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Figura 1.1 Etapele procesului de modelare

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Exemplul 1.1

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Figura 1.2 Tabela de date

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de date

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Figura 1.4 nlocuirea cu entitatea de legtur

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Figura 1.5 Diagrama entitate-relaie fr relaii many-to-many

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S considerm entitatea departament, folosit pentru memorarea informaiilor referitoare

la angajaii i departamentele unei firme:
DEPARTAMENT

# cod departament
# IDangajat
* data_naterii
* adresa

Cheia primar a entitii DEPARTAMENT este o combinaie ntre atributele cod

departament i Idangajat. Observai c atributele data_naterii i adresa sunt dependente
doar de o parte a cheii primare (IDangajat) i nu de ntreaga cheie primar.

#%
Rezolvarea acestei probleme se realizeaz prin introducerea unei entiti noi, entitatea
ANGAJAT, legat de entitatea DEPARTAMENT printr-o relaie one-to-many.
ANGAJAT DEPARTAMENT

# IDangajat # cod departament

* data_naterii lucreaz compus * denumire
* adresa

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Figura 1.6 Structur conceptual n a doua form normal

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Exemplul 2.1 (a) se va rescrie aa cum se observ n exemplul 2.1 (b). Am preferat
reprezentarea tabelelor corespunztoare celor dou entiti, pentru a identifica mai bine
cheia primar i cheia strina (n cadrul diagramei entitate-relaie cheia strin nu apare
explicit, ea fiind dedus din relaie) .

ELEV NOTA

cnp idnota
nume cnp
prenume nota
vrsta materie
clasa data
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%'
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Exemplul 2.2

:OV[XORKJKJGZKJOYVUTOHORKJOLKXJKRG[TYOYZKSJKMKYZO[TKRGGRZ[RGYZLKRTIZ
KYZKJOLOIORJKYIXOYUIUSGTJ)8+':+:'(2+[TO\KXYGR\GRGHOR'IKYZR[IX[KYZK
\GRGHORVKTZX[TKT[SXGZKIUSKT`O972
*KK^KSVR[VKTZX[GYVKIOLOIG[TZOVJKJGZKI[\GRUXOTZXKMOLURUYOSI[\TZ[RINKOK
4;3(+8T3OIXUYULZ'IIKYYO5XGIRKXKYVKIZO\/4:T3_9723OIXUYULZ9729KX\KX
O6UYZMXK972T9729KX\KX5XGIRK3_972O6UYZMXK972V[ZKS[ZORO`GZOV[XORK).'8
OXJKIGXGIZKXKI[JOSKTYO[TKGTZXKO<'8).'8OXJKIGXGIZKXKI[JOSKTYO[TK
\GXOGHORYG[*':+JGZIGRKTJGXOYZOIJKT[SOXORKZOV[XORUXLOOTJGIKRKGO
+^KSVR[RVXKI[SOK^KSVRKRKIGXK\UX[XSGG[LUYZZKYZGZKLURUYOTJ9-(*3_972
3UJOLOIGXKGYZX[IZ[XOO[TKOZGHKRKVUGZKLOXKGRO`GZVXOTK^KI[ZGXKGIUSKT`OO'2:+8
:'(2+IGXKGXKYOTZG^G

%(
 [TJK GIZO[TKEgGIZO[TKE4JKYIXO[GIO[TORKIKVUZLOK^KI[ZGZKGY[VXGYZX[IZ[XOO
ZGHKRKOYVKIOLOIGZKVXOTT[SKEZGHKRG
)USGTJG '2:+8 :'(2+ VKXSOZK XKGRO`GXKG [T[O T[SX SGXK JK SUJOLOIXO GRK
YZX[IZ[XOOZGHKRKOJOTZXKIGXKRKGSOTZOSVKIKRKSGOOSVUXZGTZK
u GJ[MGXKG[T[OISVTU[
ADD camp_nou tip_de_date [optiuni]
u SUJOLOIGXKGVXUVXOKZORUX[T[OISVK^OYZKTZ
MODIFY camp tip_de_date [optiuni]
u ZKXMKXKG[TKOIURUGTKJOTZGHKRKROSOTGXKG[T[OISV
DROP cmp
+^KSVR[ROR[YZXKG`SUJ[RJK[ZORO`GXKGIUSKT`OO'2:+8:'(2+

Exemplul 2.3

)USGTJG'2:+8:'(2+JOTK^KSVR[RJKSGOY[YGXKIGKLKIZOTYKXGXKG[T[OISV
TU[TZGHKRG+2+<ISV[RYK^SUJOLOIGXKGISV[XORUXT[SKOVXKT[SKSXOXKG
JOSKTYO[TOOGRUIGZKOTOOGROKROSOTGXKGISV[R[OJGZGETGYZKXOO5XJOTKGTIGXKY[TZ
YIXOYKGIO[TORKKLKIZ[GZKJK'2:+8:'(2+KYZKGXHOZXGX

CVUV_f^ZcVR eRSV]V]`c
TIGJX[R[TKOGVROIGOOGVGXYOZ[GOOITJGT[SOZKZGHKRKJOTHG`GJKJGZKZXKH[OK
XKJKT[SOZK8KJKT[SOXKG[TKOZGHKRKYKXKGRO`KG`VXOTOTZKXSKJO[RIUSKT`OO8+4'3+
:'(2+IGXKGXKYOTZG^G[XSZUGXK

6UZLOXKJKT[SOZKSGOS[RZKZGHKRKTGIKKGOIUSGTJ8+4'3+:'(2+XKJKT[SOXORK
XKGRO`TJ[YKTUXJOTKGTIGXKGVGX4[SKRK[TKOZGHKRKVUGZKLOVXKLO^GZJKT[SKRK
HG`KOJKJGZKJOTIGXKLGIKVGXZK
Nume_BD.Nume_tabela
+^KSVR[ROTJOIUSUJGROZGZKJKGOTZKXYINOSHGT[SKRKGJU[ZGHKRKOGXK^KSVR[R
XKGRO`KG`S[ZGXKG[TKOZGHKRKJOTZXUHG`JKJGZKTGRZG

Exemplul 2.4
%)
 +^KSVR[R  OTZKXYINOSH T[SKRK ZGHKRKRUX KRK\E O KRK\E LURUYOTJ U ZGHKR
OTZKXSKJOGXI[T[SKRKZSV

Exemplul 2.5

)USGTJG8+4'3+:'(2+JOTK^KSVR[RS[ZZGHKRGKRK\JOTHG`GJKJGZK2OIK[E
THG`GJKJGZK2OIK[E

=64:2& =Z^SR[f]DB=::
4`^V_kZaV_ecfRTefR]ZkRcVRUReV]`cUZ_eRSV]V

5VKXGOORKJKGIZ[GRO`GXKGJGZKRUXJOTZXUZGHKRL[XTO`GZKJKROSHGP[R972Y[TZ
u OTYKXGXKG[TKOTXKMOYZXXOTUO/49+8:!
u ZKXMKXKGTXKMOYZXXORUX*+2+:+!
u SUJOLOIGXKG\GRUXORUXISV[XORUX;6*':+

" :_decfTZf_VR :?D6CE

/TYZX[IO[TKG/49+8:KYZK[ZORO`GZVKTZX[GOTYKXGTXKMOYZXXOTUOTZXUZGHKR
YOTZG^GGIKYZKOGLOOTJ[XSZUGXKG

[TJK
u T[SKEZGHKRGYVKIOLOIZGHKRGTIGXKYKOTYKXKG`TXKMOYZXGXKG!
u ISVEISVEISVE4KYZKROYZGISV[XORUXVKTZX[IGXKOTZXUJ[IKS
\GRUXO!
u \GRE\GRE\GRE4Y[TZ\GRUXORKGYUIOGZKTUXJOTKISV[XORUXISVE
ISVEISVE4

6KTZX[IGUVKXGOGJKOTYKXGXKYXK[KGYIZXKH[OKYXKYVKIZGO[XSZUGXKRKXKM[RO
u \GRUXORKGJ[MGZKZXKH[OKYGOHGIKRGOZOVI[GXZOIURKRKIUXKYV[T`ZUGXK!
u JOSKTYO[TORKJGZKRUXOTZXUJ[YKZXKH[OKYLOKSGOSOIOJKIZJOSKTYO[TKGSG^OS
GISV[R[OTIGXKYKOTYKXKG`!
u UXJOTKG\GRUXORUXZXKH[OKYIUXKYV[TJUXJOTOOISV[XORUXYVKIOLOIGZK!
u ZUGZKISV[XORKUHROMGZUXOOIGXKT[VUZG\KG\GRUGXKG4;22ZXKH[OKYVXOSKGYI
UHROMGZUXO[U\GRUGXK
)USGTJGJOTK^KSVR[ROTYKXKG`UTU[ROTOKTZGHKRG+2+<

Exemplul 2.6 (a)

%*
 *GIZUGZKISV[XORKJOTZGHKRY[TZUHROMGZUXOOGZ[TIOZXKH[OKYOTYKXSIZKU
\GRUGXKVKTZX[LOKIGXKJOTZXKGIKYZKGTGIKYZIG`KYZKOT[ZORYSGOVXKIO`SROYZG
ISV[XORUXIGXK\UXLOGLKIZGZKJKOTYKXGXK+^KSVR[RVUGZKLOXKYIXOYGYZLKR

Exemplul 2.6 (b)

5XOIKKXUGXKTIGJX[RYOTZG^KOOTYZX[IO[TOO/49+8:VXKI[SOUXOIKTKVUZXO\OXKJK
ZOV TZXK \GRUXORK OTYKXGZK O ISV[XORK IUXKYV[T`ZUGXK JKZKXSOT GHGTJUTGXKG
K^KI[ZXOOIUSKT`OOOGLOGXKG[T[OSKYGPJKKXUGXK
+^KSVR[ROR[YZXKG`JU[KXUXOVUYOHORK

Exemplul 2.7 (a)

+XUGXKGJOTK^KSVR[RJKSGOY[YGLUYZMKTKXGZJKTIKXIGXKGJKGOTYKXGUTXKMOYZXGXK
IGXKGXK\GRUGXKGISV[R[OITVKMGRI[\GRUGXKGGIKR[OGOISVJOTZXUTXKMOYZXGXK
K^OYZKTZ8KGSOTZOSIGXZOIUR[RITVKYZKINKOKVXOSGXGZGHKRKO+2+<JKIO\GRUXORK
J[VROIGZVKTZX[GIKYZISVY[TZOTZKX`OYK

Exemplul 2.7 (b)

+XUGXKGJOTK^KSVR[RHGLUYZMKTKXGZJKLUXSGZ[RMXKOZGR\GRUXOOJKZOVJGZ
IGXKYKJUXKZKOTYKXGZTISV[RJGZGETGZKXOO

# :_decfTZf_VR 56=6E6

5VKXGOGJKZKXMKXKGTXKMOYZXXORUXJOTZXUZGHKRYKXKGRO`KG`VXOTOTZKXSKJO[R
IUSKT`OO*+2+:+IGXKGXK[XSZUGXKGYOTZG^SOTOSGR

[TJK
u T[SKEZGHKRGXKVXK`OTZJKT[SOXKGZGHKRKOTIGXKYK\GXKGRO`GUVKXGOGJK
ZKXMKXK!

&!
 u K^V2KYZKUK^VXKYOKRUMOITIGXKOTZKX\OT\GRUXORK[TUXISV[XOGRKZGHKRKO!
ZUGZKTXKMOYZXXORKVKTZX[IGXKK^V2GXK\GRUGXKGGJK\XGZ\UXLOZKXYK
*GIYKUSOZKIRG[`G=.+8+GZ[TIOYK\UXZKXMKZUGZKTXKMOYZXXORKJOTZGHKRG
YVKIOLOIGZ

Exemplul 2.8

)USGTJG*+2+:+JOTK^KSVR[RJKZKXSOTZKXMKXKGZ[Z[XUXTXKMOYZXXORUXJOT
ZGHKRG+2+<VKTZX[IGXKISV[RT[SKGXK\GRUGXKGq+SOTKYI[r
6KTZX[GZKXMKOTLUXSGOORKXKLKXOZUGXKRGKRK\OOIGXKG[\XYZGTZXKOGTOYG[
G[SGOS[RZJKGTOVXUIKJSGYZLKR

Exemplul 2.9

ZKXMKXKGVXOSORUXKRK\OJOTIRGYGGG(IUTYOJKXGOTUXJOTKGRLGHKZOIVUGZK
LOXKGRO`GZT3_972VXOT[ZORO`GXKGIRG[`KRUX58*+8(?O2/3/:GGI[SGXGZ
K^KSVR[R

Exemplul 2.10

)RG[`G58*+8(?VKXSOZKYZGHOROXKG[T[OIXOZKXO[JKYUXZGXKGJGZKRUXJOTZGHKRT
L[TIOKJK\GRUXORK[T[OGYG[SGOS[RZUXISV[XOTXKMOYZXXORKLOOTJZKXYKTUXJOTKG
YVKIOLOIGZJKGIKYZKG)RG[`G2/3/:VKXSOZKYZGHOROXKGT[SX[R[OJKTXKMOYZXXOIK\UX
LOZKXYK'IKYZKIRG[`K\UXLOVXK`KTZGZKVKRGXMTRKIOORKJKJOIGZKOTYZX[IO[TOO9+2+):

$ :_decfTZf_VR FA52E6

3UJOLOIGXKG \GRUXORUX GT[SOZUX ISV[XO JOTZXU TXKMOYZXGXK YK XKGRO`KG` VXOT
OTZKXSKJO[ROTYZX[IO[TOO;6*':+IGXKGXKYOTZG^G

[TJK
u T[SKEZGHKRGXKVXK`OTZJKT[SOXKGZGHKRKOTIGXKYK\GXKGRO`GUVKXGOGJK
ZKXMKXK!
u ISVEgISVE4Y[TZISV[XOGRKZGHKRKOYVKIOLOIGZK!
u \GRE\GRE4Y[TZ\GRUXORKIUXKYV[T`ZUGXKISV[XORUXISVEgISVE4!
u K^V2KYZKUK^VXKYOKRUMOITIGXKOTZKX\OT\GRUXORK[TUXISV[XOGRKZGHKRKO!
ZUGZKTXKMOYZXXORKVKTZX[IGXKK^V2GXK\GRUGXKGGJK\XGZ\UXLOSUJOLOIGZK

&"
 +LKIZ[RK^KI[ZXOOIUSKT`OOKYZKGIKRGJKGSUJOLOIG\GRUXORKISV[XORUXYVKIOLOIGZK
\GRUGXKGR[OISVEJK\OTK\GREg\GRUGXKGR[OISVE4JK\OTK\GRE4VKTZX[ZUGZK
TXKMOYZXXORKJOTZGHKRIGXKYGZOYLGIK^VXKYOGRUMOIK^V2*GIUSOZKSIRG[`G=.+8+
GZ[TIOYK\UXSUJOLOIGZUGZKTXKMOYZXXORKJOTZGHKR
+^KSVR[ROR[YZXKG`SUJ[RTIGXKV[ZKSSUJOLOIG\GRUXORKISV[R[OIRGYGVKTZX[
LOKIGXKKRK\TYIXOYTIRGYGGG(

