GE Oil & Gas

Heavy Duty Gas Turbine

Monitoring & Protection
Bently Nevada* Asset Condition Monitoring

Table of Contents
1 Purpose......................................................................................................2 7 Protection /Management Systems..................................................... 18

2 Scope..........................................................................................................2 7.1 3500 Series Monitoring System Overview................................................18

3 References.................................................................................................2 7.2 3500 Vibration/Thrust/Temperature/Dynamic Pressure...................18

4 Basic Operation of the Heavy Duty Gas Turbine.................................3 7.3 3701 Protection/Monitoring System.............................................................28

5 Transducer Overview...............................................................................4 7.3.1 Overview of System................................................................................28

5.1 Measured Parameters.............................................................................................4 7.3.2 System Components..............................................................................29

5.2 General Installation Considerations................................................................5 7.4 Bently Nevada Configuration Application.................................................32

5.3 Sensor Signal Path Recommendations...........................................................5 7.5 Management System............................................................................................36

6 Gas Turbine Measurements....................................................................6 8 Related Systems for Consideration ................................................... 39

6.1 Keyphasor Probe for Speed & Phase Measurements.............................6 9 Appendix 1 Thrust Voting Considerations..................................... 40

6.2 Overspeed Fundamentals.....................................................................................6 10 Appendix 2 Voting Truth Tables....................................................... 42

6.3 Thrust Transducers Fluid Film Thrust Bearings......................................9

6.4 Radial and Thrust Bearing Temperature........................................................9

6.5 Vibration Transducers Radial Journal Bearings...................................11

6.6 Bearing Housing Vibration.................................................................................12

6.7 Lube Oil Temperature...........................................................................................13

6.8 Combustor Monitoring.........................................................................................13

6.9 Exhaust Gas Temperature..................................................................................14

6.10 Process Variable Measurements....................................................................16

application note
application note
1 Purpose
The purpose of this document is to identify best practices
and recommendations for the selection and installation of
Bently Nevada transducers, monitoring, protection, and
management systems on heavy duty gas turbines. These
recommendations apply to both new and existing machines
targeted for retrofit installations.
2 Scope
The scope of this document is limited to applications for heavy
duty gas turbine mechanical systems, and addresses those gas
turbines specifically with a single shaft. The recommendations
contained herein can be extended to multi-rotor heavy duty
gas turbine utilizing the relevant sections for the additional
mechanical components.
This best practice is not applicable to aeroderivative gas turbines,
which are covered in a separate document.
The single rotor gas turbine (GT), as the name implies, contains
both the GT compressor section and GT turbine section on the
same single rotor that is mechanically coupled directly to the
driven equipment such as a gearbox and electrical generator.
In the case of the two rotor design, the same configuration of
compressor and turbine on the first rotor (also known as the
GE Frame 7 Heavy Duty Gas Turbine
2
gas generator) coexists with a second rotor which supports the GT
power turbine (also known as the reaction turbine) that is driven
by the exhaust gas from the gas generator section. The GT power
turbine is mechanically coupled to the driven component such as
a compressor, pump, or generator. In the case of the single rotor
and two rotor designs, these heavy duty gas turbines typically
use fluid film sleeve or tilt pad bearings.
The recommended products are based on those available at the
time of this writing. As new technologies become available, they
should be evaluated for application.
3 References
1. American Petroleum Institute (API) Standard 670 Machinery
Protection Systems, Fifth Edition, November 2014, American
Petroleum Institute
2. API Standard 616 Gas Turbines for the Petroleum, Chemical
and Gas Industry Services Fifth Edition, January 2011,
American Petroleum Institute
3. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standard
7919-4 Mechanical vibration of non-reciprocating machines
Measurements on rotating shafts and evaluation criteria
Part 4 Gas Turbine Sets, 1996 E.
4. Gas Turbine Engineering Handbook, 4th Edition,
Meherwan P. Boyce

4 Basic Operation of the Heavy Duty
Gas Turbine
A gas turbine is an internal combustion rotary engine that converts
fuel into mechanical output power to drive equipment such as
electric generators, pumps, and compressors. Gas turbines are
widely used in the power generation and the oil and gas industry in
production, midstream and downstream applications.
A typical gas turbine contains three main sections: the compressor,
the combustor, and the turbine. The compressor is connected to the
turbine by the same rotor.
The basic functions of the three sections are:
1. Compressor Compresses the incoming atmosphere to a
high pressure into the combustion area.
2. Combustion area Mixes a fuel with the compressed
atmospheric air and burns the air - fuel mixture and produces
high-pressure, high-velocity gas that passes through
the turbine section.
3. Turbine (Expander) Extracts the energy from the high-
pressure, high-velocity gas flowing from the combustion
chamber. The extracted energy is converted to a mechanical
output resulting in the rotation of the turbine rotor.
The mechanical output of the turbine rotor is used to drive the
driven machine directly or sometimes through a gear box. The
mechanical output also drives the compressor section of the gas
turbine which brings in high-pressure air to mix with the fuel for
combustion to continue the cycle over again. Roughly 50 percent
(ranging from 40 to 80 percent) of the power generated by the
turbine section is consumed by the compressor.
application note
External power is required to get the compressor section rotating
before the combustion section and turbine section can perform
their tasks. The startup of a gas turbine is often accomplished
with an external starting mechanism such as an electric motor or
hydraulic motor, which is temporarily applied to initially turn the
gas turbine rotor. The gas turbine (compressor and turbine) rotor
is accelerated to approximately 20 to 25 percent of rated speed
before the combustor is fired. Then an additional 40 to 60 percent
of the rated speed is necessary for the gas turbine to fully start
and become self-sustaining. This cranking of the gas turbine is also
held for a period of a few minutes to purge the gas turbine of any
possible unwanted gases that may be in the turbine.
A wide variety of fuel types can be used, such as natural gas,
diesel oil, residual oils, crude oil, syngas from refineries, and the
gasification of solid fuels such as coal and other organic matter.
The fuel type governs the need for any fuel treatment skids, and
the combustor design needs to also be matched to the fuel type for
proper combustion.
The formal name of the thermodynamic process is as the
Brayton Cycle. This cycle can be broken down into three individual
thermodynamic processes know as isentropic compression,
isobaric (constant pressure) combustion, and isentropic expansion.
The gas turbine is a fairly complex system operating at high
speeds and high temperatures that place significant demands
on the direct mechanical system and support systems. As such,
the gas turbine can benefit from protection and condition
monitoring systems to identify problematic conditions, avoid
significant machine damage, and enable planned maintenance
to be performed.
3
application note
5 Transducer Overview

5.1 Measured Parameters

The following table summarizes the transducer selection for heavy-duty gas turbines:

Measurement Sensor Location Monitor

Rotor radial vibration Proximity probes Best mounted on the bearing face or bearing 3500/42
support in an orthogonal pair or
3701/40
Bearing housing vibration High temperature seismic Best mounted on the bearing housing in an 3500/42
orthogonal pair or
3701/40
Rotor axial (thrust) position Proximity probes Mounted parallel to the rotor with a minimum 3500/42
target surface of 0.6 inches or 16 mm or
3701/40
Rotor axial (thrust) vibration Proximity probes Used for thrust bearing diagnostics and 3500/42
surge detection or
3701/40
Combustion dynamics High temperature dynamic Mounted on each of the combustor cans, radially 3500/64
pressure sensor mounted for annular combustors, one each for or
silo combustors 3701/40
or
3701/442
Radial bearing temperature RTD/TC Two measurements in the upper half and 2 in the 3500/60
lower half 3500/61
Axial bearing temperature RTD/TC Four measurements radially spaced on active and 3500/60
inactive bearings 3500/61
Phase reference Proximity probes Physical reference of the rotor speed and 3500/25
vibration phase (Keyphasor signal) or
3701/40
Exhaust gas temperature RTD/TC Minimum of one measurement 3500/60
per combustor can 3500/61
Lube oil supply RTD/TC For each lube oil supply 3500/60
3500/61
Lube oil drain temperature RTD/TC One measurement per oil drain 3500/60
3500/61
Tachometer Proximity probes Phase reference can be fed to the tachometer 3500/50
or
3701/40
Blade Health Magnetic pickup Measures the timing of the blade tips to look for 3701/68
blade structural problems
Overspeed Proximity probe or Three probes in an array to detect a rotor 3500/533
magnetic pickup1 overspeed condition or
3701/55

1
The sensor selection is dependent on speed wheel geometry. Proximity probes are recommended for a square tooth wheel of
appropriate dimensions. When the target is a trapezoidal gear tooth, a magnetic pickup may provide the best speed signal (see the
Overspeed Detection Application Guide for further details on speed target requirements.)
2
Supported by the ADAPT 3701/40 and /44 Aero Monitor only
3
The 3500/53 product has been included in this application guide to support our existing installed base where the 3500/53 product is in
operation. The 3500/53 is no longer available for new installations and 3701/55 ADAPT.ESD should be considered for all Bently Nevada
Overspeed Detection and Emergency Shutdown applications moving forward.

4

5.2 General Installation Considerations
Sensors need be installed per original equipment manufacturer
(OEM) approved methods to avoid damage to bearings or other
critical components.
The API 670 standard for sensor installation can be applied for
gas turbines.
Standardizing on 1.0 meter or 0.5 meter proximity probe lengths
can cut down on the number of extension cables that need to be
stocked for spares.
Using the Extended Temperature Range (ETR) proximity probe
systems with FluidLoc* cable sealing increases the life of the probe
system in many gas turbine applications.
Probe replacements for obsolete parts should be done carefully;
some older parts have a different thread pitch than the current
models. If bracket or quill replacement is necessary, the bearing
housing must be removed in many cases.
For hot end bearings, choose sensor cable exits and routing
carefully to avoid temperatures above the product ratings. Sensor
extension cable routing out via the bearing lube oil drain line has
been incorporated in some designs. FluidLoc should be used when
routing cables in the bearing lube oil drain as oil can wick up the
probe cables.
Since some synthetic turbine lubricants have additives that can
attack certain materials used for o-rings and seals, be sure to check
compatibility prior to installation.
Protect the probe to extension cable connection and insulate it
from the ground using either the connector protection kits or 3M
stretch tape.
For simplified installation and component replacement, mount
the proximity sensors in a DIN-rail and the junction block in
junction boxes.
Leave room in the junction box to coil excess proximity extension
cables as they are built to an electrical length and cannot be cut
to length.
application note
Instrument air should be run into any junction box that will
exceed 85 (185 F). Ambient temperature plus machine
temperature at the mounting location should be considered.
Process data points do not need to be replicated, but can
be imported from the distributed control system (DCS) or
plant historian.
5.3 Sensor Signal Path
Recommendations
The recommendation for wiring of the sensor back to the
monitoring system and the control system depends on where
the shutdown functions will be executed. ONLY buffered outputs,
Modbus*, Ethernet Global Data (EGD), or 4-20 mA loops should
be used to interface between the control system and GEs Bently
Nevada system. Avoid splitting the signal directly from the sensor
as signal loading can degrade the signal and may introduce an
additional potential point of failure. If the tripping function is done
through the relays of the Bently Nevada system then the sensors
should be wired to the Bently Nevada system and then to the
control system for operator indication. If the tripping function is
done in the control system then the sensors should be wired to
the control system first then buffered outputs taken to the Bently
Nevada system for condition monitoring.
Instrument Diagnostics:
Every Gas Turbine 3500 or 3701 instrumentation package has
extensive self-testing that is performed continuously. Self-test
failures are displayed to the end user in several ways, such as the
green OK LED being extinguished or the instrument rack OK relay/
protection fault (normally energized) changing state, in the operator
display (if supplied) and in the monitor events list. It is extremely
important that end users are aware of and take advantage of
these self-test indicators so that instrumentation problems can be
addressed before a false or missed alarm event occurs.
5
application note
6 Gas Turbine Measurements Component Description MFR Part Number
Sensor Bently Nevada 3300XL Typical
8mm proximity
6.1 Keyphasor Probe for Speed & Phase probe system (probe,
33010X-aa-bb-cc-dd-ee

Measurements extension cable, 330130-aaa-bb-cc

(ext. cable)
Proximitor sensor)
A Keyphasor* transducer is necessary for accurate speed and phase
information. It must be mounted on the rotor of the driver machine. 330180-aa-bb
The target notch or protrusion should be suitable to generate the (Proximitor sensor)
correct signal during all machine operating states, however the Probe Bently Nevada CA24701-aa-bb-cc
machinery manufacturer should confirm that an appropriated Housing explosion-proof
Keyphasor target is provided. stainless steel probe
At least one non-contact proximity transducer should be housing assembly
installed for once-per-rev phase reference measurements. Alternative housing may be selected when
For machines with internally mounted transducers, a spare explosion-proof rating is not required.
Keyphasor transducer should be installed, with extension Standard housing part number: 31000 or 21000
lead delivered to the transducer interface housing, external or 24701-aa-bb-cc-ddd-ee-ff
to the machine.
Monitor Bently Nevada 3500/25 3500/25-aa-bb-cc
As per API 670, the Keyphasor probe should be located near Keyphasor Module
the thrust bearing. At this location, the thermal growth of the
rotor is reduced, and mounting at this location helps ensure Monitor1 Bently Nevada 3500/50 3500/50-aa-01-cc
the notch or protrusion target does not move out of view of the Tachometer Module
probe. For machines with multiple rotors, each rotor requires Note: When applicable, all components are supplied with multi-
its own Keyphasor probe. approvals to ensure complete hazardous area documentation is
supplied with the order.
The Tachometer module may be used in lieu of the Keyphasor
1

module when advanced speed monitoring functionality is

needed. The system vendor should provide recommended
installation instructions as required.
If the routing for these proximity probe cables passes through an
environment that exceeds 177 C (350 F), Extended temperature
range (ETR) probes must be substituted for all speed or tachometer
sensors. ETR probes have a a maximum rating of 260 C (500 F).

Filtering Not applicable

Note: A Keyphasor signal is a once-per-turn or multiple-event-
per-turn pulse from a rotating shaft or gear used to provide a
precise timing measurement. This allows 3500 monitor modules
and external diagnostic equipment to measure shaft rotative
speed and vector parameters such as 1X vibration amplitude and
phase. The installation of a spare Keyphasor sensor is highly
recommended because the Keyphasor is a vital element in
performing machine management and diagnostics. It is a
recommended practice, where possible, to input the Keyphasor
signal(s) into one channel(s) of a 3500/42 monitor to allow capture
of the Keyphasor signal waveform(s). The 3701 system has
waveform capability for the speed and Keyphasor signals.
Items listed in the following table meet this best practice. The
specific ordering details of thread size and probe length should be
confirmed in collaboration with the machinery manufacturer.
Units Speed and phase
Machine Shutdown Condition monitoring application only
6.2 Overspeed Fundamentals
Overview
Overspeed of critical machines due to operational error or other
system failures is a serious personnel safety risk and can cause
catastrophic damage to the machinery and the plant. Since
overspeed is one of the most dangerous conditions that can occur
in a turbine, it is essential that overspeed protection systems are
properly installed. GEs Bently Nevada product line includes eddy
current proximity transducers and monitors that constitute an
electronic overspeed detection system. Such a detection system is
one part of an overall overspeed protection system. (See separate
Overspeed Protection Application Guide for more details.)

