Submitted by

Shubham singhal
14104077
 BUSBAR
Conductor or an assembly of conductors which are used for collecting
electric currents and then distributing them to outgoing feeders which are
connected to it. The bus bar is very important for the system. There are
different types of buses present. So we select bus according to the
requirement.

BUS BAR SYSTEM

 TYPES OF BUSBAR SYSYTEM
There are different electrical bus system .W need to do selection of a particular
bus which depends upon the various factors such as the system voltage, position
of substation in electrical power system, system flexibility and cost.

The Main Criteria which is considered during Selection of Bus Bar

Arrangement Scheme Among different bus bar present are

1. System Simplicity.
2. Easy maintenance of various equipment which are present in the system.
3. Outage should be minimized, during maintenance.
4. We can made changes according to the growth of demand.

SINGLE BUS BAR

Single Bus System was simplest and cheapest bus bar. In this scheme only alone
bus is present so all the feeders and transformer bay are connected to that one
single bus.
ADVANTAGE OF SINGLE BUS BAR

Very simple design among all bus bar.

Very cost effective bus bar.
Very easy to operate.
It requires simple protection.

LIMITATIONS OF SINGLE BUS BAR

One major difficulty of these type of arrangement is that, maintenance of

equipment of any feeder cannot be possible without interrupting the
feeder or any transformer connected to that feeder, So it interrupt the
entire system.
In case of Fault of bus or any circuit breaker will result in shut down of
entire substation.
For extending the bus substation is completely deenergizing.

REMARKS
Used for distribution substations up to 33kV.
2. Not used for large substations.
3. Sectionalizing increases flexibility.

SINGLE BUS BAR WITH SECTIONALIZER

Some advantages were there if a single bus bar is sectionalized with circuit
breaker. If there are many incoming and the incoming sources and outgoing
feeders are evenly distributed on the sections, then interruption of system can be
reduced to the large extent.

MERIT OF SINGLE BUS SYSTEM WITH BUS SECTIONALIZER

If any of the sources was out of system, then also all loads can be fed by
switching of either sectional circuit breaker or bus coupler breaker. If any of the
section of the system is under the maintenance, then part load of the substation
 was fed by energizing the other section of bus bar.

DEMERIT OF SINGLE BUS SYSTEM WITH BUS SECTIONALIZER

1. Maintenance of equipment of anybody cannot be possible and not interrupting
the feeder or transformer connected to that body as in single bus bar.
2. The use of isolator for bus sectionalizing did not fulfil the purpose. The
isolators had to be operated off circuit and which was not possible without
total interruption of bus bar. So investment for bus-coupler breaker was
required.
 DOUBLE BUS SYSTEM
1. In double bus bar system two identical bus bars were used in such a way that
any outgoing or incoming feeder could be taken from any of the bus.
2. Actually every feeder was connected to both of the buses in parallel through
separate isolator.

By closing any of the isolators one could put the feeder to associated bus. Both
of the buses were energized and all feeders were divided into two groups, one
group was fed by one bus and other from other bus. But any feeder at any time
could be transferred from one bus to the other bus. There was one bus coupler
breaker which should be kept close while bus transfer operation. For transfer
operation, one should first close the bus coupler circuit breaker and then close
the isolator associated with the bus to where the feeder will be transferred and
then open the isolator associated with the bus from where feeder was
transferred. After this transfer operation someone should open the bus coupler
breaker.

Advantages and disadvantage of Double Bus System

This bus bar system increases the flexibility of system.
This bus bar system did not permit breaker maintenance without
interruption.

DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH SINGLE BREAKER

Merits of double bus bar with single breaker

This arrangement provides High flexibility to the system.

In this almost Half of the feeders connected to each bus

Demerits of double bus bar with single breaker

Extra bus-coupler circuit breaker is required.

When it operate this Bus protection scheme may cause loss to
substation.
3. Increases the chance of bus fault.
Line breaker failure makes all circuits which are connected to
the bus out of service.
Bus couplers failure makes entire substation out of service.