Exemplul 2.1
2.11
1

T3_972VUZLO[ZORO`GZKJKGYKSKTKGIRG[`KRK58*+8(?O2/3/:VKTZX[GXKGRO`G
GIZ[GRO`XOIUSVRK^K

=64:2' =Z^SR[f]DB=:::
:_eVc`XcZdZ^a]V

*[VI[SGO\`[ZTRKIOORKVXKIKJKTZKGIZ[GRO`GXKGJGZKRUXYKXKGRO`KG`VXOT
OTZKXSKJO[RGZXKOOTYZX[IO[TO972/49+8:*+2+:+;6*':+GIKYZKGLITJVGXZK
JOTIGZKMUXOGOTYZX[IO[TORUXVKTZX[SGTOV[RGXKGJGZKRUX23*
2OSHGP[R972V[TKRGJOYVU`OOG[ZORO`GZUX[R[OUYOTM[XOTYZX[IO[TKVKTZX[GXKGRO`G
OTZKXUMGXKGJGZKRUX OTYZX[IO[TKG9+2+):
5VKXGOGJKOTZKXUMGXKG[TKOHG`KJKJGZKVXKY[V[TKIUSV[TKXKG[T[OYKZJK
XK`[RZGZKYKZJKTXKMOYZXXOVXOTIUSHOTGXKGJGZKRUXVXU\KTOZKJOTSGOS[RZKZGHKRKO
XKGRO`GXKGJKVXKR[IXXOGY[VXGGIKYZUXGYUXZGXKMX[VGXKJ[VJO\KXYKIXOZKXOOYKRKIZGXK
KZI
TGOTZKJKG\KJKGRGR[IX[OTYZX[IO[TKG9+2+):\USVXK`KTZGYZX[IZ[XGHG`KOJK
JGZK2OIK[*(IGXKTK\GLURUYOVKTZX[K^KSVROLOIGXKGOTZKXUMXORUXVKVGXI[XY[RGIKYZ[O
IGVOZUR(G`GJKJGZK2OIK[*(IUTOTKZXKOKTZOZOVKTZX[MKYZOUTGXKGYOZ[GOKOIURGXK
GKRK\ORUX

'ZXOH[Z[RZOVGRKTZOZOO3':+8//\GG\KG\GRUGXKGJGISGZKXOGKYZKUJOYIOVROT
UHROMGZUXOKXKYVKIZO\JGIJOYIOVROTGKYZKUVOUTGR
)XKGXKGYZX[IZ[XOOZGHKRKRUXIUXKYV[T`ZUGXKIKRUXZXKOKTZOZOYKVUGZKXKGRO`GVXOT
OTZKXSKJO[RIUSKT`ORUX)8+':+:'(2+JKSGOPUY

&#
Exemplul 2.12
6XKY[V[TKSIZGHKRKRKIUTOT[XSZUGXKRKTXKMOYZXXO

ERSV]R>2E6C::+ :GHKR[R

ERSV]R6=6G:+ :GHKR[R

ERSV]R?@E6 :GHKR[R

&$
":_eVc`XcZdZ^a]VRdfacRf_VZdZ_XfcVeRSV]V
)KGSGOYOSVRLUXSGOTYZX[IO[TOO9+2+):GXKYOTZG^G[XSZUGXK

[TJK
u ROYZGEIGSV[XOKYZKUY[IIKYO[TKJKISV[XOYKVGXGZKVXOT\OXM[RGRKZGHKRKO
T[SKEZGHKRGIGXK\UXGVXKGTIGJX[RYKZ[R[OJKXK`[RZGZK!JGIJUXOSY
OTZXUJ[IKS T YKZ[R I[ XK`[RZGZK ZUGZK ISV[XORK JOT ZGHKR GZ[TIO ROYZG
ISV[XORUX\GLOTRUI[OZVXOTIGXGIZKX[RGYZKXOYI!
u T[SKEZGHKRGYVKIOLOIZGHKRGLURUYOZRGI[ZGXKGJGZKRUX!

'LOGXKGZ[Z[XUXTXKMOYZXXORUXJOTZGHKRGKRK\OYKXKGRO`KG`VXOTIUSGTJG

Exemplul 2.13

8K`[RZGZ[R\GLOIKRJOTZGHKR[RGJOI\UXLOGLOGZKZUGZKTXKMOYZXXORKJOTZGHKRG
+2+</TUXJOTKGTIGXKGIKYZKGY[TZSKSUXGZKTUXJOTKGOTYKXXOORUX
*GIJUXOSYGLOSJUGXISV[XORKT[SKOVXKT[SKGZ[TIO\USYVKIOLOIGT[SKRK
ISV[XORUXYKVGXGZKVXOT\OXM[R

Exemplul 2.14

8K`[RZGZ[RK^KI[ZXOOIUSKT`OOJOTK^KSVR[RTYOYZKS[RJKMKYZO[TK3_972
KYZKOR[YZXGZTLKXKGYZXG[XSZUGXK

6KTZX[GGLOGJUGXTXKMOYZXXORKIGXKG[\GRUXOJOYZOTIZKVKTZX[[TGT[SOZISV
\US[ZORO`GIRG[`G*/9:/4):TGOTZKGISV[R[OJUXOZ/TZKXUMGXKG[XSZUGXKJKZKXSOT
TUZKRKJOYZOTIZKUHOT[ZKJKKRK\OOROIK[R[O

Exemplul 2.15

&%
 8K`[RZGZ[ROTZKXUMXOOKYZK

,URUYOXKGIRG[`KO*/9:/4):VKTZX[[TISVGRZGHKRKOJKZKXSOTOTZXUJ[IKXKGT
YKZ[RJKXK`[RZGZKJUGXGVXOSKOTXKMOYZXXOJOTZXKIKRKIGXKG[\GRUGXKGISV[R[OOJKTZOI
XKYZ[RLOOTJOMTUXGZK
/TYZX[IO[TKG9+2+):VKXSOZKOTZXUJ[IKXKGTYKZ[RJKXK`[RZGZKGROTZKXUMXOOG
[TUXISV[XOIGXKT[GVGXTZGHKR\GRUGXKGRUXLOOTJIGRI[RGZTL[TIOKJK\GRUXORK
[TUXISV[XOJOTZGHKR/TZKXUMGXKG[XSZUGXKGLOKG`T[SKRKZ[Z[XUXKRK\ORUXJOT
ZGHKRG+2+<JGXYKZ[RJKXK`[RZGZK\GG\KGUYOTM[XIURUGTJKT[SOZ4[SK+RK\OGX
\GRUGXKGGIKYZKOGKYZKIUSV[YJOT\GRUXORKT[SKR[OOVXKT[SKR[OLOKIX[OKRK\

Exemplul 2.16

8K`[RZGZ[ROTZKXUMXOOKYZK

'S[ZORO`GZL[TIOGIUTIGZOXOXOX4IGXKTZUGXIKOX[RJKIGXGIZKXKUHOT[Z
VXOTIUTIGZKTGXKGOX[XORUXJGZKIGGXM[SKTZK)RG[`G'9VKXSOZKXKJKT[SOXKG[TKO
IURUGTKJOTIGJX[RYKZ[R[OJKXK`[RZGZKVKTZX[ISV[XORKIGRI[RGZKYG[GZ[TIOITJT[SKRK
[T[OISVT[KYZKVXKGY[MKYZO\

# D`ceRcVRdVef]fZUVcVkf]eReV4]RfkR@C56C3J
9KZ[RJKXK`[RZGZKL[XTO`GZJKOTYZX[IO[TKG9+2+):VUGZKLOTVXKGRGHORYUXZGZO
GVUOGLOGZ5XJOTKGTXKMOYZXXORUXJOTZGHKRT[KYZKGLKIZGZJKUVKXGOGJKYUXZGXK
9UXZGXKGYKZ[R[OJKXK`[RZGZKYKXKGRO`KG`VXOTLURUYOXKGIRG[`KO58*+8(?VKTZX[
G YVKIOLOIG ROYZG ISV[XORUX T L[TIOK JK IGXK YK XKGRO`KG` UXJUTGXKG IXOZKXOO JK
UXJUTGXK)RG[`G58*+8(?GXKYOTZG^G

&&
 [TJK
u IGSVEgIGSVE4XKVXK`OTZIXOZKXOORKJKUXJUTGXKTXKMOYZXXORKY[TZYUXZGZK
TL[TIOKJK\GRUGXKGR[OIGSVEOGXRG\GRUXOKMGRKVKTZX[GIKYZGYK\UXR[G
TIUTYOJKXGXK\GRUXORKR[OIGSVEGSJ!
u IRG[`G'9)OSVROIOZJKZKXSOTYUXZGXKGGYIKTJKTZIXKYIZUGXK!
u IRG[`G*+9)JKZKXSOTYUXZGXKGJKYIKTJKTZJKYIXKYIZUGXK

'LOGXKGTXKMOYZXXORUXJOTZGHKRG+2+<UXJUTGZKTL[TIOKJKISV[XORKT[SKO
VXKT[SKOT\KXYGRLGHKZOIYKXKGRO`KG`VXOTIUSGTJG

Exemplul 2.17

,KXKGYZXG[XSZUGXKVXK`OTZXK`[RZGZ[ROTZKXUMXOOJOTK^KSVR[R

=64:2( =Z^SR[f]DB=:G
:_eVc`XcZT`^a]ViV

/TYZX[IO[TKG 9+2+): VKXSOZK ZXOKXKG TXKMOYZXXORUX IK \UX IUSV[TK YKZ[R JK

XK`[RZGZKVKHG`G[TKOK^VXKYOOI[\GRUGXKRUMOI\UXLOIUTYOJKXGZKJUGXGIKRKTXKMOYZXXO
VKTZX[IGXKK^VKXKYOGRUMOIGXK\GRUGXKGGJK\XGZ8KGRO`GXKGGIKYZ[OR[IX[KYZK
VUYOHORVXOT[ZORO`GXKGIRG[`KO=.+8+IGXKGXK[XSZUGXKGYOTZG^

+^VXKYOGRUMOIK^V2ZKYZKG`JKUHOIKOGT[SOZKIUTJOOOOSV[YK[T[OGYG[SGO
S[RZUXISV[XOJOTZGHKRKRKHG`KOJKJGZK+^VXKYOGRUMOIVUGZKIUTOTKUSGXK\GXOKZGZK
JKUVKXGZUXOOL[TIOO
+^KSVR[RGLOKG`KRK\OOIRGYKOGG)UXJUTGOGRLGHKZOI

Exemplul 2.18
&'
 9KZ[RJKXK`[RZGZKUHOT[ZVXOTK^KI[ZGXKGIUSKT`OOJOTK^KSVR[RKYZK

@aVcRe`cZ DB=
6XK`KTZSTIUTZOT[GXKVKYI[XZIKRKSGO[ZORO`GZKIGZKMUXOOJKUVKXGZUXO972
[XSTJYK^KSVROLOIS[ZORO`GXKGGIKYZUXG
u 5VKXGZUXOGXOZSKZOIO!TROSHGP[R972UVKXGZUXOOGXOZSKZOIOY[TZIKO[ZORO`GOT
SGPUXOZGZKGROSHGPKRUXJKVXUMXGSGXKOGT[SK GJ[TGXKYIJKXKVXUJ[Y
SVXOXKXKYZ[RSVXOXOOTZXKMO
u 5VKXGZUXOXKRGOUTGRO!GIKZOGY[TZ SGOSOI"SGOSGXK$SGOSOIYG[KMGR
"#SGOSGXKYG[KMGR$#JOLKXOZ"$YG[#KMGR#
u 5VKXGZUXORUMOIO!T972YKJKLOTKYI[XSZUXOOUVKXGZUXORUMOIO /'4*9';
58TKMGOK45:
u 'ROUVKXGZUXO /4O(+:=++4
+^KSVR[RGLOKG`KRK\OOJOTIRGYKRKGG'OGG(UXJUTGOGRLGHKZOI

Exemplul 2.19

5HYKX\GOIK^VXKYOGRUMOIGIRG[`KO=.+8+T[IUTOTKVGXGTZK`KVKTZX[GYVKIOLOIG
UXJOTKGK\GR[XOOUVKXGZUXORUXUVKXGZUXOOXKRGOUTGROG[VXOUXOZGZKSGOSGXKJKIZUVKXGZUXOO
RUMOIO
'IKRGOKLKIZRV[ZKSUHOTKVXOTLURUYOXKGUVKXGZUX[R[O/4IGXKYZGHORKZKJGI
\GRUGXKG[TKOK^VXKYOOGVGXOTK[TKOS[ROSO3[ROSKGKYZKYVKIOLOIGZVXOTKT[SKXGXKG
KRKSKTZKRUX9OTZG^GUVKXGZUX[R[O/4KYZK

[TJK
u +^VXKYZKUK^VXKYOKT[SKXOIYG[OXJKIGXGIZKXK!
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Exemplul 2.20

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Exemplul 2.21 (a)

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Exemplul 2.21 (b)

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Exemplul 2.22

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WHERE note.idmaterie=materii.idmaterie AND

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Exemplul 2.23

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Exemplul 2.24

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Exemplul 2.25

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Primele aplicaii software ce permiteau navigarea n spaiul WWW navigator

Web sau browser nu puteau afia dect informaie textual. Exist i astzi

i c navigatoare text-only, un bun exemplu fiind aplicaia lynx, care poate fi
tia
utilizat n sistemul de operare Linux.
Primul navigator ce permitea afiarea elementelor grafice a fost NCSA Mosaic, urmat la
scurt vreme de celebrul Netscape Navigator. Odat cu mrirea exponenial a numrului de
servere din spaiul WWW i cu orientarea software-ului ctre aplicaiile cu interfa grafic,
au fost dezvoltate numeroase navigatoare. n momentul de fa, cele mai utilizate navigatoare
sunt: Internet Explorer, Mozilla FireFox i Opera.

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Figura 1.1 Structura unui document hipertext

Preocuprile n privina sistemelor informaionale neliniare sunt mai vechi,

prima referin fiind fcut de profesorul Vannebar Bush de la Universitatea
MIT ntr-un articol publicat n anul 1945, cu titlul As We May Think (cum ar
i c
tia trebui s gndim). Articolul descrie o main MEMEX (MEMory EXtended)
destinat ajutrii procesului de memorare pe baza asocierilor dintre coninut i form.
MEMEX se dorea, aa cum spune nsui autorul, un dispozitiv ce poate stoca toate
crile, nregistrrile i comunicaiile i care este mecanizat n aa fel nct consultarea
informaiilor se face flexibil i rapid.
MEMEX nu a putut fi construit datorit limitrilor tehnologice ale momentului, dar
idei novatoare asemntoare apar i n proiectul Augment, prezentat de Douglas Engelbart
la Fall Joint Computer Conference 1968: mouse, interfa grafic bazat pe ferestre,
procesare de text si hipertext.

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Limbajul HTML este un subset al limbajului SGML-Standard Generalized

Markup Language. Limbajul SGML reprezint un standard internaional pentru
definirea unor metode de reprezentare a textelor n format electronic,
i c
tia independente de sistemul de calcul. Conceptele preluate de SGML au aprut nc de
la sfritul anilor 60, dar standardul a fost publicat abia n 1980, ca o prim prezentare, iar
textul final a fost aprobat i publicat n anul 1986.
Limbajul HTML a ajuns la versiunea 4, standardul fiind publicat n anul 1997, iar n
1999 este publicat versiunea revizuit sub denumirea de HTML 4.01.
Ultimele tendine n dezvoltarea limbajului HTML sunt cele de rescriere a acestuia n
termenii limbajului XML Extensible Markup Language un limbaj derivat tot din
standardul SGML. Astfel a aprut standardul XHTML 1.0, n ianuarie 2000, XHTML 1.1 n
august 2002, astzi fiind n lucru standardul XHTML 2.0.

