Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr.
4/2014
DEZVOLTAREA DEMOCRATIC
NTRE GUVERNARE I
GUVERNAN
Moise BOJINC*
Abstract: Complexitatea crescnd a
dezvoltrii societii moderne conduce la
autonomizarea domeniilor constitutive ale societii.
n context are loc i autonomizarea sferei conducerii
care angreneaz, la rndul su, manifestarea unui
numr tot mai mare de actori.
Evoluia societii chiar n condiiile
imposibilitii controlului deplin al actorilor
participani la decizie nu se poate face ignornd
orientarea dezvoltrii sociale.
Pe acest fond, se exercit presiuni pentru
trecerea de la guvernare, ca modalitate de
conducere de sus reprezentativ i democratic, la
guvernan, respectiv la autodeterminare competitiv,
fr a mai lua n calcul rolul i importana statului i
a prestaiilor sale sociale.
n acest context, democraia se afl n impas,
iar modalitatea de a restabili echilibrul ntre factorii
de eficacitate i sustenabilitatea social presupune
primordialitatea legii i afirmarea statului de drept.
Cuvinte cheie: guvernare, guvernan,
democraie, dezvoltare social, lege.
1. Preliminarii
Funcionarea societii moderne
caracterizat prin complexitate crescnd,
permanent schimbare i multiplicarea
interdependenelor este posibil prin
realizarea autonomiei sistemelor sale
constitutive (economic, social, politic,
administrativ, cultural etc.) precum i a
valorilor corespunztoare nu numai la
nivel statal ci i regional.
Firesc, n aceast arhitectur
*
Prof. univ. dr. Departamentul tiine Juridice, Facultatea de Relaii Internaionale, Drept i tiine
Administrative, Universitatea Constantin Brncui din Tg-Jiu
**
Professor PhD, Department of Juridical Sciences, Faculty of International Relations, Law and Administrative
Sciences Constantin Brncui University of Tg-Jiu
Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 4/2014
DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT
BETWEEN GOVERNMENT AND
GOVERNANCE
Moise BOJINC**
Abstract: The increasing complexity of modern
society leads to the development of the autonomy of
the branches of the society. In the context, take place
the autonomyof management that, in turn, lead to the
manifestation of an increasing number of actors.
The evolution of society even under conditions
of full control of the impossibility of the actors
participating in the decision cannot be made while
ignoring social development orientation.
Against this backdrop, it is pushing for the
passage of the Government, as a way to "manage up"
representative and democratic governance at the
competitive, self-determination without taking into
account the role and importance of the State and its
social benefits.
In this context, democracy is in trouble, and
how to restore the balance between the efficacy and
social sustainability involves the primacy of law and
the affirmation of the rule of law
Key words: governemente, governance,
democracy, social development, law.
1. Preliminaries
The functioning of modern society is
possible only through autonomy of its
constituent systems, economic, social,
political, administrative, cultural and
corresponding values. Naturally, in this
organizational architecture a distinct field19 is
conferred to the management system.
In this context within each entity states,
but not only, as at regional level are
established many communities that meet and
assume a series of decision-making powers of
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Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr. 4/2014
organizaional i sistemului de conducere
i este conferit un domeniu distinct 1.
Autonomizarea procesului
decizional conduce la multiplicarea
actorilor care i asum o serie de
prerogative cu caracter decizional, care
ns nu se pot realiza n condiii de izolare
ci n condiii de corelare i coordonare
naional i regional.
n aceste condiii nevoia orientrii
pentru dezvoltarea societii nu poate fi
ignorat chiar dac, n mod practic,
realizarea unui control deplin nu mai este
posibil.
Acest context genereaz o serie de
probleme legate de felul n care se conduc
diversele entiti difereniate luntric.
nsi democraia 2 cunoate forme
multiple de manifestare i, pe cale de
consecin apar i o serie de ntrebri
recurente, precum: ncotro se ndreapt
democraia n condiiile diversificrii
situaiilor n care se ncearc aplicarea ei;
mai rmne demos-ul n acelai timp i
kratos; care sunt fundamentele deciziilor
i cum se satisfac situaiile n care se
impun aciuni urgente pstrnd cel puin
consultarea ca modalitate de formare
democratic a acestei voine 3.
Cu alte cuvinte, se pune problema
de a ti care sunt reperele deciziilor ntr-o
lume aflat n permanent schimbare.
Toate aceste modificri profunde la
nivel de societate precum i repeziciunea
cu care se produc exercit presiuni pentru
trecerea de la guvernare 4 ca modalitate de
conducere de sus, reprezentativ i
democratic la guvernan, adic la
autodeterminare, n condiii de competiie
n conducerea entitilor difereniate 5.
Recursul la guvernan face corp
comun cu proclamarea competitivitii
ntemeiate pe considerarea pieei ca unic
regulator al activitilor i a echilibrului
bugetar ca indicator de dezvoltare.
Acest fapt conduce la prevalena
criteriilor cantitative de evaluare n
detrimentul celor calitative, la
Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 4/2014
nature.
Empowering decision-making process
cannot be achieved in isolation and
interdependence, but in a setting that involves
national and regional coordination and
correlation.