DOUBLE BREAKER BUS BAR SYSTEM

In double breaker bus bar system two identical bus bars were used in
such a way that any outgoing or incoming feeder could be taken from
any of the bus similar to double bus bar system. Only difference
between this are every feeder is connected to both of the buses in
parallel through individual breaker instead only isolator. By closing
any of the breakers and its associated isolators one could put the
feeder to there respective bus. Both of the buses were energized and
total feeders were divided into two groups, one group was fed from
one bus and other from other bus. But any feeder at any time could be
transferred from one bus to other bus. There was no need of bus
coupler as because the operation was done by breakers not by isolator.
For transfer operation, one should first close the isolators and then the
breaker associated with the bus to where the feeder would be
transferred and then someone opens the breaker and isolators
associated with bus from where feeder is transferred.
ONE AND A HALF BREAKER SYSTEM
This was an improvement on the double breaker scheme to save the number of
circuit breakers. For every two circuits only one spare breaker was provided.
The protection was however complicated since it must associate the central
breaker with the feeder whose own breaker was taken out for maintenance. For
the reasons given under double breaker scheme and because of the prohibitory
costs of equipment may be this scheme was not as much popular. That it was a
simple design, two feeders were fed from two different buses through their
associated breakers and now these two feeders were coupled by a third breaker
which was known as tie breaker. Normally all the three breakers were closed
and power was fed to both the circuits from two buses that were operated in
parallel. The tie breaker acts as a coupler for two feeder circuits. During failure
of any feeder breaker, the power was fed through the breaker of the second
feeder and tie breaker, therefore each feeder breaker had to be rated to feed both
the feeders, coupled by tie breaker.

Merits of One and A Half Breaker Bus System

During any fault on any one of the buses, that faulty bus would be separated
instantly without interrupting any feeders in the system since all feeders would
continue to feed from other healthy bus.

Demerit of One and A Half Breaker Bus System

One and a half breaker scheme was much expensive due to investment for third
breaker.
MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS SYSTEM
This was an alternative of double bus system. The main conception of Main and
Transfer Bus System was, here every feeder line was directly connected through
an isolator to a second bus called transfer bus. The said isolator in between
transfer bus and feeder line was generally called bypass isolator. The main bus
was as usual connected to each feeder through a bay consists of circuit breaker
and associated isolators at both side of the breaker. There was one bus coupler
bay which couples transfer bus and main bus through a circuit breaker and
associated isolators at both sides of the breaker. If necessary the transfer bus
may be energized by the main bus power by closing the transfer bus coupler
isolators and after that breaker. Then the power in transfer bus could directly be
fed to the feeder line through the bypass isolator by closing it. If the main circuit
breaker associated with feeder was switched off or isolated from system, the
feeder could still be fed in that way by transferring it to transfer bus.
 Switching Operation for Transferring a Feeder to the Transfer Bus from
Main Bus without the Interruption of Power
1. Firstly close the isolators on both side of the bus coupler breaker.
2. Then close the bypass isolator of the feeder which was to be transferred to the
transfer bus.
3. Now energizing the transfer bus by closing the bus coupler circuit breaker
from the remote.
4. After bus coupler breaker was closed, then the power from main bus flows to
the feeder line through its main
5. Breaker and bus coupler breaker via transfer bus.
6. Now if main breaker of the feeder was switched off, total power flow would
instantaneously shift to the bus coupler breaker and hence these breakers
would serve the purpose of protection for the feeder.
7. At the last the operating personnel open the isolators from both sides of main
circuit breaker to make it isolate from rest of the live system.
Merits of main and transfer bus system
This bus system has low initial and ultimate cost.
Any breaker could be taken out of service for maintenance without
disturbing the system.
In this bus system potential devices can be used on the main bus.
Demerits of main and transfer bus system
In this bus system one extra breaker coupler is required.
Switching was somewhat complex while maintaining a breaker.
Fault of bus or any circuit breaker results in shutdown of the whole
substation.

