Orifice Meter: Pamantasan NG Lungsod NG Maynila

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila

College of Engineering and Technology
ORIFICE METER
Introduction
Orifice meter is a type of flow meter which

measures volumetric flow rate by using an
orifice plate in order to create a pressure
difference which serves as a basis for
measuring flow rate.
An orifice meter is a conduit and a

restriction to create a pressure drop. An
hour glass is a form of orifice. A nozzle,
venturi or thin sharp edged orifice can be
used as the flow restriction. In order to use
any of these devices for measurement it is
necessary to empirically calibrate them.
That is, pass a known volume through the
Figure 1. Orifice Meter
meter and note the reading in order to
provide a standard for measuring other
quantities. Due to the ease of duplicating and the simple construction, the thin
sharp edged orifice has been adopted as a standard and extensive calibration
work has been done so that it is widely accepted as a standard means of
measuring fluids.
Figure 2. Typical Flow in Orifice Meter
1
CHE LABORATORY II : ORIFICE METER
ENRIQUEZ, M.A., MANINANG, C.T., RAYMUNDO, K.J., SANGALANG, K.P.
Provided the standard mechanics of construction are followed no further

calibration is required. An orifice in a pipeline is with a manometer for
measuring the drop in pressure (differential) as the fluid passes thru the
orifice. The minimum cross sectional area of the jet is known as the vena
contracta.
Operation Involved
1. The fluid flowing from a uniform section converges into the orifice plates
opening. Pressure is considered maximum at the section before the
orifice plate
2. When the fluid comes out of the orifice plate opening, its cross section
and the pressure reduces to minimum and uniform for a particular
distance thus it creates pressure drop along the orifice section (from inlet
to outlet). This minimum cross sectional area obtained at downstream
from the orifice edge is called Vena Contracta.
3. The cross section of the fluid starts diverging in the downstream
From the figure shown,

at point 1, the pressure is in
maximum as represented by
the graph above. The section 2
is known as the Vena
Contracta where the
minimum area of the fluid
flow occurs at the minimum
pressure after passing the
Figure 3. Pressure Diagram in the orifice meter section. (Brown, Unit orifice plate.
Operations)
2
For the orifice diameter of equal or less than 1/5 that pipe diameter the
following equation is true:

Where:
For the approximation or preliminary design, however, it is satisfactory to use

an equation as follows:
Where:
Note which is always determined experimentally and varies considerably

with changes in and with Reynolds number at the orifice. This Reynolds
number is determined by:
3
Where:
Under these conditions, may be taken as 0.61. Furthermore, if less than

0.25 1D differ negligibly from unity and equation becomes:
4
The mass flowrate m is given by:
Advantages of Orifice Meter
1. It is very cheap and easy to measure flow rate.

2. It has predictable characteristics and occupies less space.
3. It can be used to measure flow rates in larger pipes.
Disadvantages and Limitations of Orifice Meter
1. It is very difficult to tap the minimum pressure due to the roughness

of the inner wall of the pipe and the sharpness of the orifice plate. Hence
the Vena Contracta section may vary upon the following factors
mentioned.
2. Pressure recovery at downstream is poor which leads to a higher
frictional loss due to pressure and sudden contraction.
3. There is a tendency of clogging when suspended fluids flow.
4. The orifice gets corroded and slightly deformed due to the physical
strength and force exerted by the fluid at the upstream resulting to
stress. Inaccuracy may occur sometime.
4
Parts and Functions of Orifice Meter
1 Inlet 5 - Overflow Pipe