For us the most concrete example is the
European Union model where each state is
manifested both their various organizational
entities, including the European Union and its
governing bodies.
Thus, in functional terms there is a
range of actors, which globally are more
numerous.
However, the need for guidance for the
development of society cannot be evaded
even if the multitude of actors makes it
impossible to control their own.
Moreover, global current world has
countless actors and this makes it impossible
to control them by one of them. However, the
need for guidance on the development of
society cannot be circumvented.
This context creates a number of issues
related to the leading of different entities, and
their leadership, differentiated inner, in terms
of increasing complexity.
Democracy itself20 known multiple
forms of expression and consequently appear
a series of recurring questions, such as where
they are going democracy, under
circumstances in which it seeks to diversify
its application; remains demos and kratos
inthe same time; which are the foundations of
those decisions and how to meet emergencies
by keeping at least the consulting action as a
means of democratic will formation, which is
more and more difficult21.
The question is to know: which are the
landmarks of decisions in a changing world,
from the prevalence of other recognition to
the primacy of efficiency, and back to meet
information requirements of the governed.
All these profound societal changes and
the rapidity with which produce pressures to
shift from government22 as a way of "top
management", representative and democratic,
to governance, i.e. to self-determination under
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Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr. 4/2014
personalizarea deciziilor, la reducerea
reformelor la simple restructurri, la
diminuarea rolului organelor legislative n
favoarea executivului, ntr-un cuvnt la
diminuarea rolului statului i a prestaiilor
sale sociale.
n aceste condiii guvernarea
reprezentativ nu-i mai poate exercita
rolul, reducndu-se efectiv la un simplu
mecanism de selectare periodic a
liderilor. Or, convergena dintre realitatea
vieii ceteneti i guvernarea
democratic nu va putea avea loc dect n
condiiile n care democraia se va
manifesta ca form de via.
2. Delimitri i interferene
conceptuale
Noiunea de guvernan nu se
confund cu cea de guvernare. Astfel, sub
aspect noional, guvernana este un cuvnt
la mod, tinznd s devin o parte a
limbajului natural fr a se mai sesiza
mprejurarea c i n acest caz este vorba
printre altele de o opiune printre altele cu
un coninut cultural i pn la urm,
ideologic precis 6.
Noiunea de guvernan se
origineaz n greaca veche n kybernaien,
ce st la baza latinescului gobernace i
care desemna conducerea unei corbii pe
mare. Kybernaien nseamn imprimarea
orientrii corabiei dup stabilirea poziiei,
determinarea factorilor de mediu care o
afecteaz i determinarea locului unde
trebuie s ajung. Ca atare, conducerea
vasului respectiv, presupune adoptarea n
mod permanent de decizii n situaii
particulare avnd n vedere
contextualitatea concret i nu simpla
aplicare a unor formule cu caracter
general.
Aceast complexitate este dat n
bun msur de distincia dintre techne
care exprim simpla aplicare a such, the management of that ship, constantly
mecanismelor nvate i phronesis, ce
desemneaz abilitatea format prin cultura
Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 4/2014
the leadership of competition in
differentiated23 entities.
Recourse to governance is integral with
the proclamation of competitiveness, which
aims to consider the market as the sole
regulator of activities, budget balance as an
indicator of development, favoring
quantitative evaluation criteria, the prevalence
of personalization managers and decision-
reducing reforms in restructuring, enhancing
the role of the executive, diminishing the
importance of Parliament and the courts
decline deliberative and disregard of state
social benefits.
Naturally, in this context of rapid and
profound changes correlated with pressures
highlighted above make the representative
government no longer be able to perform its
role. Basically, democratic governance tends
to be reduced to a simple mechanism for
selecting leaders regularly. Or convergence
between citizens`reality of life and democratic
governance cannot take place only under
conditions in which democracy will manifest
as a form of life.
2. Delimitations and conceptual
interference
The concept of governance should not
be confused with the government. Thus, in
terms of notional, governance is part of an
assembly language expressing neoliberal
vision of recent times and is a buzzword,
tending to become a part of natural language
without having to grasp the fact that in this
case it is an option among others with cultural
content and ultimately, ideological accurate24.
The etymology governance originates in
ancient Greek in kybernaien, which is the
origin of the Latin gobernace and designate
the leading of a ship at sea. Kybernaien means
the orientation after determining the ship's
position, determining environmental factors
which affect it and determine where to go. As
involves the adoption of decisions in
particular contexts in given concrete
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Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr. 4/2014
de a lua decizii adecvate n situaii
diferite, unice chiar, nsoite de o
nelepciune de natur moral 7.
Ulterior, termenul respectiv a fost
preluat de gndirea politic evolund o
dat cu aceasta 8.
O dat cu trecerea la gndirea
politic modern care s-a concentrat
asupra puterii n comuniti, asumndu-se
natura deficitar a oamenilor i Later this term was taken over by
coruptibilitatea lor, tradiia refleciei
asupra lui kybernaien a sucombat n faa
abordrilor incipiente ale termenului
francez gouvernement. n limba francez,
la finele Evului Mediu s-a consacrat
termenul gouverner, prin care s-a neles
aciunea de a domina un efectiv de supui
i de a-i conduce (ceea ce nseamn
guvernare). De aici, termenul a trecut n
limba englez, drept governance, i pe
fondul unei schimbri culturale au fost
aduse nu doar cunotine despre
dominarea supuilor, ci i cunotine
despre proprietate, condiiile mediului
natural i social, nsuirile celor care
conduc i orientrile populaiei.
