Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Rationale

Solid waste management is one of the most challenging issues in urban

cities which are facing a serious pollution problem due to the generation of huge

quantities of solid waste (MSW Rules, 2000).

Solid waste can be defined as any substance or objects in solid form

which the holder discards or intends to discard and is presently considered as a

major problem of the world (Hardoy, J. E., 2014). It is also defined as any

material which comes from domestic, commercial, and industrial sources which

has no value to people who possess it and is discarded as useless (Cheng, H, &

Hu, Y, 2010).

Awareness towards solid waste management can affect the population's

willingness to cooperate and adequately participate in waste management

practices (Mlozi, M, 2011). General environmental awareness and information on

health risks due to ineffective solid waste management practices are important

factors which need to be continuously communicated to all sectors of the

communities.
 The low level of environmental literacy and awareness of the public partly

contributed to the difficulties in implementing and enforcing environmental laws

and policy particularly laws on cleanliness and sanitation (Jaworski & DENR,

2002).

The Municipality of Clarin has a total coastline of approximately 6

kilometers located in seven (7) coastal barangays. The total number of

population is 8, 327 with 1,859 households breakdown to: Barangay Bacani with

population of 1,185; Barangay Bonbon with 1,427 population; Barangay Buacao

with 644 population; Barangay Lajog with 1,262 population; Barangay Nahawan

with 2,202 population; Barangay Poblacion Norte with 831 population; and

Barangay Tangaran with 776 population as recorded in the Comprehensive Land

Use Plan (CLUP, 2015). The livelihood of the people in the seven coastal

barangays are mostly farming, fishing/ fisheries related business, skilled labor i.e.

carpenter, hallow blocks maker, painter, sculpture, basket maker, furniture

maker, shell craft and etc., and employment. The Municipality of Clarin had fully

implemented the R.A. 9003 also known as Ecological Solid Waste Management

Act of 2000 through Municipal Ordinance No. 2008-20, an ordinance adopting

the solid waste management code of the Municipality of Clarin and providing

penalty for violation thereof, subject to any laws and existing legal rules and

regulation, in November 24, 2008. However, garbage can still be found

particularly in the coastal barangays such as plastic, containers, paper bags,

garbage sacks, diapers, styrofoam, rubber, cans, and broken glass. This study
was conducted because it was observed that the massive accumulation of

wastes in the Municipality is found within these seven (7) coastal barangays and

there is still no study conducted on the level of awareness of the people towards

Solid Waste Management in these areas at present. With these, the thesis

writers were motivated to assess the peoples level of awareness towards solid

waste management and how effective was its implementation specifically to the

seven (7) coastal barangays.

Literature Background

Public awareness and community participation would assist in obtaining

guidance in carrying out strategic planning of Solid Waste Management and to

enhance appropriate community participation and a two-way communication in

planning and implementing of integrated SWM services (World Bank, 2004).

Awareness towards solid waste management can affect the population's

willingness to cooperate and adequately participate in waste management

practices (Mlozi, M. 2011). The low level of environmental literacy and

awareness of the public, partly contributed to the difficulties in implementing and

enforcing environmental laws and policy, particularly, laws on cleanliness and

sanitation (Jaworski & DENR, 2002).

 Human activities create waste, and it is the way these wastes are handled,

stored, collected and disposed of, which can pose risks to the environment and

to public health. Waste disposal became problematic with the rise of towns and

cities where large numbers of people started to congregate in relatively small

areas in pursuit of livelihoods (Shaful et. al., 2003). Solid waste management

thus emerged as an essential specialized sector for keeping cities and

municipalities healthy and liveable.

The sources of solid wastes include organic household waste, toxic

chemicals from industrial plants, agricultural waste and medical waste. Proper

solid waste management techniques should be implemented to avoid the

transmission of infectious diseases and prevent the contamination of various

environmental resources. A possible answer to this is through solid waste

management which refers to the handling of waste materials from generation at

the source through the recovery process to disposal (Douglas, 2004). The overall

objective of Solid Waste Management is to minimize the adverse environmental

effects caused by indiscriminate disposal of solid wastes.