6

An Overspeed Protection System (OPS) is the complete
electro-mechanical system (hydraulic-mechanical or
electro-pneumatic) that senses the onset of an overspeed
condition and automatically shuts the unit down by closing
(or opening) valves, solenoids, and other devices necessary
to bring the unit to a safe halt (see Appendix C).
An Overspeed Detection System (ODS) is one part of
the larger OPS. It is responsible only for sensing the onset
of overspeed and providing a signal suitable for triggering
the rest of the OPS, which then removes energy from the
machine and brings it to a safe halt. The ODS supplies this
signal in the form of activation of one or more electrical relays.
Overspeed Detection System
A SIL-3 rated electronic overspeed detection system can be
provided if the end user requires a SIL-3 certified installation.
API 670 calls for a segregated electronic overspeed detection
system with three independent sensors, monitors and relays, with a
40-millisecond or faster response time. This means that a dedicated
rack with 3500/53 ODS monitors or a 3701/55 ADAPT Emergency
Shutdown Device (ESD) should be applied for overspeed detection.
The rotor target may be a multi-event wheel, but approval for
the speed detection and probe mounting arrangement must be
obtained by using of the Commercial Quotation Tool Big Machines
where the quality of the speed signal can be evaluated.
Note: Although 3500 and 3701 systems are capable of
monitoring other variables such as vibration and thrust
position, as well as overspeed, a dedicated ODS is highly
recommended as the best practice.
Gas turbines must have a two-out-of-three (2oo3) voting logic
Triple Modular Redundant Overspeed Protection System. This
entails three probes, three Proximitor sensors, and three 3500/53
channels or one 3701/55 ESD system with three processor modules
and three relay modules installed.
Best practices for specifying a ODS are:
The governor speed sensors should be independent of the
ODS speed sensors.
Three proximity transducers or magnetic pickups
should be installed on the driver of each machine train
application note
mounted in the same axial plane, but with an angular
offset. Three corresponding overspeed detection
monitors should also be supplied. The speed sensing surface
should never be located on an auxiliary rotor where there
is an intervening gearbox or coupling that could potentially
fail, isolating the speed sensing surface from the actual
machine speed.
If theres enough room/physical space an additional/spare
probe can be installed for use in case an operational probe
fails. The additional probe should be installed with the
extension cable and Proximitor sensor, so the end user can
just move the field wiring cable from the Proximitor sensor
related to the failed transducer to the Proximitor sensor of
the additional/spare probe.
The speed signal must meet speed sensing signal quality
at all operating speeds. This is done by qualifying the
proposed installation using the Commercial Quotation
Tool. It is advisable to observe the output signal of the
transducer during commissioning. Keep in mind that a
magnetic pickups performance improves with machine speed,
and is unusable at slow speeds, while a proximity probe
performs better at lower speed and the performance may
degrade as speed increases. Magnetic pickups are a simpler
design and less likely to fail; however, the failure modes are
not visible. Proximity probes are more complicated, however
almost all failure modes are guaranteed to be detected.
The ODS speed sensors must always observe the driver
machine on the main rotor. No secondary rotors or gears
are allowed, and sensors must not be placed on the driven
side of any coupling. In some cases, the power turbine is
also equipped with an ODS, because it can also experience
overspeed conditions.
The turbine control system is the primary overspeed
protection system. The 3500/53 or 3701/55 overspeed
detection systems are part of the emergency backup to the
primary control system overspeed protection in the event of
a control system failure. End users may elect to remove the
mechanical overspeed bolt upon the successful installation
and qualification of the emergency backup overspeed
protection system.
The 4-20 mA output must NEVER be used to control the
speed of the machine. It is designed to provide speed trending
information only.
Keyphasor signals (single notch speed signals) are NOT to
be used for closed loop control or overspeed protection.
The overspeed detection system operates independently
of the rest of the monitoring system, therefore a separate
phase-reference Keyphasor or Tachometer system
is required.
The following items meet this Specification. The specific ordering
details of thread size and probe length need to be confirmed in
collaboration with the machinery manufacturer.
7
application note
Transducer Installation for Electronic Overspeed
Detection System
Two options are currently available for overspeed detection the
3500/53 system and the 3701/55 system.
Or

Component Description MFR Part Number Component Description MFR Part Number
Sensor Bently Nevada 3300XL 330101/330103- Sensor Bently Nevada 3300XL 330101/330103-
8mm Proximity AA-BB-CC-DD-EE 8mm proximity AA-BB-CC-DD-EE
probe system (probe, (typical) probe system (probe, (typical)
extension cable, extension cable,
proximitor sensor) Proximitor sensor)
Or Or
Sensor Magnetic pickup Sensor Magnetic pickup
Probe Bently Nevada CA24701- Probe Bently Nevada CA24701-
Housing explosion-proof AA-BB-CC Housing explosion-proof AA-BB-CC
stainless steel probe (if applicable) stainless steel probe (if applicable)
housing assembly housing assembly
Alternative housing may be selected when Alternative housing may be selected when
explosion-proof rating is not required. explosion-proof rating is not required.
Standard housing part number: 31000 Standard housing part number: 31000
or 21000 or 24701-aa-bb-cc-ddd-ee-ff or 21000 or 24701-aa-bb-cc-ddd-ee-ff
Monitor Bently Nevada 3500/53 3500/53-03-01 Monitor Bently Nevada 3701/55 3701/55 ESD
Overspeed Detection Emergency Shutdown
Module in triple Device
modular redundant
Note: When applicable, all components are supplied with
(TMR)
multi-approvals.
Note: When applicable, all components are supplied with If the routing for these proximity probe cables passes through
multi-approvals. an environment which reaches 177 C (350 F) during operation,
If the routing for these proximity probe cables passes through extended temperature range probes and extension cables
an environment which reaches 177 C (350 F) during operation, must be substituted for all speed or tachometer sensors.
extended temperature range probes and extension cables (See related documents.)
must be substituted for all speed or tachometer sensors.
(See related documents.) Filtering Not applicable
Units Speed and peak speed in RPM
Machine Shutdown Yes, a shutdown application

8
 application note
6.3 Thrust Transducers Fluid Film The following items meet this best practice. The specific ordering
details of thread size and probe length should be confirmed in
Thrust Bearings collaboration with the machinery manufacturer.
A thrust bearing failure can lead quickly to major machine failure.
Component Description MFR Part Number
API 670 recommends the installation of dual thrust transducers at
each thrust bearing in order to detect thrust bearing degradation Sensor Bently Nevada Typical
and/or failure. For SIL-3 rated applications, three probes should be 3300XL 8mm 33010X-aa-bb-cc-dd-ee
installed and connected to triple modular redundant monitors. proximity probe
system (probe, 330130-aaa-bb-cc
extension cable, (ext. cable)
Proximitor sensor) 330180-aa-bb
(Proximitor sensor)
Probe Bently Nevada stainless 21022-aa-bb-cc
Housing steel dual axial probe
housing assembly
(or equivalent)1
Alternative housing may be selected when physical limitations
The preferred mounting arrangement for the thrust probes is prevent the use of the recommended housing.
directly through the thrust bearing; however, the machine design Monitor Bently Nevada 3500/42M-aa-bb
does not always permit this. Thrust probe installation may also 3500/42M or
be engineered to observe the end of the rotor (within 300 mm of Proximity
the thrust collar), or another collar on the rotor within a similar Seismic Monitor 3701/40
proximity to the thrust bearing.
Note: When applicable, all components are supplied with
Best practices for specifying thrust monitoring include: multi-approvals.
Two non-contact proximity displacement transducers in a 1 If housing is needed
dual-voting configuration to be installed in accordance with
API Latest Edition, at each hydrodynamic thrust bearing. Filtering Not applicable
For a SIL-3 rated installation, three probes must be
installed in a 2oo3 voting configuration. Units Displacement

Thrust Bearing Monitoring: Unless otherwise stated,
axial position (thrust) modules should be provided in dual
redundant configuration. Many years of field experience has
shown that the best practice is dual voting thrust (2oo2 logic)
for shutdown. This voting requires both sensors to exceed
their danger setpoint to initiate a shutdown. API STD 670
section 7 covers this consideration in detail.
Note 1: When dual voting is applied, if the two channels
show different readings, immediate action should be taken
to determine root cause driving the difference and corrective
action taken.
Note 2: When dual voting thrust is applied, a channel
Not OK caused by a transducer fault will drive that channels
alarms, resulting in a vote for shutdown. A second vote
from the remaining channel will activate the shutdown
relay. (API 670 7.4.2.5 b).
Note 3: The end user is encouraged to thoroughly
understand and verify voting logic at the time of
commissioning and after any change in configuration.
Note 4: Installation, calibration and setup should only
be done by qualified and experienced personnel. Improper
installation may compromise safe operation and require
a machine shutdown to correct the installation.
(See appendix for further discussion on voting.)
Machine Shutdown Yes, typically a shutdown application
6.4 Radial and Thrust Bearing
Temperature
Radial Bearing Temperature Monitoring
Benefits Elevated radial bearing temperature can indicate
problems related to fluid-film journal bearings, including
overload, bearing metal fatigue, insufficient or no lubrication, or
contaminated lubricant. Measuring radial bearing temperatures
and correlating them with other process variables can assist in
determining the overall condition of the machine.
Applications For fluid-film journal bearings, API 670 specifies
the number of sensors to use and how to apply them based on
the length to diameter ratio of the bearing. API 670 also specifies
the sensor application for tilting pad bearings. The sensors should
be spring loaded to assure good contact between the sensor and
bearing metal. It is strongly recommended that transmitters not be
used because they decrease system reliability. The most common
temperature sensor types are resistance temperature detectors
(RTDs) and thermocouples (TCs). The RTD functions as a change of
resistance for changes in temperature. This temperature sensitive
variable resistor is then used as a component in the monitoring
channel circuitry. The TC comprises two dissimilar metals that
create a very small electromotive force (EMF) or voltage that is
then input measured by the monitor channel.

9
application note
Installation The transducer installation should be performed in
accordance with the practice specified in API 670 Latest Edition.
Bearings are often modified to accept embedded temperature
probes during the manufacturing process. If machining is not done
during manufacturing, the bearings can be removed and drilled to
accept the temperature probes after machine installation, during an
overhaul or retrofit. Designs for sensor installation must be approved
by the OEM prior to modification.
It is strongly recommended that dual sensors/cables be installed.
One sensor should be connected and the second sensor and cable
function as a spare.
Sensor selection should take into account grounding
practices for the instrumentation. Improper grounding can
cause noise in the sensor circuit that can affect the monitoring
channel signal conditioning and result in erroneous reading.
For this reason, when utilizing thermocouples, the best practice
is to select non-grounded tip TCs. RTDs, by design, are isolated
and do not pose a risk to the sensitive grounding practices.
For radial bearings, API 670 uses the definition of short and
long bearings to define where to place the temperature
measurement sensors. For a long bearing, two-plane temperature
measurements are important if a misalignment between the
bearing and the shaft occurs. In this case OR-logic should be
applied since different temperature readings can occur for
both temperature sensors
Thrust bearing temperature should use OR-logic because each
sensor is installed in the active and inactive pads.
API 670 recommends that the bearing temperature shutdown
monitor should be field changeable to shutdown when either:
1. A single sensor exceeds the danger alarm setpoint
(single or 1oo1 logic)
2. Dual voting between predetermined pairs when
both sensors exceeding their danger alarm set-points
(dual voting or 2oo2 logic)
3. Exception: Dual voting bearing temperature sensors
are standard when two sensors are installed in the
load zone of the same bearing.
System Monitor Transducer
3500 3500/65 (16 channel) Customer/site standard
3500/60 (6 channel) TC/RTD with cable and
extension cable
3500/61 (6 channel)
All monitoring system components should be specified/ordered
with approvals unless specifically declined by the end user.
Filtering Not applicable
Units Degrees temperature
Machine Shutdown Condition monitoring and
sometimes a shutdown application, most notably on
the exhaust end bearing
10
Thrust Bearing Temperature Monitoring
Benefits Elevated thrust bearing temperature can indicate
problems related to fluid-film thrust bearings, including overload,
bearing metal fatigue, or lubricant issues. Measuring thrust bearing
temperatures and correlating them with other process variables
can assist in determining the overall condition of the machine.
Applications For fluid-film thrust bearings, API 670 specifies
the number of sensors to use and how to apply them. The most
common temperature sensor types are resistance temperature
detectors (RTDs) and thermocouples (TDs). The RTD functions as a
change of resistance for changes in temperature. This temperature
sensitive variable resistor is then used as a component in the
monitoring channel circuitry. The TC comprises two dissimilar
metals that create a very small electromotive force (EMF) or
voltage that is then input measured by the monitor channel.
Installation The transducer installation should be performed in
accordance with the practice specified in API 670 Latest Edition.
The active and inactive thrust bearings should be instrumented.
Thrust bearing pads may be drilled to accept temperature sensors
during the manufacturing process. If machining is not done during
manufacturing, the bearing pads can be removed and drilled to
accept the temperature probes after machine installation, during
an overhaul or retrofit. Designs for sensor installation must
approved by the OEM prior to modification.
Sensor selection should take into account grounding practices
for the instrumentation. Improper grounding can cause noise in
the sensor circuit that can affect the monitoring channel signal
conditioning and result in an erroneous reading. For this reason,
when utilizing thermocouples, the best practice is to select non-
grounded tip TCs. RTDs, by design, are isolated and do not pose a
risk to the sensitive grounding practices.
System Monitor Transducer
3500 3500/65 (16 channel) Customer/site standard
TC/RTD with cable and
3500/60 (6 channel)
extension cable.
3500/61 (6 channel)
Unless Customer declines, all monitoring system components are
to be specified/ordered with approvals.
Filtering Not applicable
Units Degrees temperature
Machine Shutdown Condition monitoring and
sometimes a shutdown application
Application Advisory: When 3701 ADAPT is used for the
vibration monitoring portion of an installation, temperature
monitoring will be performed by the 3500 standard temperature
offering. The 3701 and 3500 systems work together with the
System 1* software to provide a complete view of the machine
vibration and temperature conditions.
Note: The thrust bearing position measurement should
never be voted with thrust bearing temperature for the
Danger Alarm. This voting was promoted in the past based
on the premise that excessive thrust motion also generated

elevated bearing temperature. There are two reasons not to
do this. First, temperature measurements can have a long
lag time because of the time it takes for surface heat to heat
the bearing babbitt and reach the sensor. This can produce
a significant time lag that will delay protection alarming.
Second, an internal rub occurs frequently at the limit of
the thrust motion which will unload the bearing and cause
the temperature to fall below the alarm level and prevent
a Danger Alarm resulting in damage that could have been
prevented by tripping on thrust position.
6.5 Vibration Transducers Radial
Journal Bearings
The thin fluid film that supports the rotor, in a fluid-film bearing,
permits rotor movement relative to the bearing. Two orthogonally
mounted proximity transducers are required to observe this
rotor motion.
application note
from the end user to rectify the cause of the Not OK condition.
Failure to rectify a Not OK condition may result in either having
unprotected operation or reverting to a single logic protection
(1oo1) based on the remaining OK channel. Field changeable
options allow the end user to establish the correct response
based on operational need.
Note 4: End users should be aware that logically OR-ing the
Not OK channel with the channel alarm in relay logic could
lead to false shutdown if an event causes a momentary Not
OK condition on one channel (if 1oo1 voting is applied) or both
channels (if 2oo2 voting is applied). A nearby lighting strike or
other fast electrical disturbance could cause this condition.
The input spike event is capable of exceeding the channels
OK limits nearly instantly, while that same channels alarms
may not be driven due to the momentary nature of the
disruption combined with the inherent measurement delay,
and the configured Alarm Time Delay. The Not OK response
of the channel has no delay.
(See appendix for further discussion on voting.)

Axial Vibration:
Y Proximity X Proximity
Probe Probe In many cases, there are vibration issues with the turbine in the axial
direction. The end user should be able to view the dynamic activity
Rotor
of the shaft in the axial direction. Axial instabilities, compressor
surge or coupling issues can manifest in the axial direction.
The following items meet this best practice. The specific ordering
Bearing details of thread size and cable connector options length should be
confirmed in collaboration with the machinery manufacturer.