Astfel, de la governement la
governance nu s-a produs doar o
modificare de limbaj, ci i o schimbare de
optic cultural. Membrii comunitii nu
mai sunt socotii drept simple obiecte ale
administrrii, ci participani, cel puin
pn la un punct, la decizii pe care le
condiioneaz direct sau indirect. Cu alte
cuvinte, concepia oarecum autoritar
legat degouverner a fost nlocuit cu
concepia, mai curnd funcionalist,
legat degovernance.
Governance nseamn, acea
conducere ce coreleaz aciunea diferiilor
factori umani i materiali ntr-o entitate de
orice natur (economic, financiar,
cultural, educaional etc.), n vederea
asigurrii succesului acesteia n atingerea
scopurilor pe care i le-a propus. De
aceea, astzi, termenulgovernance este
preferat, fiind incomparabil mai
cuprinztor n privina condiionrilor
Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 4/2014
conceptuality and not simply applying general
formulas.
This complexity is largely given by the
distinction between techne expressing the
simply applying of learned mechanisms and
phronesis, culture formed by designating
ability to make appropriate decisions in
different situations, even unique,
25
accompanied by moral wisdom.
political thinking and thus was affected by the
thresholds of its evolution26.
With the transition to modern political
thought which focused on community power,
assuming the poor nature of people and their
corruptibility, the tradition of reflection on
kybernaien succumbed to early approaches of
the French term gouvernement. In French,
at the end of the middle Ages was established
gouverner term by which was understood
the action of dominate and lead an effective of
subjects (i.e. government). Hence, the term
passed into English as governance, and amid
of cultural changes was made not only
knowledge about subjects domination, but
also knowledge of property, the natural
environment and social conditions,
characteristics of the leaders and guidelines
for the population.
Thus, from the gouvernment to
governance has produced not only a change of
language, but also a cultural revised.
Community members are no longer counted
as mere objects of administration, but
participants, even to a point to people or
decisions which, at least, conditional the
decisions directly or indirectly. In other
words, the conception, somewhat
authoritarian,aboutgouverner was soon
replaced by a functionalist conception related
to governance.
Governance means that action of which
correlates various human and material factors
into an entity of any kind (economic,
financial, cultural, educational, etc.) to ensure
its success in achieving the goals it has set.
Therefore, today, the term governance
is preferred, being by far more comprehensive
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Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr. 4/2014

performanelor diferitelor entiti, dect in terms of conditionalitys performance of

cel de conducere, guvernare,
management.
Concluzionnd, guvernana este
conceput ca reprezentnd ansamblul de
reguli i sisteme de reguli care
structureaz viaa comunitilor i care pot
fi identificate n limbaj, obiceiuri i
comportament, iar guvernarea reprezint
aciunea de promovare de ctre un actor
determinat - guvernul - a unui scop, cu
oamenii dintr-o comunitate dat,
organizndu-i ntr-un anumit fel, conform
unor valori asumate 9.
Aadar, guvernarea i guvernana
sunt concepte diferite dar care cunosc o
serie de interferene.
Astfel, guvernarea reprezint
organizare i dominare care poate fi
realizat la nevoie i prin for etatic, pe
cnd guvernana const n corelarea prin
reguli care nu sunt neaprat sub controlul
guvernrii, a actorilor, a forelor i
factorilor. Ambele organizeaz ceva, ns
pe cnd guvernarea organizeaz oamenii
n vederea unui scop ce implic dominaie
din partea cuiva (persoan, partid, grup),
guvernana organizeaz oamenii n
vederea corelrii aciunii actorilor, forelor
i factorilor.
different entity than leadership, governance
and management.
In conclusion, governance is conceived
as the set of rules and systems of rules that
structure the lives of communities and that
can be identified in language, habits and
behavior, and the government is the
promotingby a determined actor - government
- for a purpose, with people in a given
community, organizing them in a certain way,
according to the assumed values27.
Therefore, government and governance
are different concepts but they have a lot of
interference.
Thus, the government represents the
organizing and domination that can be
achieved if necessary by force, while
governance consists of correlating with rules
that are not necessarily under the control of
government, actors, forces and factors. Both
organize something but while government
organizes people to a goal involving
domination from someone (person, party,
group), the government organized people to
correlate the action of actors, forces and
factors.