According to Sujauddin et al. (2008) the generation of waste is influenced

by family size, their education level and the monthly income although household

attitudes related to separation of waste are affected. The home waste generated

is based on the number of family members who contributed wastes, the more
people contributed the more waste generated. (Kelaniya 2010) stated the rate of

generation of solid waste in the society is increasing with an increase of

population, technological development, and the changes in the life styles of the

people. As family size and income are the most significant factors affecting the

quantity of solid waste from household consumption, a study on the relationship

among these is vital in the decision making on waste management strategies.

Medina (2002) also reported that a positive correlation tends to exist between a

communitys income and the amount of solid waste generated. Wealthier

individuals consume more than lower-income ones, which result in a higher

waste generation rate for the former.

Education awareness about environmental problems and solutions can be

increased through education, particular skills and knowledge gained from

environmental education would help in changing human behavior towards the

environment Bakhtiar, A. M. (2016). Education of the person with some

knowledge and skills they are more motivated to take part in environmental

protection activities and plans. Thus would generate new ideas for the solution of

environmental problems (Aswati Desa, et al. 2013). Sharing new information

from their activities with families, other adults, and community probably will have

some positive implications on solid waste management practices. However, the

practical impacts of environmental education somewhat have been given little

attention.
 Confirmed by the study of Girma, (2004) which states that the amount of

solid waste management depends on the size of the family and the level of

income what each household obtain. As cited by Brasseur, G. P., & Solomon, S.

(2006), it implied that when the population of a given area is increasing, the

consumption of certain products will increase along with waste generated from

such consumable products.

Phillips. et al, (2004) on their theory of waste Management stated that the

application of waste management leads to conservation of resources on the

expectation that waste management is to prevent waste causing harm to human

health and the environment.

Globally, in most cities especially in the developing countries solid waste

management has become a challenge particularly in the rapidly growing cities of

the developing world (Foo, 1997). Rapid urbanization, population growth &

increasing per capita income have resulted in the generation of enormous

volume of solid waste and straining the social amenities including solid waste

management. This poses a serious threat to environmental quantity & human

health (Snigdha, 2003). Several type of waste that are usually subsist in the

coastal area with substrates of muddy, sandy, gravel and loam soil which has

huge contribution of garbage decomposition (Kong E. 2015).

 Municipalities, usually responsible for waste management in the cities,

have the challenge to provide an effective and efficient system to the inhabitants.

However, they often face problem beyond the ability of the municipal authority to

tackle (Sujauddin. et al., 2008) mainly due to lack of organization, financial

resources, complexity and system, multi dimensionally (Burntley, S. J. 2007).

The absence of this factor may result to this, since the financial resources are

much needed especially in creating programs for the problem solutions and in

the participation of community through organizations and other participative

persons for the establishment and implementation of the program it should have

enough resources and other organizations.

The Philippine government has recognized the severity of the garbage

problem and has prioritized the establishment of appropriate measures to

address it. The most comprehensive piece of legislation is the Republic Act (RA)

9003, known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, which

assign the primary task of implementation and enforcement to LGUs. It

emphasizes the importance of minimizing waste by using techniques such as

recycling, resource recovery, reuse and composting.

The Ecological Solid Waste Management of 2000, which is one of the

environmental laws implemented by the Environmental Management Bureau

(EMB) of the Philippines as a line Bureau of the Department of Environment and

Natural Resources (DENR). This study is anchored on Republic Act No. 9003

known as Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, act providing an

Ecological Solid Waste Program which creates the necessary institutional

mechanism and incentives, declares certain act prohibited, and provides

penalties, appropriating funds therefore and other purposes. It has hereby

declared the policy of the State to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and

ecological solid waste management program.

Pursuant to the Provision of Section 59 of Republic Act No. 9003 and by

virtue of Executive Order No. 192, Series of 1987, the DENR adopts and

promulgate certain rules and regulation. Administrative Order No. 2001-34 of

2001 Section 4, Rule 6, which mandates each city or municipality to municipal

solid waste board that shall ensure the long term management of solid waste, as

well as, integrate the various solid waste management plan and strategies of the

barangay in its jurisdiction.

