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FORM 5
Chapter 6
Waves
Compiled by In collaboration with
Learning Objectives :
1. Understanding waves 5. Analysing interference of waves
2. Analysing reflection of waves 6. Analysing sound waves
3. Analysing refraction of waves 7. Analysing electromagnetic waves
4. Analysing diffraction of waves
2016
Concept Map
________________
by vibrating mechanical bodies Example
such as a guitar strings or a
tuning fork
________________
result of vibrations of electrons in
an atom
________________
by a disturbance on a still water
surface When the string is shaken up and down, a
disturbance moves along the length of the
string. It is the disturbance that moves
along the length of the string, not parts of
the string itself.
4
Example
The string and water is the medium through which wave energy travels.
5
What is Transverse Wave ?
direction of wave
side to side propagation
movement
fixed
end
direction of vibration
of particles
The motion of the particles medium (spring) is at right angles to the direction in which the wave
travels.
Example
1.
2.
6
What is Longitudinal Wave ?
backwards and
forwards movement
direction of wave
propagation
fixed
end
rarefaction rarefaction
direction of vibration of
particles
The particles of the medium (spring) move along the direction of the wave. The wave that travels
along the spring consists of a series of compression and rarefaction.
Example
1.
7
Direction Direction
Transverse Longitudinal
Waves Waves
Example Example
8
What is a ripple tank?
The phenomenon of water waves can be
investigated using a ripple tank.
Lamphouse
Eccentric Sponge
beach
Water
Wave pattern on
white screen
9
The water acts as a lens to produce a pattern of
crest light from lamp bright and dark regions on a piece of white
paper placed under the tank when light passes
through it.
trough Water waves have crests and troughs.
water Crest
the highest position of the wave acts as a
convex lens
Trough
the lowest position acts as a concave lens.
10
Wavefronts are lines joining Direction of propagation
all points vibrating at the Q S U V
same phase and of equal
distances from the source of
the waves. Ripple tank
Plane
Dipper Water Wavefront
The wavefronts of both
transverse wave and
longitudinal wave are P R T U Crest
perpendicular to the
direction of propagation of Trough
the waves.
Wavefront
2.
1. Plane wavefronts
Direction
of
propagation
Direction
of propagation
11
Vibration/Oscillation Amplitude (a)
The movement from one
extreme position to the other
and back to the same
position
Amplitude relates to
loudness in sound and
Waves brightness in light.
SI unit: meter, m
Wavelength ()
The distance between two adjacent points of
the same phase on a wave.
The distance between two successive The distance between two successive
crests or two successive troughs compressions or two successive
rarefactions in a sound wave. 12
Period (T) Frequency, f
SI unit is ms-1.
Displacement Displacement
Distance Time
13
Exercise 6.1.1
1. Determine wave length and amplitude from 3. A whistle produces a sound at a frequency of
the graph given below. 400 Hz. If the speed of the sound is 600ms-1,
Displacement
determine the wavelength of the sound
18 cm wave.
Time
5 cm
4.
12 cm
14
5. The figure shows the waveform of a slinky 6. Determine the frequency of the wave.
spring which vibrated at a frequency of 8 Hz.
Displacement/ m
Displacement/ m
6
10
1.0 Time/ms
2.0 distance/ m
-6
10
Determine
a) amplitude
b) wavelength
c) wave speed
7. The circular waves produced by a vibrating
sphere dipper with a frequency of 5 Hz.
What is the wave speed of the wave.
4.5 cm
15
Damping
Graph
Displacement
Causes
To enable an oscillating system to go on
1. Loss of energy in the system to
continuously, an external force must be
overcome frictional forces or air
applied to the system.
resistance
.
The external force supplies energy to the
system. Such a motion is called a _________
2. Loss of energy due to the extension
________________.
and compression of the molecules in
the system
The frequency of a system which oscillates
.
freely without the action of an external force is
called the .
16
Resonance
Resonance occurs when a system is made to oscillate at a frequency ____________ to its natural
frequency by an __________________________.
The resonating system oscillates at its __________________________________.
Good Effects
1. The tuner in a radio or television enables us to select the programmes we are interested. The
circuit in the tuner is adjusted until resonance is achieved, at the frequency transmitted by a
particular station selected. Hence a strong electrical signal is produced.
2. The loudness of music produced by musical instruments such as the trumpet and flute is the
result of resonance in the air.
Bad Effects
Exercise 6.1.2
1. The figure shows a simple pendulum with a mass of
40.0 g and a length, L of 20.0 cm. The pendulum
makes 20 complete oscillations in 18.80 seconds.
Relationship between period of oscillation, T of the
simple pendulum with its length, L is expressed in the
formula below as :
Highest
C A L where g is gravitational
Lowest B Position T=2 acceleration.
Position g
18
a) Using the letters A,B and C from the figure, state
i. the equilibrium position
d) What happens to the frequency of the pendulum when pendulum bob with a mass of
50.0 g is used.