Protection parameters related directly to machinery internal Component Description MFR Part Number
clearances can be enabled using simply the overall amplitude Sensor Bently Nevada 3300XL Typical
and DC position measurement. A range of chronic problems and 8mm proximity probe 33010-aa-bb-cc-dd-ee
acute fault conditions (such as misalignment, unbalance, and rotor system (probe, extension
rub) can be diagnosed effectively using the dynamic signal output cable, Proximitor sensor) 330130-aaa-bb-cc
from the proximity probes. (ext. cable)

Radial Vibration: 330180-aa-bb

(Proximitor sensor)
Radial shaft vibration is monitored with orthogonal X/Y paired
proximity sensors. The vibration shutdown system is field Probe Bently Nevada explosion- CA24701-aa-bb-cc
changeable to shutdown when either a single sensor exceeds the Housing proof stainless steel
danger alarm setpoint (single 1oo1 logic) or when both sensors are probe housing assembly
exceeding their danger alarm set-setpoints (dual 2oo2 voting logic). An alternative probe
The end user must make an informed decision to use single logic housing may be selected
or dual voting logic based on a risk analysis and economic impact when explosion proof
of a missed shutdown compared to a false shutdown. An excellent rating is not required
discussion of this trade-off consideration is presented in Section
Monitor 3500 Series or 3701 Series 3500/42M-aa-bb
7.4.1 of the API STD 670.
may be selected when or
Note 1: Voting a radial vibration X/Y pair increases the risk explosion-proof rating is
of failing to shutdown on high vibration if the machine is not required 3701/40
experiencing a severely elliptical orbit, which can occur
due to a heavy preload condition. Note: When applicable, all components are supplied with
multi-approvals.
Note 2: When 2oo2 dual voting is applied, if one channel
shows an alarm and the other does not, the end user should Filtering High-pass: 4Hz / Low-pass: 4kHz
immediately determine the root cause of the alarm and take
appropriate corrective action. Units Displacement pk-pk
Note 3: When 2oo2 dual voting is selected, a channel Not OK Machine Shutdown Condition monitoring and
with one of the vibration signals demands immediate action sometimes a shutdown application

11
application note
6.6 Bearing Housing Vibration
Bearing Housing
The bearing housing is a pedestal and strap used to provide
support for a rotor with the help of compatible bearings and
various accessories. It is to primarily mount bearings that allow
for the rotation of the rotor. The housing is bolted to a foundation
through the holes in the base.
Bearing Housing Vibration Monitoring
In gas turbines the bearing housing can exhibit a high degree of
compliance. In this case seismic vibration transducers should be
installed, in conjunction with non-contacting proximity probes,
in order to monitor the absolute (relative to free space) bearing
housing or structural vibration.
Two orthogonal Velomitor* Piezo-velocity sensors should
be installed at each turbine bearing and inside the bearing
housing. If possible, the transducers should be aligned with
the internally mounted proximity probes. The standard
Velomitor 330500 can be applied.
12
In cases where there is no available room/physical space to install
the sensors inside the bearing housing, the sensors should be
installed outside the bearing housing. If possible, the externally
mounted seismic vibration transducers should be aligned with the
internally mounted proximity probes. On the exhaust bearing,
the sensors may be exposed to elevated temperatures, and
should be selected by considering the operational temperature
range compatible with temperature exposure:
Sensors should be supplied with a mounting plate or
thread adapter, and the bearing housing should be
drilled and tapped suitably to accept the sensor or
housing thread.
To maintain site consistency and interchangeability of
parts, all drilling thread for casing mounted sensors
should be unified (for instance, 1/2-20 UNF, 1/4-28 UNF,
or M8x1).
A phenolic isolator block should be considered for the
Velomitor mounting in the case where the generator
bearings are not isolated in order to avoid the Velomitor
picking up the spikes generated in the rotor.
The location of the bearing housing vibration may
be hot and an evaluation should be made to ensure
sensor survivability.
The following items meet this best practice. The specific
ordering details of thread size and cable connector options
length should be confirmed by the OEM, or during the Design and
Installation Services (D&IS) phase for retrofits.
 application note
Component Description MFR Part Number Application No known restrictions.
Installation Temperature sensors should be mounted in each
Sensor 330500 Velomitor 330500-AA-BB
lube oil supply and return line. This allows monitoring the lube oil
Piezo-velocity sensor
temperature and helps to isolate which component may be affected
(transducer, mounting
if the lube oil temperature rises at one component and not the
stud, cable)
others. Assure that the temperature sensor is mounted such that
Cable High temperature 02100036 the element is in the flow of oil.
sealed Velomitor cable
Filtering Not applicable
3500 3500/42M 3500/42M-AA-BB
Alarm / Shutdown In the absence of OEM recommendations
Monitor Proximitor/seismic
or engineering data the recommended* initial alarm and danger
monitor
setpoints are:
Or
Alarm: 74 C (165 F)
3701 Monitor 3701/40 ADAPT 3701/40
Danger: 80 C (175 F)
Machinery Dynamics
Monitor *These setpoints should be adjusted based on actual
operating conditions
Note 1: When applicable, all components are supplied with multi-
approvals. System Monitor Transducer
Note 2: HTVS/HTVAS should not be considered due to length 3500 3500/60 RTD / Thermocouple
limitations of the cable between the high-temperature sensing (No recorder output)
element to the signal conditioning electronics. It is applied for the
bearing in the exhaust side for large machines where the cable 3500/61 RTD / Thermocouple
route length is usually longer than the maximum available integral 3500/65 RTD / Thermocouple*
cable length option. (No recorder output)

Filtering High-pass: 10Hz / Low-pass: 2kHz
Units Velocity 0-pk should be considered
Machine Shutdown Yes, typically a shutdown application
6.7 Lube Oil Temperature
Benefits Lubricating oil or Lube Oil is the lifeblood of machinery,
and heavy duty industrial gas turbines are no exception. Lube
oil deterioration results in the loss of the ability to function as
intended. When the lube oil is not able to function properly the
gas turbine can be in a critical situation. There are four main
reasons lube oil deteriorates: oxidation, thermal degradation,
contamination, and additive depletion or loss. The best way to
maintain a functioning lubricant is a monitoring program.
Lube oil deterioration is typically the result of the length of time
in use, temperature exposure, and several other conditions. The
rate at which lube oil oxidizes is a function of temperature exposure.
The deterioration rate for a typical mineral oil doubles for every
10C (18F) rise above 60C (140F). Synthetic oils generally have a will initiate a shutdown of the unit through the control system. This
higher resistance to oxidation. It is important to maintain the lube oil
temperature at or below these temperatures. If this isnt possible it is
important to maintain the lube oil at temperatures that are as cool as
possible. This is accomplished by monitoring the lube oil temperature
and using heat exchangers to cool the oil prior to circulating it back to
the machine components.
Lube oil supply pressure and temperature and bearing oil drain
temperature should be monitored. An abnormal temperature
rise of 10 C (50 F) between the supply and drain should be
investigated. Low lube oil pressure should be an alarm parameter.
* Only supports isolated (non-grounded) thermocouples
Filtering Not applicable
Units Degrees temperature
Machine Shutdown Condition monitoring
and sometimes a shutdown application
6.8 Combustor Monitoring
Benefits
Flame Sensing:
Combustion flame monitoring can indicate problems related to the
combustors tuning and operation. Typical gas turbines will have
several combustors that burn the fuel and air mixture creating the
high temperature gas that then is expanded through the turbine
section. A faulty burn from one or more combustor will cause an
increase in undesirable emissions and a decrease in overall gas
turbine efficiency. Loss of flame detected on one or more combustors
typically occurs during a startup sequence. If a unit is running and
loses flame, something major has occurred, such as an anomaly in
the fuel system.
Flame sensors are located in each combustor. These devices send
signals back to the control system to indicate that the flame meets
characteristics such as flicker, color, and intensity.
Flame sensors are provided by the OEM as a standard offering. GE
Flame Tracker products can be applied to many non-GE gas turbines
and may provide an improved solution as aftermarket replacement
parts.

13
application note
For more details on Flame Sensing see the Reuter Stokes products at:
https://www.gemeasurement.com/
Combustion Dynamics/Acoustics:
With modern Dry Low NOx combustors, the fuel to air ratio has
become very lean. This lean combustion can lead to conditions
that set up an acoustic resonance in the combustor can, silo
or annulus, sometimes called humming. If left unchecked, this
resonance can create pressure pulsations in the combustor
and/or transition piece that are large enough to create mechanical
damage to the components. If these components are liberated
and ejected downstream, severe mechanical damage can result.
Each gas turbine has different acoustic resonant frequencies of
concern. The individualities usually boil down to the granularity
of the type of combustor for that specific machine. A similar model
machine may have different kits for combustion depending on
customer requirements and government regulators for emissions.
All OEMs know what the frequencies of interest are for each
model of combustor and can set up the monitoring systems to
filter the dynamic pressure sensor signals for each frequency
of interest. Often there are two or three frequencies of concern
and band pass filters are set around them. Many systems are
installed permanently because gas turbines need to be retuned
for differing ambient conditions, fuel qualities, and fuel types.
Online combustion dynamics monitors take on a role of more
importance as fuel quality changes and can cause a gas turbine
to experience acoustic pulsations unexpectedly. If necessary a
shutdown can be initiated under extreme conditions.
Applications
Combustion acoustic sensor numbers and locations are determined
by the OEM depending on the combustion dynamics experience.
Installation
System Monitor Transducer
3500/3701 3500/64, 3701/40 350501 Dynamic
Pressure Charge Amp
Dynamic Pressure
Sensor not provided
by GE.
Filtering Determined by OEM
Units mbar/psi dpp, pp, rms, 0-pk and so on
Machine Shutdown Condition monitoring, load control, and
possible shutdown application
14
6.9 Exhaust Gas Temperature
Benefits Exhaust gas temperature (EGT) is a primary indicator
of gas turbine engine health and a critical parameter of engine
operation. Elevated EGT can indicate deteriorated internal parts,
excessive leaks, or a fouled air compressor. Excess EGT of a few
degrees can reduce turbine blade life as much as 50 percent.
Low EGT materially reduces turbine engine efficiency and causes
emissions exceedances. Thus, the EGT can provide insight into the
engines internal operating conditions.
EGT spread can indicate problems with specific combustor cans
or nozzles in addition to transition piece deterioration. Deviations
around the annulus of the EGT in either the hot or cold direction
may be an indication of these problems.
Application EGT plots are available from the System 1* Basic
Optimization and Diagnostic Software and are used to monitor and
display the EGT temperature spread of the gas turbine. The EGT plot
is capable of displaying up to 100 temperature values in three (3)
graphic formats: a temperature bar graph, a temperature spread bar
graph, and an EGT polar plot. In the polar plot the temperature values
can be plotted in reference to the combustor cans and rotated to the
gas swirl angle.
Decision Support is a component of the System 1* Basic Optimization
and Diagnostic Software, which allows end users to develop rules
to trigger alarms for a temperature excursion that deviates too far
from the average of the other EGT in the array or spread. Included
below are some example EGT plots. Bently PERFORMANCE*SE*
Software, is another component of the System 1* Basic Optimization
and Diagnostic Software which allows additional variables to
be monitored along with EGT for overall gas turbine operational
performance.
Installation In some gas turbine engine designs it may be
possible to monitor the turbine inlet temperature, but this
requires a larger number of thermocouples versus monitoring
the EGT. Because turbine inlet temperature can be as high as
1800 C (3272 F), so making penetrations in the gas stream
and sourcing sensing elements that can survive these extreme
temperatures is
difficult. Therefore, thermocouples are usually installed at
the turbine discharge. An array of thermocouples is used,
with the thermocouples spaced at intervals around the
perimeter of the engine exhaust duct near the turbine exit.
A gas temperature thermocouple is mounted in a ceramic
insulator and encased in a metal sheath; the assembly forms
a probe which projects into the exhaust gas stream. The
thermocouple is made from chromel (a nickel/chromium alloy)
and alumel (a nickel/aluminum alloy). The hot junction protrudes
into a space inside the sheath. Transfer holes in the end of the
sheath allow the exhaust gases to flow across the hot junction.
Alarm/Shutdown/Operation Large variation in the exhaust
gas distribution from the average value can indicate combustion
problems that can lead to increased thermal stress in the power
turbine. These variations need to be identified early and addressed
proactively. The data provides information on how to change
operating conditions to reduce the deviation and help avoid turbine
 application note
operational problems.

15
application note
EGT Plot
Filtering Not applicable
Units Degrees temperature, max, min, spread
Machine Shutdown Condition monitoring application only
6.10 Process Variable Measurements
In addition to the measurements described in the above sections,
it is important to monitor process data/process variables for
conducting advanced analytics and performance monitoring, as
well as making condition assessments by correlating the data with
other measurements.
Almost always, the process data are readily available in other plant
systems like Unit Control System/DCS that can be imported (via
Modbus or OPC) to the System 1 condition monitoring system.
Process variables from DCS can also be a direct measurement
(Scalar Values) from a device like a pressure transmitter or can
be a calculated value like load (measured in megawatts, mega
VARs, and so on).
If any required process variable is not available in any plant system,
it can be brought into the Bently Nevada 3500 Series Machinery
Monitoring System via a transmitter into a 3500 Process Variable
Monitor.
Early Warning As part of condition monitoring, process variables
are used alone or as part of a logical rule with other variables (within
a RulePaks or simple rules in System 1 software or in Proficy*
SmartSignal predictive analytics software) for generating soft
alarms to alert about a condition change that requires attention or
some preventive or corrective action by operators or maintenance
personnel. These process variables are usually imported from Unit
Control, DCS or other plant systems enabling RulePaks and Bently
PERFORMANCE SE Software diagnostic modules in System 1
software.
The following are the process variables recommended to be
monitored and brought into condition monitoring system.
Inlet Flow Differential Pressure (IFDP)
The pressure rise across the inlet filter to the compressor is a
key measurement for condition monitoring. High differential
pressures can indicate a clogged filter and cause the overall
pressure capability to decrease by the pressure ratio of the
compressor. Low IFDP can indicate a hole in the filter media
that can lead to foreign object damage or increased fouling.
Ambient Pressure
This is a direct measurement (scalar value) of the ambient
air pressure. It is important to monitor the ambient pressure
to better understand atmospheric conditions, calculate air
charge density, and correlate with other measurements.
Typically the DCS Tag Description is Flow Inlet Barometric
Pressure Transducer and the units are in inches of mercury
(in Hg, inHg, or Hg).
Ambient Temperature
This is a direct measurement (scalar value) of the ambient air
temperature. It is important to monitor this to understand the
atmospheric conditions and to calculate air charge density, as
16
well as to correlate with other measurements. Typically the
DCS Tag Description is Compressor Inlet Temperature and
the units are in degrees Celsius (C) (or Fahrenheit (F)).
Dew Point Temperature
This is a calculated measurement (scalar value) from ambient
temperature, ambient pressure and humidity measurements
taken locally at site. The dew point is a water-to-air saturation
temperature that is associated with relative humidity. A high
relative humidity indicates that the dew point is closer to the
current air temperature. Relative humidity of 100 percent
indicates the dew point is equal to the current temperature
and that the air is maximally saturated with water. When
the dew point remains constant and temperature increases,
relative humidity decreases. It is important to monitor this to
calculate air charge density.
Ambient Humidity
This is a direct measurement (scalar value) of the ambient air
humidity. It is important to monitor this to understand the
atmospheric conditions and to calculate air charge density.
Compressor Inlet Filter Delta Pressure/Pressure Drop
This is usually a direct measurement (scalar value)of the
pressure inside the combustion inlet chamber subtracted from
the ambient pressure. It is important to take delta pressure
measurements to watch for inlet filter clogging. This calculated
value is provided as an input to the control logic. This further
enables the condition management in System 1 software.
Typically, the DCS Tag Description is Compressor Inlet Pressure
Transducer and the units are in inches of water (inH2O).
Compressor Inlet Mass Flow
This is a direct measurement (scalar value) of the inlet air
density into the compressor section of the gas turbine.
It is important to monitor this to calculate fuel injection
into the combustor cans as well as to correlate with other
measurements during diagnostics of Compressor Surge/Stall
or other malfunctions. The usual DCS Tag Description will be
Compressor Inlet Mass Airflow and the units will be in lb-m/s.
Compressor Inlet Pressure
This is a direct measurement (scalar value) of the inlet air
pressure into the Compressor section of the Gas Turbine. It is
important to monitor this to understand the mass charge of
air and to calculate the compressor inlet filter delta pressure
as well as to correlate with other measurements during
diagnostics of Compressor Surge/Stall or other malfunctions.
Compressor Inlet Temperature
This is a direct measurement (scalar value) of the inlet air
pressure of the compressor section of the gas turbine. It is
important to monitor this to understand the mass charge of
air, as as well as to correlate with other measurements during
diagnostics of Compressor Surge/Stall or other malfunctions.
Typically the DCS Tag Description is Compressor Inlet
Temperature and the units are in degrees Celsius (C) (or
Fahrenheit (F)).
Compressor Discharge Pressure
This is a direct measurement (scalar value) of the discharge
pressure after the compressor section of the gas turbine.
It is important to monitor this to measure the effectiveness