Municipal Ordinance No. 2008-20, an ordinance adopting the solid waste

management code of the municipality of Clarin and providing penalty for violation

thereof, subject to all laws and existing legal rules and regulation. Section 11.2

Duties and Responsibilities, which develop the Municipality Solid Waste

Management Plan that shall ensure the long-term management of solid waste, as

well as integrated the various solid waste management programs and strategies
of the barangays in its area of jurisdiction. In the development of the solid waste

management plan, it shall conduct consultations with the various sectors of the

community.

Section 3, Rule XXI, states that the local government units down to the

barangay levels shall allocate portion of their funds, to public education or

awareness and information activities an ecological waste management

particularly biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste including, but not limited

to installation of billboards on collection days for specific waste types, other

outdoor signages, stickers, flyers, conduct of seminars, and other effective non-

traditional ion strategies.

Another municipal ordinance no. 002, series of 2005, an ordinance

requiring all households and establishments to have a compost pit/ or containers

for waste disposal of biodegradable, non-biodegradable & hazardous waste

within the territorial jurisdiction of Clarin, Bohol.

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

Theories LEGAL BASIS

1. Awareness towards solid waste 1. Republic Act No. 9003 known as the
management can affect the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of
population's willingness to cooperate 2000, an act providing for an ecological
solid waste management program, creating
and adequately participate in waste
the necessary institutional mechanisms and
management practices (Mlozi, M., incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited
2011). and providing penalties, appropriating funds
2. The low level of environmental therefore, and for other purposes. It has
literacy and awareness of the public, hereby declared the policy of the State to
partly contributed to the difficulties in adopt a systematic, comprehensive and
ecological solid waste management
implementing and enforcing
program.
environmental laws and policy, 2. Executive Order No. 192 Section 4, Rule VI
particularly, laws on cleanliness and which mandates each city or municipality to
sanitation (Jaworski & DENR, 2002). municipal solid waste board that shall
3. Phillips. et al, (2004) Theory of waste ensure the long term management of solid
Management. The application of waste as well as integrate the various solid
waste management leads to waste management plan and strategies of
the barangay in its area of jurisdiction.
conservation of resources on the
3. Municipal Ordinance No. 2008-20. An
expectation that waste management ordinance adapting the solid waste
is to prevent waste causing harm to management code of the municipality of
human health and the environment. Clarin and providing penalty for violation
therefore, subject to allows an existing legal
rules and regulation.
4.

Independent Variable
Awareness

Intervening Variable

Profile of the
Respondents

Dependent Variable

Solid Waste
Management

Figure 1. Theoretical and Conceptual framework

 THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to determine the relationship between the solid waste

management in the coastal barangays of Clarin.

Specifically, the study aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of coastal Barangays in terms of:

1.1. Household monthly income,

1.2. Family Size, and

1.3. Education?

2. What is the level of awareness in the implementation of Solid Waste of the 7

coastal barangays?

3. To what extent is the Solid Waste Management implemented by the

respondents?

4. Is there a significant difference of the profile of the respondents on the:

4.1 Awareness of solid waste management program, and

4.2 Implementation of solid waste management program?

5. Is there a significant relationship between the Awareness of Solid Waste

Management Program and the Implementation of Solid Waste Management

program in the seven (7) coastal barangays?

Null Hypotheses

The thesis writers hypothesize the following statements:

There is no significant difference between the profile of the respondents

and the awareness and implementation of solid waste management program.

There is a significant relationship between the awareness and the

implementation of solid waste management program in the coastal barangays.

Significance of the study

Solid Waste Management is one of the existing problems of the

Philippines at present. Therefore, awareness, discipline and knowledge about

proper waste management is essential. The study was conducted in the 7

coastal barangays of Clarin, Bohol.