19
e) Determine the frequency of the pendulum when the length of pendulum, L is increased to
80 cm.
g) Sketch a displacement- time graph to show the oscillations of the pendulum untul it stops.
ii. at C
20
6.2 Reflection of waves
Reflection of waves occurs when a wave Lamphouse
strikes an obstacle.
The wave undergoes a change in direction To cell and
of propagation when it is reflected. rheostat
The value of frequency (f), wavelength Down for circular
waves
() and speed (v) remain the same after Straight wave
reflection. dipper
Rubber
Band
Law of Reflection:
Reflector Sponge
beach
Incident wave : Water
the wave before it strikes the
obstacle
Reflected wave: Complete the diagrams to show reflection of water
the wave which has undergone a waves.
change in direction of propagation white screen
after reflection. a) b)
21
6.3 Refraction of waves
Refraction of waves After refraction, the wave has the _________,
a phenomenon in which the direction of but a _____________ speed, frequency and
propagation of a wave changes when direction of propagation.
passing from one medium to another Lamphouse
medium.
Normal
Deep Normal Shallow Deep
water water water
23
Complete the diagrams which show refraction of water waves.
1) 4)
2) Shallow
Shallow Deep
5)
Deep
3) Deep Deep
Shallow
25
6.4 Diffraction of waves
Diffraction Of Waves
A phenomenon in which waves spread out as they pass through a aperture/ gap or round a
small obstacle.
Changes in the
direction of
propagation and Characteristics of
the pattern of the diffracted waves
waves.
The effect of diffraction is obvious if the shape of the diffracted waves more spread out or
more circular.
26
Pembelauan Gelombang Air Pemerhatian
Tebing
(b) Celah sempit
Obstacle spon Gelombang membulat dan kelihatan
Air berpunca dari celah kecil. Kesan
pembelauan adalah ketara.
Skrin putih
27
(c) Large Obstacle (d) Small Obstacle
The waves only curved at the edge The waves only curved at the edge
which adjacent to the barrier after which adjacent to the barrier after
passing the obstacle. The effect of passing the obstacle. The effect of
diffraction is not obvious. diffraction is obvious.
***
As the size of the gap or obstacle is smaller, the effect of diffraction becomes obvious.
28
Diffraction of Light
alternate
bright bands and dark bright and
bands of different width. dark ring
The wavelength of red light is _____________ The size of the gap in the diagram (ii)
than blue light. _________________ than the size of the gap in
the figure (i).
The effect diffraction is __________________
when the wavelength is greater. The effect diffraction is ________________
when the size of gap is smaller.
30
Diffraction of Sound
Radio
Radio
Cleaner
Cleaner
A cleaner can hear the sound of a radio placed nearby a corner of a wall but he cannot see
the radio. Why?
31
Piccolo
If a marching band is approaching on a cross street, which instruments will you hear first?
32
6.5 Interference of waves
Interference of waves
A phenomenon of waves which occurs a result of superposition of waves.
33
How does interference occur?
t white screen
34
Principle of superposition of Waves
Resultant
Amplitude
Cork Cork
2a
a a
Resultant
Amplitude
Resultant
Amplitude
35
Interference of water waves
Interference pattern of water waves produced when two coherent waves superposed.
S1
S2
Constructive interference occurs when two Destructive interference occurs when two
waves at same phase (two crests or two waves at out of phase (crest of one wave with
troughs) coincide to produce a wave with the trough of the other wave) coincide, thus
crests and troughs of maximum amplitude canceling each other with the result that the
(+2a or -2a). resultant amplitude = 0.
Keys :
Maximum crest wave (2 crests meet)
Zero amplitude (trough meets crest) A point where constructive
Maximum trough wave (2 troughs meet) interference occurs.
Wavefront (troughs)
Wavefront (crests)
S2 Waves sources S1
37
Youngs Formula
Factors affecting the interference pattern
The relationship between , a, x and D
The interference pattern depend on the
Node line
x x Antinode line value of x. When x changes, the
interference pattern also changes .
D x
S1 a S2 ****Draw graphs 0
x x
a = distance between two coherent sources
= wavelength
x = distance between two consecutive node (or
antinode) lines
D = distance from the two sources to the point of
measurement of x
1
0 a D
38 0
Skrin Interference of Lights
Audio signal
generator
L
K K = Loud sound
L L = Soft sound
K
L
Loudspeakers K
41
3. The wavelength of light can be determined 4. In an experiment on the interference of
with a double-slit plate. waves, two loudspeakers are placed at a
distance of 1.5 m from each other. They
are connected to an audio signal generator
to produce coherent sound waves at a
frequency of 0.5 kHz. Calculate
(a) the wavelength of the sound wave if
the speed of sound is 300 ms-1
(b) the distance between two consecutive
soft sounds at a perpendicular
14 mm
distance of 5 m from the source of the
The diagram shows the pattern of sound.
interference fringes obtained in a Youngs
double-slit experiment. The separation of
distance of the two slits is 0.25 mm and the
distance between the screen and the
double slit plate is 3.0 m.