3. Consequences of extending
governance to the detriment of government

3. Consecine ale extinderii Today, with the expansion of

guvernanei n detrimentul guvernrii governance at the expense of government,
there are more and more obvious indicators of
Astzi, odat cu extinderea new conformism that allow even in the
guvernanei n detrimentul guvernrii, se spotted conceptual language.
manifest tot mai evident indicatorii For example, into economy the decisive
noului conformism care se las reperai factor is considered to be the financial capital
pn i n planul limbajului conceptual. development. The only recognition value is
Astfel, n economie se consider c market competition and as such, the
factorul hotrtor al dezvoltrii l conversion value always outperforms use
reprezint capitalul financiar. Cadrul value.
exclusiv al recunoaterii valorii este Economic development is dependent on
competiia pe pia i, ca atare, valoarea restructuring, which mean, firstly,
de schimb surclaseaz mereu valoarea de unemployment and relieve in wage and
ntrebuinare. Dezvoltarea economic este pensions. It is considered that any growth
fcut dependent de restructurri, care comes after austerity.
nseamn, n primul rnd, omaj i In politics, public debate decreases

Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 4/2014
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Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr. 4/2014
calmarea creterilor salariale i a
pensiilor. Se consider c orice cretere
economic vine dup austeritate bugetar.
n politic, dezbaterea public
scade devenind aproape inexistent,
deciziile se personalizeaz ct se poate de
mult, iar politica este neleas mai curnd
ca aranjare de grupuri dect ca soluionare
de probleme de interes public. Este
promovat mitul uzurii vechilor partide i a
necesitii constituirii de partide noi,
populare. Se acrediteaz ideea conform
creia tinerii pot gestiona mai bine statul,
aa nct confuzia de valori este mpins
n extremis.
n administraie, prevaleni devin
aa-numiii manageri, fr a se chestiona
capacitatea acestora de a soluiona
problemele de via ale oamenilor.
Decena este nlocuit cu cinismul,
rspunderea personal este diluat, fiind
transferat procedurilor. Pe msur ce se
urc n ierarhiile administrative, adeziunea
la valori scade, justiia se reduce la
pronunarea de hotrri judectoreti pe
baza unor legi cu valabilitate mai mult
contextual, ce se modific frecvent odat
cu ascensiunea la putere a unui alt grup.
Buna-credin, dei nscris n Coduri a
intrat n criz, iar calculul permanent al
profitului n situaia dat trece drept
nelepciune.
Gndirea nu mai este luat n
calcul, ci se apreciaz isteimea
descurcrii n situaie. Convingerile nu
mai au importan, ci aranjamentele cu cei
care intri n contact.
n acest context nsui sensul
instituiilor a fost pervertit, conducnd la
insatisfacii economice, sociale i The company's advancing toward
culturale.
Omul aflat n stare critic nu mai
impresioneaz, ci calitatea sa social.
Totul este prezentul, viitorul este o
dimensiune tot mai imprecis.
Insatisfaciile economice, sociale i
culturale sunt incontestabile.
Evident, direcia pe care avanseaz
Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 4/2014
becoming almost nonexistent, decisions can
personalize as much, and the policy is
understood rather as setting of groups than as
troubleshooting of public interest. It is
promoted the myth of the old parties
depreciation and the need for the
establishment of new,popular parties.
It accredits the idea that young people
can better manage the state, so the confusion
of values is pushed in extremis. In
administration, prevailing become so-called
managers without questioning their ability to
solve problems of human life. Decency is
replaced by cynicism; personal responsibility
is diluted being transferred to the procedures.
As you climb the administrative hierarchies,
adherence to values decreases. Justice comes
down to what the court pronounces on the
basis of laws more contextual, which change
frequently meanwhile with the ascension to
the decision of another group. Good faith,
although written in codes entered in crisis and
the permanent calculation of profit in the
given situation passes for wisdom.
Thinking is no longer taken into
account, but also is appreciated the wisdom in
solving the situation. Beliefs have no
importance, but the arrangements with those
who come in contact.
Human being in critical condition is no
longer impressive, but his social status. It
lives only in the present; the future has
become a vague dimension.
Media falsification in the name of
freedom of opinion expands unhindered.
All this conformism is part of the
neoliberal ideology that dominates today's
society.
awrong direction.
As such, the opinion according to
which28 it is necessary to move beyond this
conformism, implying a greater opening of
new horizons of thought to which the
philosophy has to be requested again.
Under neoliberalism, the very purpose
of the institutions has been perverted, leading
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Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr. 4/2014
societatea este greit.
De aceea se impune trecerea la o
deschidere mai ampl de noi orizonturi de
gndire la care filosofia 10 s fie din nou
solicitat.
n acest context s-a pus i se pune
problema reconstruciei instituiilor.
n viziunea guvernanei, fiina
uman acioneaz n sfera economiei n
mod egoist i raional pentru a-i
maximiza bunstarea. Suma acestor
componente individuale asigur
bunstarea societii. Statul trebuie s lase
cmp liber iniiativelor individuale si
trebuie s se abin cnd este vorba de
economie. Numai piaa poate fi arbitru n
competiia iniiativelor individuale, ea
avnd i capacitatea de autocorecie n
condiiile n care apar speculatorii care
produc distorsiuni pasagere.
Guvernana a fost aplicat n
corporaii i apoi a fost preluat i la nivel
statal11. Asemenea modului n care
managerii au fost pui sub supravegherea
strict a acionarilor n vederea
maximizrii profitului, i conductorii
statelor, din raiuni similare, au fost pui
sub controlul comunitii financiare
internaionale.
Statul nu mai este supus
necondiionat dreptului public i nu mai
cultiv n mod prioritar suveranitatea, ci
se adapteaz la cerinele economice ale
competitivitii.
n condiiile guvernanei, statul
suspend dezbaterea asupra normelor
substaniale care se nlocuiesc cu cele
procedurale n vederea obinerii
competitivitii pe pieele globalizate.