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n reeaua Internet, o resurs (fiier, calculator gazd etc.) poate fi adresat

n mod unic prin utilizarea unui mecanism numit URL Uniform Resource Locator care
permite identificarea n mod unic a oricrei resurse.
Din punct de vedere practic, un fiier HTML poate fi localizat cu ajutorul unei adrese
de forma:
http://adresa_server/dir1/dir2/.../dirN/nume_fisier
unde:
adresa_server reprezint adresa calculatorului gazd care memoreaz fiierul
dir1, dir2, , dirN: calea ctre fiier, ncepnd cu directorul rdcin;
Adresa URL de mai sus este o adres absolut.

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 Este recomandat utilizarea legturilor relative ori de cte ori este posibil, pentru ca
D documentele s fie portabile. Mutarea unui document pe alt calculator sau pe alt disc al
7 aceluiai calculator nu trebuie s afecteze legturile stabilite ntre fiierele componente.
2 Dac generai documentele Web cu ajutorul unui editor specializat, verificai dac
E
URL-urile sunt specificate prin ci relative, altfel legturile nu vor funciona la
mutarea documentelor de pe calculatorul local pe calculatorul gazd.

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Figura 1.4
Exemplu de tabel simplu

:GHKR[RJOTLOM[XGGLUYZUHOT[ZI[[XSZUX[RIUJ.:32

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Figura 1.5
Exemplu de tabel
formatat

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*!
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VKTZX[IUTOT[Z[RIKR[RKRUX

Figura 1.6
Tipuri de aliniere

Figura 1.7
Utilizarea culorilor de
fundal pentru celulele
unui tabel
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*"
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Figura 1.8
Tabel cu celule extinse

5HYKX\GOTY[XYG.:32IUXKYV[T`ZUGXKLOM[XOOIVXOSGROTOKIUTOTKJKLOTOOG
GIKR[RKJKJGZKJKUGXKIKVXOSGJOTZXKGIKYZKGKYZKK^ZOTYVKJU[IURUGTKOGXG
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GIKR[RKJKUGXKIKGGKYZKJKLOTOZTROTOGIGUIKR[RK^ZOTYVKROTOO
 Celulele de date pot fi uneori vide, ns navigatorul nu va afia n acest caz
D chenarul corespunztor celulei. Pentru a rezolva aceast problem trebuie
7 s introducem n celula respectiv un spaiu (&nbsp;) sau un marcaj de
2
E sfrit de linie (BR).

*#
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Figura 1.9
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Figura 1.10
Grup de butoane
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n cadrul etichetelor TEXTAREA, TEXT i PASSWORD putem utiliza

atributul Readonly pentru a interzice utilizatorului modificarea valorilor prestabilite prin
atributul Value.

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Figura 1.1 1a
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Figura 1.1 1b
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Figura 1.12
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Figura 1.13 Exemplu de formular complex

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Figura 1.15
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Figura 1.16
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Figura 1.25
Marcaje fizice pentru
formatarea textului

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D fr s aib i dezavantaje. Cel mai mare inconvenient este faptul c definiiile de stil
7 nu sunt interpretate identic de navigatoarele utilizate n acest moment. Exist, de
2
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de ctre versiunile vechi ale acestora.
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actuale, iar n cazul n care o anumit formatare este indispensabil vom avea grij ca
elementul s apar n mod decent i n browser-ele care nu recunosc formatrile folosite.

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"""
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""#
Figura 2.2 Document fr definii de stil

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Figura 2.3 Documentul dup ataarea definiiilor CSS

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""$
Exemplul 2.3
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Exemplul 2.4

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8KYIXOKSK^KSVR[RGJ[MTJTGTZKZ[XSZUGXKRKJKLOTOOOJKYZOR

Exemplul 2.5
""%
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Exemplul 2.6
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Exemplul 2.7
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Exemplul 2.8.
"")
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Exemplul 2.9

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""*
Exemplul 2.10.

Figura 2.4

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TIG`[RINKTGX[R[OIKTIUTPUGX[TKRKSKTZ.:32YKVUZYZGHOROYZOR[ROMXUYOSKG
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JUZZKJJGYNKJYUROJJU[HRKMXUU\KYG[XOJMK
TSUJOSVROIOZJOSKTYO[TORK`UTKOJXKVZ[TMNO[RGXKGYUIOGZK[T[OKRKSKTZY[TZ
YZGHOROZKTL[TIOKJKJOSKTYO[TKGKRKSKTZ[R[OXKYVKIZO\JGXYKVUZSUJOLOIGYVKIOLOITJ
\GRUXOT[SKXOIKYG[VXUIKTZ[GRKVKTZX[ROSK]OJZNOTROSKNKOMNZ3UJOLOIGXKG
GIKYZUX SXOSO JKZKXSOT YIGRGXKG KRKSKTZ[R[O JK RG JOSKTYO[TORK OSVROIOZK RG
JOSKTYO[TORKYZGHOROZKK^VROIOZVXU\UITJ[TKUXOJKLUXSGXKGYG
"#!
 ,URUYOTJJKLOTOOORKJKYZORJOTK^KSVR[RGVROIGZKJUI[SKTZ[R[O.:32JOTK^KSVR[R
UHOTKSKLKIZ[RJOTLOM[XG

Exemplul 2.11
2.11

Figura 2.5

+^KSVR[RGXGZIJKLOTOOORKJKYZORVUZLOIUSHOTGZKXK`[RZTJUYIXOKXKIUSVGIZ
OIUTIOYGYZLKR

Exemplul 2.12
"#"
 6KJKGRZVGXZKVXUVXOKZORKYZ_RK]OJZNOIURUXVUZLOYKZGZKYKVGXGZVKTZX[LOKIGXK
HUXJ[XTVGXZKGGI[SGXGZK^KSVR[R

Exemplul 2.13

4f]`cZ Z Wf_UR]fcZ
,UORKJKYZOR[XOJG[JKYOMTKX[R[OVUYOHOROZGZKGJKG[ZORO`GI[RUXOVKTZX[ZK^Z[ROL[TJGR[R
KRKSKTZKRUXLUXSGZGZK*KGYKSKTKGTL[TJGR[R[T[OKRKSKTZYKVUGZKGLOGUOSGMOTK
6XUVXOKZORKLURUYOZKVKTZX[YZGHROXKGI[RUXORUXVKTZX[ZK^ZOL[TJGRY[TZIURUXO
XKYVKIZO\HGIQMXU[TJIURUXGIKYZKGV[ZTJLO[ZORO`GZKVKTZX[UXOIKKRKSKTZ.:32IK
VUYKJGIKYZKIGXGIZKXOYZOIOJKI[RUGXK
*KK^KSVR[[ZORO`GXKGVXUVXOKZOOHGIQMXU[TJIURUX HR[KVKTZX[KRKSKTZ[R(5*?\G
JKZKXSOTGGLOGXKGIUTOT[Z[R[OJUI[SKTZ[R[OVKLUTJJKI[RUGXKGRHGYZXTZOSVIK
[ZORO`GXKGGIKRKOGOJKLOTOOOSVXK[TI[KRKSKTZ[R.\GGLOGZUGZKZOZR[XORKJKTO\KR
VKLUTJGRHGYZX[
;ZORO`GXKGI[RUXOOVKTZX[ZK^ZGLUYZK^KSVROLOIGZTYKIO[TORKVXKIKJKTZK
/TYKXGXKG[TKOOSGMOTOVKL[TJGR[R[T[OKRKSKTZVXKY[V[TK
u YVKIOLOIGXKG;82[R[OLOOKX[R[OK^ZKXTIKIUTOTKOSGMOTKG
background-image: URL(adresa);
u YZGHOROXKGSUJ[R[OTIGXKOSGMOTKGYK\GXKVKZGVKL[TJGR[RKRKSKTZ[R[OVXUVXOKZGZK
[ZORGZ[TIOITJJOSKTYO[TORKOSGMOTOOY[TZSGOSOIOJKIZJOSKTYO[TORK`UTKO
JKGLOGXK!VXUVXOKZGZKGHGIQMXU[TJXKVKGZGJSOZKIG\GRUXOIUTYZGTZKRKXKVKGZ^
XKVKZGXKVKG^G5>XKVKGZ_XKVKZGXKVKG^G5?XKVKGZXKVKZGXKVKGSHKRK
G^KXKYVKIZO\TUXKVKGZOSGMOTKGT[KYZKGLOGZTSUJXKVKZGZ!
u VXKIO`GXKG IUSVUXZGSKTZ[R[O OSGMOTOO JK L[TJGR GZ[TIO ITJ JUI[SKTZ[R YK
JKX[RKG` T LKXKGYZXG TG\OMGZUX[R[O VXOT YKZGXKG VXUVXOKZOO HGIQMXU[TJ
GZZGINSKTZRG\GRUGXKGLO^KJOSGMOTKGJKL[TJGRKYZKLO^YG[YIXURROSGMOTKG
JKL[TJGRYKJKX[RKG`SVXK[TI[JUI[SKTZ[R!
u VXKIO`GXKGVU`OOKOVK\KXZOIGROUXO`UTZGRGOSGMOTOOTIGJX[R`UTKOJKGLOGXK
background-position: poz_verticala poz_orizontala;
[TJKVU`E\KXZOIGRGOVU`EUXO`UTZGRGVUZLOYVKIOLOIGZKVXOTT[SKXKTZXKMOVXOT
\GRUXOVXUIKTZ[GRKYG[VXOTIUTYZGTZK)UTYZGTZKRKVUZLOZUVYG[HUZZUSVKTZX[
VU`OOG\KXZOIGRORKLZYG[XOMNZVKTZX[VU`OOGUXO`UTZGR
8KR[SUHOT[OZ[RTUYZX[JUI[SKTZJOTLOM[XGG\TJGZGGZKJKLOTOOORKJKYZOR
JOTK^KSVR[R

"##
Exemplul 2.14

+LKIZ[RUHOT[ZKYZK

Figura 2.6

AdVfU`T]RdV 7`c^ReRcVR YZaVc]VXefcZ]`c

6YK[JUIRGYKRKY[TZIRGYKGYUIOGZK[TKOKZOINKZK.:32VGXZOI[RGXKOT[Y[TZXKLKXOZK
K^VROIOZTJUI[SKTZ[R.:32TG\OMGZUX[RLOOTJIKRIGXKRK[ZORO`KG`JGIGT[SOZKIUTJOOO
Y[TZTJKVROTOZKYG[JGIGXKRUI[TGT[SOZK\KTOSKTZ
*KK^KSVR[SGXIGP[R[O'OY[TZGYUIOGZKSGOS[RZKVYK[JUIRGYKI[SGXLOIRGYG
\OYOZKJ,UXSGZXORKYZGHOROZKVKTZX[GIKGYZVYK[JUIRGYY[TZ[ZORO`GZKJKTG\OMGZUXGZ[TIO
ITJGLOKG`[TJUI[SKTZIKIUTOTKUNOVKXRKMZ[XJKPG\O`OZGZ*GINOVKXRKMZ[XG
T[KYZK\O`OZGZTG\OMGZUX[RLURUYKZKJKLOTOOORKI[XKTZKGYUIOGZKSGXIGP[R[O'
*KLOTOXKGVXUVXOKZORUX[TKOVYK[JUIRGYKYKXKGRO`KG`VXOTYVKIOLOIGXKG[T[OYKRKIZUX
GRJKLOTOOKOJKLUXSG

"#$
 3GXIGP[R[O'OY[TZGYUIOGZK[XSZUGXKRKVYK[JUIRGYK
u ROTQvVYK[JUIRGYGYUIOGZNOVKXRKMZ[XORUXTK\O`OZGZK!
u \OYOZKJvVYK[JUIRGYGYUIOGZNOVKXRKMZ[XORUX\O`OZGZK!
u GIZO\KvVYK[JUIRGYGYUIOGZNOVKXRKMZ[XORUXGIZO\K!
u NU\KXvVYK[JUIRGYGYUIOGZK\KTOSKTZ[R[OJKZXG\KXYGXKGNOVKXRKMZ[XOOJK
IZXKI[XYUX[RSU[YK[R[O
;ZORO`GXKGVYK[JUIRGYKRUXVKTZX[KZOINKZG'VKXSOZKXKGRO`GXKG[UGXG[TUXSKTO[XO
JKUYKHOZKIGGYVKIZOIUSVUXZGSKTZ
/GZ[TK^KSVR[JKJKLOTOXKGVXUVXOKZORUXVYK[JUIRGYKRUXGYUIOGZKNOVKXRKMZ[XORUX

Exemplul 2.15
;ZORO`GXKGJKLOTOOORUXJOTK^KSVR[RGXKIGKLKIZGLOGXKGNOVKXRKMZ[XORUXTK\O`OZGZK
LURUYOTJ[TLUTZJKJOSKTYO[TKVZJKI[RUGXKXUOK2GGVGXOOGK\KTOSKTZ[R[OJKZXKIKXK
GI[XYUX[R[OSU[YK[R[OVKJKGY[VXGRKMZ[XOOYKGIZO\KG`JKLOTOOORKIUXKYV[T`ZUGXK
IRGYKO' NU\KXIKKGIKJKZKXSOTGLOGXKGZK^Z[R[ONOVKXRKMZ[XOOI[I[RUGXKGXU[TINOY
G\TJ[TLUTZI[SGOSGXKJKIZIKROTOOGROLOOTJY[HROTOGZOY[VXGROTOGZ/KOXKG
I[XYUX[R[OJOT`UTGJKGLOGXKGNOVKXRKMZ[XOOJKZKXSOTXK\KTOXKGRGYKZXORKOTOOGRK
2KMZ[XORK\O`OZGZKYK\UXGLOGI[LUTZTMXUGZGRHGYZX[LXKRKSKTZ[RJKIUXGZO\YVKIOLOI
ROTQ[XORUXY[HROTOKXKG

 Eliminarea proprietii de subliniere a unei hiperlegturi poate duce la confuzii,

D vizitatorul fiind uneori n imposibilitatea de a distinge textul de activare al
7 hiperlegturii de textul obinuit.
2 Este recomandat ca eliminarea sublinierii link-urilor s fie compensat de alte
E
formatri (modificarea consistenei, mrimii i culorii fontului, de exemplu).
;T GRZ K^KSVR[ JK VYK[JUIRGYK R IUTYZOZ[OK IRGYKRK LOXYZROTK O LOXYZRKZZKX IGXK
GYUIOG`LUXSGZXOYVKIOLOIKVXOS[R[OXTJXKYVKIZO\VXOSKOROZKXKJOTZX[TVGXGMXGL
YG[JOTZXUJO\O`O[TK+^KSVR[ROTJKTZKG`VXOSGROTOKGUXOIX[OVGXGMXGLI[IS
OYZGHORKZKVKTZX[VXOSGROZKXLUXSGZXOJOLKXOZKJKIKRKGVROIGZKZK^Z[R[OUHOT[OZ