of the compressor, as well as to correlate with other
measurements during diagnostics of Compressor Surge/Stall
or other malfunctions. Typically the DCS Tag Description is
Compressor Discharge Pressure Max and the units are in
inches of mercury (in Hg or inHg).
Compressor Discharge Temperature
This is a direct measurement (scalar value) of the temperature
of the discharge gas after the compressor section of the gas
turbine. It is important to monitor this to understand the
effectiveness of the compressor, as well as to correlate with
other measurements during diagnostics of Compressor
Surge/Stall or other malfunctions. Typically, the DCS Tag
Description is Compressor Discharge Temperature and the
units are is degrees Celsius (C) (or Fahrenheit (F)).
Combustor Dynamic Pressure
This is usually a direct measurement (steady-state waveform
value) of the Dynamic pressure inside the combustion chamber.
It is important to do combustion monitoring as a measure of the
efficiency of the combustion can. This high temperature dynamic
pressure sensor provides input to the control logic. As raw
dynamic pressure signal is necessary for condition monitoring,
a buffered signal should be provided from the control system to
the Bently Nevada 3500 Series Machinery Monitoring System.
This further enables the condition management capability
within the System 1 software.
Inlet Guide Vane (IGV) Angle
The purpose of the inlet guide vanes is to direct the air into
the first stage of the compressor at the proper angle for the
most efficient compression. Most inlet guide vanes are fixed,
but in some engines their angle can be changed by hydraulic
actuators controlled by the fuel control unit. Movable guide
vanes direct the air into the compressor at the correct angle
as the operating conditions inside the engine change. IGV angle
is usually measured by LVDT and the scalar value is supplied
to the DCS. IGV monitoring provides vital feedback about how
the system is functioning and indicates the expected power
increase. This further enables the condition/performance
monitoring of the gas turbine using the System 1 software.
Typically, the DCS Tag Description is IGV Angle in deg and the
units are in degrees (deg).
Variable Stator Vane (VSV) Angle
Variable stator vanes permit the angle of incidence of the
exiting air onto the rotor blades to be corrected to angles
which the rotor blades can tolerate without flow separation.
The use of variable stator vanes permits the angle of one or
more rows of stator vanes in a compressor to be adjusted,
while the engine is running, in accordance with the rotational
speed and mass flow of the compressor. VSV angle is usually
measured by LVDT and the scalar value is supplied to the DCS.
VSV monitoring provides vital feedback about how the system
is functioning and indicates the expected power increase. This
further enables the condition/performance monitoring of the
gas turbine using the System 1 software.
Combustor Fuel Flow (Gas or Liquid)
This is a direct measurement (scalar value) of the fuel flow into
the Combustor. It is important to monitor this to understand
application note
and control the fuel flow as well as to correlate with other
measurements during diagnostics of Compressor Surge/Stall
or other malfunctions. The usual DCS Tag Description is Gas
Fuel Validated Fuel Mass Flow and the unit is lb-m/s.
Fuel Gas Pressure
This is a direct measurement (scalar value) of the fuel
pressure into the combustor. It is important to monitor this to
understand and control fuel flow, as well as to correlate with
other measurements during diagnostics of Compressor Surge/
Stall or other malfunctions. Typically, the DCS Tag Description
is Fuel Gas Inlet Pressure Transducer and the units are in
pounds per square inch (psi).
Fuel Gas Temperature
This is a direct measurement (scalar value) of the fuel
temperature into the combustor. It is important to monitor
this to understand and control fuel flow, as well as to correlate
with other measurements during diagnostics of Compressor
Surge/Stall or other malfunctions. Typically, the DCS Tag
Description is Gas Fuel Voted Gas Temperature Turb and
the units are in degrees Celsius (C) (or Fahrenheit (F)).
Fuel Lowest Heating Value (LHV)
This is a manual input (scalar value) of the fuel provided by the
fuel supplier, and it changes if the fuel supplies change. It is
important to monitor LHV to understand and control fuel flow.
NOx Injection Flow (Steam or Water)
This is usually a direct measurement (scalar value) of the steam
or water injection flow to reduce the NOx emissions. NOx
emissions are very critical for certain applications/customers
and hence any change in water/steam injection flow affects
performance as well as emissions to the environment.
Load
The load as computed by the DCS, should be supplied to the
System 1 Condition Monitoring System for correlation to
other data points. For example, if temperature and vibration
suddenly change, but there is no change in the load, this is
convincing information of a real concern. However, if the
vibration change corresponds to a load change, this explains
the vibration and eliminates any unmerited concerns.
Overlaying the load on trend plots for other sensors can be a
powerful diagnostic tool.
Fuel Cost
This is a manual input of the fuel cost to calculate performance
degradation in money terms, as well as to determine the
optimal time to advice a compressor wash of the gas turbine.
Turbine Inlet Pressure
This is a direct measurement (scalar value) of the inlet air
pressure into the gas turbine. It is important to monitor this
to understand the condition of the inlet air filter, as well as
to correlate with other measurements during diagnostics of
Compressor Surge/Stall or other malfunctions.
Turbine Discharge Pressure
This is a direct measurement (scalar value) of the discharge
pressure of the turbine section of the gas turbine. It is
important to monitor this to measure efficiency and turbine
function, as well as to correlate with other measurements
17
application note
during diagnostics of Compressor Surge/Stall or other
malfunctions.
Turbine Discharge Temperature (#1 to #18)
This is a direct measurement (scalar value) of the exhaust
air temperature typically from multiple (sometimes up to
18) temperature sensors. It is important to monitor this
to calculate the unit efficiency. Once mapped to specific
combustor cans, this information can be used to balance
the combustor cans as well as to correlate with other
measurements during diagnostics.
Cooling Air Temperature
This is usually a direct measurement of the air extracted
from the compressor section of the turbine and used
to keep sensitive areas of the turbine skid cool. If this
temperature gets too high the sensitive areas can overheat
and cause malfunction.
Lube Oil Pressure
This is a direct measurement of the oil pressure being fed
to the bearings to supply lift and lubrication to the bearings.
It is important to monitor this value as a drop in pressure
can lead to bearing damage.
Lube Oil Filter Differential Pressure
This is a calculated measurement of the pressure drop
across the oil filter. It is important to monitor this to indicate
filter condition (time to replacement/cleaning) as well as to
correlate with other measurements to indicate or verify
other machine problems.
Start Stop Count
This is a count of how many times the gas turbine has
started and stopped. This is used in estimating fatigue and
wear on machine components.
Run Time
This is a clock that runs when the machine is running and
is used to initiate time-based preventative maintenance
and inspections.
7 Protection /Management Systems
7.1 Bently Nevada 3500 Series
Machinery Monitoring System Overview
Machinery protection is implemented when vibration (or other)
instruments are installed permanently onto a gas turbine and
connected to a dedicated Bently Nevada 3500 Series Machinery
Monitoring System. The 3500 series monitoring system has alarm
setpoints, which are set by the machinery OEM or the end user
to automatically raise an alarm when the predetermined alarm
level is reached. The system has alarm relays for alert and danger
conditions that can initiate an automatic shutdown or trip of the
machine; alternatively instructions to shut down the machine may
be acted upon by an operator when an alarm occurs. Machinery
protection is necessary and valuable since it may prevent or minimize
machine damage and consequential losses in the event that a sudden
machinery or process malfunction occurs.
18
The Bently Nevada 3500 Series Machinery Monitoring System is a
rack-based machinery protection and condition monitoring system
that provides the information you need to protect and assess the
mechanical condition of rotating and reciprocating machinery. The
3500 system continuously measures and monitors various protection
and supervisory parameters and can provide important information
for early identification
of machinery problems such as imbalance, misalignment, shaft crack,
and bearing failures.
A 3500 system consists of a stainless steel chassis containing
a backplane circuit board and card guides on both the front
and rear of the chassis that are used for insertion of monitors and
their associated input/output (I/O) modules into the chassis
and backplane.
The monitoring system is typically installed in a cabinet, a panel,
or an enclosure and can be located in a Zone 2 hazardous area
if a certified system has been supplied. The system is available
with a variety of I/O options including support of external zener
safety barriers, external galvanically isolated safety barriers, and
internal zener safety barriers. The use of appropriately rated safety
barriers allows installation of intrinsically safe transducer systems
in Zones 0 or 1.
7.2 3500 Vibration/Thrust/
Temperature/Dynamic Pressure
In order to comply with best practices for gas turbine machinery
management, the following specific requirements must be met by
the monitoring and protection system.
GEs Bently Nevada 3500/15 Power Supply Modules are half-height
modules that must be installed in the specially designed slots on
the left side of the rack. The 3500 rack can contain one or two
power supplies (any combination of AC or DC) and either supply
can power a full rack. The second supply is highly recommended
and acts as a backup for the primary supply. When two power
supplies are installed in a rack, the supply in the lower slot acts
as the primary supply and the supply in the upper slot acts as the
backup supply. Removing or inserting either power supply module
does not disrupt operation of the rack as long as a second power
supply is installed.
The 3500/15 Power Supply Modules accept a wide range of input
voltages and convert them to voltages acceptable for use by other
3500 modules. Three power supply versions are available with the
Bently Nevada 3500 Series Machinery Monitoring System as follows:
AC Power Supply
High-voltage DC Power Supply
Low-voltage DC Power Supply
Best Practice Recommendation:
Use two 3500/15 Power Supply Modules with separate power
feeds for highest failure tolerance. In this scheme, the rack
continues monitoring in the event of loss of a single power
feed, or loss of a single power supply module due to failure
or removal of the module.
 application note
Use of two 3500/15 Power Supply Modules with a single 240 240,000 cpm
power feed coupled to both inputs is also possible, and is a Filtering configuration: Not applicable
suitable solution when the single power feed is from a an
uninterruptable power supply (UPS). In this case, the benefit Full-Scale Range (FSR) configuration:
of having two power supplies is for continued operation if a 200 m (typically). The same FSR should be applied for 1X
single module fails or is removed from service. Amp, 2X Amp, Not 1X Amp and Smax Amp
3500/22M Transient Data Interface (TDI) Setpoint configuration: according to OEM
recommendations or engineering data
GEs Bently Nevada* 3500/22M TDI is the interface between the 3500
Series Monitoring System and System 1* Basic Optimization and A typical configuration is shown below.
Diagnostic Software. The TDI operates in conjunction with
the M series monitors (such as the 3500/42M monitor and the
3500/64M monitor) to continuously collect steady-state and
transient waveform data and pass this data through an
Ethernet link to the System 1 software.
The TDI communicates with the data acquisition computer
using Ethernet. It can support the following physical media:
10 Base-T, 100 Base-TX or 100 Base- FX (fiber). The TDI is
designed to work as a standard network device and should
be compatible with any Ethernet structure. Typically the
3500 rack cabinet is installed in a Control Room which the
Ethernet port is the preferred option.
A typical TDI configuration is shown below.

Bearing Housing Vibration

3500/42M Proximitor/Seismic Monitor
GEs Bently Nevada 3500/42M Proximitor/Seismic Monitor is a
4-channel monitor that accepts input from proximity and seismic
transducers. It receives signals from the proximity transducers to
monitor radial vibration. It is also used to monitor bearing housing
vibration through signals received from the Velomitor sensors and
to monitor thrust position from signals received from the proximity
transducers.
For the two radial bearings design, one 3500/42M
monitor should be used to receive the signals from four
Velomitor sensors (two sensors per bearing)
For the three radial bearings design, two 3500/42M
monitors should be used to receive the signals from six
Velomitor sensors (two sensors per bearing)
Corner Frequencies configuration:
High-Pass=10 Hz / Low-Pass=2,500 Hz.
For gas turbines operating at design speeds between
3,000 rpm and 5,200 rpm this provides accurate and
stable bearing housing vibration measurements under
all on-load operating conditions.
Full-Scale Range (FSR) configuration:
20 mm/s RMS (typically). The same FSR should be applied
for 1X Amp and 2X Amp
Setpoint configuration: according to OEM
recommendations or engineering data

Radial Vibration
For the two radial bearings design, one 3500/42M monitor
should be used to receive the signals from four proximity
transducers (two probes per bearing)
For the three radial bearings design, two 3500/42M
monitors should be used to receive the signals from six
proximity transducers (two probes per bearing)
Direct Frequency Response configuration:

19
application note
A typical configuration is shown below: a more positive thrust reading (for example
upscale on a bar graph). If Toward Probe
is selected, then movement of the rotor
toward the thrust probe causes the thrust
position direct proportional value to increase
and go upscale on a bar graph.
Full-Scale Range (FSR) configuration:
-1.0 to 1.0 mm (typically)
Setpoint configuration: according to OEM
recommendations or engineering data
A typical configuration is shown below:

Shaft Axial (thrust) Position

One 3500/42M monitor should be used
to receive the signals from two proximity
transducers (two probes for thrust bearing).
Channels 1 and 2 should be configured for
thrust position. If there are two 3500/42M
monitors adjacent in the rack, channel 1 in
each monitor can be configured for Thrust
Position to protect against an unlikely monitor
failure causing a false trip.
Corner Frequencies configuration: Not applicable
Shaft Axial (thrust) Vibration
Normal Thrust Direction configuration:
The OEM/customer should be consulted Channel 3 and 4 from the 3500/42M monitor
to determine what the normal shaft movement applied for shaft axial (thrust) position should be
is during operation. This defines whether the configured for radial vibration and receiving
normal thrust direction (toward the active the signals from the two Proximity transducers
thrust bearing) is toward or away from the used for thrust position.
probe mounting. Movement of the rotor toward
or away from the thrust probe corresponds to

20
 application note
Some gas turbine malfunctions (for example,
misalignment) can also cause axial vibration.
Monitoring the axial vibration through the
sharing of thrust position probes is an
economical solution because there is
no need to install additional probes.
Direct Frequency Response configuration:
240 to 240,000 cpm
Filtering configuration: Not applicable
Full-Scale Range (FSR) configuration:
200 m (typically). The same FSR should be
applied for 1X Amp, 2X Amp, Not 1X Amp
and Smax Amp
Setpoint configuration: The same as that
applied for radial vibration
A typical configuration is shown below:
3500/64 Dynamic Pressure Monitor
The Bently Nevada* 2500/64 Dynamic Pressure Monitor from GE
is a single slot, 4-channel monitor that accepts input from various
high temperature pressure transducers and uses this input to
drive alarms. The monitors one proportional value per channel is
bandpass dynamic pressure. The 3500 Rack Configuration Software
can be used to configure the bandpass corner frequencies, along
with an additional notch filter, if needed. The monitor provides a
recorder output for control system applications.
Each channel typically conditions its input signal into various
parameters called proportional values. The user can configure
Alert and Danger setpoints for each active proportional value.
Combustion instabilities in industrial gas turbines can produce
intolerably large pressure waves, which lead to fatigue, detachment
of components, and costly outages and repair. The measurement
of dynamic pressure amplitudes within the combustion chamber
may be used in condition monitoring analyses to detect and correct
instabilities before they cause serious damage.
Frame machines usually have a can-type, or cannular combustor
configuration in a series of individual, can-shaped combustors
placed around the circumference of the engine. Each can has
a series of burners located on its cover. These mix fuel with
compressor air and introduce it into the combustor, where it is
ignited. The resultant flame is confined to the single can. The hot
gas flow is then channeled to the first stage of the turbine via a
transition piece, where it joins the flow from the other cans located
around the circumference.
Combustor Dynamic Pressure
Typically the quantity of sensors is defined by
the OEM and always part of the control system.
Cannular design requires one dynamic pressure sensor
per combustor. But the common practice is to have at
most four sensors in a 3500/64 monitor.
One 3500/64 monitor should be used to receive the
signals from four high temperature pressure transducers.
Direct Frequency Response configuration:
Not applicable