The study is significant to the following:

Coastal Barangays of Clarin. This study will serve as baseline information

of the barangay in the drafting of a future environmental development plan.

Local Government Unit of Clarin. This will serve as a baseline information

to the LGU for future policy reforms, through information and education campaign

and strict law enforcement.

Bohol Island State University. The study will provide the university a

relevant information on current condition of the coastal barangays of Clarin,

which could be a best avenue to perform the extension programs that would

benefit the community particularly on solid waste management.

Students of BISU. This study will serve as a source of information and

help raise awareness on the current environmental condition of the areas thus

motivate them to participate in any extension activities particularly at the coastal

areas aiming to provide a healthy environment.

Future Thesis Writers. This study will serve as source of information for

further studies in the future.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Design

This study used descriptive survey method. The term descriptive research

method refers to the type of research question, design, and data analysis that will

be applied to a given topic. Descriptive statistics tell what is, while inferential

statistics try to determine cause and effect. Descriptive studies are aimed at

finding out "what is," so observational and survey methods are frequently used to

collect descriptive data (Borg & Gall, 1989). The study used questionnaires in the

gathering of data. Questions employed were both self -structured and adopted.

Adopted questions were taken from the study of Nurulsyahidattassan, (2007)

Solid Waste Management in Salangor Survey. To validate the self-structured

questions, a dry- run was performed on January 24, 2017 at Barangay Pooc

Occidental, a coastal barangay of Tubigon, Bohol.

 The thesis writers want to describe and compare the level of awareness

and the implementation of Solid Waste Management program between the seven

(7) coastal barangays. The questionnaires were in a checklist and fill in the blank

forms wherein the respondents answered by checking and filling as many

choices were provided. The questions were carried out in vernacular language

for the respondents convenience. Random method was used in the selection of

respondents. It is a method of selecting a sample of the entire population so that

every sample that could be selected has a predetermined probability of being

selected (Random House Kernerman Websters College Dictionary 2010). The

questionnaire was distributed to the 382 official respondents of the seven (7)

coastal barangays of Clarin.

Environment and Participant

The thesis writers conducted the study in the seven (7) coastal barangays

of Clarin which has a total land area of 4,080 hectares, the substrates of the

areas are sandy, gravel and muddy. The livelihood of the people in the seven

coastal barangays include farming, fishing/ fisheries related, business, skilled

labor, unskilled labor, and employment.

The seven (7) coastal barangays are: Barangay Bacani has 279

households with population of 1,185; Barangay Bonbon has 279 households with

1,427 total population; Barangay Buacao has 172 households with population of

644; Barangay Lajog has 258 households with 1,262 total population; Barangay
Nahawan has 493 households with 2,202 population; Barangay Pob.Norte has

193 households with 831 population; and Barangay Tangaran has 178

households with 776 total population. The total population in the seven (7)

coastal barangays is 8, 327 with 1,859 total households as recorded in the

Comprehensive Land Use Plan (2015). Out of 8, 327, only three hundred eighty-

two (382) were chosen as respondents of the study: Barangay Nahawan has one

hundred-one (101) respondents, the highest number of respondents; Barangay

Bonbon has sixty-five (65); Barangay Lajog has fifty-eight (58); Barangay Bacani

has fifty-four (54); Bangay Poblacion Norte has thirty-eight (38); Barangay

Tangaran has thirty-six (36); and Barangay Buacao has thirty (30), the least

number of respondents. The writers used Broto Antonios formula to get 5% of

the total population.

Figure 2. Map

Legend:

- 7 Coastal Barangays of Clarin

Instrument

Self- structured and adopted questionnaires were utilized as main data

gathering tool. Observation and personal interview were also conducted. The first

part of the questionnaire contains the demographic profile of the respondents

which includes name, address, age, educational attainment, family size and

monthly income. The second part contains 3- point Likert scale which measured

the level of awareness of the respondents in the implementation of solid waste

management program in the seven (7) coastal barangays of Clarin categorized

into three: very much aware (3), aware (2), and not aware (1). The last part

contains the list of the Coastal Barangays of Clarin to be checked with Yes (2)

or No (1) in order to know whether or not each coastal barangay is

implementing its solid waste management program. To ensure validity of the

content of the tool, a pilot testing or a dry- run process was conducted in which

the questionnaire was distributed to the 24 residents of Barangay Pooc

Occidental, Tubigon, Bohol on January 24, 2017. The questionnaire was

administered to the 382 official respondents from the 7 coastal barangays of

Clarin from January 30, 2017 to February 3, 2017.