Exemplul 2.16.
"#%
FeZ]ZkRcVRVeZTYVeV]`c5:GZDA2?
TIGVOZUR[RGSVXK`KTZGZKZOINKZKRK*/<O96'4TYKIO[TKGJKJOIGZVGXGMXGLKRUX
GXZTJIOTZXUJ[IKXKGRUXTYZGTJGXJ[R.:32GG\[ZIGXGO[TKO[ZORO`GXKGGIKYZUXG
TIUSHOTGOKI[JKLOTOOORK)99
3GXIGP[R*/<YKIUSVUXZYOSORGXKZOINKZKO6SGXITJ[TTZXKMHRUIJKIUTOT[Z
JGXT[MKTKXKG`ROTOOGRHKTZXKVGXGMXGLK
+ZOINKZG96'4JKLOTKZKUJO\O`O[TKOTROTKGJOISGXINKG`UVUXO[TKGJUI[SKTZ[R[O
JKJOSKTYO[TKSOIJKRGIZK\GI[\OTZKRGIZK\GROTOOIGXKT[GXKVXUVXOKZORK[TKO
YKIO[TOHRUIJKK^KSVR[T[YKVUGZKYZGHOROGROTOKXKGZK^Z[R[O
+ZOINKZKRK*/<O96'4Y[TZ[ZORO`GZKTYVKIOGRVKTZX[GGZGGVXUVXOKZOJKYZOR
GIKRUXVUXO[TOJOTJUI[SKTZIGXKT[VUZLOLUXSGZGZKTMKTKXGRVXOT[ZORO`GXKG[TUX
KZOINKZK.:32YG[VXOTJKLOTOOOJKYZORGZGGZKKZOINKZKRUX.:32
*KK^KSVR[JGIOTZKTOUTSYGLOSIZK\GI[\OTZKJOTZX[TVGXGMXGLI[[TLUTZ
G\TJVXUVXOKZOJOLKXOZKJKXKYZ[RZK^Z[R[O\USSGXIGYKIO[TKGXKYVKIZO\VXOTKZOINKZG
96'4OO\USGZGGJKLOTOOOJKYZORTK^KSVRKRKOY[TZVXK`KTZGZKIKRKJU[
VUYOHOROZOJKGXKGRO`GGIKYZR[IX[ VXOTJKLOTOOOOTROTKXKYVKIZO\VXOTJKLOTOXKG[TKOIRGYK

Exemplul 2.17

Exemplul 2.18

+ZOINKZG*/<YK[ZORO`KG`TZXUSGTOKXGYKSTZUGXKVKTZX[YKIO[TOJOTJUI[SKTZ
IGXKYKLUXSGZKG`IGKRKSKTZKRGTO\KRJKHRUI

"#&
 =64:2$
A`kZZ`_RcVRV]V^V_eV]`cDecRefcZ

9VKIOLOIGOORK)99G[LUYZXKGRO`GZKVKTZX[GIUSVRKZG)99I[UYKXOKJKVXUVXOKZO
[ZORKVXOTZXKGIKYZKGGLRTJ[YKVXUVXOKZORKVXO\OTJVU`OOUTGXKGKRKSKTZKRUXTIGJX[R
JUI[SKTZ[R[O=KH
6KTZX[YZGHOROXKGVU`OOKO[T[OKRKSKTZYK[ZORO`KG`[TYOYZKSJKIUUXJUTGZKG\TJ
UXOMOTKGTIUR[RJOTYZTMGY[YGLKXKYZXKOJKGLOGXKGTG\OMGZUX[R[O'IKGYZGRKMKXK
YKHG`KG`VKLGVZ[RIJGZKLOOTJS[RZOVRKRKXK`UR[OOVUYOHORKVKTZX[JOYVU`OZO\KRKJK
GLOGXKOGLGVZ[R[OILKXKGYZXGTG\OMGZUX[R[OVUGZKLOXKJOSKTYOUTGZKYZKOSVUYOHOR
JKYZGHOROZIGXKY[TZIUUXJUTGZKRKIUR[R[OJOTJXKGVZGPUYGLKXKYZXKO
+^OYZJU[SUJGROZOJKVU`OOUTGXKG[T[OKRKSKTZ
 VU`OOUTGXKGHYUR[Z VU`OOG[T[OKRKSKTZKYZKOTJKVKTJKTZJKVU`OOUTGXKG
GRZUXKRKSKTZKOYKK^VXOSVXOTIUUXJUTGZKRKIUR[R[OJOTYZTMGY[YGHU^KOJK
GLOGXKIUXKYV[T`ZUGXKXKRGZO\KRGUXOMOTKGYOYZKS[R[OJKIUUXJUTGZK!
 VU`OOUTGXK XKRGZO\  VU`OOG [T[O KRKSKTZ KYZK YZGHOROZ T L[TIOK JK VU`OG
KRKSKTZKRUXIGXKRVXKIKJ*KK^KSVR[JGIVRGYS[TVGXGMXGLJ[V[TZOZR[
GIKYZG\GLOVU`OOUTGZI[UROTOKSGOPUYTVGMOTXKRGZO\RGZOZR[RJKJKGY[VXGYG
)UUXJUTGZKRKKRKSKTZ[R[OY[TZXKRGZO\KRGIUUXJUTGZKRKKRKSKTZ[R[OVXKIKJKTZ
3UJ[RJKVU`OOUTGXKG[T[OKRKSKTZYKYZGHORKZKVXOTGRKMKXKG\GRUXOOGHYUR[ZK
XKYVKIZO\ XKRGZO\K VKTZX[ VXUVXOKZGZKG )99 VUYOZOUT 9VKIOLOIGXKG IUUXJUTGZKRUX YK
XKGRO`KG`VXOTVXUVXOKZORKZUVORKLZ<GRUXORKGIKYZUXGVUZLOT[SKXKTZXKMOYG[\GRUXO
VXUIKTZ[GRKXKRGZO\KRGJOSKTYO[TORK`UTKOJKGLOGXK9KVUZ[ZORO`GZUGZK[TOZORKJK
SY[XVKTZX[R[TMOSO ISSSOTV^

A`kZZ`_RcVR RSd`]fe
<USJKLOTOJU[KRKSKTZKRGTO\KRJKHRUIVXOTOTZKXSKJO[RKZOINKZKO*/<ORK\US
GZGGJU[IRGYKJKJKLOTOOO)99I[T[SKRKKRKSKTZXKYVKIZO\KRKSKTZ6XOS[R
KRKSKTZ\GG\KGIUR[RJOTYZTMGY[YJKIUUXJUTGZKGJOIRKLZ V^O
ZUV V^OGXGRJUORKG\GLOVU`OOUTGZTV[TIZ[RJKIUUXJUTGZK
TIGJX[RJUI[SKTZ[R[O=KHKRKSKTZKRK\UXLOVRGYGZKTVU`OOORKGHYUR[ZKYVKIOLOIGZK
OTJOLKXKTZJKRUI[RTIGXKGIKYZKGGVGXTIGJX[RY[XYKO.:32
+^KSVR[RVXK`OTZJUI[SKTZ[R.:32IKIUTOTKIKRKJU[HRUI[XOOJKLOTOOORK
)99GZGGZK5HYKX\GOSUJ[RTIGXKKYZKYVKIOLOIGZZOV[RJKVU`OOUTGXKOIUUXJUTGZKRK
GHYUR[ZKVKTZX[LOKIGXKKRKSKTZ
3UJ[RJKGLOGXKGRJUI[SKTZ[R[OYKVUGZK\KJKGTLOM[XG

Figura 2.7

"#'
Exemplul 2.19

A`kZZ`_RcVR cV]ReZg
6KTZX[K^KSVROLOIGXKGVU`OOUTXOOXKRGZO\K\USOTYKXGTZX[TJUI[SKTZ.:32JU[
ZOZR[XOJKTO\KRVXOS[RTKG\TJTOIOULUXSGZGXKOGXGRJUORKGLOOTJVU`OOUTGZI[V^
YVXKYZTMGLGJKVU`OOGYGTUXSGRXKRGZO\RGVXOS[RZOZR[

Exemplul 2.20

+LKIZ[RVUGZKLOUHYKX\GZTLOM[XG

Figura 2.8

"#(
 ;TKLKIZ\O`[GROTZKXKYGTZIGXK[ZORO`KG`ZKNTOIGVU`OOUTXOOXKRGZO\KKYZKGLOGXKG
[T[OZK^ZI[[TKLKIZJKf[SHXt;ZORO`SJU[ZOZR[XOJKTO\KRI[GIKRGOZK^ZJGX
G\TJLUXSGZXOJOLKXOZK\K`OK^KSVR[ROLOM[XG

Exemplul 2.21

Figura 2.9

Ac`acZVeReVR `gVcW]`h
6XUVXOKZGZKGU\KXLRU]YZGHORKZKI[SYKXKGRO`KG`GLOGXKGKRKSKTZKRUXGRIXUXIUTOT[Z
JKVKZKJOSKTYO[TORKJXKVZ[TMNO[R[OJKGLOGXK<GRUXORKGIKYZKOVXUVXOKZOVUZLO
u \OYOHRK v OMTUX JOSKTYO[TORK YZGHOROZK VXOT VXUVXOKZORK ]OJZN O NKOMNZ O
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u NOJJKTvYKOMTUXVXORKJOTIUTOT[ZIGXKJKVKYIJOSKTYO[TORKYZGHOROZK!
u YIXURRvYKGLOKG`HGXKJKJKX[RGXKUXO`UTZGRO\KXZOIGRIUTOT[Z[RKRKSKTZ[R[O
V[ZTJLOJKX[RGZTIGJX[RHU^KOJKGLOGXK(GXKRKJKJKX[RGXKGVGXINOGXO
GZ[TIOITJIUTOT[Z[RVUGZKLOGLOGZT`UTGYZGHOROZ!
u G[ZUvYKGLOKG`HGXKJKJKX[RGXKJUGXGZ[TIOITJKYZKIG`[R
*UI[SKTZ[R.:32JOTK^KSVR[R[XSZUXKYZKGLOGZTLOM[XG

Exemplul 2.22
"#)
Figura 2.10

DfacRaf_VcVRV]V^V_eV]`cDecRefcZ
6XUVXOKZGZKG)99`OTJK^VKXSOZKY[VXGV[TKXKGSGOS[RZUXKRKSKTZKOYZGHOROXKGUXJOTOO
TIGXKGIKYZKGY[TZGLOGZKTSUJOSVROIOZKRKSKTZKRKIGXKYKY[VXGV[TY[TZGLOGZKT
UXJOTKGTIGXKGVGXTJUI[SKTZ3UJOLOIGXKGUXJOTOOTIGXKKRKSKTZKRKY[VXGV[YKY[TZ
sYZO\[OZKtYKXKGRO`KG`VXOTYVKIOLOIGXKG[TKO\GRUXOTKT[RKVKTZX[VXUVXOKZGZKG`OTJK^
<GRUGXKGOSVROIOZGVXUVXOKZOOKYZKOYKSTOLOIVRGYGXKGKRKSKTZ[R[OTsVRGT[R
LKXKYZXKOJKGLOGXKt+RKSKTZKRKIGXKG[U\GRUGXKSGOSGXKVKTZX[`OTJK^Y[TZVRGYGZK
JKGY[VXGKRKSKTZKRUXI[\GRUGXK`OTJK^SGOSOIGJOIY[TZGLOGZKsSGOGVXUGVKJK
VXO\OZUXt
+^KSVR[RGXGZSUJ[RTIGXKY[TZVRGYGZKZXKOKRKSKTZKVXOTLURUYOXKGVXUVXOKZOO
`OTJK^

"#*
Exemplul 2.23

TSUJOSVROIOZKRKSKTZKRKGXLOLUYZGLOGZKTUXJOTKGKRKSKTZKRKSKTZKRKSKTZ
JGXVXOTYKZGXKGJOLKXOZGVXUVXOKZOO`OTJK^GSGJ[YTVRGT[RGVXUVOGZKRKSKTZ[RT
VRGT[RIKRSGOJKVXZGZKRKSKTZ[ROGXKRKSKTZ[RYKGLRVK[TYZXGZOTZKXSKJOGX
,OM[XGOR[YZXKG`KLKIZ[RUHOT[Z

Figura 2.11
2.11

 Definirea i manipularea straturilor se poate realiza i prin utilizarea etichetei LAYER,

D introdus de firma Netscape, dar aceasta nu este o etichet cuprins n standardul
7 HTML 4.0 i nu este implementat de toate navigatoarele.
2
E Este recomandabil ca straturile s fie definite i formatate prin utilizarea etichetelor
DIV i SPAN mpreun cu proprietile furnizate de foile de stiluri n cascad.

=64:2%
F_ViV^a]f4DDT`^a]Vi

)GVOZUR[RJKLGT[OVXUV[TKUVXK`KTZGXKK^NG[YZO\GZKNTOIOOLUORUXJKYZOR[XOT
IGYIGJYIUV[RLOOTJSGOJKMXGHGIKRGJKGLGSOROGXO`GIOZOZUX[RI[VXUVXOKZORKJK
HG`GRKKRKSKTZKRUX[T[OJUI[SKTZ=KH
T GIKGYZ RKIOK TK VXUV[TKS Y [ZORO`S VXUVXOKZORK )99 YZ[JOGZK T RKIOORK
GTZKXOUGXKTXKGRO`GXKG[T[OGHRUTZKSVRGZKVKTZX[JKYOMT[RVGMOTOOJKYZGXZG[T[O
YOZK=KHGGI[SKYZKOR[YZXGZJKLOM[XG

"$!
Figura 2.12

GHRUT[RGLUYZIUTYZX[OZ[ZORO`TJVU`OOUTGXKGGHYUR[ZGKRKSKTZKRUXJKJKYOMTIK
IUSV[TVGMOTG'IKYZKKRKSKTZKY[TZ
u k`_RSR__Vcf]fZKYZKLUXSGZJOTZXKOKRKSKTZKY[VXGV[YK TVRGT[RJKVXZGZYK
GLRUJO\O`O[TKJKI[RUGXKXU[TINOYIGL[TJGRVKTZX[KRKSKTZKRKZK^ZVRGYGZK
JKGY[VXG*KLOTOOORKJKYZORGYUIOGZKIKRUXZXKOKRKSKTZKY[TZ

Exemplul 2.24 (a)

"$"
 u ^V_Zf]acZ_TZaR]GLUYZJKLOTOZIGUJO\O`O[TKGJUI[SKTZ[R[OIKIUTOTKVGZX[
NOVKXRKMZ[XOOKYZKVRGYGZJKGY[VXGHGTTKX[R[O*KLOTOOORKJKYZORGZGGZKY[TZ
IUSV[YKJOTJKLOTOOORKGZGGZKJO\O`O[TOOVXUVXO[`OYKIRGYGSKTO[RGIGXKYK
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Figura 3.1 Dialogul navigator-server Web bazat pe modelul client-server

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Figura 3.2 Interaciunea browser-server Web Interpretor

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Cele mai multe dintre limbajele de programare pentru server sunt

interpretate de componenta scripting engine instruciune cu instruciune, motiv pentru
care am preferat ca denumire cuvntul interpretor.
Totui, se pot utiliza i limbaje unde script-urile trebuie compilate n prealabil, aa
cum se ntmpl n limbajele de programare de nivel nalt uzuale, caz n care denumirea de
interpretor este improprie.
De exemplu, la nceputurile programrii Web, programatorii foloseau script-uri scrise
n limbajul C, care erau compilate i executate apoi prin intermediul serverului Web.

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La fel ca multe alte proiecte software importante, PHP s-a nscut sub forma
unui mic utilitar care trebuia s rezolve o problem particular. n 1995,
Rasmus Lerdorf i-a publicat CV-ul n pagina sa Web. Pentru ca s poat
i c
tia urmri cine i-a vizitat pagina, Rasmus a introdus n pagin un marcaj special i a scris
n Perl un script CGI care s colecteze informaii despre vizitatori.
Lerdorf i-a denumit utilitarul PHP tools (Personal Home Page).
Ulterior, Lerdorf a conceput o interfa ntre clienii Web i o baz de date recurgnd la
aceeai idee: etichete HTML proprii interpretate de un script CGI scris n limbajul C.
Aplicaia a fost denumita Form Interpreters (FI).
Lerdorf a reunit codul PHP cu FI i l-a fcut public sub numele PHP/FI (acesta purtnd
i numele de PHP 2.0). Primii pai fiind fcui, a urmat contribuia comunitaii programatorilor,
care au dus la dezvoltarea PHP/FI n regim open source, pstrnd denumirea PHP.
Limbajul PHP a ajuns astzi la versiunea 5.0.

