontobefalse. membersofthatclass.

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Example"Nitaisateacher.Allteachersarestudious.Therefore,Nitais Example"Allwomenofageabove60yearsaregrandmothers.Shalini
studious." is65years.Therefore,Shaliniisagrandmother."

LearningItistheactivityofgainingknowledgeorskillbystudying,practising,beingtaught,orexperiencingsomething.Learning
enhancestheawarenessofthesubjectsofthestudy.

Theabilityoflearningispossessedbyhumans,someanimals,andAIenabledsystems.Learningiscategorizedas

AuditoryLearningItislearningbylisteningandhearing.Forexample,studentslisteningtorecordedaudiolectures.

EpisodicLearningTolearnbyrememberingsequencesofeventsthatonehaswitnessedorexperienced.Thisislinearand
orderly.

MotorLearningItislearningbyprecisemovementofmuscles.Forexample,pickingobjects,Writing,etc.

ObservationalLearning To learn by watching and imitating others. For example, child tries to learn by mimicking her
parent.

PerceptualLearningItislearningtorecognizestimulithatonehasseenbefore.Forexample,identifyingandclassifying
objectsandsituations.

RelationalLearningItinvolveslearningtodifferentiateamongvariousstimulionthebasisofrelationalproperties,rather
thanabsoluteproperties.ForExample,Addinglittlelesssaltatthetimeofcookingpotatoesthatcameupsaltylasttime,
whencookedwithaddingsayatablespoonofsalt.

SpatialLearningItislearningthroughvisualstimulisuchasimages,colors,maps,etc.ForExample,Apersoncancreate
roadmapinmindbeforeactuallyfollowingtheroad.

StimulusResponse Learning It is learning to perform a particular behavior when a certain stimulus is present. For
example,adograisesitsearonhearingdoorbell.

Problem Solving It is the process in which one perceives and tries to arrive at a desired solution from a present situation by
takingsomepath,whichisblockedbyknownorunknownhurdles.

Problem solving also includes decision making, which is the process of selecting the best suitable alternative out of multiple
alternativestoreachthedesiredgoalareavailable.

PerceptionItistheprocessofacquiring,interpreting,selecting,andorganizingsensoryinformation.

Perceptionpresumessensing.Inhumans,perceptionisaidedbysensoryorgans.InthedomainofAI,perceptionmechanismputs
thedataacquiredbythesensorstogetherinameaningfulmanner.

LinguisticIntelligenceItisonesabilitytouse,comprehend,speak,andwritetheverbalandwrittenlanguage.Itisimportantin
interpersonalcommunication.

DifferencebetweenHumanandMachineIntelligence
Humansperceivebypatternswhereasthemachinesperceivebysetofrulesanddata.

Humans store and recall information by patterns, machines do it by searching algorithms. For example, the number 40404040 is
easytoremember,store,andrecallasitspatternissimple.

Humans can figure out the complete object even if some part of it is missing or distorted whereas the machines cannot do it
correctly.

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