Procedure

To give solution to the problems and to arrive at a smooth process in

gathering the needed data, the following steps were undertaken:

 First, the thesis writers wrote a formal letter asking permission to conduct

the study from the office of the Campus Director and the Dean of College of

Technology and Allied Sciences. The approved letter was sent the Municipal

Mayor and the Barangay Chairmen of the seven (7) coastal barangays namely;

Bacani, Bonbon, Buacao, Lajog, Nahawan, Poblacion Norte, and Tangaran for

permission to conduct the study in their barangays.

Lastly, the questionnaire was distributed to the 382 respondents. Informal

interview and observation were also performed in the areas. The data were

tabulated, analyzed and interpreted with the help of the university statistician.

Statistical treatment

In analyzing and interpreting the data, the following formulas were used:

To determine the total number of the respondents of the seven (7) coastal

barangays, the Broto Antonios was used:

Formula:

= ,
1+2
where;

= Total No. of Chosen Respondents

N= Total No. of Population

= margin of error which is 5%
1= constant

To determine the profile of the respondents in the coastal barangays, the

simple counting and percentage was used:

Formula:

P = 100 ,

where;

P = percentage
f = frequency of the response
N = total number of the respondents

To determine the level of awareness in the implementation of solid waste

of the 7 coastal barangays, the weighted mean formula was used:

Formula:

= ,
N

where;

= weighted mean

= summation

= weighted frequency

N = total no. of respondents

 To determine the extent of the solid waste management implemented by

the respondents, the weighted mean formula was used:

Formula:

= ,
N

where;

= weighted mean

= summation

= weighted frequency

N = total no. of respondents

To determine the significant difference between the awareness and the

Implementation of solid waste management program, Chi-Square Test of

independence was used:

Formula:

()2
x2 = ,

where;

= Observe frequency

= expected frequency

2 = Chi- Square

= summation
 To determine the significant relationship between awareness and the

implementation of solid waste management program in 7 coastal barangays,

probability test was used:

Formula:

2
= ,
1 2

where;

t = probability t value

r = corrected correlation

N = total no. of respondents

= N - 2

DEFINITION OF TERMS

For better understanding, the following terms used in this study are hereby

defined operationally.

Awareness. This refers to the respondents ability to know and perceive on

solid waste management.

Coastal Barangays. This is an area located along the coasts and this is

where the study was conducted.

 Dry-Run. It refers to a process of testing the self-structured questionnaires

to a selected barangay with the same or almost the same characteristic as to the

target study site for the purpose of verifying the validity of the questions.

Ecological Solid Waste Management. It refers to the systematic

administration of activities which provide for segregation at source, segregated

transportation, storage, transfer, processing, treatment, and disposal of solid

waste and all other waste management activities which do not harm the

environment.

Educational Attainment. It refers to the level of formal schooling the

respondents achieved.

Family Size. Refers to the number of people living in the same house.

Household monthly income. It refers to the monthly income of each

household categorized as small, medium and large.

Recycle. This refers to the processing of used materials or waste into new

useful products.

Respondents. It refers to the people in the 7 coastal barangays at Clarin,

Bohol who were asked to answer the questionnaires in data gathering.

Reuse. This refers to reintroduction of waste materials used as an input

into manufacturing processes in order to use it again.

Segregation. It refers to the sorting out of garbage as to biodegradable,

non-biodegradable and hazardous.

Solid Waste. It is generally made up of solid objects, particles, materials

and containerized gaseous materials that are discarded or abandoned.