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O greeal frecvent ntlnit este aceea de a deschide din browser sursa

fiierului i de a ncerca modificarea acesteia. ncercarea nu are sori de izbnd pentru c
browser-ul afieaz efectul execuiei unui script i nu sursa acestuia!
Alt greeal se comite atunci cnd, n intenia de a rula un script, se execut dublu-click
pe fiierul ce conine script-ul. Ceea ce se afieaz este chiar sursa script-ului respectiv,
deoarece browser-ul ncarc fiierul fr a emite cererea ctre serverul Web local.
Denumirile date script-urilor trebuie s fie ct mai sugestive, s descrie fr echivoc
aciunea pe care o realizeaz. Se recomand folosirea literelor mici, a cifrelor i a
caracterului _ (underscore) pentru denumirile fiierelor. Dac lucrai n Windows nu se
fac diferene ntre majuscule i minuscule, dar n momentul n care vei plasa script-ul pe
un server Linux/Unix vei avea numai neplceri (n mediile Unix se face diferen ntre
majuscule i minuscule, deci un script cu numele MyScript.php nu va putea fi ncrcat n
browser dac se specific un URL de forma http://adresa_server/myscript.php).

5VaR_RcVRVc`cZ]`c
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C:\Apache2\htdocs\eroare.php on line 2

IGXKYKJGZUXKG`USOZKXOOIGXGIZKX[R[O
JOTT[SKRK\GXOGHORKOT6.6ZUGZK\GXOGHORKRK
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V[TIZO\OXM[RJKRGYLXOZ[RIKRKOJKGJU[GOTYZX[IO[TO

Parse error: parse error, unexpected T_VARIABLE, expecting , or

; in C:\Apache2\htdocs\eroare.php on line 4

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u ,UXSG'96[ZORO`KG`IGXGIZKX[RTRUI[RIGXGIZKX[R[O0RGLKRIGT3OIXUYULZ
'IZO\K9KX\KX6GMKYJGX[ZORO`GXKGYGGXKT[SKXUGYKIUTZXGOTJOIGOO6KTZX[G
V[ZKGLURUYOGIKGYZLUXSYKZGOUT\GRUGXKGVGXGSKZX[R[OGYVEZGMYJOTVNVOTO
6UZYGVGXVXUHRKSKJKOTZKXVXKZGXKGIUJ[R[OJKROSOZGZJKSGXIGP[RTYZOR'96
GZ[TIOITJ[ZORO`GOYKX\KX[R//9OGX'IZO\K9KX\KX6GMKYKYZKGIZO\

TIUTIR[`OK\XKIUSGTJY[ZORO`GOIUTYKI\KTZLUXSGIGTUTOIVKTZX[JKROSOZGXKG
YKI\KTKRUX6.6
"&&
 ntr-un script se pot insera oricte secvene de cod PHP, acestea putnd fi
ntrerupte n orice moment i continuate n secvena ce urmeaz. Este posibil ca o
instruciune s nceap la finalul unei secvene i s se ncheie n secvena urmtoare. Mai
multe amnunte vor fi prezentate n lecia dedicat instruciunilor PHP.

9IXOVZ[XORK6.6VUZLOJUI[SKTZGZKVXOT[ZORO`GXKGGJU[ZOV[XOJKIUSKTZGXOOG\TJ
YOTZG^GJOTROSHGP[R)
u )USKTZGXO[ YI[XZ OTYKXGZ VXOT IUTYZX[IOG ZK^Z IUSKTZGXO[R JKH[ZTJ VXOT
IGXGIZKXKRKstOZKXSOTTJ[YKRGYLXOZ[RGIKRKOGOROTOO9KSGOVUGZK[ZORO`G
OIGXGIZKX[R TRUIJKGIKYZSUJJKYVKIOLOIGXKG[T[OIUSKTZGXO[YI[XZLOOTJ
VXKR[GZJOTYIXOVZ[XORKYIXOYKTYNKRR[XORK;TO^

u )USKTZGXO[TZOTYVKSGOS[RZKROTOOOJKROSOZGZJKIGXGIZKXKRKO

Instruciunile PHP sunt expresii care se termin obligatoriu prin caracterul

punct i virgul. ntr-o expresie PHP se pot utiliza oricte spaii pe post de separator al
elementelor componente.

EZafcZUVUReVdZ^a]VT`_deR_eVgRcZRSZ]V
,OKIGXKROSHGPJKVXUMXGSGXKVXK`OTZIGXGIZKXOYZOIOYVKIOLOIKTVXO\OTGZOV[XORUX
JKJGZKVKIGXKRKGIIKVZ*KK^KSVR[ROSHGP[R6GYIGRKYZKIUTYOJKXGZ[TROSHGP
V[ZKXTOIZOVO`GZJKUGXKIKVKXSOZKJKLOTOXKGO[ZORO`GXKG[TKOVGRKZKRGXMOJKZOV[XOJK
JGZKTZOSVIKROSHGP[R))YKMYKZK[TJK\GsRGSOPRUItJOTGIKYZV[TIZJK\KJKXK
9VXKJKUYKHOXKJKSGPUXOZGZKGROSHGPKRUXJK[`MKTKXGRTROSHGP[R6.6YGVXKLKXGZ
LURUYOXKG[T[OYOYZKSLRK^OHORTVXO\OTGZOV[XORUXJKJGZKVXUMXGSGZUX[RTKG\TJVXKG
S[RZKMXOPORKMGZKJKZOV[R\GXOGHORKRUXOK^VXKYOORUX[ZORO`GZK:XKOIGXGIZKXOYZOIOY[TZ
KYKTOGRKJOTGIKYZV[TIZJK\KJKXK
u \GXOGHORKRKT[ZXKH[OKJKIRGXGZKJUSKTO[RJK\OGGR[TKO\GXOGHORKTIKVTJ
UJGZI[VXOSGGZXOH[OXKKLKIZ[GZGY[VXGGIKYZKOG!
u ROSHGP[R6.6XKGRO`KG`IUT\KXYOOG[ZUSGZKGZ[TIOITJK^VXKYOORKIUTOTUHOKIZK
JKZOV[XOJOLKXOZK!
u ZOV[R[TKO\GXOGHORKT[KYZKLO^VKZUGZJ[XGZGJK\OGGGIKYZKOGIOYKVUGZK
SUJOLOIGGZ[TIOITJ\GXOGHORKOOYKGZXOH[OKU\GRUGXKJKGRZZOV
2OSHGP[R6.6[ZORO`KG`UVZZOV[XOJKJGZKIGXKVUZLOIRGYOLOIGZKTZXKOIGZKMUXOO
" EZafcZdZ^a]V+
v EZaf]_ecVXZ_eKYZKXKVXK`KTZGZJKUHOIKOVKJKHOOOVUGZKXKOTK
T[SKXKTZXKMOJOTJUSKTO[RvGYKSKTOZOV[R[O
"&'
 RUTMJOT)UXOGZOV[R[ORUTMOTZJOT6GYIGR4[SKXKRKTZXKMOVUZLOYIXOYKT
HG`KRKOGGI[SGXGZOK^KSVR[R

Exemplul 4.1

v EZaf]cVR]U`fS]VIUTOTK\GRUXOT[SKXOIKXKVXK`KTZGZKT\OXM[RSUHORVK
JKHOOI[\GRUGXKGSG^OS^OG\TJUVXKIO`OKJKSG^OSIOLXK
`KIOSGRK'IKYZZOVIUXKYV[TJKZOV[R[OJU[HRKJOTROSHGP[R)+^KSVR[R
VXK`OTZJOLKXOZKRKSUJ[XOTIGXKVUZLOYIXOYKIUTYZGTZKRKXKGRK

Exemplul 4.2

v EZaf]]`XZTS``]VR_XKVXK`OTZS[ROSKGI[JU[KRKSKTZK ZX[KOLGRYK
2OSHGP[R6.6[ZORO`KG`IUTYZGTZKRKZX[KOLGRYKVKTZX[GYOSHURO`G\GRUXORK
JKGJK\XGJK\XGZXKYVKIZO\LGRY)UT\KTOGVXO\OTJ\GRUXORKRUMOIKKYZKIKG
JOT)) UXOIKK^VXKYOKIGXKGXK\GRUGXKTKT[RYKIUTYOJKXGJK\XGZO
UXOIKK^VXKYOKI[\GRUGXKG`KXUYG[4;22YKIUTYOJKXLGRY
v EZaf]?F==KYZKS[ROSKGI[[TYOTM[XKRKSKTZXKVXK`KTZGZVXOTIUTYZGTZG
4;22'IKGYZIUTYZGTZYKSTOLOIUTUT\GRUGXKYG[U\GRUGXKTKJKLOTOZIG
ZOV
# EZafcZdecfTefcReV
v EZaf]eRS]`fRccRjGXKIGKRKSKTZKZGHRU[XO[TOJOSKTYOUTGRKOHOJOSKTYOUTGRK
v EZaf]ZcUVTRcRTeVcVGXKIGKRKSKTZKZUGZKY[IIKYO[TORKJK`KXUYG[SGO
S[RZK IGXGIZKXK 6KTZX[ JKROSOZGXKG [T[O OX JK IGXGIZKXK YK VUZ [ZORO`G
MNOROSKRKRKYG[GVUYZXUL[XORKJOLKXKTGJOTZXKIKRKJU[[XSTJYLOKJOYI[ZGZ
VKVGXI[XY[RGIKYZ[OIGVOZUR

Exemplul 4.3

v EZaf]`SZVTe`S[VTe5HOKIZKRKXKVXK`OTZOTYZGTKGRK[TUXIRGYKVXKJKLOTOZK
YG[JKLOTOZKJK[ZORO`GZUX6XK`KTZGXKGVXUMXGSXOOUXOKTZGZKUHOKIZT6.6T[
"&(
 KYZK[T[RJOTZXKYIUV[XORKSGT[GR[R[OJKLGJKIOT[\USR[IXGI[KRKSKTZKRK
GIKYZ[OZOVJKJGZK
$ EZaf]cVdfcd<GXOGHORKRKJKGIKYZZOVY[TZLURUYOZKVKTZX[XKGRO`GXKGIUTK^O[TORUX
JOTZXKYIXOVZ[R6.6O[TKRKXKY[XYKK^ZKXTKI[SGXLOHG`KRKJKJGZKYG[LOOKXKRK
TIKRKIK[XSKG`\USOTYOYZGGY[VXGZOV[XORUXJKJGZKYOSVRKZOV[XORKYZX[IZ[XGZK
OZOV[RXKY[XYLOOTJVXK`KTZGZKJKZGROGZTIGVOZURKRK[XSZUGXK

5VWZ_ZcVRZfeZ]ZkRcVRgRcZRSZ]V]`c_A9A
/JKTZOLOIGZUXOOGYUIOGO\GXOGHORKRUX6.6Y[TZOX[XOJKIGXGIZKXKIUTYZX[OZKIUTLUXS
[XSZUGXKOXKM[RO
u VXOS[RIGXGIZKXKYZKIGXGIZKX[R
!
u GRJUORKGIGXGIZKXKYZKUHROMGZUXO[ROZKXYG[[TJKXYIUXK!
u [XSKG`[TT[SXGXHOZXGXVUYOHOR`KXUJKIGXGIZKXKROZKXYG[IOLX
+^KSVRKJKOJKTZOLOIGZUXOGYUIOGO\GXOGHORKRUXV[ZKO\KJKGTK^KSVR[R

Exemplul 4.4

Limbajul PHP utilizeaz variabile predefinite pentru a permite preluarea

unor valori ale unor variabile de sistem i utilizeaz identificatori de forma
$_NumeVariabila. De exemplu, variabila $_GET permite preluarea datelor trimise unui
script pentru prelucrare.
Este de preferat s nu utilizai nume de variabile cu prefixul $_, pentru a evita
conflictele cu variabilele de sistem.
Limbajul PHP, asemeni limbajului C/C++, este un limbaj case-sensitive, adic
majusculele i minusculele sunt tratate diferit. Astfel, identificatorii $suma, $Suma, $SuMa
i $SUMA desemneaz variabile diferite, spre deosebire de limbaje precum Pascal, unde
acestea ar fi fost considerate identice.

TROSHGP[R6.6U\GXOGHORYKIUTYOJKXJKLOTOZTSUSKTZ[RTIGXKLGIKUHOKIZ[R
[TKOGZXOH[OXOZOV[RGYUIOGZ\GXOGHORKOLOOTJZOV[RK^VXKYOKOJOTVGXZKGJXKGVZGGZXOH[OXOO
9[XSXOSK^KSVR[R[XSZUX

Exemplul 4.5

<GXOGHORG
G\GG\KGOTOOGRZOV[RTZXKMOGX\GXOGHORG
H\GLOJKZOVXKGR*[VGLOGXKG
\GRUXORUX IKRUX JU[ \GXOGHORK \GXOGHORKO
G O YK GZXOH[OK IUTYZGTZG OX JK IGXGIZKXK
sIGRI[RGZUXtGYZLKRIOZOV[R\GXOGHORKO
GYKYINOSH
"&)
5`^V_Zf]UVgZkZSZ]ZeReVR]gRcZRSZ]V]`c
*USKTO[RJK\O`OHOROZGZKGR[TKO\GXOGHORKXKVXK`OTZVUXO[TKGJOTIGJX[R[TKOGVROIGOO
TIGXK\GXOGHORGXKYVKIZO\KYZKIUTYOJKXGZJKLOTOZOVUGZKLO[ZORO`GZTROSHGP[R
6.6JUSKTO[RJK\O`OHOROZGZKGR[TKO\GXOGHORKTIKVKTSUSKTZ[RJKLOTOXOOKORGVXOSG
GZXOH[OXKKLKIZ[GZGY[VXG\GXOGHORKOOYKTINKOKTSUSKTZ[RZKXSOTXOOK^KI[ZXOO
YIXOVZ[R[O
'IKGYZXKM[RKYZK\GRGHOROTJOLKXKTZJGIYKI\KTG6.6KYZKTZXKX[VZJKYKI\KTK
.:32
;ZORO`GXKG[TKO\GXOGHORKTKJKLOTOZKLURUYOXKG[TKO\GXOGHORKTGOTZKJKGOYKLOGZXOH[OZ
U\GRUGXKT[MKTKXKG`KXUGXKRGK^KI[OKTYINOSHVXUMXGSGZUX[RVUGZK\KXOLOIG
JGIU\GXOGHORKYZKYG[T[JKLOTOZVXOTOTZKXSKJO[RL[TIOKOOYYKZ
,[TIOGOYYKZVXOSKZKIGVGXGSKZX[U\GXOGHOROXKZ[XTKG`ZX[KJGIGIKGYZG
KYZKJKLOTOZOLGRYKTIG`IUTZXGX
*USKTO[R JK \O`OHOROZGZK GR [TKO \GXOGHORK YK VUGZK TINKOG T SUSKTZ[R T IGXK
VXUMXGSGZUX[RGVKRKG`L[TIOG[TYKZG\TJIGVGXGSKZX[\GXOGHORGXKYVKIZO\*[V
[ZORO`GXKGL[TIOKO[TYKZ\GXOGHORGT[\GSGOLOIUTYOJKXGZJKLOTOZOGXGVKRGXKGL[TIOKO
OYYKZ\GXKZ[XTG\GRUGXKGLGRYK\K`OK^KSVR[R