21
application note
Filtering configuration:
High-Pass=15 Hz / Low-Pass=4,000 Hz
Signal Conditioning Filter: Low mode
Full-Scale Range (FSR) configuration: 3400mbar pk
Setpoint configuration: according to OEM
recommendations or engineering data
A typical configuration is shown below:
3500/61 Temperature Monitor
GEs Bently Nevada* 3500/61 Temperature Monitor is a six channel
monitor for temperature monitoring that accepts either resistance
temperature detectors (RTD) or thermocouple (TC) temperature
inputs. The module conditions these inputs and compares them
against user-programmable alarm setpoints.
Bearing Temperature
Applied to radial and thrust bearings
For the two radial bearings design, one 3500/61 monitor
should be used to receive signals from six temperature
sensors. These signals are: the input of two sensors per
radial bearing (one active and one spare) and two sensors
for the thrust bearing (one for active pad [shoe] and
another one for inactive pad).
For the three radial bearings design, two 3500/61
monitors should be used to receive the signals from eight
temperature sensors as follows: the input of two sensors
per radial bearing (one active and one spare) and two
sensors for the thrust bearing (one for active pad [shoe]
and another one for inactive pad)
Both resistance temperature detector (RTD) and
thermocouple (TC) can be applied.
Direct Frequency Response configuration:
Not applicable
Filtering configuration: Not applicable
Full-Scale Range (FSR) configuration: 150 C (typically)
22
Setpoint configuration: according to OEM
recommendations or engineering data
A typical configuration is shown below:
3500/25 Enhanced Keyphasor Module
The Bently Nevada 3500/25 Enhanced Keyphasor Module from
GE is a half-height, two-channel module used to provide Keyphasor
signals to the monitor modules in a 3500 rack. The module receives
input signals from proximity probes or magnetic pickups and
converts the signals to digital Keyphasor signals that indicate when
the Keyphasor mark on the shaft coincides with the Keyphasor
transducer. The Bently Nevada 3500 Series Machinery Monitoring
System can accept up to four Keyphasor signals.
A transducer produces a voltage pulse (called the Keyphasor signal)
for each turn of the shaft. This signal is used primarily to measure
shaft rotative speed and serves as a reference for measuring
vibration phase lag angle. It is an essential element in measuring
rotor slow roll bow or runout information.
Keyphasor reading
The Keyphasor signal is a once-per-turn voltage pulse
provided by a transducer (normally a proximity probe).
The Keyphasor signal is used for monitoring, diagnostic,
and management systems to generate filtered vibration
amplitude, phase lag, speed, and a variety of other
information. Keyphasor generated information can help
the operator or machinery specialist identify developing
machine problems or distinguish serious problems
from less serious ones. The Keyphasor signal is used to
generate more than one third of the information regarding
the condition of the machine. Phase (relative and
absolute) is a critical part of this information.
The signals from a Keyphasor transducer observing a
multi-tooth gear (except for Recip Multi-Event Wheel)
can only be used for speed measurements and not for
phase measurements.
Each Keyphasor module accepts up to two transducer
signals from proximity probe transducers or magnetic

pickups. Proximity probe is always preferred because
magnetic pickup is reliable only
for shaft rotative speeds greater than 300 rpm
Direct Frequency Response configuration:
Not applicable
Filtering configuration: Not applicable
Full-Scale Range (FSR) configuration:
5,000 rpm (typically)
Setpoint configuration: Not applicable
A typical configuration is shown below:
Note: The installation of a spare Keyphasor sensor is highly
recommended because the Keyphasor module is a vital element
in performing machine management and diagnostics. It is a
recommended practice, where possible, to input the Keyphasor
signal(s) into one channel(s) of a 3500/42 monitor to allow capture
of the Keyphasor signal waveform(s).
3500/32M 4-Channel Relay Module
GEs Bently Nevada 3500/32M 4-Channel Relay Module is a full-
height module that provides four relay outputs. Any number of
3500/32M modules can be placed in any of the slots to the right of
the Transient Data Interface Module. Each output of the 3500/32M
module can be independently programmed to perform needed
voting logic. Each relay utilized on the 3500/32M module includes
Alarm Drive Logic. Programming for the Alarm Drive Logic uses
AND and OR logic, and can use alarming inputs (Alert and Danger
statuses), Not- OK, or individual PPLs from any monitor channel or
any combination of monitor channels in the rack. Users program
this Alarm Drive using the 3500 Rack Configuration Software to
meet the specific needs of the application.
The traditional role of gas turbine instrumentation includes a
machine protection function.
Relays
Only normally energized relays are allowed for use
for protection.
The decision to enable alarm relays for alert and danger
conditions is based on the customers operating and
application note
business philosophy. Voting schemes, configuration,
permissive, and logic are the responsibility of the
machinery OEM or the end user.
Both the Normal and Voting options should be used.
This is the default voting used for a standard 4-channel
relay. With the Normal and Voting option selected, if a
single alarming parameter is defeated by a channel
Not OK condition or bypassed (either by user selection
or monitor failure), then the parameter is handled using
OR logic in the equation. (See appendix for further details.)
Latching Relays should not be selected since all
machinery information is currently available in the DCS,
so there is no reason to latch a relay only to identify the
reason for the machine trip.
3500/94 VGA Display
The Bently Nevada 3500/94 VGA Display from GE uses a standard
color VGA monitor with touch screen technology to display 3500
data. This product has two components, the 3500/94 VGA module
and its I/O card, and secondly, the VGA display monitor. The display
monitor, with standard cabling, can be mounted up to 8 m (25 ft.)
from the rack.
Users configure the 3500/94 modules for language and for the type
of VGA display using the 3500 Rack Configuration Software. All other
types of data configuration are done locally at the display, giving the
operator control over the displayed data. Users may configure nine
custom screens locally.
As an example, one custom screen may show all the 1X
measurements, while another shows all the gaps or the custom
screens may be organized into train groupings. Users can organize all
system data into specified sets of data according to their preference
through a custom screen. An API 670 compatible screen is also
selectable. This screen is similar to a 3300 view of the rack. Each slot
shows the Direct or Gap value on the face of the module with OK and
Bypass LEDs.
Selecting the 3500/94 Display Router Box provides an additional
viewing feature. This feature allows users to view a maximum of
four racks with one display.
Each rack must be individually viewed, but the rack address and
alarm status of each rack is always visible in the upper right corner
of the screen. The Display Router Box must be located within 6 m
(20 ft.) of each 3500 rack.
Display
RS Power Station should be used.
Typically the display is installed in the same 3500 cabinet.
If necessary it can be installed in another place using a
longer cable and power supply according to datasheet.
3500/92 Communication Gateway
GEs Bently Nevada* 3500/92 Communication Gateway module
provides extensive communication capabilities of all rack monitored
values and statuses for integration with process control and
other automation systems using both Ethernet TCP/IP and serial
(RS232/RS422/RS485) communications capabilities. It also permits
Ethernet communications with 3500 Rack Configuration Software
23
application note
and Data Acquisition software. The Ethernet connection to
the 3500/92 module is an RJ45 connection for 10BASE-T
configuration Ethernet networks.
Supported protocols include:
Modicon* Modbus protocol (via serial communications)
Modbus/TCP protocol (a variant of serial Modbus used
for TCP/IP Ethernet communications)
Proprietary Bently Nevada protocol from GE (for
communication with 3500 Rack Configuration and
Data Acquisition Software packages)
Modbus
Machines ranked as Critical require online localized
protection to reduce consequences of failure. Remote
Example 1: A two radial bearing gas turbine driving an electric generator.
Machine Train Block Diagram
Referencing the train block diagram above, we see the need to
monitor the two generator and two gas turbine radial bearings with
XY proximity sensors, XY velocity sensors, and two Temperature
sensors at each bearing. The gas turbine thrust bearing will be
monitored with a dual voting thrust monitor and two Temperature
sensors. The Gas Turbine will have one or more dynamic pressure
sensors on the combustors. Finally a Keyphasor sensor will monitor
the phase and speed of the gas turbine (it is recommended to also
24
monitoring via Modbus or use of scanning systems
verses online monitoring does not conform to machinery
protection best practices. The localized protection
system should integrate to the plant DCS using
Modbus over TCP/IP.
Modbus over TCP/IP is always preferred.
The 3500/92 Communication Gateway can communicate
with up to six hosts via Ethernet. Hosts can be devices
that use Modbus protocol or computers that run 3500
Rack Configuration and Data Acquisition software. You
can configure only one 3500/92 module per 3500 rack to
accept Rack Configuration or Data Acquisition hosts.
install a spare Keyphasor probe). This configuration will require five
3500/42 monitors, 2 3500/61 Temperature Monitors.
A table shown below relates the monitored location to the proper
monitor and slot location in the 3500 System Rack. Given this table,
the 3500 Rack Configuration can be used to generate the complete
data set to configure the monitoring system.
Measurement Location
 application note
Gas Turbine Keyphasor Speed/phase GT Shaft Prox 3500/25 S12 upper
Gas Turbine Gas Turbine High Temp Pressure
Dynamic Pressure 3500/64 S7 C 1-4
Dynamic Pressure Combustor Sensor
Gas Turbine Bearing 1 Disp p/p GT Outboard X Prox 3500/42 S2 C1
Disp p/p Y Prox 3500/42 S2 C2
Velocity Y Prox 3500/42 S2 C3
Velocity V vert 3500/42 S2 C4
Temp RTD 3500/61 S7 C1
Temp RTD 3500/61 S7 C2
Gas Turbine Bearing 2 Disp p/p GT Inboard X Prox 3500/42 S3 C1
Disp p/p Y Prox 3500/42 S3 C2
Velocity V horiz 3500/42 S3 C3
Velocity V vert 3500/42 S3 C4
Temp RTD 3500/61 S7 C3
Temp RTD 3500/61 S7 C4
Gas Turbine Thrust Gas Turbine Thrust
Thrust Position X Prox 3500/42 S4 C1
Bearing Bearing
Thrust Position Y Prox 3500/42 S4 C2
Temp RTD 3500/61 S7 C5
Temp RTD 3500/61 S7 C6
Gen Bearing 2 Disp p/p Generator Inboard X Prox 3500/42 S3 C1
Disp p/p Y Prox 3500/42 S3 C2
Velocity V horiz 3500/42 S3 C3
Velocity V vert 3500/42 S3 C4
Temp RTD 3500/61 S7 C3
Temp RTD 3500/61 S7 C4
Gen Bearing 2 Disp p/p Generator Outboard X Prox 3500/42 S3 C1
Disp p/p Y Prox 3500/42 S3 C2
Sensor Monitor Velocity Slot V horiz 3500/42 S3 C3
Velocity V vert 3500/42 S3 C4
Temp RTD 3500/61 S7 C3
Temp RTD 3500/61 S7 C4
Sensor to 3500 Rack Slot mapping (typical actual slot assignments may vary due to customer preference)

25
application note

Below is the complete 3500 system rack for two radial bearing
gas turbines driving a generator.

Component Description Part Number Qty

Bently Nevada 3500 19 inch system rack 3500/05-01-01-02-00-01
System Rack 1
Monitor Rack Configuration utility 3500/01-01 (typical)
Power Supply Bently Nevada 3500 Dual Power Modules 3500/15-01-02-02 (typical) 1
Transient Data Bently Nevada 350022M Rack Interface Module with Transient Data
3500/22-01-01-02 (typical) 1
Interface*(TDI) Internal interface, TMR Version (as applicable)
Bently Nevada 3500/42
Monitoring Card WARNING: For measurements applicable for Hydrogen Cooled 3500/42-01-02 (typical) 5
Generators can be required cards with special protection
Monitoring Card Bently Nevada 3500/64 Combustor Dynamic Pressure 3500/64-01-02 (typical) 1
Monitoring Card Bently Nevada 3500/61 Temperature 3500/61-01-02 (typical) 2
Monitoring Card Bently Nevada 3500/25 Keyphasor 3500/25-01-01-02 (typical) 1
Protection Rack Local
Bently Nevada 3500/94 Display 3500/94-03-00-01 (typical) 1
Display Unit ***
Relay Card ** Bently Nevada 3500/32 Six Channel Relay 3500/32-01-01 (typical) 1
Relay Card ** Bently Nevada 3500/32 Six Channel Relay 3500/32-01-01 (typical) 1
Communication Bently Nevada 3500/92 Communication Gateway
3500/92-04-01-02 (typical) 1
Gateway Card If EGD protocol is needed then 3500/91 can to be used
Note: All components to be ordered with multi-approvals to ensure complete hazardous area documentation is supplied with order.
* The TMR version of the TDi Rack Interface Module (RIM) must be used in the case where SIL 3 protection functionality is required, otherwise
the standard TDi RIM module should be used.
** Ensure the number of available relay channels meets the requirements. Relay Card should be configured as DPDT to meet API 670
requirements.
*** One display panel to be installed in each location (ie: adjacent Bently Nevada cabinets = 1 location)

26
 application note
Below is the completed 3500 Rack configuration for a two bearing gas turbine driving a generator. (typical actual
slot assignments may vary due to customer preference)

Example 2: A three radial bearing gas turbine driving an electric generator.

3 Bearing Gas
Turbine
GT Bearing 1
Gen Bearing 2 Gen Bearing 1 GT Bearing 2
GT Bearing 3
2 Bearing
Generator Thrust Bearing 1

Gen 1 Keyphasor
Gen
GT TP GT B3 GT B2 GT B1 Sensor and
B2 B1
spare

X, Y Disp p/p X, Y Disp p/p X, Y Disp p/p

Dual Thrust
Sensors X, Y Disp p/p
X, Y Velocity X, Y Disp p/p X, Y Velocity
X, Y Velocity X, Y Velocity
Radial Bearing Thrust Bearing
Radial Bearing Temp 1 and 2 Temp 1 and 2 Radial Bearing X, Y Disp p/p Radial Bearing
Temp 1 and 2 Temp 1 and 2 Radial Bearing Temp 1 and 2
Temp 1 and 2
Dynamic
Pressure
Sensor(s)

Machine Train Diagram 3 bearing Driving a 2 bearing generator

Referencing the three bearing GT machine train block diagram
above, we see the need to monitor the two generator and three
gas turbine radial bearings with XY proximity sensors, XY velocity
sensors, and two Temperature sensors at each bearing. The gas
turbine thrust bearing will be monitored with a dual voting thrust
monitor and two Temperature sensors. The Gas Turbine will have
one or more dynamic pressure sensors on the combustors. Finally
a Keyphasor sensor will monitor the phase and speed of the gas
turbine (it is recommended to also install a spare Keyphasor probe).
This configuration will require 6 3500/42 monitors, 2 3500/61
Temperature Monitors
A table shown below relates the monitored location to the proper
monitor and slot location in the 3500 System Rack. Given this table,
the 3500 Rack Configuration can be used to generate the complete
data set to configure the monitoring system.

27
application note
Measurement Location Sensor Monitor Slot
Gas Turbine
Speed/phase GT Shaft Prox 3500/25 S12 upper
Keyphasor
Gas Turbine Dynamic Gas Turbine High Temp Pressure
Dynamic Pressure 3500/64 S8 C 1-4
Pressure Combustor Sensor
Gas Turbine Bearing 1 Disp p/p GT Outboard X Prox 3500/42 S2 C1
Disp p/p Y Prox 3500/42 S2 C2
Velocity V horiz 3500/42 S2 C3
Velocity V vert 3500/42 S2 C4
Temp RTD 3500/61 S9 C1
Temp RTD 3500/61 S9 C2
Gas Turbine Bearing 2 Disp p/p GT Inboard X Prox 3500/42 S3 C1
Disp p/p Y Prox 3500/42 S3 C2
Velocity V horiz 3500/42 S3 C3
Velocity V vert 3500/42 S3 C4
Temp RTD 3500/61 S9 C3
Temp RTD 3500/61 S9 C4
Gas Turbine Bearing 3 Disp p/p GT Inboard X Prox 3500/42 S4 C1
Disp p/p Y Prox 3500/42 S4 C2
Velocity V horiz 3500/42 S4 C3
Velocity V vert 3500/42 S4 C4
Temp RTD 3500/61 S9 C5
Temp RTD 3500/61 S9 C6
Gas Turbine Thrust Gas Turbine Thrust
Thrust Position X Prox 3500/42 S7 C1
Bearing Bearing
Thrust Position Y Prox 3500/42 S7 C2
Temp RTD 3500/61 S10 C5
Temp RTD 3500/61 S10 C6
Gen Bearing 2 Disp p/p Generator Inboard X Prox 3500/42 S5 C1
Disp p/p Y Prox 3500/42 S5 C2
Velocity V horiz 3500/42 S5 C3
Velocity V vert 3500/42 S5 C4
Temp RTD 3500/61 S10 C1
Temp RTD 3500/61 S10 C2
Gen Bearing 2 Disp p/p Generator Outboard X Prox 3500/42 S6 C1
Disp p/p Y Prox 3500/42 S6 C2
Velocity V horiz 3500/42 S6 C3
Velocity V vert 3500/42 S6 C4
Temp RTD 3500/61 S10 C3
Temp RTD 3500/61 S10 C4