4. Situaia democraiei
Rosanvallon12 remarca faptul c
democraia este problema politic a epocii
noastre.
Dezbaterile pe tema democraiei ca
form de guvernare nu reprezint o
noutate. Astfel de demersuri sunt fireti
Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 4/2014
to dissatisfaction with economic, social and
cultural.
In this context it was and still remains
the issue of reconstruction of the institutions.
By techniques of spreading a new
language has reached the extensive use of the
term governance with all its implications.
Constitutions of democratic governance,
starting with the famous Declaration of 1789,
proclaimed the responsibility of those elected
against the voters.
The concept of governance deletes any
negotiation of responsibility makers. This is
not of the individuals who occupy particularly
accurate, but of a punctual failure of the
governance system or one of its parts. In view
of governance, human beings act in the sphere
of economy and rational selfishly to
maximize welfare. The sum of these
individual components ensures the wellbeing
of society. The State must give freedom to the
individual initiatives and to refrain when it
comes to the economy.
It is market the only arbitrator into the
competition of individual initiatives and it
having the ability to AutoCorrect under the
conditions speculators appear andare
producing transient distortions.Governance
gave expression to these options within the
Company's management, reaching here from
three successive somewhat developments,
namely:
- Evolution of liberalism to a new
thematization of the relationship between
politics and the private sphere as a result of
crisis suffered in the twentieth century and its
attempts to save freedoms under different
conditions and threats;
- The emergence of a broad movement
aimed at reinforcing the foundations of
society through privatization, tax cuts,
regulation and restriction of social
intervention of the state and the release of
private initiative;
- Formation of the world market of
more and more products with the suppression
of tariffs.
Governance was applied in corporations
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Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr. 4/2014
dac privim democraia ca un proces i o
filosofie despre elaborarea politicilor
publice politici care ns trebuie puse n
aplicare de un sistem de guvernare.
De-a lungul ultimului veac au
existat numeroase opinii i ipoteze att
pesimiste ct i optimiste.
n prima categorie l putem cita pe
Nikolai Berdiaev care n lucrarea
Filosofia inegalitii aprut dup prima
conflagraie mondial afirma c:
Popoarele cele mai avansate ale
Occidentului resimt insatisfacia fa de
democraie i caut ieirea spre noi forme
de organizare. Criza ideologiei
democratice este de mult timp n
desfurare 13.
Dup 50 de ani, Friedrich Hayek
scria n cunoscuta sa lucrare Constituia
libertii c: Putem admite c
democraia nu plaseaz puterea n minile
celor mai nelepi i mai bine informai i
c oricnd decizia unui guvern de elite ar
putea fi mai avantajoas Valoarea
democraiei este ns demonstrat de
aspectele ei dinamice. Beneficiile
democraiei ies n eviden pe termen
lung, pe cnd realizrile ei de moment pot
fi inferioare altor forme de guvernare 14.
Mai recent, reputatul om de tiin
RneRmond, membru al Academiei
Franceze, aprecia c: Democraia e greu
de practicat n mod obinuit, ns pentru
contiina colectiv nu mai exist alte
regimuri legitime, deoarece este singurul
care trateaz oamenii ca fiine libere 15.
Sunt aprecieri care denot fr
echivoc ataamentul fa de democraie,
dar nu privit ca mod de eligibilitate,
promovare i meninere a liderilor politici,
ci ca mod de via.
Manifestarea i nelegerea sa n
acest context presupune realizarea
cadrului organizaional care s permit
tuturor oamenilor s duc o via decent
n condiiile ntririi ordinii sociale prin
manifestarea respectului fa de aplicarea
legii i a creterii credibilitii fa de
Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 4/2014
and then taken over by the states. Like how
managers were put under strict supervision of
shareholders to maximize profits, the states
leaders for similar reasons were put under the
control of the international financial
community.
The State is unconditionally no longer
subject to the public law and no longer
cultivates the sovereignty, but adapts to the
requirements of competitiveness.
In terms of governance, the State
suspended the debate over rules that are
increasingly replaced with codes of procedure
in order to obtain competitive globalized
markets.
4. The situation of democracy
Rosanvallon29 noted that democracy is
the political problem of our age.
The debates on the subject of
democracy as a form of governance are not a
novelty. Such moves are natural if we look at
democracy as a process and a philosophy
about public policies-policies which,
however, must be implemented by a system
of Government.
Over the last century there were
numerous opinions and assumptions both
pessimistic and optimistic.
In the first category we can quote
Nikolai Berdyaev30 who in his "Philosophy of
inequality", which appeared after the first
world conflagration stating that: "the most
advanced Nations of the West are feeling
dissatisfaction against democracy and looking
out toward new forms of organization. The
crisis of democratic ideology is ongoing for a
long time. "
After 50 years, Friedrich Hayek31 wrote
in his famous paper " The Constitution of
freedom " that: "We could admit that
democracy does not place power in the hands
of those wiser and better informed, and
whenever a Government decision of elites
might be more advantageous ... The value of
democracy, however, is demonstrated by its
dynamic aspects. The benefits of democracy
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Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr. 4/2014
actul de justiie.
n prezent, tot mai multe
personaliti n rndul crora se nscriu i
nali funcionari europeni, dar i de peste
Ocean, afirm c pe fondul crizei
economico-financiare omenirea se
confrunt i cu o criz a democraiei.