2 Manometer 6 Flow Dissipator
3 Outlet 7 Pitot Tube
4 Leg Support
5
Parts and Functions of Venturimeter
Table 1.1 Parts and Functions of Venturimeter
Parts Description
(1) Inlet
Description/ Function:
This is where the water from the hydraulic

bench enters the apparatus
(2) Manometer
It measures the pressure drop that will be

the basis of the computation of volumetric
flow. It is a scale within the pitot tube.
(3) Outlet
This is where the fluid that flows within the

apparatus exits. This is connected to a
weigh tank of the hydraulic bench
6
Parts Description
(4) Leg Support
This supports the apparatus and enables

the appropriate levelling of the apparatus to
the bench supply valve
(5) Overflow Pipe
This pipe prevents the cylinder glass to flow.
(6) Flow Dissipator
This dissipator is where the orifice plate is

found, the taps inside dissipate the flow and
thus a change in pressure occurs
7
Parts Description
(7) Pitot Tube
This measures the pressure drop within the

apparatus
8
EXPERIMENTS IN ORIFICE METER
A. Calibration of Orifice Meter
Objectives:
To calibrate the instrument (by determining the constants K and n,

assuming the actual discharge Qa = K*Hhgn).
To determine the coefficient of discharge (Cd) of the given orifice meter for
different rates of flow.
Apparatus:
Measuring tank of Size 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.8 metre with overflow arrangement,
gauge glass, scale arrangement and a drain valve.
Stop Watch.
Orifice meters fitted onto horizontal pipes of diameters 20mm, 25mm
and 40mm with pressure tappings and gate valves to regulate flow rate.
Differential mercury manometer with wooden scale of 1m length and
scale graduations of 1mm to measure the loss of head.
9
Procedures:
1. Close the valves of inlet pipe, Orifice meter pipe line and manometer.
2. Open gate valve of the pipeline selected for the experimentation.
3. Open the needle valves of the corresponding manometer & Orifice meter.
4. Adjust the control valve kept at the exit side of the Orifice to a desired
flow rate and maintain the flow.
5. Note down the readings of manometer & time for 10cm rise in measuring
tank.
6. Adjust the gate valve and repeat the experiment.
Data Table:
10
B. Flow Measurement Using Orifice
Objectives:
To calibrate an orifice meter for flow measurements in small tubing
To become familiar with computer data acquisition and to explore cavitation.
Apparatus:
Volumetric Detector
Pressure Sensor
Orifice
Flow control Valve
Experimental Set Up:
Volumetric
Detector
Pressure Flow 200 kPa

reducing control pressure sensor
valve valve
Shut off
valve
7 kPa pressure
Orifice sensor
11
Procedures:
1) Connect the 200-kPa pressure sensor to the orifice meter. The high-
pressure port should be connected to the upstream pressure tap (2.5 D
upstream from orifice plate). The bore of the orifice plate is 1.59 mm.
2) Connect the high pressure port of the 7-kPa pressure sensor to the port at
the base of the volumetric detector.
3) Connect the orifice meter to the supply and drain lines.
4) Insert the drain line into the small tube at the top of the volumetric detector
5) Open the flow control valve very slowly! Water hammer from a surge of
water through an air filled orifice tube can damage the pressure sensor.
6) Alternately hold sections of the supply line including the pressure reducing
valve vertically so that air is purged from the line.
After the tubing has filled with water and there is a small amount of water in
the volumetric detector turn off the water and then subtract the offset voltage
from both sensors by pressing . Note that there is a zero function that
zeros all sensors as well as zero functions that zero individual sensors
12
C. Flow Measurement By Orifice Meter
Objectives:
To find the coefficient of discharge for orifice meter
Apparatus:
Volumetric Tank
Orifice
Pump
Procedures:
1. Check all the clamps for tightness.
2. Check whether the water level in the tank is sufficient such that the
suction pipe of pump is completely immersed.
3. For measurement through orifice, open the outlet valve of the orifice
meter and close the valve of orifice meter.
4. For a good amount of variation in discharge also close the by- pass valve
of pump.
5. Now switch on the pump.
6. Open the gate valve and start the flow.
7. If any air bubbles exist in U-tube manometer remove them through air
cock valve. Operate the air cock valve slowly and cautiously to avoid
mercury run away through water.
8. Wait for a while for stabilization of flow.
9. Close the gate valve of measuring tank and measure the time for
discharge of five liters of water and the manometer difference. Before
taking any measurements, make sure the flow is stable.
10. Repeat the procedure by changing the discharge by slowly opening the
by-pass valve and take the six readings.
13
Data Table:
14
INSTALLATION AND SERVICING INSTRUCTION
Installation Instruction
The apparatus is delivered assembled and ready to use. However, it should be

checked for transit damage. To install:
1. Position the apparatus over the Hydraulic Bench Top.