Exemplul 4.6. (utilizarea funciilor isset i unset)

+LKIZ[RK^KI[ZXOOYIXOVZ[R[OJOTK^KSVR[RJKSGOY[YKYZKOR[YZXGZTLKXKGYZXG[XSZUGXK

4UZGOITIKXIGXKGJK[ZORO`GXKG\GXOGHORKO
GTLOTGR[RYKI\KTKOT[MKTKXKG`
KXUGXKRGK^KI[OKTZOSVIKTROSHGP[R)YG[6GYIGR[ZORO`GXKG[TKO\GXOGHORKTKJKLOTOZK
MKTKXKG`KXUGXKTIJOTKZGVGJK\KXOLOIGXKGYOTZG^KO
TYKIO[TKGJKJOIGZL[TIOORUXJKLOTOZKJK[ZORO`GZUX\USXKR[GJOYI[OGJKYVXK
JUSKTO[RJK\O`OHOROZGZKGR[TKO\GXOGHORK

"&*
5VWZ_ZcVR T`_deR_eV]`c dZ^S`]ZTV
2OSHGP[R6.6VKXSOZKJKLOTOXKGIUTYZGTZKRUXYOSHUROIKVXOT[ZORO`GXKGL[TIOKOJKLOTK
IGXKGXKYOTZG^G

,[TIOGJKLOTKJKLOTKZKU\GXOGHORI[T[SKRKOUV_eZWZTRe`cG\TJ\GRUGXKG\R]`RcV
/JKTZOLOIGZUX[RT[ZXKH[OKVXKIKJGZJKIGXGIZKX[RJURGXOVUGZKLOIUSV[YJOTROZKXKIOLXK
OIGXGIZKX[R[TJKXYIUXK6XOS[RIGXGIZKXZXKH[OKYLOKUROZKXYG[[TJKXYIUXK
'RZXKORKGVGXGSKZX[KYZKUVOUTGROGXKU\GRUGXKRUMOI JGI\GRUGXKGKYZKZX[K
GZ[TIOYKIUTYOJKXIT[SKRKIUTYZGTZKOKYZKIGYKYKTYOZO\KGIKGYZGLOOTJO\GRUGXKG
OSVROIOZGZ[TIOITJGRZXKORKGVGXGSKZX[ROVYKZK
)KOSGOS[ROJOTZXKVXUMXGSGZUXOO6.6YIXO[T[SKRKIUTYZGTZKRUXI[SGP[YI[RK
VKTZX[GLO[UXJKOJKTZOLOIGZTIGJX[RYIXOVZ[R[O
+^KSVRKJKIUTYZGTZKYOSHUROIKV[ZKO\KJKGTK^KSVR[R

Exemplul 4.7

2WZRcVRUReV]`c
'LOGXKGJGZKRUXTLKXKGYZXGTG\OMGZUX[R[OYKVUGZKXKGRO`GVXOTOTZKXSKJO[RGJU[
IUTYZX[IOOI[KLKIZKYOSROGXK KINUOVXOTZ
9OTZG^GMKTKXGRVKTZX[KINUVUGZKLOJKLOTOZGYZLKR

[TJK K^VXEgK^VXETY[TZK^VXKYOOJKZOVOXJKIGXGIZKXK
>`UUVViVTfeRcV 9KGLOKG`VKXTJJKRGYZTMGRGJXKGVZG\GRUXORKK^VXKYOORUX
K^VXEgK^VXET
+^KSVR[RVXK`OTZVGZX[SUJGROZOIUXKIZKJKGGLOGTLKXKGYZXGTG\OMGZUX[R[O
SKYGP[Rf6.6KYZKSOT[TGZt

Exemplul 4.8 (utilizarea construciei echo)

:UGZKIKRKVGZX[LUXSKJKGLOGXKJOTK^KSVR[RVXKIKJKTZYKIUTLUXSKG`JKLOTOOKO
JKYOTZG^GIUTYZX[IOKOKINU'ZXKOGLUXS[ZORO`KG`UVKXGZUX[RJKIUTIGZKTGXKG
JU[OX[XOJKIGXGIZKXKUVKXGZUX[RV[TIZ

"'!
 TZXKKINUOVXOTZK^OYZJU[JOLKXKTK
u VXOTZGIIKVZ[TYOTM[XGXM[SKTZJKIOVKXSOZKGLOGXKG[TKOYOTM[XKK^VXKYOOJK
ZOVOXJKIGXGIZKXK!
u VXOTZXKZ[XTKG`\GRUGXKGZX[KJGIGLOGXKGYGXKGRO`GZI[Y[IIKYOLGRYKT
IG`IUTZXGX

irurile de caractere afiate de echo i print pot conine orice etichet

HTML, ele aprnd n fereastra navigatorului n conformitate cu etichetele utilizate. De
exemplu, secvena echo <B>PHP</B> este <I>minunat</I> !;
va afia n fereastra naviagtorului
PHP este minunat !
Acest comportament permite afiarea rezultatelor executrii unui script formatat cu
etichete HTML.
)NOGXJGIK^OYZSGOS[RZKSUJGROZOJKIUSHOTGXKGVGXGSKZXORUXR[OKINUIKG
SGO[ZORO`GZLUXSKYZK
echo expresie_sir;
5HYKX\GOIGSK\OZGZZKXSKT[RJKL[TIOKYG[IUSGTJVXKLKXTJZKXSKT[RJK
IUTYZX[IOK;ZORO`GXKGVGXGTZK`KRUXGVXUVOKIUTYZX[IOGKINUJKYOTZG^G[TKOL[TIOOT
ZOSVIK[ZORO`GXKGLXVGXGTZK`KGSOTZKZKSGOS[RZJKUIUSGTJYZGZ[Z[RY[LOOTJ
OTIKXZJOTGIKYZV[TIZJK\KJKXK
9\KJKSGI[SLURUYOTJ[TKJKK^KSVR[RIGXKY[TZSUJGROZORKJKGLOGXKG
\GRUXORUX\GXOGHORKRUX

Exemplul 4.9. (afiarea valorii variabilelor)

5HYKX\GOUVKXGOGJKGLOGXKJOTLOTGR[RK^KSVR[R[O+\GR[GXKGK^VXKYOKOf
TX

TX#
Y[SGtYKXKGRO`KG`VXOTTRUI[OXKG\GXOGHORKRUXJOTOX[RJKIGXGIZKXKI[\GRUGXKG
GIKYZUXG5\GXOGTZKINO\GRKTZJKOSGOV[OTRO`OHORKYZK[XSZUGXKG

OX[XORKJKIGXGIZKXKVUZLOJKROSOZGZKVXOTMNOROSKRKYG[GVUYZXUL[XOGGI[SVXKIO`GS
TZXUYKIO[TKGTZKXOUGX:KYZGOKLKIZ[RK^KI[OKOYIXOVZ[R[OJOTK^KSVR[RTIGXK
MNOROSKRKRKG[LUYZTRUI[OZKI[GVUYZXUL[XORKVKTZX[JKROSOZGXKGOX[R[OGLOGZJKIUSGTJG
KINU5HYKX\GOITGIKYZIG`\GXOGHORKRKJOTOTZKXOUX[ROX[R[OT[SGOY[TZY[HYZOZ[OZK
RGGLOGXKI[\GRUXORKRUXXK`[RZGZ[RLOOTJOX[R8K`[RZGZ[RKYZK 
TX
TX#
Y[SGt
2GLKRIGTROSHGP[R))YKVUZ[ZORO`GIGXGIZKXKKYIGVKIGXGIZKXKJKK\OZGXK
VKTZX[GTRUI[OGIKRKIGXGIZKXKIKT[VUZLOGLOGZKTSUJTUXSGR;TVXOSK^KSVR[JK
IGXGIZKXTKVKXSOYTOTZKXOUX[R[T[OOXKYZKIGXGIZKX[RMNOROSKRKJKUGXKIKKYZK[ZORO`GZ
"'"
VKTZX[JKROSOZGXKGOX[R[O
)GXGIZKXKRKKYIGVKG[YOTZG^GBIGXGIZKXIKRKSGOOSVUXZGTZKLOOTJ[XSZUGXKRK
u BTvIGXGIZKX[RJKYGRZRGROTOKTU[!
u BZvIGXGIZKX[RZGH!
u BBvIGXGIZKX[RHGIQYRGYN!
u BtvIGXGIZKX[RMNOROSKRK
)GXGIZKXKRKKYIGVKT[G[KLKIZGY[VXGJUI[SKTZ[R[OGLOGZTLKXKGYZXGTG\OMGZUX[R[O
IOGY[VXGY[XYKOGIKYZ[OGGGI[SGXGZK^KSVR[R

Exemplul 4.10

9KI\KTGBtVKXSOZKOTYKXGXKGMNOROSKRKRUXTOTZKXOUX[R[T[OOXJKIGXGIZKXKJKROSOZGZ
VXOTMNOROSKRKLOOTJJKUYKHOZJK[ZORGZ[TIOITJY[TZGLOGZKKZOINKZK.:32IKIUTOT
GZXOH[ZKYTKGSOTZOSI\GRUGXKG[T[OGZXOH[Z.:32YKXKIUSGTJGLOJKROSOZGZVXOT
MNOROSKRKSGOGRKYGZ[TIOITJ\GRUGXKGKYZKIUSV[YJOTSGOS[RZKI[\OTZK

=64:2#
@aVcRe`cZZViacVdZZ

,GVZ[RI6.6KYZK[TROSHGP)ROQKROSHGPGYKSTZUXIGYOTZG^OYZORJKVXUMXGSGXK
OKYKRGO\KGROTIKKGIKVXO\KZKUVKXGZUXOOJKLOTOOTIGJX[RROSHGP[R[O5VKXGZUXOO
JOT6.6Y[TZMX[VGOT[XSZUGXKRKIGZKMUXOO
u UVKXGZUXOGXOZSKZOIO!
u UVKXGZUXOJKGZXOH[OXK!
u UVKXGZUXOJKOTIXKSKTZGXKJKIXKSKTZGXK!
u UVKXGZUXOXKRGOUTGRO!
u UVKXGZUXORUMOIO!
u UVKXGZUXOVKHOO!
u UVKXGZUXOVKOX[XOJKIGXGIZKXK!
u GROUVKXGZUXOIGXKT[VUZLOOTIR[OTIGZKMUXOORKJKSGOY[Y
TIKRKIK[XSKG`\USVXK`KTZGUVKXGZUXOOJOTLOKIGXKIGZKMUXOKK^KSVROLOITJ
SUJ[RRUXJK[ZORO`GXK
"'#
@aVcRe`cZ RcZe^VeZTZ

:UOUVKXGZUXOOGXOZSKZOIOY[TZUVKXGZUXOHOTGXO3UJ[RJK[ZORO`GXKGRGIKYZUXGYK
VUGZK\KJKGTK^KSVR[R

Exemplul 4.11
4.11

@aVcRe`cZUVRecZSfZcV
TROSHGP[R6.6UVKXGOGJKGZXOH[OXKKYZKXKGRO`GZVXOTOTZKXSKJO[R[T[OUVKXGZUX#
9OTZG^G[ZORO`GZVKTZX[GZXOH[OXKKYZK

[TJK
\GXKYZK[TOJKTZOLOIGZUXJK\GXOGHOR
>`UUVVgR]fRcV+
u YKK\GR[KG`K^VXKYOGJOTJXKGVZGGZXOH[OXOO!
u XK`[RZGZ[RUHOT[ZRGVGY[RGTZKXOUXYKYZUINKG`T`UTGJKSKSUXOKGRUIGZ
\GXOGHORKOJOTVGXZKGYZTMGGZXOH[OXOO!
u \GRUGXKGXK`[RZGZT[XSGGZXOH[OXOOKYZK\GRUGXKGK^VXKYOKOJOTVGXZKGJXKGVZ
/SVRKSKTZGXKGGZXOH[OXOOIGUVKXGZUXYVXKJKUYKHOXKJKROSHGPKVXKI[S6GYIGR
[TJKGZXOH[OXKGKYZKOTYZX[IO[TKVKXSOZK[ZORO`GXKGGZXOH[OXOOTIGJX[RGRZUXK^VXKYOO
GGI[SYKVUGZKUHYKX\GTK^KSVR[R

Exemplul 4.12
"'$
 9IXOVZ[RJOTK^KSVR[R\GGLOGJKZXKOUXO\GRUGXKGJKUGXKIKK^VXKYOGJOT
ROTOGYK\GK\GR[GJKRGJXKGVZGRGYZTMGGYZLKR
u YKK\GR[KG`GZXOH[OXKG
^#IGXKSKSUXKG`T\GXOGHORG
^\GRUGXKGOGX
\GRUGXKGGVROIXOOUVKXGZUX[R[OJKGZXOH[OXKKYZK!
u \GXOGHORKO
_OYK\GGZXOH[O\GRUGXKGK^VXKYOKOK\GR[GZKRGVGY[RVXKIKJKTZJKIO
_#!
u \GXOGHORKO
`OYK\GGZXOH[O\GRUGXKGK^VXKYOKOK\GR[GZKRGVGY[RVXKIKJKTZJKIO
`#
5GYZLKRJKGZXOH[OXKVUGXZT[SKRKJKRecZSfZcV^f]eZa]JKUGXKIKVKXSOZKGZXOH[OXKG
\GRUXOO[TKOK^VXKYOOSGOS[RZUX\GXOGHORK
TROSHGP[R6.6UVKXGZUX[RJKGZXOH[OXKYKVUGZKIUSHOTGI[[TGRZUVKXGZUXHOTGX
UVKXGZUXOOXK`[RZGOLOOTJIUTYOJKXGOUVKXGZUXOJKGZXOH[OXKIUSV[Y
9OTZG^GUVKXGZUXORUXJKGZXOH[OXKIUSV[YKYZK

[TJK`aUVKXGZUX[R[ZORO`GZVKTZX[IUSHOTGXKVUGZKLOUXOIKUVKXGZUXGXOZSKZOIRUMOI
YG[VKHOO
5VKXGZUXOOJKGZXOH[OXKIUSV[YY[TZJKUHOIKO[ZORO`GOVKTZX[GYIXOKTZXULUXS
IUSVGIZUGZXOH[OXKJKLUXSG

TK^KSVR[RV[ZKOUHYKX\GRGR[IX[IO\GUVKXGZUXOJKGZXOH[OXKIUSV[Y

Exemplul 4.13

@aVcRe`cZ UV Z_TcV^V_eRcV UVTcV^V_eRcV

5VKXGZUXOOJKOTIXKSKTZGXKJKIXKSKTZGXKXKYVKIZO\vvY[TZYVKIOLOIOROSHGP[R[O
))OVKXSOZSXOXKGXKYVKIZO\SOIUXGXKG\GRUXOO[TKO\GXOGHORKI[U[TOZGZKT
L[TIOKJKSUSKTZ[RTIGXKYKLGIKSUJOLOIGXKG\GRUXOO\GXOGHORKOG\KSUVKXGZUXOJK
u VXKOTIXKSKTZGXK!
u VXKJKIXKSKTZGXK!
u VUYZOTIXKSKTZGXK!
u VUYZJKIXKSKTZGXK

"'%
 ;ZORO`GXKGUVKXGZUXORUXJKOTIXKSKTZGXKJKIXKSKTZGXKKYZKK^KSVROLOIGZTYIXOVZ[R
JKSGOPUY

Exemplul 4.14

'ZXOH[OXKG
`#
^
_vvYKK\GR[KG`GYZLKR
u YKOTIXKSKTZKG`\GRUGXKG\GXOGHORKO
^I[U[TOZGZKJKIO
^JK\OTK!
u YKLGIKYIJKXKG
^
_IGXK\GG\KGXK`[RZGZ[R!
u YKGZXOH[OK\GXOGHORKO
`\GRUGXKG!
u YKJKIXKSKTZKG`\GRUGXKG\GXOGHORKO
_
9KI\KTGJOTK^KSVR[RJKSGOY[YVUGZKLOXKYIXOYTSUJKINO\GRKTZGYZLKR

Exemplul 4.15.