De pild, Jean-Claude Mignon,
preedintele Adunrii Parlamentare a
Consiliului Europei aprecia n 2012 c:
n prezent europenii se confrunt nu doar
cu o criz financiar i economic ci i cu
o criz a democraiei reprezentative 16.
Democraia reprezentativ la care
se refer oficialul european are n vedere
pe lng caracteristicile binecunoscute
alegeri corecte, separarea puterilor,
protejarea libertilor fundamentale .a.
i faptul c exerciiul puterii este
ncredinat executivului.
Asumarea de ctre puterea
executiv a unor decizii politice majore
care s aib consensul unei pri
reprezentative a comunitii este nu numai
o cerin fireasc a unei guvernri
democratice, ci constituie i unul din
pilonii conceptului de libertate care pare a
fi insuficient neles deoarece libertatea nu
const n a face tot ce doreti, ci s faci tot
ceea ce permit legile.
Ca atare, exist o legtur fireasc
i necesar ntre puterea exercitat de
executiv, deciziile luate de acesta care
de regul trebuie s fie n consens cu
nevoile comunitii i respectul fa de
lege.
Respectul fa de lege este asigurat
de puterea statal i calitatea sa de
deintor al monopolului pentru folosirea
legitim a forei n societate.
Numai c n ultimii ani o serie de
decizii politice majore din domeniul
economic i social nu au ntrunit nici pe
departe consensul respectivelor
comuniti, unele fiind luate chiar n
dispreul normelor de drept.
Astfel de decizii pot conduce la
ubrezirea supremaiei dreptului.
Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 4/2014
stand out on long-term, while her
achievements of the moment may be lower
than other forms of Government. "
More recently, renowned scientist
RneRmond32, Member of the
Acadmiefranaise, appreciate that:
"Democracy is hardly practiced routinely, but
to the collective consciousness there are no
other legitimate procedures, because it is the
only one that treats people as free beings".
There are appraisals which
unambiguously denotes the attachment to
democracy, but not seen as a way of
eligibility, promoting and maintaining
political leaders, but also as a way of life.
The manifestation and its understanding
in this context means favorable conditions to
enable all people to have a decent life in
conditions of strengthening social order by
respecting law and to increasing the
credibility of the Justice Act.
Currently, more and more people
among who are part and European senior
officials but also across the Oceansay that
amid the economic and financial crisis
humanity faces also a crisis of democracy.
For example, Jean-Claude Mignon33,
Chairman of the Parliamentary Assembly of
the Council of Europe which shall meet every
two years, in the opening of the latter part of
the year 2012 appreciates that: "today
Europeans are faced not only with a financial
and economic crisis but also a crisis of
representative democracy".
Representative democracy, covered by
the European official, considering, in addition
to the well-known features-fair elections,
separation of powers, the protection of
fundamental freedoms, etc.-and that the
exercise of power is entrusted to the
Executive branch.
In this context, we note that the
assumption by the Executive power of the
major political decisions that have a
representative consensus of the community is
not only a requirement of democratic
governance, but also constitutes one of the
pillars of the concept of freedom that seems to
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Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr. 4/2014
Astzi, poate mai mult ca oricnd,
sunt actuale aprecierile lui Friedrich
Hayek - reputat jurist i economist, laureat
al Premiului Nobel, fcut n secolul trecut
cnd arta c: Supremaia dreptului nu va
putea fi meninut ntr-o democraie care
i-a asumat luarea deciziei n orice
conflict de interese, nu dup reguli
stabilite n prealabil, ci dup cum o cere
situaia concret 17.
John Locke18 fondatorul
liberalismului arta c legea trebuie
respectat indiferent de oportunitile i
interesele politice ale celor care i-au
asumat exerciiul puterii executive la un
moment dat, ntruct democraia nu
creeaz numai bogie, ci i inegaliti n
distribuirea resurselor (bunuri, bani,
informaie, educaie), ce pot fi utilizate n
scopul influenrii altor persoane.
Datorit acestor inegaliti de
resurse politice unele persoane obin o
influen mai mare dect altele n
activitatea decizional a unor centre de
putere. Astfel, pieele de capital i unele
instituii bancare au diminuat puterea
statelor. Decizii politice majore asumate
de puterea executiv ntrunesc tot mai
puin consensul comunitilor ca urmare a
diminurii puterii statului i creterii unor
mari instituii bancare.
Sume importante de bani alocate de
o serie de guverne ctre sistemul financiar
n-au ajuns n economie, ci au fost utilizate
de ctre bnci pentru finanarea unor
operaii speculative care surprinztor, nu
sunt sancionate de lege.
n aceste condiii, economia
slbete, devreme de consumatorii sunt
nevoii s economiseasc mai mult pe
msur ce vd c disponibilitile lor se
reduc.ncrederea oamenilor n puterile
instituionale i n instituiile democratice
s-a erodat i se erodeaz mereu.