2. Connect the bench supply hose to apparatus.
3. Level; the apparatus with the plastic knobs that are fitted to the leg
support.
4. Adjust the screw clip at the top of the apparatus so that the flow
dissipater can be positioned at any level in the glass cylinder.
5. Check that the pitot tube is vertical, otherwise adjust.
6. Check that the pitot tube can be transversed across the orifice width,
otherwise adjust.
7. During the experiment ensure that the air is not entrained adjacent to
the pitot tube. Tap the probe lightly to clear the air. Other orifice can be
fitted from underneath the base of the apparatus.
Routine Care and Maintenance
The glass cylinder tank is of thick glass tubing and has adequate
strength for all normal uses.
Care should however be exercised in handling the apparatus to avoid
necessary damage. The apparatus should be drained after use and all
external parts dried with a lint free cloth.
The sharp-edged blade should be left on the Pitot unit and covered with
the small plastic tube supplied.
To protect the Pitot unit, it should be left camped and positioned
underneath the base plate bottom.
If the plastic manometer tubes become discolored a stain and Deposit
Remover is available. See the Removal and Prevention of Scale section.
15
PREVENTION AND REMOVAL OF SCALES
Prevention of Scales
Scale can be caused by impurities in the water depositing on the inside of the
Hydraulics apparatus. This is particularly noticeable to plastic manometer
tubes where the water is essentially static and impurities can deposit on its
walls. To prevent scale forming in the hydraulics apparatus, it is recommended
that stain and deposit prevention solution be added to the water supply e.g.
Hydraulic Bench sump tank.
The solution is especially desirable in hard water areas.
Removal of Scales
If excessive deposits do form in the manometer tubes, a stain and deposit

Remover solution can be used to clean it.
DO NOT ALLOW ANY OF THIS FLUID TO CONTACT PAINTWORK. ANY

DROPLETS SHOULD BE REMOVED IMMEDIATELY WITH A CLOTH AND
IS SOLUTION MUST
ALSO NOT BE ALLOWED TO BE IN CONTACT WITH TIN OR ZINC
COMPONENTS. IT WILL REACT WITH THESE METALS AND LEAV EA
BLACK DEPOSIT ON THEM.
This solution will not remove natural discoloration of plastic manometer
tubing which can occur after many years of service. See Retubing
Tecquipment Hydraulics Apparatus To clean out chalky deposits:
a. Position the apparatus over a water drainage area in the laboratory.
Ensure that a main water supply is near at hand so that the
apparatus can eventually be thoroughly washed out.
b. Drain all water from the apparatus.
c. If possible tilt the apparatus onto its back.
d. Remove the purge valve from the manometer manifold.
e. Connect a short length of plastic tubing onto the screwed end of the
manifold.
f. Connect a small funnel to the plastic tubing and pour in the stain and
deposit remover. It is recommended that for economical use of the
16
remover fluid, only the manometer tubes over the scale length need be
filled with fluid.
g. Leave the fluid in the tube for 3 to 4 hours.
h. Drain all remover fluid via funnel.
i. Close the outlet valve of the apparatus.
j. Connect the main supply to the inlet end of the apparatus.
k. Thoroughly wash out the equipment, allowing water to drain through
the funnel. While the washing operation proceeds manipulate the
manometer tubes with the fingers to remove any remaining deposits.
Continue washing until all the remover solution has been washed out.
The estimated amount of remover required for each of the Hydraulics

apparatus are:
17
The following lengths of tubing are necessary to re-tube the manometers on the
apparatus.
18
LATEST TECHNOLOGY
With OriMaster, reliability is

improved and installed costs are
reduced by eliminating the
impulse piping found
traditionally between the
transmitter and the orifice
assembly. Creating the meter
specification is much simpler
than for a conventional orifice
flowmeter because the whole
meter is described in a single
code and is supplied as a one-
piece assembly, ready to use.
OriMaster V incorporates the