@aVcRe`cZ cV]RZ`_R]Z
5VKXGZUXOO XKRGOUTGRO Y[TZ T SGXKG RUX SGPUXOZGZK I[TUYI[O JOT ROSHGP[R JK
VXUMXGSGXKYZ[JOGZTIRGYKRKGTZKXOUGXK

5HYKX\GOK^OYZKTGGJUOUVKXGZUXOVKTZX[G\KXOLOIGJGIJU[K^VXKYOOY[TZJOLKXOZK
#O"$VXOS[RLOOTJsSUZKTOZtJOTROSHGP[R)OGXGRJUORKGJOTROSHGP[R6GYIGR5VKXGZUX[R
###XKZ[XTKG`ZX[KJGIJU[K^VXKYOOY[TZOJKTZOIKIG\GRUGXKOJKGIKRGOZOVOGX
UVKXGZUX[R##JKZKXSOTJGIJU[K^VXKYOOY[TZJOLKXOZKIG\GRUGXKOZOV
"'&
@aVcRe`cZ ]`XZTZ
6KTZX[UVKXGOORKRUMOIK[`[GRKIUTP[TIOKJOYP[TIOKOTKMGOKRUMOIROSHGP[R
6.6JKLOTKZKIZKJUOUVKXGZUXO*[HRGXKGUVKXGZUXORUXRUMOIOVKXSOZKVXUMXGSGZUX[R[O
Y[ZORO`K`K\GXOGTZGIGXKOKYZKLGSOROGXJOTGRZKROSHGPK

6KVGXI[XY[RGIKYZ[OSGT[GRTZUGZKK^KSVRKRKVXK`KTZGZK\US[ZORO`GUVKXGZUXOO
RUMOIObbO^UX
;ZORO`GXKGUVKXGZUXORUXRUMOIOVUGZKLO[XSXOZTK^KSVR[R

Exemplul 4.16

5VKXGZUX[R^UXYG[K^IR[YO\XKZ[XTKG`ZX[KJGI[TGOT[SGO[TGJOTZXKK^VXKYOORK
IXUXGROYKGVROIKYZKGJK\XGZTZOSVIKUVKXGZUX[RbbXKZ[XTKG`ZX[KJGIIKRV[OT
[TGJOTZXKK^VXKYOOKYZKGJK\XGZ

Programatorii familiarizai cu limbajul Pascal au observat lipsa parantezelor

care, n mod obligatoriu, delimiteaz o expresie Pascal ce conine operatori logici i relaionali.
Explicaia este c operatorii relaionali au prioritate mai mare dect cei logici.

@aVcRe`cZ]R_ZgV]UVSZe
5VKXGZUXOORGTO\KRJKHOZGIOUTKG`GY[VXG[TUXUVKXGT`OJKZOVTZXKMJKLGVZ
GY[VXGXKVXK`KTZXOOHOTGXKGGIKYZUXG)[K^IKVOGUVKXGZUX[R[OJKTKMGOKHOZI[HOZ
ZUOIKORGROY[TZUVKXGZUXOHOTGXOIGXKGIOUTKG`GY[VXGVKXKINORUXJKHOOJKVKGIKKGO
VU`OOKJOTIKOJUOUVKXGT`O
5VKXGZUX[RoOT\KXYKG`\GRUXORKLOKIX[OHOZJOTXKVXK`KTZGXKGHOTGXGUVKXGTJ[R[O
HOOOJK\GRUGXKJK\OTOOT\KXY

"''
 n

5VKXGZUXOOJKJKVRGYGXKVKHOOXKGRO`KG`JKVRGYGXKGHOORUX[T[OT[SXTZXKMI[[T
T[SXJKVU`OOOIZXKYZTMGYG[JXKGVZG
+^KSVR[RVXK`OTZSUJ[RJK[ZORO`GXKGUVKXGZUXORUXRUMOIORGTO\KRJKHOZ

Exemplul 4.17

9R[SIGK^KSVR[GVROIGXKGUVKXGZUX[R[O/VKHOOGY[VXGT[SKXKRUXO
 21 = 10101(2)
13 = 01101(2)
21 & 13= 00101(2)= 5

6KTZX[LOKIGXKVKXKINKJKHOOGLRGOVKGIKKGOVU`OOKTXKVXK`KTZGXKGHOTGXG
IKRUXJUOUVKXGT`OYKGVROIUVKXGZUX[R/RUMOI
'VROIGXKGUVKXGZUX[R[OJKJKVRGYGXKYVXKJXKGVZG$$GY[VXG\GRUXOOXKGRO`KG`
JKVRGYGXKGTZXKMOOXKVXK`KTZXOHOTGXKIZXKJXKGVZGI[VU`OOO $$#$$
##*KVRGYGXKGYVXKJXKGVZGI[TVU`OOOG[TKO\GRUXOTZXKMOKINO\GRKG`
I[SVXOXKGTZXKGMGGIKYZKOGI[TTZOSVIKJKVRGYGXKGYVXKYZTMGKINO\GRKG`
I[TS[ROXKG\GRUXOOI[T

@aVcRe`cZaVZcfcZUVTRcRTeVcV
2OSHGP[R6.6IUTOTKUVKXGZUX[RV[TIZIGXKIUTIGZKTKG`JU[OX[XOJKIGXGIZKXK
'IKYZGVUGZKLO[ZORO`GZOVXOTIUSHOTGXKGYGI[UVKXGZUX[RJKGZXOH[OXK\K`OK^KSVR[R


Exemplul 4.18

"'(
2]Z`aVcRe`cZ
TGIKGYZIGZKMUXOKGSOTIR[YUVKXGZUXOOVKTZX[IUTZXUR[RGLOXOOKXUXORUX5VKXGZUX[R
VKTZX[IUTZXUR[RGLOXOOKXUXORUX1GXKXUR[RJKGOTNOHGGLOGXKGSKYGPKRUXJKKXUGXK
IGXKGXV[ZKGLOMKTKXGZKJKOTYZX[IO[TKGTGOTZKGIXKOGKYZKVRGYGZ5VKXGZUX[RVUGZK
LOVRGYGZTGOTZKGUXOIXKO\GXOGHORKIUTYZGTZKK^VXKYOOYG[GVKRJKL[TIOKJGXT[
VUGZKYGVGXTGOTZKGOTYZX[IO[TORUXJKIUTZXURGK^KI[OKOOTGOTZKGJKLOTOOORUXJK
L[TIOO
5VKXGZUX[R & KYZK [ZOR GZ[TIO ITJ VXUMXGSGZUX[R JUXKZK Y GLOK`K VXUVXOORK
SKYGPKJKKXUGXKOT[SKYGPKRKYZGTJGXJGRKOTZKXVXKZUX[R[O6.6IGXKJKZKXSOT
TIKZGXKGK^KI[OKOYIXOVZ[R[O;TKUXOSKYGPKRKYZGTJGXJJKKXUGXKY[TZJKX[ZGTZK
VKTZX[\O`OZGZUX
+^KSVR[RIUTOTKUTIKXIGXKJKGJKYINOJK[TLOOKXZK^ZOTK^OYZKTZGLOGXKGKXUXOO
YZGTJGXJKYZKOTNOHGZOGX[ZORO`GZUX[R\GVXOSOSKYGP[Rs+XUGXK,OOKXOTK^OYZKTZt

Exemplul 4.19 (A)

5VKXGZUX[R&GLUYZVRGYGZTLGGL[TIOKOLUVKTVKTZX[GOTNOHGGLOGXKGSKYGP[R[O
YZGTJGXJJKKXUGXKGLOGZTIG`[RTIGXKLOOKX[RJGZKOTT[VUGZKLOJKYINOY<GXOGHORG
GYUIOGZLOOKX[R[OJGZKOT\GXOGHORJKZOVXKY[XY\GVXOSO\GRUGXKGLGRYKTIG`[R
GVGXOOKO[TKOKXUXOTL[TIOKJK\GRUGXKG\GXOGHORKO
LOYYK\GGLOG[TSKYGPJKKXUGXK
YG[YK\GVKXSOZKIUTZOT[GXKGK^KI[OKOYIXOVZ[R[O
+^KI[ZGOYIXOVZ[RJOTK^KSVR[RJ[VIKGOKROSOTGZUVKXGZUX[R&JOTY[XYG
YIXOVZ[R[OTGIKYZIG`YK\GGLOGGZZSKYGP[RJKKXUGXKYZGTJGXJIZOSKYGP[R
VXUMXGSGZUX[R[O

Exemplul 4.19 (B)

5VKXGZUX[RJKK^KI[OKKYZK[ZORO`GZVKTZX[GK^KI[ZGIUSKT`OGRKYOYZKS[R[OJK
UVKXGXKY[HIGXKX[RKG`YKX\KX[R=KH

)USGTJGK^KI[ZGZKYZKJKROSOZGZVXOTIGXGIZKX[R|HGIQZNOIQvGVUYZXULTIROTGZ
5VKXGZUX[RJKK^KI[OKJOTK^KSVR[R\GK^KI[ZGIUSGTJGOVIUTLOMJOT=OTJU]Y
IGXKVKXSOZKGLOGXKGIGXGIZKXOYZOIORUXVRIORUXJKXKKGOTYZGRGZKTYOYZKSOGGJXKYKRUX
/6[ZORO`GZKVKTZX[IUTK^O[TORKRGXKKG8K`[RZGZ[RUHOT[ZVXOTK\GR[GXKGUVKXGZUX[R[O
KYZKXK`[RZGZ[RK^KI[ZXOOIUSKT`OOOVIUTLOMIGXKYKGZXOH[OK\GXOGHORKO
K^KI

"')
 3UJ[RJK[ZORO`GXKGRUVKXGZUX[R[OJKK^KI[OKKYZKK^KSVROLOIGZTYIXOVZ[R[XSZUX

Exemplul 4.20
5VKXGZUX[RJKK^KI[OKYKVUGZKJU\KJOLUGXZK[ZORGZ[TIOITJYOYZKS[RJKUVKXGXKGR
YKX\KX[R[OMG`JKYZKJOTLGSOROG;TO^2OT[^GVKR[RGT[SOZUXIUSKT`OGRKYNKRR[R[O
YOYZKS[R[OJ[ITJRGXKGRO`GXKGSGOXGVOJOSGOYOSVRGGT[SOZUXUVKXGOOJKK^KSVR[
XKGRO`GXKGUVKXGOORUXJKYGR\GXKVKXOUJOIGHG`KRUXJKJGZK[ZORO`GZK
5VKXGZUX[RIUTJOOUTGR0+KYZKYOTM[X[RUVKXGZUXIGXKTKIKYOZZXKOUVKXGT`OUVKXGZUX
ZKXTGXOVUGZKLO[ZORVKTZX[YIXOKXKG[TUXK^VXKYOOIUTJOOUTGRKYOSVRK
9OTZG^GUVKXGZUX[R[OKYZK

[TJK K^VXKYZKUK^VXKYOKRUMOIOGXK^VXOK^VXY[TZUXOIKK^VXKYOO6.6

>`UUVVgR]fRcV
u YKK\GR[KG`K^VX!
u JGIK^VXGXK\GRUGXKGZX[KGZ[TIOXK`[RZGZ[RXKZ[XTGZJKUVKXGZUX[RIUTJOOUTGR
KYZK\GRUGXKGK^VXKYOKOK^VXGRZLKRXK`[RZGZ[RKYZK\GRUGXKGK^VXKYOKOK^VX
5VKXGZUX[RIUTJOOUTGRVKXSOZKYIXOKXKGTZXULUXSIUSVGIZG[TUXOTYZX[IO[TO
IUTJOOUTGRKXKRGZO\YOSVRKI[SGXLOJKZKXSOTGXKGSOTOS[R[OOSG^OS[R[OGJU[YG[
ZXKO\GRUXO\K`OK^KSVR[R

Exemplul 4.21
+^VXKYOG
G"
H%
SOT#
G 
SOT#
H"
I%
SOT 
IYKK\GR[KG`GYZLKR
u YKK\GR[KG`K^VXKYOG
G"
H%
SOT#
G 
SOT#
HKLKIZ[RLOOTJGZXOH[OXKG\GRUXOO
SOTOSKJOTZXK
GO
H\GXOGHORKO
SOT!

"'*
 u YKIUSVGX\GRUGXKGUHOT[ZRGVGY[RGTZKXOUXI[\GRUGXKG\GXOGHORKO
IOYK
XKZ[XTKG`SOTOS[RJOTZXKGIKYZKG
Nu se recomand utilizarea excesiv a operatorului condiional, deoarece
expresiile rezultate sunt greu de urmrit i depanat.

AcVTVUV_R `aVcRe`cZ]`c
'VROIGXKGUVKXGZUXORUXTZXUK^VXKYOKYKXKGRO`KG`TL[TIOKJKVXOUXOZGZKGLOKIX[OG
:GHKR[R[XSZUXVXK`OTZIGZKMUXOORKJKUVKXGZUXOTUXJOTKGIXKYIZUGXKGVXOUXOZOOGIKYZUXG

TK^KSVR[RYKJUXKZKIGRI[RGXKGVXUJ[Y[R[OIOLXKRUX[T[OT[SXTGZ[XGRTY
XK`[RZGZ[RT[KYZKIKRGZKVZGZ

Exemplul 4.22
"(!
 9IXOVZ[R\GGLOG\GRUGXKGTRUIJKJKUGXKIKK^VXKYOG
VXUJ[Y
TXIGXK
IUTOTKJUOUVKXGZUXOI[GIKKGOVXOUXOZGZKYK\GK\GR[GJKRGYZTMGRGJXKGVZGIGRI[RTJ
XKYZ[R SVXOXOO RG  G VXUJ[Y[R[O
VXUJ[Y
TX /TZXUJ[IKXKG JK VGXGTZK`K VKTZX[
SUJOLOIGXKG UXJOTOO KLKIZ[XOO UVKXGOORUX XK`UR\ VXUHRKSG K^VXKYOG IUXKIZ LOOTJ

VXUJ[Y
TX

4`_gVcdZZRfe`^ReVZT`_gVcdZZVia]ZTZeVUVeZa
2OSHGP[R6.6XKGRO`KG`IUT\KXYOOG[ZUSGZKJKZOVVKTZX[\GXOGHORKRKYG[IUTYZGTZKRK
JOTZXUK^VXKYOKGZ[TIOITJKYZKTK\UOK*OTV[TIZ[RJK\KJKXKGRIUT\KXYOORUXG[ZUSGZK
ROSHGP[R6.6KYZKS[RZSGOVKXSOYO\JKIZGRZKROSHGPK
)UT\KXYOORKG[ZUSGZKYKXKGRO`KG`J[V[XSZUGXKRKXKM[RO
u *GIZUOUVKXGT`OOJOTK^VXKYOKY[TZJKZOVTZXKMGZ[TIOXK`[RZGZ[RK^VXKYOKO
KYZKTZXKMOT[SGOKYZKTK\UOKJKIUT\KXYOOJKZOV
u *GI[TYOTM[XUVKXGTJKYZKJKZOVXKGRGZ[TIO\GRUXORKIKRUXRGROUVKXGT`OYK
IUT\KXZKYIRGZOV[RXKGROGXXK`[RZGZ[RLOTGRKYZKJKGIKRGOZOV
u *GI[TUVKXGTJKYZKJKZOVOXJKIGXGIZKXKGVGXJU[IG`[XO
v JGIOX[RJKIGXGIZKXKTIKVKI[U\GRUGXKT[SKXOIGZ[TIO\GRUGXKGGIKYZKOG
\GJG\GRUGXKGOX[R[O!
v JGIOX[RT[TIKVKI[U\GRUGXKT[SKXOIGZ[TIOOX[RKYZKIUTYOJKXGZIG
G\TJ\GRUGXKG`KXU
9IXOVZ[R[XSZUXK^KSVROLOISUJ[RTIGXKY[TZXKGRO`GZKIUT\KXYOORKOSVROIOZKJK
ZOVTROSHGP[R6.6