28
 application note
Component Description Part Number Qty
Bently Nevada 3500 19 inch system rack 3500/05-01-01-02-00-01
System Rack 1
Monitor Rack Configuration utility 3500/01-01 (typical)
3500/15-01-02-02
Power Supply Bently Nevada 3500 Dual Power Modules 1
(typical)
Transient Data Bently Nevada 350022M Rack Interface Module with Transient Data Internal 3500/22-01-01-02
1
Interface(TDI) * interface, TMR Version (as applicable) (typical)
Bently Nevada 3500/42
Monitoring Card WARNING: For measurements applicable for Hydrogen Cooled Generators can 3500/42-01-02 (typical) 6
be required cards with special protection
Monitoring Card Bently Nevada 3500/64 Combustor Dynamic Pressure 3500/64-01-02 (typical) 1
Monitoring Card Bently Nevada 3500/61 Temperature 3500/61-01-02 (typical) 2
3500/25-01-01-02
Monitoring Card Bently Nevada 3500/25 Keyphasor 1
(typical)
Protection Rack Local 3500/94-03-00-01
Bently Nevada 3500/94 Display 1
Display Unit *** (typical)
Relay Card ** Bently Nevada 3500/32 Six Channel Relay 3500/32-01-01 (typical) 1
Communication Bently Nevada 3500/92 Communication Gateway 3500/92-04-01-02
1
Gateway Card If EGD protocol is needed then 3500/91 can to be used (typical)
Note: All components to be ordered with multi-approvals to ensure complete hazardous area documentation is supplied with order.
* The TMR version of the TDi Rack Interface Module (RIM) must be used in the case where SIL 3 protection functionality is required, otherwise
the standard TDi RIM module should be used.
** Ensure the number of available relay channels meets the requirements. Relay Card should be configured as DPDT to meet API 670
requirements.
*** One display panel to be installed in each location (ie: adjacent Bently Nevada cabinets = 1 location)

Below is the completed 3500 Rack Configuration for a three bearing gas turbine driving a generator. (typical
actual slot assignments may vary due to customer preference)

29
application note
Three radial bearings design typical 3500 configuration

3500/53 Electronic Overspeed Detection System

GEs Bently Nevada* 3500/53 Electronic Overspeed Detection
System provides a highly reliable, fast response, redundant
tachometer system intended specifically for use as part of
an overspeed protection system. It is designed to meet the
requirements of API Standards 670 and 612 pertaining to
overspeed protection.
The one channel 3500/53 modules are designed to be used
in either two- or three- module groups (recommended) for
overspeed protection applications. The module accepts
a speed pulse input from either a proximity transducer
(recommended) or a magnetic pickup and uses the input to
drive alarms. The module provides four fast response alarm
relay outputs for machinery protection purposes. The 3500
Overspeed Detection System can be configured in a two
module set for 1 out of 2 (1oo2) voting or a three module set
for 2 out of 3 (2oo3) voting.
The system requires the use of a 3500 rack with redundant
power supplies.
Note: The best practice is to provide a separate
3500 rack dedicated to overspeed detection.
A typical configuration is shown as follows:

30

Test mode should be enabled start rpm:
400 rpm / end rpm: FSR
Overspeed mode should be configured as Non-latching
Group voting should be Dependent Voting
Not Ok Voting should be OR Channel Not OK Voting with
Overspeed Voting
Inter Module Comparison should be enabled: 1 percent
application note
Direct Frequency Response configuration: Not applicable
Filtering configuration: Not applicable
Full-Scale Range (FSR) configuration: 5,000 rpm
(for 3,600 rpm machine)
Setpoint configuration: set according to OEM
recommendations or engineering data. As a reference,
note that the alarm setpoint is usually configured as
5 percent of nominal speed. The danger setpoint is
usually configured as 10 percent of nominal speed.

The table below and the following instrument rack image show the typical components required to configure the 3500 Series
Machinery Detection System.

Component Description Part Number Qty

System Rack Bently Nevada 3500 19 inch system rack 3500/05-01-01-02-00-01 1
Monitor Rack Configuration utility 3500/01-01 (typical)
Power Supply Bently Nevada 3500 Dual Power Modules 3500/15-01-02-02 (typical) 1
Transient Data Interface(TDI) 1
Bently Nevada 3500/22M Rack Interface Module with 3500/22-01-01-02 (typical) 1
Transient Data Internal interface, TMR Version (as applicable)

Monitoring Card Bently Nevada 3500/53 Electronic Overspeed Detection 3500/53-03-02 (typical) 1
System

Protection Rack Local Display Unit2 Bently Nevada 3500/94 VGA Display shares the same 3500/94-14-00-01 (typical) 1
display used for the vibration rack

Communication Gateway Card Bently Nevada 3500/92 Communication Gateway 3500/92-04-01-02 (typical) 1
If EGD protocol is required, the 3500/91 gateway can be used.
Note: All components should be ordered with multi-approvals to ensure complete hazardous area documentation is supplied
with order.
1
The TMR version of the TDI Rack Interface Module (RIM) provides SIL-3 protection. If SIL-3 protection functionality is not required, use
the standard TDI RIM module.
2
One display panel should be installed in each location (adjacent Bently Nevada cabinets are considered to be one location)

Overspeed Detection System typical 3500 configuration

31
application note
7.3 3701 Protection/Monitoring System
7.3.1 Overview of System
ADAPT 3701/40 Machinery Dynamics Monitor
GEs Bently Nevada* ADAPT 3701/40 Machinery Dynamics Monitor
provides continuous online monitoring of heavy duty gas turbines
using sophisticated signal processing algorithms. The ADAPT
3701/40 monitor provides protection by continuously comparing
monitored parameters against configured alarm setpoints to drive
alarm statuses to the control system. In addition to alarms, the
monitor provides essential machine vibration information to both
operator and maintenance personnel.
Each ADAPT 3701/40 monitor has two dedicated speed channels
that accept input from either proximity probes or magnetic pickup
type speed sensors. With some limitations, any of the dynamic
channels can accept speed signals.
The ADAPT 3701/40 monitor can accept up to 12 dynamic inputs.
Depending on the system hardware and configuration selection,
each dynamic channel within the monitor can perform the
following measurements or functions:
Radial Vibration
Acceleration
Velocity
Thrust
Dynamic Pressure
These measurements and their corresponding levels are used to
drive alarms or relay logic. The ADAPT 3701/40 monitor is available
in two different configurations: a simplex version and a duplex
version. The duplex version has dual redundant processor modules
to offer a higher level of reliability.
The ADAPT 3701/40 monitor is designed to meet recommended
requirements for monitoring heavy duty gas turbines and their
driven equipment such as gear boxes, generators, and compressors.
32
The monitor is also well-suited for monitoring accessory equipment
associated with the turbine such as vibration on motors and pumps
and their driven and accessory equipment.
The monitor is configured using Bently Nevada Monitor
Configuration software from GE. The monitoring system consists of:
ADAPT 3701/40 Monitor with network connection to the
control system
Bently Nevada Monitor Configuration software
Sensors and interface module as needed to accommodate the
asset configuration
ADAPT 3701/55 Emergency Shutdown Device
GEs Bently Nevada ADAPT 3701/55 Emergency Shutdown Device
(ESD) uses a triple modular redundant architecture. In this
configuration each processor module physically connects to a
speed input. The Bently Nevada Monitor Configuration software
allows the user to configure combinations of logic blocks in order
to manage the system trip logic. This logic dictates how the trip
mechanisms for the system are driven. The ADAPT 3701/55 ESD
system can drive 12 independent trip relays. Of the 12 relays, six
of these signals can be configured for 2oo3 voting. For the highest
safety, the system should be configured in de-energize to trip, or
normally energized mode so that loss of power does not result in
a machine running unmonitored. (See the discussion on 3701/55
redundancy above)
The degradation response upon a channel failure of a 2oo3 voted
ADAPT 3701/55 Emergency Shutdown Device (ESD) will depend on
its specific trip logic configuration. Using the most basic trip logic,
a direct connect, between the Overspeed Detection System alarm
and the 2oo3 voted relay, results in a system that degrades to a 2oo2
scheme in the event of the first fault and an unprotected state in the
event of a second fault (2oo3 -> 2oo2 -> unprotected).
This voting configuration can be augmented through voting the
basic channel trip logic with the channel Not OK. With the channel
direct connection OR voted with the channel Not OK a channel
failure, Not OK, will result in the 2oo3 configuration degrading to
a 1oo2 configuration upon a single failure and from 1oo2 to a trip
upon a second channel failure. (2oo3 -> 1oo2 -> trip).
With the ADAPT 3701/55 Emergency Shutdown Device (ESD) system
it is not readily possible to achieve the traditional 2oo3 degradation
response (2oo3 -> 1oo2 -> 1oo1 -> trip).
Due to the extremely open and unrestricted configurability of the
3701/55 ESD Overspeed Detection System, it is imperative that
the specific logic configuration of the Overspeed Detection System
trip function be completely understood, documented, and tested.
Thorough validation is necessary in order to be certain that the
system responds as desired to all possible input scenarios under all
machinery operational conditions.
The 5th relay in each relay module is a protection fault relay that
de-energizes upon detection of a microprocessor module failure.
The output of this relay must be made visible to the end user
operator so that corrective action can be initiated upon the
detection of a fault.
(See separate Overspeed Application Guide for more details
about overspeed detection.)
 application note
7.3.2 System Components
This section describes the basic features of each ADAPT Monitor
system component.

Figure 7 - 2: 3701/40 Duplex System Features

Processor Modules
Input Modules
Output Module
Figure 7 - 1: 3701/40 Simplex System Features
Sensor Wiring Terminal Blocks
ADAPT 3701/40 Machinery Dynamics Monitor Processor Module
The next figure shows the ADAPT 3701/40 monitors features. The Processor module does all signal processing, alarming, data
This is an example of the simplex termination base. There is also a storage, and communication for the monitor system.
duplex termination base available.
Input Modules
Ethernet Ports
Input modules provide power and input interfaces for six
Discrete Contact Inputs dynamic-signal sensors supporting a mixture of velocity,
External Keyphasor (speed outputs) acceleration, displacement, and dynamic pressure measurement
types. The input modules also provide power and interface for
Ground/Chassis Switch one Keyphasor sensor which can be a proximity probe or magnetic
Auxiliary Power Input pickup type. The ADAPT 3701/40 system can house up to two
input modules which can each be one of three different types.
Earth Ground Connection
Each type is described in more detail below. Each of the three
Processor Module input module options support 3-wire proximity and/or
Input Modules acceleration connections.

Output Module 3701 PAV Input Module

Terminal Base Connectors. One each side (unused). The Proximitor*/Accelerometer/Velomitor (PAV) input module
is a 6-channel plus Keyphasor input module that accepts inputs
Power Input Connector from a variety of proximity, acceleration, and velocity transducers.
Terminal Block Locking Screw The 3701 PAV module also provides sensor power, current limiting,
and sensor input impedance. The PAV module is unique in that
External Keyphasor Input Connector (speed inputs)
it is the only input module type that supports (2-Wire input
Tag Name Pull-Out Card connection) the use of transducers that require constant current
Sensor Wiring Terminal Blocks for their power. These transducers are typically velomitors or
accelerometers. Each channel dynamic and keyphasor of the
3701 PAV input module may be configured independently.
3701 PAS Input Module
The Proximitor/Accelerometer/Seismic (PAS) input module is
a 6-channel plus Keyphasor input module that accepts inputs
from a variety of proximity, acceleration, and velocity transducers.
The 3701 PAS module also provides sensor power, current limiting,
and sensor input impedance. The PAS module is unique in that

33
application note
it is the only input module type which supports (2-wire input
connection) the use of seismic or moving coil transducers
that are passive devices that require a special biasing circuit
interface. These are typically velocity transducers. Each channel
(dynamic and keyphasor) of the 3701 PAS input module may be
configured independently.
3701 PoV Module
(Supported by the ADAPT 3701/44 Aeroderivative
Monitor only)
The 3701 PoV module is a 6-channel plus Keyphasor/speed
input module that interfaces to a variety of positively powered
sensors such as: +24 V Proximitor sensors, +24 V Interface
modules, and 2-wire IEPE sensors using 3.3 mA constant current.
Any of the 3701 PoV modules six channels (1-6) can be
independently configured for one of the supported transducers.
Each PoV module supports one dedicated negatively powered
Keyphasor or speed measurement on channel 7 that is
configurable for Proximitor sensors or magnetic pickups.
The following table summarizes which sensor types and
measurement types are supported on each of the input
modules available.

Table 7-1: Sensor Types and Measurement Types Supported

Input Module Type

Sensor Type Supported Measurement Type Power
PAV PAS PoV1
3-Wire Proximitor X X Radial Vibration Displacement -24 VDC
3-Wire Accel X X Acceleration -24 VDC
3-Wire Proximitor X Radial Vibration Displacement +24 VDC
3-Wire Interface Modules X Acceleration +24 VDC
Bently HTVAS Acceleration Velocity -24 VDC
86517, 86497 Acceleration Velocity -24 VDC
Interface Modules Dynamic Pressure
350500 Charge Amplifier Dynamic Pressure -24 VDC
350501 Charge Amplifier X X Acceleration -24 VDC
Seismoprobe* (2-Wire) X Velocity Passive w/Bias
Velomitor (2-Wire) X Velocity -24 VDC
3.3 mA Constant Current
2-Wire IEPE X Acceleration Velocity +24 VDC
Dynamic Pressure 3.3 mA Constant Current
KPH Mag Pickup (2-Wire) Speed Passive
KPH Mag Pickup (3-Wire) X X X Speed Passive
KPH Proximitor (3-Wire) X X X Speed, Gap -24 VDC

Supported by the ADAPT 3701/44 Aero Monitor only

1

34
 application note
Output Module Slot Auxiliary Power Connector
The output module communicates with the Processor Module to Auxiliary power is intended for future expansion to allow for the
annunciate protection and user configurable events with built-in use of various sensors that require different power levels other
relays. The output module provides a double-pole double-throw than what is generated from primary and secondary power inputs.
(DPDT) protection fault relay and up to eight configurable-logic This feature is not currently used.
single-pole double-throw (SPDT) relays.
Ground/Chassis Switch and Ground Connector
Protection Fault The ground chassis switch should always be closed (down position)
A protection fault occurs when there is a fault that is impacting for typical installations. When the installation mandates that the
alarm determination. instrumentation reference (COM) of the ADAPT 3701/40 monitor
be connected to a different ground than the safety Earth / Machine
Power Input Connector
Earth, this connector breaks the connection of instrumentation
This is a connector for +24 Vdc nominal power inputs. The COM to safety earth when in the UP position. When this switch
ADAPT 3701/40 monitor allows for dual power supply connection is in the UP position (COM is not connected to Chassis or safety
to the power terminal. The ADAPT 3701/40 monitor is designed Earth), make sure an alternate ground connection is made to the
to operate from either the primary or the secondary power input. terminal of this connector. Refer to the Installation section for
The redundancy is intended to avoid interruption of critical more details.
machine monitoring in case of either power supply failure.
Earth Ground Connection
Sensor Terminal Blocks
This is the lug for attaching a low impedance connection to
The sensor terminal blocks provide wiring options for various types protective earth.
of sensors. The blocks are removable for ease of wiring. A multi-pin
connector (DSUB-44 pin) provides simple connection to external Tag Name Pull Out Card
test rigs or external terminal blocks in marshaling cabinets. The tag name pull out card (or tag sheet) can be used to document.
Sensor Connector Block Locks
Sensor connector block locks are used to secure the removable
terminal blocks.
Terminal Base Connectors
Terminal base connectors share signals between multiple 3701
terminal bases plugged together. This feature is not currently
supported. Monitors should not be connected together in this
release as you could see unexpected behavior.
External Keyphasor Input Connector
These input connectors are used for connecting a conditioned
external Keyphasor signal from another 3701 monitor. The external
KPH connections (inputs and outputs) will be used on future
phases. This feature is not currently used.
Ethernet Ports
Ethernet Port A (lower connector) and Ethernet Port B (upper
connector) are independent Ethernet ports for communication to
the 3701/40 monitoring system.
There is one set of ports for the simplex terminal base and two sets
of ports for the duplex terminal base.
Discrete Contact Inputs
Six contact inputs connect to dry contact relays to give the operator
control to various aspects of monitoring, configuration, and
alarming. The contact inputs are: IP/PW RESET, ALARM/RELAY INH,
TRIP MULTIPLY, SPECIAL ALARM INH, and CONFIG LOCK.
External Keyphasor Output Connectors
These driven conditioned Keyphasor signals connect to another
3701 monitors external Keyphasor inputs. This feature is not
currently used.