DOUBLE MAIN BUS AND TRANSFER

BUSBAR SYSTEM
In this bus bar system we have two main bus and one transfer bus. This bus
system is used for high power substation. It is preferred mainly for 400KV and
220KV important substation. Below is the diagram of the double main bys bar
system.
Advantage of double main bus and transfer bus bar system
1. By addition of main bus it enhances the flexibility of the system
2. This bus bar system is highly reliable.
3. Breaker failure on bus side breaker removes only one circuit from the
operation.
4. All switching done with the help of breakers.
5. Simple operation and no isolator for switching are required.
6. Either main bus could be taken out of service at any time for the purpose of
maintenance.
7. Bus fault does not remove any feeder from the service in this bus bar system.
b. Demerits of double main bus and transfer bus bar system
1 The only one demerit is that the cost increases due to presence of three bus.

DOUBLE BUS SYSTEM WITH BYPASS ISOLATORS

This was combination of a double bus system and main and transfer bus system.
In Double Bus System with Bypass Isolators either bus could act as main bus
and the second bus as transfer bus. It permits breaker maintenance without
interruption of power which was not possible in case of double bus system but it
provides all the advantages of the double bus system. It requires one additional
isolator i.e. bypass isolator for every feeder circuit and introduces slight
complication in system layout. Still this scheme was best for optimum economy
of system and it was best optimum choice for the 220 KV systems.
 RING BUS SYSTEM
It provides the double feed to each feeder circuit, opening one breaker under
maintenance or otherwise did not affect supply to any of the feeder. But this
system had two major disadvantages. One as it was closed circuit system and it
was next to impossible to extend in future and hence it was unsuitable for
developing the system. Second disadvantage was during maintenance or any
other reason if any one of the circuit breaker in ring loop was switch of
reliability of system becomes very poor due to closed loop becomes opened.
Since, at that moment for any tripping of any breaker in the open loop which
causes interruption in all the feeders present in between tripped breaker and
open end of the loop.
a. Merits of ring bus bar system
Ring Bus bars give flexibility in some operation.
b. Demerits of ring bus bar system
1. If fault occurs during bus maintenance, ring gets separated into various
sections.
2. In ring bus bar system auto-reclosing and protection is complex.
3. Requires VTs on all circuits as there was no definite voltage at reference
point.
4. Breaker failure during fault in one circuit causes loss in additional circuit due
to breaker failure.
This VTs can be required in all the cases for voltage indication or
synchronizing live line.

3 PHASE BUS BAR

Three-phase bus bar systems provide the easy, time-saving and clearly arranged mean of feeding 3RV2 motor
starter protector with the screw terminals. The system could be used with various types of motor starter
protectors up to 32 A. The 3RV19 15 three-phase bus bar systems were generally unsuitable for the 3RV21
motor starter protectors for motor protection with the overload relay function and also for the 3RV27 and 3RV28
circuit breakers in accordance with UL 489/CSA C22.2 No.5-02.

The bus bars were suitable for between 2 and 5 motor starter protectors/circuit breakers. However, any kind of
extension was possible by clamping the connection tag of an additional bus bar (rotated by 180) underneath the
terminal of their respective last motor starter protector.
A combination of motor starter protectors of different sizes is a available. The motor starter protectors were
supplied by the appropriate feeder terminals.
AUTOMATIC BUS BAR

The REB670 IED (Intelligent Electronic Device) was designed for the protection and monitoring
of busbars, T-connections and also meshed corners from medium to extra high voltage level.
Due to their extensive I/O capability, REB670 protect single and double busbars with or without
the transfer bus, double circuit breaker or one-and-half circuit breaker arrangement.

It provide selective, reliable and fast fault clearance for all the variety of internal phase-to-phase
and phase-to-earth faults occurring in solidly earthed or low-impedance earthed power system. It
could also handle the entire internal multi-phase fault in isolated or high-impedance earthed
power system.