Pe acest fundal a aprut o criz de
ncredere, materializat n decredibilizarea
din ce n ce mai mare n partidele politice
i n parlamentele naionale.
Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 4/2014
be insufficiently understood as freedom
consists not in doing what you want, but to do
everything possible laws.
As such, there is a natural and necessary
link between executive power exercised by
the decisions taken by it - which usually must
be in line with the needs of the community,
and respect for law.
Respect for law is ensured by State
power and its capacity as holder of the
monopoly of the legitimate use of force in
society.
Only that in recent years a number of
major political decisions in economic and
social animated by the executive power in
different countries has not met by far the
consensus of those communities, some being
taken in contempt of the rules of law.
Such decisions could lead even to the
law supremacy decay.
Today, perhaps more than ever, are in
full topical the assessments of Friedrich
Hayek34-prominent lawyer and economist,
Nobel Laureate, made in the last century-
when stating that: "the rule of law will not be
able to be maintained in a democracy that has
taken the decision in any conflict of interests,
not by the rules laid down in advance, as the
specific situation requires."
John Locke35 - founder of liberalism -
shows that the law must be respected
regardless of the political interests and
opportunities of those who have undertaken
the exercise of executive power at some time.
It is a fact that democracy not only
creates wealth, but also inequalities in the
distribution of political resources that include
goods, money, information, education, which
can be used to influence others.
Due to these political resource
inequalities some people gain a greater
influence than others in the decision-making
activity of certain centers of power.
In these circumstances, the only
solution for maintaining a balance into the
society is the primacy of the law, which may
not be changed according to specific interests.
Because instability in the regulatory field,
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Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr. 4/2014
Oamenii sunt tot mai puin convini
c votul lor conteaz, iar formaiunile
politice ce reprezint micri radicale
devin tot mai active i cu tot mai muli
adereni. Absenteismul se manifest tot
mai pregnant.
Se poate afirma c democraia se
afl n impas.
Se impun msuri pentru diminuarea
dac nu pentru nlturarea acestuia prin
aciuni cu caracter preponderent economic
i social.
Mai mult dect n trecut decidenii
trebuie s se aplece asupra stabilitii
legilor i a respectului fa de acestea.
n aceste condiii, singura soluie
pentru meninerea unui echilibru n
societate l constituie primordialitatea
legii dar i a acelor legi care s nu fie
schimbate n funcie de anumite interese.
Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 4/2014
inter alia, leads to a State of social anomaly
and legislative blur.
More and more recognitions are made
today that equity markets and some banks
have diminished the power of the State. A
number of political and economic analysts
noted that there is a certain trend that some
activities such as financial and banking to be
mixed with politics and leading to unpleasant
results total.
Major political decisions undertaken by
the Executive meet fewer consensuses of the
communities as a result of a reduction in the
power of the State and the growth of large
banks.
Large sums of money allocated by a
number of Governments in the financial
system did not come into the economy, but
have been used by banks to finance
speculative operations, which surprisingly
were not sanctioned by law.
That's why, renowned investor Jim
Roges36 stating that: "If during the crisis of
the ' 30s ended up in prison many bankers,
including the head of the New York Stock
Exchange, the Bank committed fraud during
the current crisis, have remained unpunished".
It's a total lack of respect for the law by
which the political class is not foreign at all.
Economists appreciates that
unconventional monetary programs initiated
byseveral central banks does not contribute to
sustainable economic growth. On the
contrary, it weakens the economy, since
consumers are forced to save more as they see
that their availability is reduced.
It is in the nature of things that the
people's confidence in the institutional powers
to erode.
On this background there was a crisis of
confidence, externalizedin an increasingly
discredit in political parties and in national
parliaments. As a result that some of the
politicians hide behind immunity, there is a
perception that they are dishonest; the lobby
often acts to the limit of law or even under it.
The phenomenon is quite spread in a greater
or lesser extent in all representative
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Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr. 4/2014

democracies.
In turn Th. Jagland37, Secretary General
of the Council of Europe considers that
people's confidence in democratic institutions
has declined. People are increasingly
unconvinced that their vote counts, and the
political parties representing radical
movements are becoming more active and
with an increasing number of adherents.
Absenteeism is pithier.
It can be asserted that democracy is in
deadlock.
For mitigation measures must be even
for its removal. Normally, the measures must
be predominantly economic and social
character.
But we consider that more than in the
past the decision-makers to lean over the
stability of the law and respect for them.
Amid the weakening of social control,
dilution of responsibility and respect for the
law, law must face better the trends of
violations of rules of conduct.
The more this is required as today there
are voices that appreciates we are moving
towards a "crisis of the law", the crisis that
would also affect the elements of the rule of
law. In essence, they make references to
legislative inflation, in violation of the legal
monopoly of the parliaments, the influence of
lobbyists on the legislature, the legislative
measures that tolerate legal incoherence.
In this context, Goyard-Faa38 concludes
that: "nowadays the right broke into social
areas which it does not own. In this way the
parliamentary law loses its mandatory force,
the principle of separation of powers is put in
jeopardy; the rule of law is atrophied by
administrative hypertrophy ".

1
A se vedea, Andrei Marga, Guvernan i guvernare (un viraj al democraiei?), Editura Compania,
Bucureti, 2013, p. 7.