35
application note
7.4 Bently Nevada Configuration
Application
GEs Bently Nevada* Monitor Configuration (BNMC) software is
used to configure the ADAPT 3701/40 Machinery Dynamics Monitor.
This application can be used to configure a wide variety of
3701/40 channel mixtures and setups. It is used to build a custom
configuration which is highly selectable and can allow the user to
configure the ADAPT 3701/40 system to meet specific needs.
Each input module and connection was designed with specific
transducers or transducer types in mind. However, when using
the custom configuration option, each channel can be configured
or customized to fit specific needs and requirements.
The use of non-standard transducers and misconfiguration
of options can introduce installation problems and functional
challenges. Because this tool is highly flexible and configurable,
the end user can also make undesirable choices. Specific attention
should be paid to filter corner settings. Low- Pass corners should
always be more than four times (4X) the High-Pass corner as a rule
of thumb. Setting the corner(s) incorrectly alters the signal used for
alarming. The following sections are meant to be used as a guide in
understanding which transducers should be connected or mated
with which type of input on each input module.
Sensors
Custom Configuration Dynamic Sensors
Each type of connection is designed to function with a specific
set of transducers. The following sections explain each connection
type and the transducers it was designed to support.
-24 VDC 3-Wire Proximitor/Accelerometer Connections
Typical sensors include:
Proximity: 3300XL NVS, 3300XL 5mm, 3300XL 8mm, 3300XL 11mm,
3300XL 25mm
Accelerometer: 330400, 330425
Terminal block connections are shown below.
Figure 2 - 3: 3-Wire Proximitor/Accelerometer Terminal Block Connections
The PAS, PAV, PoV (Keyphasor), and PAA input modules are all
designed to accept transducers of this type. Once configured
36
for a 3-wire input, any of the six dynamic transducer channels
on one of these input modules will function in this mode. This
connection or interface consists of three signals including Power
(-24VDC), Common (COM), and Signal (SIG). This type of connection
is primarily used with proximity transducers as well as certain
accelerometers. However, any transducer that can function with the
following constraints could be connected to this type of channel:
Accept nominal power input of ground referenced -24 V DC
Consume typical current not exceeding 25 mA
Have a typical output impedance of 50 ohms
Support 3-wire connection as described above (PWR, COM, SIG)
Output signal range is within 0VDC to -24 V DC
Typical frequency range from 0 Hz to 40 kHz
Positive 24V 3-Wire Proximitor/Accelerometer Terminal
Block Connections
The PoV module is designed to power and receive signals from
positively powered transducers. It is wired the same as the negative
3-wire transducer with the exception that the PWR connection now
outputs +24 V DC instead of -24 V DC. This is the only module that
has positive power outputs.
Any transducer that can function with the following constraints
could be connected to this type of channel:
Accept nominal power input of ground referenced +24 V DC
Consume typical current not exceeding 20 mA
Typical output impedance is 50 ohms
Support 3-wire connection as described above (PWR,COM,SIG)
Output signal range is within 0 V DC to +24 V DC
Typical frequency range is between 0 Hz and 40 kHz
2-Wire Velomitor Connection
Typical sensors include: Seismoprobe: 9200, 74712, 77224
Terminal block connections are shown shown below.
Figure 2 - 4: 2-Wire Velomitor Terminal Block Connections
This connection type is only available on the PAV input card. 3701
users with a PAV input module in one or both of the input slots
 application note
can configure any of the six dynamic channels on a given input velocity, acceleration, dynamic pressure or strain. They are
module to function in this mode. This interface consists of two typically powered by +24 V DC and use an approximately 3 mA
signal connections which are A/+ (positive) and B/ (negative). constant current source. This is supplied by the PoV two wire
This connection type is designed to function with 2-Wire 3.3mA input labeled A/+ and B/-.
constant current transducers. Specifically, this input circuit is
meant to be used with various Piezo type Velomitor transducers.
Other transducers may also function if the following constraints
are met:
Device is powered by -24 V DC based 3.3 mA
constant current connection
0 V DC to -24 V DC 50 ohms (less than 400 ohms)
Output signal range is within 0 V DC to -24 V DC
Typical frequency range is from 0 Hz to 15 kHz
2-Wire Seismoprobe Connection
Speed Sensors
Typical sensors include: Seismoprobe: 9200, 74712, 77224
The ADAPT 3701/40 monitor accepts speed signal inputs from
Terminal block connections are shown below. typical proximity type sensors or from a magnetic pickup type
sensor. The magnetic pickup wires are connected to the + / -
terminals of the speed channel on the PAA and the COM/SIG
inputs for the PAS and PAV input modules.
The connection of a typical proximity type sensor uses the PWR,
SIG and COM terminals. The PAS, PoV (Keyphasor), or PAV input
modules can all be used for proximity Keyphasor types.
The PoV module is supported only by the ADAPT 3701/44
aeroderivative monitor monitor. If you require isolated inputs
for magnetic speed sensors, contact your local sales or
service representative.
Note: Single ended (SIG, COM) signals coming from
transducers or buffered transducer outputs from other
system equipment should NOT be connected to the PAA
Figure 2 - 5: 2-Wire Seismoprobe Terminal Block Connections 2-wire connection meant for magnetic pickup inputs. They
should always be connected to kph/speed COM and SIG
This connection type is only available on the PAS input card. ADAPT connections if power is not required. If power is required the
3701/40* Machinery Dynamics Monitor and ADAPT 3701/46 Hydro PWR connection can also be utilized. This is the case even
Turbine Monitor users with a PAS input module in one or both of when the buffered transducer signal is a buffered output of
the input slots can configure any of the six dynamic channels on a a magnetic pickup. Making these incorrect connections will
given input module to function in this mode. This interface consists yield unpredictable results related to the various functions
of two signal connections which are A/+ (positive) and B/ (negative). associated with the speed readings due to the ground
This connection type is designed to function with 2-wire moving isolation discussed above.
coil type transducers such as GEs Bently Nevada* 9200 or 74712 KPH Terminal block connections are shown below.
Seismoprobes. To function with these transducers, a special biasing
circuit is provided through the A/+ and B/- connections of the PAS
input module. Other transducers may also function if the following
constraints are met:
Device is passive and expects a -6.5 V DC to -5 V DC bias
(-1 V DC differential from A/+ to B/-)
Typical output impedance is 100 ohms
Output signal range is within 0 V DC to -24 V DC
Typical frequency range is between 0 Hz and 7.2 kHz
2-Wire IEPE Transducers
Integrated Circuit Piezoelectric Sensors (IEPE) can measure
Figure 2 - 6: Keyphasor/Speed Terminal Block Connections

37
application note
Note: ADAPT 3701/40 field wire diagrams (Document
100M0771) provide a list of standard transducers supported
and tested during development. Any transducer not
specifically called out within these diagrams should be
investigated through a custom products or technical inquiry.
Failing to do so could cause unexpected channel and/or
system results or readings.
Relays
There are several ways to configure the relay behavior. There are
both normally-open or normally-closed contacts to hook up for
each of the relay modules. Relays also may be set to energize to
trip or de-energize to trip via a dip switch on the hardware.
When the CPU card is pulled or is rebooting, the ADAPT 3701/40
monitor will drive the relays active.
NOTE: Relay outputs should be configured de-energize to trip
in order to achieve the most reliable system. This causes the
relays to trip when the monitoring device loses power. This
setting may be mandatory for many safety installations.
Available Data Measurements
Band-pass
The band-pass measurement can be configured to have a frequency
range between 0.0625 Hz and 40,000 Hz. The number of poles
for the low and high pass filters are configurable for 1, 2, 4, 6, or 8
poles. Band-passes can be configured for rms in addition to peak or
peak to peak (pp). The statistical measure of the signal magnitude
rmsis less sensitive to data spikes. magnitude and is less sensitive
to data spikes.
Direct
Direct is another band-pass measurement. It is configured the
same as a standard band-pass.
Bias
The transducer bias voltage is in volts DC (V DC).
Gap
The transducer gap voltage in volts DC (V DC). This is used in
order to gap the distance between the probe and the turbine on
proximity probes.
nX
In a complex vibration signal, nX is the notation for the amplitude
component that occurs at N times the shaft rotation speed. These
variables reference a certain shaft through their associated speed.
The nX values can be configured for derived rms (drms) in addition
to peak or peak-to-peak (pp). The drms value is not calculated by
using the root mean square algorithm for the nX values, but simply
by scaling the peak or peak-to-peak calculation.
38
1X
This is an nX with the n set to 1, used to extract the amplitude
component that occurs at the rotation speed frequency. These
variables reference a certain shaft through their associated speed.
2X
In a complex vibration signal, 2X is the notation for the amplitude
component that occurs at two times the shaft rotation speed. These
variables reference a certain shaft through their associated speed.
Amplitude Extraction
This allows the user to home in on a specific frequency and pull the
amplitude of the energy at that point. This is very similar to an nX
value, except it is derived from an asynchronous spectrum and does
not require a speed signal to calculate. The spectrum is calculated
from a set in the associated spectrum field.
Pressure
Pressure is a band-pass measurement that is configured the
same as a standard band-pass. This is only available on dynamic
pressure channels.
Dynamic Data
The ADAPT 3701/40 monitor supports both synchronous and
asynchronous waveforms and spectrums. These are used to
diagnose signal integrity issues and for spectral measurements
such as amplitude extraction.
Module Status
The module statuses reflect the combined statuses of all channels.
This status is available through the EGD protocol.
Channel Status
Channel statuses apply to a specific channel. These statuses can be
viewed in GEs Bently Nevada Monitor Configuration System Event
lists or through supported industrial protocols (such as Modbus
and EGD).
Measurement Statuses
Measurement statuses apply only to the specific measurement. Use
GEs Bently Nevada Monitor Configuration software to view these
statuses on the Verification Bar Graph and Tabular List screens.
LED Descriptions
The LEDs on the front panel of the 3701/40 ADAPT monitor, as
shown in the Front Panel LEDs figure, indicate the operating status
of the module.
 application note
Input Module LED
Only one LED is present on each input module. This is the
MODULE OK LED. When On, this LED indicates that the input
module hardware is functioning properly without any critical or
non-critical hardware faults. This LED does not indicate channel
status as related to configuration or external wiring faults.
Output Module LEDs
When the MODULE OK LED on the output moudle is on,
it indicates that the module hardware is functioning properly
without any critical or non-critical hardware faults. This LED
does not indicate output relay status as related to configuration
or external wiring faults.
The output module has eight additional LEDs labeled Ch 1
through Ch 8. These LEDs indicate the status of each of the
relays. When an LED for a channel is on, it indicates that the
Figure 7 - 7: Front Panel LEDs corresponding relay has tripped (actuated). If this LED blinks,
it indicates that there is an internal hardware failure that is
Table 2-2: LED Descriptions affecting the corresponding relay.
LED Indicates..
Module OK The module is powered and functioning
properly (no critical or non-critical
hardware faults)
Protection Fault A hardware fault that is impacting alarm
determination (in conjunction with this
LED being On, the Protection Fault Relay
(on the back of the output module is also
actuated/tripped )
User Inhibit A user initiated action, such as Alarm
Inhibit or Channel Bypass, is impacting
alarm determination.
Attention This LED is not used at this time.
Danger A measurement amplitude
has exceeded a danger setpoint.
Alert A measurement amplitude
has exceeded an alert setpoint.
Kph 1 OK Onboard Speed signal 1 is triggering.
Kph 2 OK Onboard Speed signal 2 is triggering
NetA Network A has a valid link.
TX/RX A Network traffic is flowing on Network A.
Net B Indicates that Network B has a valid link.
TX/RX B Network traffic is flowing on Network B.
Pwr 1 OK External Power 1 input is present
and within the specified range.
Pwr 2 OK External Power 2 input is present
and within the specified range.

39
application note
7.5 Management System Inclusion of a knowledge-based decision support
root-cause fault diagnostic rule library for automated
Machine Condition Monitoring Platform detection and communication of commonly experienced
Recommendations machinery fault conditions, including a customizable
Machine condition monitoring systems provide tremendous machine and process diagnostic rule generator.
value to asset owners in heavy duty gas turbines applications Creation of user advisories and a customizable
due to the unique operating conditions usually experienced. communication plan that can be tailored to one of
In the majority of heavy duty gas turbines installations, remote several available local languages as applicable and feasible.
location, limited technical and maintenance resources, and
Integrated electronic documentation management,
spares lead times are key drivers for online machinery analysis
electronic operator journal, and automated electronic
and predictive maintenance support systems. GEs Bently
report capabilities.
Nevada* System 1* condition monitoring software platform
is recommended as the correct solution for heavy duty gas Capability to allow for a predetermined amount of
turbines monitoring applications. concurrent users.
System 1 Software Component Description OEM Part Number
System 1 software from GE takes advantage of a platform for Hardware Bently Nevada To be confirmed during
real-time optimization of equipment and selected processes, High Performance the time of order
condition monitoring, and event diagnostics. Similar in concept System 1 DAQ
to a process control system that allows users to understand, Platform Server with
diagnose, and control their process conditions in real time, flat panel display
the System 1 platform provides this capability for the assets
that drive your process. System 1 software can also be applied Hardware Bently Nevada To be confirmed during
to selected processes not normally addressed by a process Professional the time of order
control system, such as fuel management, combustion Workstation with
optimization, and many others. Listed below are typical flat panel display and
characteristics of a System 1 software installation. laser printer
Software System 1 software 3060/00-01
Software System 1 software and 3060/01-01-01-01-01.
licenses (w/Machine
Library & DAQ Based
Training CD)
Software System 1 Enterprise 3060/10-01
Application Package
(Turbo Machinery)
Software System 1 Display 3060/12-05-00
Software System 1 Data Export 3060/13-**
(OPC A&E)
Software System 1 DAQ 3060/14-01-01-00
Software System 1 Data Importer 3060/15-**.
Software System 1 System 3060/16-**.
Data analysis made available for hard-to-reach locations Extender
through the use of remote access ((such as offshore platforms
Software System 1 Technical TSA_EXTENSION-**
and remote unmanned locations).
Service
Trip and spurious shutdown analysis performed with the (2 extra years)
use of alarm event files.
** Indicates adding the additional dash numbers to specify the
Root cause analysis (RCA) using transient and dynamic data. product from the data sheet.
Capability to create profiles for different users and plant
assets to allow access only to the desired data, menus,
graphical plots and displays, and alarms and events.
Integration with other machinery and process data systems
using standard protocols such as OPC.

40
 application note
Decision Support Component Description OEM Part Number
GEs Decision Support Studio*
Software Decision Support 3061/03-xx
Developer Edition integrates
RulePak: Heavy Duty
with System 1 software to
Gas Turbines
help improve business
operations, giving early Software Decision Support 3061/18-xx
detection of mechanical, RulePak: Generator
operational, instrument, or Software Decision Support 3061/50-xx
business events. RulePak: Gearbox
It offers easy-to-use graphical
tools to write rules comprised Bently PERFORMANCE* SE*
of equations and algorithms to
enable users to easily acquire,
capture, disseminate and leverage their knowledge of equipment,
processes, and their business.

Component Description OEM Part Number

Software Decision Support
Studio* Developer
Edition
System 1 RulePaks
GEs RulePaks* software works
to extend the capabilities of
System 1 software. They consist
of a pre-configured set of rules
designed specifically to
perform real-time data
validation, calculations and
analysis, and detection of
specific events and
malfunctions. RulePaks
software provides the
following benefits:
Enhance plant availability
Improve plant maintainability
Mitigate operational risks
Allow for rapid application of expertise from outside
your business
Extend asset life
RulePaks software offers the following capabilities:
Configurable advisories
Robust IT security
Easy plug-in to the System 1 platform
Deployment across your business
Actionable information to drive user notifications
3060/36-01
GEs Bently PERFORMANCE* SE* software compliments
System 1 software by extending its functionality to include
online thermodynamic performance monitoring of machinery.
Bently PERFORMANCE SE software provides comprehensive
information on the condition of machines in combined mechanical
and thermodynamic formats. Characteristics of this software for
heavy duty gas turbines and compressors include, but are not
limited to, the following:
Gas turbine performance calculations are performed
in accordance with ASME PTC 22* 1997 in respect of
heat rate and thermal efficiency parameters.
Corrections available for site standard or ISO standard
conventions.
Gas turbine compressor calculations are performed
using Real Gas Equation of State for air gas mixture including
moisture content derived from relative humidity input
(automatic from DCS/met station or manual input).
Ambient temperature and pressure inputs are also
included in the database.
Inlet filter screen differential pressure is accounted
for in inlet pressure drop performance correction.
Compressor performance calculations are computed
using both isentropic and polytropic analysis for head and
efficiency. Compressor pressure ration is also included in
the list of displayed parameters.
Component Description OEM Part Number
Software Bently Software is sold as
PERFORMANCE SE part of a services
project.