Calculate the wavelength of light used in
the experiment.
42
6.6 Sound waves
1. Sound is a form of energy propagated How is sound produced by a vibrating
as waves that make our eardrums objects ?
vibrate.
2. Sound waves are caused by Sound waves are produced when a vibrating
vibrating objects. object causes the air molecules around it to
3. Sound waves are longitudinal waves. _______________.
When a tuning fork vibrates, layers of air
vibrate and the sound energy is propagated
through the air around it in the form of waves.
How the loudness relates to amplitude? When the tuning fork moves forwards, the air
is _________________
The loudness of the sound depends on its When the tuning fork moves backwards, the
amplitude. air layers are pulled apart and cause a
If the amplitude is increased, the loudness ___________________.
increases. Therefore, a ____________ of rarefactions
and compressions will produce sound.
How the pitch relates to frequency ?
direction
A high pitch sound corresponds to a high
frequency and a low pitch sound
Vibration propagation
compression rarefaction
Tuning Fork
43
Relationship between amplitude and Relation between pitch and frequency of
loudness of sound sound
The audio signal generator is switched on and The audio signal is switched on and the
the frequency of the sound wave is adjusted to loudness is adjusted to a suitable level. The
a suitable level. The loudness of the sound is frequency of the sound is varied from low to
varied from a lot to a high level gradually. high gradually.
Observation of the shape of the sound wave Observation of the shape of the sound wave
displayed on the screen of oscilloscope. displayed on the screen of oscilloscope.
Amplitude of Loudness Frequency of Pitch of
Wave form Wave form
sound wave of sound sound wave sound
Audio signal
generator Microphone
Loudspeaker 44
Applications of reflection of sound waves
Ultrasound waves is used to scan and capture the Sonogram
image of a fetus in a mothers womb and the image of
internal organ in a body.
Transmitter, R
Transmitter P emits ultrasound downwards to the Detector
fetus. P
Detector R receives the ultrasound (echoes) reflected Abdomen
by the various parts of the fetus.
The soft tissues of the fetus absorb most of the
incident ultrasound, reflect very little.
The bony parts will absorb very little, but reflect most Fetus
of the ultrasound.
The reflected ultrasound will produce an image of
contrasting brightness.
Sonogram
Image
45
Sonar
d = depth of seabed
v = speed of sound wave in water
t = time interval
47
6.7 Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic spectrum
Radio waves
long medium short micro ultra X-rays gamma
VHF UHF infra red light rays
waves waves waves waves violet
-3 -6 -9
1000 m 1m 1mm 1 x 10 1 x 10 1 x 10
mm mm mm
Increasing frequency
Increasing wavelength
Electric field, E
Electric field
Direction of
propagation
Magnetic field
Magnetic field, B
49
Visible Light
Visible light waves are the only electromagnetic waves we can see.
Light can be seen as the colours of rainbow.
Each colour has a different wavelength.
Red has the longest wavelength and violet the shortest.
When all the waves are seen together, they make white light.
When white light shines through a prism, the white light is broken apart into the seven colours
of the visible light spectrum.
Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.
50
Electromagnetic Sources Applications
wave
Ultraviolet rays Sun, mercury Stimulates the formation of vitamin D Detect
vapour lamp, hot fake notes
objects Fluorescent lamp
Sterilization of surgical tools
Visible light Flames, lamps, Visual communication
the sun Photography
Photosynthesis
Infrared radiation Hot objects such as Thermal imaging and physiotherapy
flames, human body, Infrared binoculars for night time vision. IR
sun radiation emitted by a living thing can be
detected.
Remote control for TV / VCR
Microwaves Radar transmitter Communication system with satellites
Microwaves oven Used in radar system
Cooking
Cellular (mobile) phone service
Radio waves Electrons oscillating For broadcasting and wireless
circuit in aerials communication
UHF (ultra high frequency) radio waves
television and hand phones
VHF (very high frequency) radio wave local
radio FM and wireless communication used
by the police
51
Detrimental effects of excessive exposure to certain components of the electromagnetic
spectrum
Radio Waves No evidence of hazard
Microwaves 1. Internal heating of body tissues when they enter our body.
2. Long exposure to mobile phones can cause brain tumor and
inner ear complications in children.
Infrared 1. Skin burns
Visible light No evidence of hazard
Ultraviolet 1. Damage to the surface cells (including skin cancer) and
blindness
X-rays 1. Damage to cells.
Gamma rays 2. Cancer, mutation
3. The mutated cells may result in the abnormal growth of cancer
cells.
4. Pregnant mothers who are exposed to X-rays and radiations
too frequently may cause abnormalities in new born babies.