ABB 364 DP transmitter which
has a stainless steel body as
standard. This means that the
OriMaster V is an all-stainless-
steel, one piece volume flow
meter for both general purpose
applications and those where the ambient conditions require stainless steel
exposed parts.
OriMaster M uses the powerful ABB 267 multivariable transmitter which

measures DP, Pressure and Temperature, together with (optionally) an integral
temperature element to offer a one piece mass (or corrected volume) flowmeter.
Both versions are available for 1in. to 8in. NB pipes (DN25 to DN200) Using
ABB's OriMaster sizing and selection software, users can enter the pipe size
and process conditions and the values of the DP generated by each of the
standard Beta ratios will be calculated.
Once the preferred DP is selected the user can proceed to generate the
complete specification and ordering code of the OriMaster by answering a
series of simple questions about the application.
19
References
Buckingham E. Notes on the Orifice Meter.

Basics of the Orifice Flow Meter. Retrieved from
http://www.instrumentationtoolbox.com/2013/03/basics-of-orifice-
flow-meter.html#axzz4J35eLpsT
Flow Measurement by Venturi and Orifice meter. Retrieved from:
http://www.che.iitb.ac.in/online/system/files/92/course_details/FM+3
08.pdf
Flow Through Orifice Meter. Retrieved from http://uorepc-
nitk.vlabs.ac.in/exp3/index.html
20

Orifice Meter: Pamantasan NG Lungsod NG Maynila

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PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

University of the City of Manila

Orifice meter is a type of flow meter which

An orifice meter is a conduit and a

Figure 2. Typical Flow in Orifice Meter

Provided the standard mechanics of construction are followed no further

3. The cross section of the fluid starts diverging in the downstream

From the figure shown,

For the approximation or preliminary design, however, it is satisfactory to use

Note which is always determined experimentally and varies considerably

Under these conditions, may be taken as 0.61. Furthermore, if less than

The mass flowrate m is given by:

Advantages of Orifice Meter

1. It is very cheap and easy to measure flow rate.

Disadvantages and Limitations of Orifice Meter

1. It is very difficult to tap the minimum pressure due to the roughness

Parts and Functions of Orifice Meter

1 Inlet 5 - Overflow Pipe

Parts and Functions of Venturimeter

Table 1.1 Parts and Functions of Venturimeter

This is where the water from the hydraulic

It measures the pressure drop that will be

This is where the fluid that flows within the

Parts and Functions of Venturimeter

Table 1.1 Parts and Functions of Venturimeter

This supports the apparatus and enables

(5) Overflow Pipe

This pipe prevents the cylinder glass to flow.

(6) Flow Dissipator

This dissipator is where the orifice plate is

Parts and Functions of Venturimeter

Table 1.1 Parts and Functions of Venturimeter

This measures the pressure drop within the

EXPERIMENTS IN ORIFICE METER

A. Calibration of Orifice Meter

To calibrate the instrument (by determining the constants K and n,

B. Flow Measurement Using Orifice

Experimental Set Up:

Pressure Flow 200 kPa

C. Flow Measurement By Orifice Meter

INSTALLATION AND SERVICING INSTRUCTION

The apparatus is delivered assembled and ready to use. However, it should be

1. Position the apparatus over the Hydraulic Bench Top.

Routine Care and Maintenance

PREVENTION AND REMOVAL OF SCALES

The solution is especially desirable in hard water areas.

If excessive deposits do form in the manometer tubes, a stain and deposit

DO NOT ALLOW ANY OF THIS FLUID TO CONTACT PAINTWORK. ANY

The estimated amount of remover required for each of the Hydraulics

With OriMaster, reliability is

OriMaster V incorporates the

OriMaster M uses the powerful ABB 267 multivariable transmitter which

Buckingham E. Notes on the Orifice Meter.

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