41
application note
SmartSignal SmartSignal software brings added value in terms of:
Early detection and diagnosis
Immediate localization
High true positives
Ability to work across all assets: rotary, reciprocal,
GEs Proficy SmartSignal statistical modeling software provides and fixed
automated and accurate early warning of a wide
Discovery of sensor issues to reduce doubt about your data
range of plant asset abnormalities by utilizing vibration and
process data collected from DCS/Data Historians and Fast implementation using engineered templates
Bently Nevada monitoring racks. that can be customized to fit your data
With these early warnings, users can take a deeper-dive into Early and confident discovery of impending equipment issues
diagnostic and analytical techniques using System 1 software.
Process data needed for adequate modeling includes, but is not Component Description OEM Part Number
limited to load, temperature, speed, vibration, and pressure. Software Proficy SmartSignal To be determined
software

42

8 Related Systems for Consideration
The heavy duty gas turbine should not be considered in isolation,
but instead along with driven equipment, other machine trains,
auxiliaries, and other plant systems as required based on the industry
in which it will be deployed. Some of the related systems and the
considerations are indicated below.
Note: Refer to Best Practices of SIE for details about integration
with other plant systems as well as ISS (Industry Specific
Specifications) application notes for more information about
measurements and monitoring of related systems.
Gearboxes
A gearbox (mostly speed reducing) can be coupled to the heavy
duty gas turbine. If a gearbox is used, the monitoring system must
be selected based on the number and type of bearings in the
gearbox. Gearboxes require a Keyphasor sensor on each shaft
for once-per-rev phase reference measurements (unless already
installed on the driver or driven machine on the same shaft). If the
gearbox is fitted with fluid film bearings a single axial proximity
displacement transducer should beinstalled on each pinion shafts
without a thrust bearing. (Most API compliant gearboxes are
manufactured with pre-machined probe mounting locations at the
pinion shafts) Specialty sensor designs such as Button probes may
be considered for this purpose when the geometry of the machine
prohibits conventional sensors.
If the gearbox is fitted with rolling element bearings, localized
protection is required, along with periodic machinery monitoring.
Casing mounted acceleration transducers should be used. Overall
machinery status should be monitored using an integrated velocity
application note
measurement, while the enveloped acceleration spectrum (as
applicable) should be used for identifying specific machinery
defects such as developing bearing and gear problems. One casing
mounted piezo-velocity transducer should be installed at each
bearing, or at the input and output bearings on a gearbox. The
transducer axis should be aligned with the principal bearing l
oad direction.
Acceleration measurement on the gearbox can provide the
proactive maintenance planning system with a valuable source
of information on progressive damage to gear elements. Specific
mechanical fault symptoms related to gear wear or sudden damage
can be detected through online vibration analysis. General purpose
accelerometers installed in accordance with API 670 are suitable
for this application. Bearing metal temperatures, oil analysis, and
decision support for gearboxes should also be considered for
creating a full-fledged condition monitoring program for gearboxes
connected to a heavy duty gas turbine.
Steam Turbine Generators, Boiler Feedwater Pumps, Fans,
Heat Recovery Steam Generators
The systems related to a heavy duty gas turbine used in a combined
cycle power plant (integrated gasification type), can be quite
complex. Many plants are simpler than the following diagram that
points out a variety of possible complexities.
Steam turbine generator sets should be monitored using turbine
supervisory instrumentation connected to System 1 condition
monitoring software. Compressors pumps and fans should be
monitored using online continuous/periodic measurements based
on criticality, failure modes, and failure cycles of those machines.
Decision Support software can also be used to provide actionable
43
application note
advisories and thermodynamic performance monitoring. Process
variables monitoring either at DCS level or within the condition
monitoring platform should be considered for all assets.
Lube System, Cooling Towers
Process variable monitoring (fluid temperature, pressure, and flow)
at various points should be used detect developing malfunctions.
This is usually available at the DCS, and the data should be
imported into the condition monitoring platform for proactive
alarming and early warnings.
Unit Control Systems
There should be integration between the monitoring system
and the unit control systems (such as Mark* VIe systems) for
import and export of machinery condition data and process
data. Appropriate/pre-approved communication gateways and
protocols should be considered, including the interconnections and
geographical location of connection points system. A system should
be developed and approvals obtained before ordering.
Plant DCS & Historian
The monitoring system can interface with a plant control
system/historian to import process data and export condition
data (if required for operator-driven reliability practices).
Appropriate/pre-approved communication gateways and
protocols such as OPC should be considered, including the
interconnections and geographical location of connection
points. A system architecture drawing should be developed and
approvals obtained before ordering.
Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS)
The value of condition monitoring can be realized only if the right
work is identified early and the necessary corrective/preventive
actions are taken in a proactive manner. In many plants a CMMS
such as SAP or MAXIMO is used to manage maintenance
activities. A condition monitoring system can identify work and
automatically (or manually) initiate a work order in the CMMS.
This interface and workflow should be considered while designing
the condition monitoring platform for the plant.
Plant Condition Monitoring System
A plant condition monitoring system such as GEs Bently Nevada
System 1 software should be the heart of the proactive work
identification program for the heavy duty gas turbine as well as
all related systems in the plant. This system acts as a platform
where all condition monitoring technologies converge and a
database is created. The system should be able to provide data in
various plots/formats for diagnostic purposes, as well as acting
as a knowledge repository including the heavy duty gas turbine
manuals, manual entries of notes, and more. This system should
support the maintenance strategy of the plant for the heavy duty
gas turbine as well as all related systems.
Lube Oil Monitoring
Permanent oil sampling fittings should be installed in each machine
as well as the gearbox to enable representative samples to be
44
drawn from the working fluid inside the machines. Oil analysis
is a very important condition monitoring measurement and the
analysis report should be imported to the condition monitoring
platform for availability based on asset Tag ID of the heavy duty
gas turbine as well as related machines along with other condition
monitoring information.
Remote Monitoring, Diagnostic, and Supporting Services
External support from OEMs and consultants can provide extra
expertise to set up, maintain, and use condition monitoring
technology. These services can build understanding of the condition
of the heavy duty gas turbine and related machines for added
reliability and performance. The system architecture should show
how this is going to be achieved including secure IT set-up.
Modeling Software
Early warnings of potential failures should also be obtained
by adding modeling tools like GEs SmartSignal software along with
System 1 software. A data link may be required to the historian
and/or other plant systems to create the model based on historical
data as well as to validate whether the measured values fall within
acceptable models. If not, an anomaly is notified locally to the plant
or to a remote monitoring and performance center. If modeling
software is needed to support plant maintenance strategy, the
system architecture should identify the required interfaces.
9 Appendix 1 Thrust Voting
Considerations
Bently Nevada 3500 Series Measurement and API
670 Compliance
The design of a monitoring system must strike a careful balance
between false trips of the machine and missing conditions should
result in the machine being tripped. Obviously missing a machine
trip can be a serious event, but incorrectly tripping a machine is
also an event that could compromise safety, especially considering
the complex processes that most of the machinery covered by API
670 supports. In both missed trip and false trip cases safety may
be compromised and there is the risk of potential negative financial
impact to the end user.
API 670 Requirements
API 670 outlines requirements for axial position measurements,
calling for paired channels. The requirement allows for one
transducer signal (single voting logic, 1oo2) or two transducer
signals (dual voting logic, 2oo2), to exceed the danger setpoint
to initiate shutdown relay actuation. Specifically, with regard to
2oo2 dual voting logic applications, the standard indicates that
shutdown relay actuation should occur when:
Both axial position transducers or circuits fail
One channel has failed and the other has exceeded its
danger setpoint
Both channels exceed the danger setpoint.

Transducer System Faults
The axial position measurement is distinct from other
measurements covered by API 670 due to the critical nature of
the measurement and the possibility that the transducer element
can be destroyed under extreme machinery conditions. There
is the possibility that the probe target can shift suddenly in the
direction of the probes with sufficient magnitude to contact and
destroy the transducer. This may occur before the monitoring
system measurement is capable of detecting the sudden shift
and generate a trip signal.
In this scenario, if the protection system were to defeat alarming
upon probe failure, the alarming capability would be defeated at the
time that the machine is experiencing what is highly likely to be an
operating condition requiring shutdown the very type of situation
that the measurement is put in place to protect against. The
possibility that the loss of a transducer is very likely to have been
caused by the machine resulting in the overall protection function
being defeated is what is fundamentally behind the standards
requirement to trip upon loss of protection circuit function.
Monitoring System Faults
The design of the Bently Nevada 3500 Series Machinery Monitoring
System thrust channel type considers the protection circuit outlined
in API 670 section 5.4.3, to only include the probe and transducer
system that are susceptible to machine-induced faults. The 3500
system is capable of differentiating between faults that occur with
the transducer system and those that occur in the monitoring system
itself. While the system drives for trip in the case of a transducer
system fault, a fault at the monitoring system does not. Rather
than driving for machine trip, the system design annunciates the
fault, providing an opportunity for plant personnel to respond
to the problem condition.
A protection system designed such that it generates a trip
signal in the event of a system fault condition has a significantly
increased tendency for false tripping of the machine, unless the
fault can credibly be linked to a machine emergency condition
such as is the case with axial position transducers. If those
elements of the monitoring system that are out of harms way
were to drive a trip relay actuation upon failure (single logic),
or drive a vote for trip in dual voting logic, the system would
contribute significantly to reducing machinery availability.
This is especially relevant considering the relative complexity
of a typical monitoring system architecture.
In effectively all cases, a fault at the monitoring system will
not coincide with, nor be driven by a safety critical machine
operating condition. Unlike the transducer portion of the
protection path, there are no known credible cases where
the machine is capable of compromising, or generating a fault
in the monitoring system. Therefore, driving for a trip in the event
of a monitoring system fault results in a false machine trip in
effectively all cases for single logic applications, and has serious
potential negative impact on the availability of the machinery
in dual logic cases.
application note
To accommodate for the possibility of monitoring system faults,
the monitoring system has extensive diagnostic capability to
self-diagnose and annunciate internal faults. In the event of an
internal monitoring system fault the system responds by providing
visibility to the condition by means of a number of mechanisms
to annunciate the condition. This provides for a more effective
alternative response to a fault than simply tripping the machine or
voting to trip.
Visibility mechanisms include: monitor LED states, monitor channel
states (available in Modbus registers, local and remote system
displays, and in System 1 software), 4 to 20 mA outputs, and the
3500 rack OK relay. These allow for visibility by plant personnel
to immediately be informed and attend to a protection system
malfunction. In the case of a single point monitoring system fault,
the second channel supporting the recommended dual channel
1oo2 configuration continues to protect the machinery without
the user suffering a false trip of the machinery and the associated
safety risk and process interruption.
Summary
The axial position measurement is critical and is adapted
to the application specific possibility of a probe fault being
induced by a catastrophic machinery condition. Because of
this possibility, API 670 requires that a transducer system fault
result in that paths protection relay actuation or voting for
trip in dual logic applications. The 3500 system meets these
requirements by driving for trip in the event of a transducer
system malfunction. The possibility of a catastrophic machinery
condition compromising the protection function does not extend
to the monitoring system portion of the protection path. Therefore
the 3500 system does not generate a trip signal in the case of a
monitoring system fault.
The 3500 system configured for thrust measurement is capable
of differentiating between a fault at the transducer level and
one that occurs within the monitoring system itself. This allows
the system to avoid false trips that may otherwise result from
monitoring system malfunctions. The 3500 monitoring system
internal diagnostic coverage and numerous fault annunciation
methods all support the availability of the protection function
by making the status of the monitoring system channels known
to plant personnel in real time. The protection function is
maintained without potentially compromising availability of
the monitored machine and the associated process.
The 3500 systems axial position measurement is compliant to
the requirements of API 670.
45
application note
10 Appendix 2 Voting Truth Tables
Voting Truth Tables for Normal AND and True AND voting

A. True AND Voting Radial Vibration C. Normal AND Voting Radial Vibration
Trip logic: Trip logic:
CHAdanger AND CHBdanger = Trip CHAdanger AND CHBdanger = Trip

Channel A Channel B Result Channel A Channel B Result

OK OK NO ALARM OK OK NO ALARM
OK NOT OK NO ALARM OK NOT OK NO ALARM
OK DANGER NO ALARM OK DANGER NO ALARM
DANGER OK NO ALARM DANGER OK NO ALARM
DANGER NOT OK NO ALARM DANGER NOT OK ALARM
DANGER DANGER ALARM DANGER DANGER ALARM
NOT OK OK NO ALARM NOT OK OK NO ALARM
NOT OK NOT OK NO ALARM NOT OK NOT OK NO ALARM
NOT OK DANGER NO ALARM NOT OK DANGER ALARM

B. True AND Voting Radial Vibration with Not OK D. Normal AND Voting Radial Vibration with Not OK
Trip logic: Trip logic:
CHAdanger OR CHANot OK AND CHBdanger OR CHBNot OK= Trip CHAdanger OR CHANot OK AND CHBdanger OR CHBNot OK= Trip

Channel A Channel B Result Channel A Channel B Result

OK OK NO ALARM OK OK NO ALARM
OK NOT OK NO ALARM OK NOT OK NO ALARM
OK DANGER NO ALARM OK DANGER NO ALARM
DANGER OK NO ALARM DANGER OK NO ALARM
DANGER NOT OK ALARM DANGER NOT OK ALARM
DANGER DANGER ALARM DANGER DANGER ALARM
NOT OK OK NO ALARM NOT OK OK NO ALARM
NOT OK NOT OK ALARM NOT OK NOT OK ALARM
NOT OK DANGER ALARM NOT OK DANGER ALARM

46
 application note
Observations:
3500 RV and TP Voting
1. Four truth tables define voting an RV XY pair and two
E. Normal AND or True AND Voting Thrust Position truth tables define voting a TP pair. These are:

Trip logic: A. RV True AND

CHAdanger AND CHBdanger = Trip B. RV True AND OR-ed with channel OK
Channel A Channel B Result C. RV Normal AND

OK OK NO ALARM D. RV Normal AND OR-ed with channel OK

OK NOT OK NO ALARM E. TP True AND as well as TP Normal AND

(note: these are identical)
OK DANGER NO ALARM
F. TP True AND OR-ed with channel OK as well as
DANGER OK NO ALARM TP Normal AND OR-ed with channel OK
DANGER DANGER ALARM (note: these are identical)

DANGER NOT OK ALARM 2. Timed OK Channel Defeat (TOKCD) prevents a trip on

simultaneous loss of OKs (lightening, etc.) for voted RV
NOT OK OK NO ALARM channels when OK is not OR-ed for both True and Normal
NOT OK NOT OK ALARM voting as shown in truth table A and C.
NOT OK DANGER ALARM 3. If RV is OR-ed with the channel OK, a trip occurs as shown
in truth table B and D.
4. The nature of the TP measurement does not allow TOKCD
F. Normal AND or True AND Voting Thrust Position with Not OK to be applied to that measurement (see Appendix 5).
5. If TP is OR-ed with the opposite OK, the OR-ed OKs will trip
Trip logic: upon a momentary instantaneous loss of OK as shown in truth
CHAdanger OR CHANot OK AND CHBdanger OR CHNot OK= Trip table F. A long term loss of OK (greater than 0.1 second) will
cause a trip as shown in the truth table.
Channel A Channel B Result
6. If TP is not OR-ed with the OK as shown in truth table E, a
OK OK NO ALARM
momentary instantaneous loss of both transducer OKs will
OK NOT OK NO ALARM most likely not cause a trip because of the time required by
the monitor to calculate perceived axial position shift and
OK DANGER NO ALARM
the normal 0.1 second TP time delay. A long term loss of both
DANGER OK NO ALARM transducer OKs (greater than the 0.1 second time) will result in
DANGER NOT OK ALARM a trip as shown in the truth table E.

DANGER DANGER ALARM

NOT OK OK NO ALARM
NOT OK NOT OK ALARM
NOT OK DANGER ALARM

47
 2015 General Electric Company. All rights reserved. Information provided is subject to change
without notice. Best practices and recommendations herein are applicable to most aeroderivative
gas turbines contingent on OEM design and adherence to OEM guidelines.

GE Oil & Gas *Denotes a trademark of Bently Nevada, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of General Electric
Company. The GE brand, GE logo, Bently Nevada, System 1, Keyphasor, Proximitor, Velomitor,
1631 Bently Parkway South RulePaks, Bently PERFORMANCE SE, ADRE, SPEEDTRONIC, Mark, SmartSignal, SAP and MAXIMO are
Minden, NV 89423 trademarks of General Electric Company.

Modbus, Modicon, and Teflon are trademarks of their respective owners.

24/7 customer support: +1 281 449 2000
geoilandgas.com/ GEA32129A (12/2015)