2
Astzi democraia i concepiile ce-i propun s o promoveze nu mai sunt convergente. Sunt deja
democraii fr democrai i liberali fr contiina libertii ceteneti. A se vedea, Andrei Marga, Cultur,
democraie, modernizare, Editura Institutului Cultural Romn, Bucureti, 2012, p. 70.
3
A se vedea, Andrei Marga, Guvernan i guvernare , p. 8.

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4
Despre noiunea de guvernare i etapele evoluiei sale, a se vedea, Michel Senellart, Artele guvernrii de la
conceptul de regimen medieval la cel de guvernare, Editura Meridiane, Bucureti, 1998, p. 7-43.
5
A se vedea, Andrei Marga, Guvernan i guvernare , p. 8.
6
Idem, p. 12.
7
Idem, p. 13.
8
Politica a fost conceput de-a lungul timpului n mod diferit de marii gnditori ai lumii. De pild, Aristotel a
conceput-o ca fiind o prelungire a moralei, Hobbes i Machiavelli ca tiin a naturii, Kant ca manifestare a
raiunii practice, Hegel ca realizare a spiritului absolut, iar Marx ca sens al istoriei. La rndul su,
HannahArendt a militat pentru restabilirea legturii politicii cu problemele moral-practice, iar Habermas pentru
plasarea politicii n comunicarea sistematic nedistorsionat.
9
A se vedea, Andrei Marga, Guvernan i guvernare , p. 15.
10
Filosofia nu trebuie neleas ca o imagine a lumii ci ca o disciplin care analizeaz modurile de a vedea
lumea, ceea ce e o deosebire crucial. A se vedea Mihai Radu Solcan, Prefa la lucrarea lui Isaiah Berlin, Patru
eseuri despre libertate, Editura Humanitas, Bucureti, p. 7.
11
Guvernana a dat expresie acestor opiuni n sfera conducerii societii, ajungnd aici n urma a trei evoluii
oarecum succesive, i anume:
- evoluia liberalismului spre o nou tematizare a relaiei dintre sfera politic i sfera privat, ca urmare a
crizelor suferite n secolul XX i a ncercrilor sale de a salva libertile n condiii i sub ameninri diferite;
- apariia unei micri largi viznd reconsolidarea bazelor societii prin privatizri, reduceri de impozite, de
reglementri i restrngerea interveniei sociale a statului i eliberarea iniiativei private;
- formarea pieei mondiale a tot mai multor produse ca urmare a suprimrii tarifelor vamale.
12
Pierre Rosanvallon afirma c: Idealul democratic nu mai are rival. Regimurile care i spun democratice
solicit ns numeroase critici. Aceasta este problema politic a epocii noastre. A se vedea, Mihai Albici,
Democraie n impas? n Revista Palatul de Justiie, nr. 1/2013.
13
Nikolai Berdiaev, citat de Mihai Albici, Democraia n impas? n Revista Palatul de Justiie, nr. 1/2013.
14
Ibidem.
15
Ibidem.
16
Ibidem.
17
Ibidem.
18
Ibidem.
19
See Andrei Marga, Governance and Governance (a turn of democracy?), Publishing Company, Bucharest,
2013, p. 7.
20
Today democracy and concepts that aims to promote not converge. There are already democracy without
democrats and liberals without citizens' consciousness of freedom. See Andrei Marga, culture, democracy,
modernization, Romanian Cultural Institute Publishing House, Bucharest, 2012, p. 70.
21
See Andrei Marga, Governance and Governance ..., p. 8.
22
About the concept of governance and its development stages, see Michel Senellart, Government arts from the
medieval concept of governance regimen, Meridiane, Bucharest, 1998, p. 7-43.
23
See Andrei Marga, Governance and Governance ..., p. 8.
24
Ibid., p. 12.
25
Ibid., p. 13.
26
By the time the policy was conceived differently by the great thinkers of the world. So she was conceived by
Aristotle as an extension of morals, of Hobbes and Machiavelli as a science of nature. See in the context of the
policy shift as extension of morals (Aristotle) to its design as a science of nature (Hobbes, Machiavelli), the
linking policy of the art of conversation (Vico), to consider the policy as a manifestation of "practical reason"
(Kant), the design as the ' achievement as absolute spirit (Hegel) "or a sense of history (Merx), the" Realpolitik
"(Max Weber), the restoration of the link with the policy problems of moral practice (Hannah Arendt) and
placing the undistorted communication policy systematically (Habermas).
27
See, Andrei Marga, Governance and self-government. ..p.15
28
See, Andrei Marga, governance and self-government. ..., p. 189.
29
Pierre Rosanvallon said: "the democratic Ideal has no rival. They say democratic regimes require numerous
critics, however. This is the problem of our age. " See Michael Spirit, democracy in the standoff? In the Palace
of Justice, no. 1/2013.
30
Nikolai Berdyaev, quoted by Michael Spirit, democracy in the Standoff?In the Palace of Justice, no. 1/2013.
31
Ibid.
32
Ibid.

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33
Ibid.
34
Ibid.
35
Ibid.
36
Ibid.
37
Ibid.
38
Ibid.

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