Exemplul 4.23

,[TIOG MKZZ_VK XKZ[XTKG` [T OX JK IGXGIZKXK XKVXK`KTZTJ ZOV[R K^VXKYOKO
YVKIOLOIGZKIGGXM[SKTZ
'Z[TIOITJJUXOSIG\GRUGXKG[TKOK^VXKYOOYGOH[TGT[SKZOV\GZXKH[OY
[ZORO`SUVKXGZUX[RJKIUT\KXYOKK^VROIOZJKZOV5VKXGZUX[RJKIUT\KXYOKK^VROIOZGXK
YOTZG^G

[TJKZOVEJKEJGZKVUGZKLO
u OTZYG[OTZKMKXvZOV[RTZXKM!
u JU[HRKXKGRYG[LRUGZvZOV[RXKGR!
u YZXOTMvZOV[ROXJKIGXGIZKXK

"("
Exemplul 4.24

)UT\KXYOORKJKZOVLOKIY[TZG[ZUSGZKYG[K^VROIOZKT[SUJOLOIZOV[R\GXOGHORKRUX
OSVROIGZKTIUT\KXYOK3UJOLOIGXKGZOV[R[O[TKO\GXOGHORKYKVUGZKXKGRO`GVXOTGVKR[R
L[TIOKOYKZZ_VKIGXKGXKYOTZG^G

[TJKZOVEJKEJGZKVUGZKG\KG[TGJOT\GRUXORK OTZKMKXJU[HRKYZXOTMGXXG_YG[UHPKIZ

=64:2$
:_decfTZf_ZA9A

:_decfTZf_VR ViacVdZV
TROSHGP[R6.6IGOTROSHGP[R)UXOIKK^VXKYOK[XSGZJKIGXGIZKX[RV[TIZO
\OM[RYKIUTYOJKXGLOOTYZX[IO[TKOTYZX[IO[TKGK^VXKYOK

Exemplul 4.25

+^KSVR[RIUTOTKZXKOOTYZX[IO[TOK^VXKYOK)GXGIZKX[RV[TIZO\OXM[RKYZK
ZKXSOTGZUXJKOTYZX[IO[TKSGXITJRUI[RTIGXKYKZKXSOTGIKGYZG+RKSKTZKRK[TKO
OTYZX[IO[TOYKVUZYKVGXGVXOTZX[TT[SXUGXKIGXKJKIGXGIZKXKYVGO[OZGH

:_decfTZf_VR T`^afd S]`T

/TYZX[IO[TORKVUZLOMX[VGZKTZX[TMX[VJKOTYZX[IO[TOHRUIHRUI[RLOOTJJKROSOZGZ
VXOTGIURGJK

:_decfTZf_Z T`_UZZ`_R]V
2OSHGP[R6.6L[XTO`KG`JU[OTYZX[IO[TOIUTJOOUTGRK OLOTYZX[IO[TKIUTJOOUTGR
YOSVROY]OZINOTYZX[IO[TKIUTJOOUTGRS[RZOVR
9OTZG^GOTYZX[IO[TOOOLKYZK
"(#
 [TJKK^VX2K^VX2K^VX2vK^VXKYOORUMOIK!
OTYZX[IZO[TKEOTYZX[IZO[TKEOTYZX[IZO[TKUXOIKOTYZX[IO[TO6.6!

>`UUVViVTfeRcV
,UXSG 9KK\GR[KG`K^V2OTIG`[RTIGXKGIKGYZGKYZKGJK\GXGZYKK^KI[Z
OTYZX[IO[TKE
,UXSG 9KK\GR[KG`K^V2OTIG`[RTIGXKGIKGYZGKYZKTKT[RGJK\GXGZYK
K^KI[ZOTYZX[IO[TKEGRZLKRYKK^KI[ZOTYZX[IO[TKE
,UXSG
u 9KK\GR[KG`K^V2
u *GIK^V2KYZKGJK\GXGZYKK^KI[ZOTYZX[IO[TKEOYKZXKIKRG[XSZUGXKG
OTYZX[IO[TK
u *GIK^V2KYZKLGRYYKK\GR[KG`K^V2OYKK^KI[ZOTYZX[IO[TKEJGI
K^VXKYOGKYZKGJK\XGZYG[OTYZX[IO[TKEJGIK^V2KYZKLGRY

,UXSGGOTYZX[IO[TOOOLT[GVGXKTROSHGP[R)JGXGRZKROSHGPKYVXKK^KSVR[
ROSHGP[R'*'UOSVRKSKTZKG`TGIKGYZLUXS
TK^KSVR[RJKSGOPUY\USXKGRO`G[TYIXOVZIGXKYIGRI[RK`KSOTOS[RGZXKOT[SKXK

Exemplul 4.26

*KZKXSOTGXKG SOTOS[R[O V[ZKG LO XKGRO`GZ SGO YOSVR[ JGX GS VXKLKXGZ GIKGYZ
\GXOGTZVKTZX[GK^KSVROLOIG[ZORO`GXKGIKRKOJKGZXKOGLUXSKGOTYZX[IO[TOOOL

:_decfTZf_VR dhZeTY
/TYZX[IO[TKGY]OZINKYZK[ZORO`GZGZ[TIOITJYKJUXKZKYKRKIZGXKG[TKOGIO[TO
JOTSGOS[RZKVUYOHORKOGXLURUYOXKG[TUXOTYZX[IO[TOOLOSHXOIGZKGXSOIUXGIRGXOZGZKG
YIXOVZ[R[O

"($
 9OTZG^G

[TJK
YKRKIZUXvK^VXKYOKI[\GRUXOT[SKXOIKYG[OXJKIGXGIZKXK!
\GREg\GRET IUTYZGTZKT[SKXOIKYG[OXJKIGXGIZKXK!
OTYZX[IZO[TKEgOTYZX[IZO[TKETvUXOIKOTYZX[IO[TO6.6OTIR[YO\OTYZX[IO[TKG
HRUIagc
>`UUVViVTfeRcV
u YKK\GR[KG`YKRKIZUX[R!
u JGI\GRUGXKGK^VXKYOKOYKRKIZUXKYZKKMGRI[\GREOYKK^KI[ZOTYZX[IO[TKG
IUXKYV[T`ZUGXKGIKYZ[OIG`OTYZX[IZO[TKEO!
u JGI\GRUGXKGK^VXKYOKOT[IUOTIOJKI[TOIO[TGJOTZXK\GRUXORK\GREg\GRET
GZ[TIOYKK^KI[ZOTYZX[IO[TKGYVKIOLOIGZVXOTJKLG[RZJGIK^OYZ

Instruciunea break determin ncheierea execuiei instruciunii switch i

trecerea controlului la urmtoarea instruciune. Dac omitem instruciunea break, dup
executarea instruciunii instructiune_i, se trece la executarea instruciunii instructiune_i+1
.a.m.d pn la ntlnirea unei instruciuni break sau pn la sfritul lui switch.
Specificarea unei instruciuni default este opional.

+^KSVR[RVXK`OTZ[TYIXOVZIGXKIGRI[RKG`Y[SGJOLKXKTGVXUJ[Y[RYG[
XGVUXZ[RGJU[T[SKXKTL[TIOKJK\GRUGXKG\GXOGHORKO
UVKXGZOK

"(%
Exemplul 4.27
/TYZX[IO[TKGY]OZINKYZKJKUHOIKO[ZORO`GZVKTZX[IXKGXKGSKTO[XORUXJKUVO[TO
VKTZX[LOKIGXKGRZKXTGZO\XKGRO`TJ[YKUVKXGOORKYVKIOLOIK

:_decfTZf_Z ZeVcReZgV
2OSHGP[R6.6JKLOTKZKZXKOOTYZX[IO[TOXKVKZOZO\K
u /TYZX[IO[TKGOZKXGZO\I[ZKYZOTOOGR ]NORK
u /TYZX[IO[TKGOZKXGZO\I[ZKYZLOTGR JUg]NORK
u /TYZX[IO[TKGOZKXGZO\I[T[SXI[TUYI[ZJKVGO LUX

9OTZG^G

[TJK
u K^VXK^VXK^VXK^VXvK^VXKYOO!
u OTYZX[IO[TKOTYZX[IO[TKvUXOIKOTYZX[IO[TO6.6

>`UUVViVTfeRcV+
hYZ]V
ARd" 9KK\GR[KG`K^VX
ARd# *GIK^VXKYZKGJK\GXGZGZ[TIOYKK^KI[ZIUXV[ROTYZX[IO[TOO]NORKOYKXKOG
VGYGRZLKRK^KI[OGOTYZX[IO[TOO]NORKYKTINKOK

"(&
U`rhYZ]V
ARd" 9KK^KI[ZIUXV[ROTYZX[IO[TOOJU]NORK
ARd# 9KK\GR[KG` K^VX*GI K^VXKYZKGJK\XGZYKXKOG VGYGRZLKRK^KI[OG
OTYZX[IO[TOOYKTINKOK
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ARd# *GIK^VXKYZKGJK\GXGZYKK^KI[ZOTYZX[IO[TORKJOTIUXV[ROTYZX[IO[TOOLUX!
JGIK^VXKYZKLGRYK^KI[OGOTYZX[IO[TOOLUXYKTINKOK
ARd$ 9KK\GR[KG`K^VX
ARd% 9KXKOG6GY
TIUTZOT[GXK\USVXK`KTZGIOTIO\GXOGTZKVKTZX[XK`UR\GXKGGIKRKOGOVXUHRKSK
LURUYOTJJO\KXYKOTYZX[IO[TOXKVKZOZO\K6XUHRKSGIUTYZTIGRI[RGXKG\GRUXOOLGIZUXOGR[R[O
[T[OT[SXTGZ[XGR

GRcZR_eR"
<USLURUYOOTYZX[IO[TKGW`cTsYZOR6GYIGRtGJOI[ZORO`SU\GXOGHORIUTZUX
OIGXK
OG\GRUXOJKRGRG
TI[VGY[R

Exemplul 4.28

GRcZR_eR#
<USXKGRO`GOTOOGRO`XORKTKIKYGXKTIGJX[RK^VX[TJKGS[ZORO`GZUVKXGZUX[R\OXM[R
VKTZX[GMXKMGXKGSGOS[RZUXK^VXKYOO

Exemplul 4.29

GRcZR_eR$
/TYZX[IO[TKG
XK`#
OKYZKOTIR[YTK^VXKYOGJKOTIXKSKTZGXK

Exemplul 4.30

GRcZR_eR%
8K`UR\GXKGVXUHRKSKOVXUV[YKLURUYOTJOTYZX[IO[TKGhYZ]V

"('
Exemplul 4.31

GRcZR_eR&
8K`UR\GXKGVXUHRKSKOVXUV[YKLURUYOTJOTYZX[IO[TKGJU]NORK

Exemplul 4.32

Instruciunea for a fost denumit, n debutul leciei, instruciune iterativ

cu numr cunoscut de pai deoarece aa este cunoscut structura for n literatura de
specialitate. n limbajul PHP, structura for este att de flexibil nct poate fi scris n
nenumrate moduri, inclusiv ntr-o form apropiat de instruciunea while:
$i=1;
for( ;$i<$n; )
{
. . .
$i++;
}
Prin urmare, structura for poate fi denumit structur repetitiv cu numr cunoscut de
pai, doar pentru a pstra tradiia.

:_decfTZf_Z]VScVR\ZT`_eZ_fV
/TYZX[IO[TORKHXKGQOIUTZOT[KIUTYZOZ[OKK^IKVOOJKRGVXUMXGSGXKGYZX[IZ[XGZ
JKUGXKIK VKXSOZ OKOXKG JOTZXU OZKXGOK OTJKVKTJKTZ JK IUTJOOG JK ZKXSOTGXK G
OTYZX[IO[TOOXKVKZOZO\KIGXKRKIUTOTK
/TYZX[IO[TKGHXKGQJKZKXSOTGHGTJUTGXKGK^KI[OKOOTYZX[IO[TOOOZKXGZO\KTGRIXKO
IUXVYKGLRTZOSVIKIUTZOT[KJKZKXSOTGHGTJUTGXKGOZKXGOKOI[XKTZKOZXKIKXKGRG
[XSZUGXKGOZKXGOK

"((
Exemplul 4.33

9IXOVZ[RJOTK^KSVR[RJKZKXSOTJGI[TT[SXTGZ[XGRKYZKVXOSYG[T[
6XKY[V[TKSI
TKYZKVXOS
+VXOS#:8;+*GIYKMYKZK[TJO\O`UXGRY[GZ[TIO
\GXOGHORG
+VXOSJK\OTK,'29+OGXYZX[IZ[XGLUXT[GXKYKTYYIUTZOT[KJKIOOKOS
LUXGZJOTIOIR[
;ZORO`GXKGOTYZX[IO[TOOIUTZOT[KKYZKOR[YZXGZJKK^KSVR[R

Exemplul 4.34

9IXOVZ[RJOTK^KSVR[RGTZKXOUXXKGRO`KG`GLOGXKGT[SKXKRUXTGZ[XGRKVGXKSGOSOIO
JKIZ/TYZX[IO[TKGIUTZOT[KYKK^KI[ZJKLOKIGXKJGZITJ\GRUGXKG\GXOGHORKO
O
KYZKOSVGXJKZKXSOTTJTKKLKIZ[GXKGGLOXOO\GRUXOOGIKYZKOG
+^KSVRKRKOY[TZVXK`KTZGZKJUGXVKTZX[GK^KSVROLOIGSUJ[RJK[ZORO`GXK
GROTYZX[IO[TORUXHXKGQOIUTZOT[KVXKR[IXXORKKLKIZ[GZKJKGIKYZKGV[ZTJLOXKGRO`GZK
LXGLURUYOOTYZX[IO[TORKJKTZXKX[VKXKGOZKXGOKO

Limbajul PHP conine o instruciune special conceput pentru parcurgerea

tablourilor asociative, instruciunea foreach. Sintaxa i modul de utilizare a instruciunii
foreach vor fi descrise amnunit n capitolul dedicat tablourilor.

"()
 =64:2%
5VWZ_ZcVRdfSac`XcR^V]`c

6[ZKXKG[T[OROSHGPKYZKJGZOJKVUYOHOROZORKULKXOZKJKGIKYZGJKGYZX[IZ[XGVXUMXGS[R
TY[HVXUMXGSK2OSHGP[R6.6INOGXJGIKYZK[TROSHGPJKYIXOVZOTMT[V[ZKGLGIKK^IKVOK
9[HVXUMXGSKRK6.6Y[TZJKT[SOZKL[TIOOOG[YOTZG^G

[TJK
u OTYZX[IZO[TKEgOTYZX[IZO[TKETVUZLOUXOIKOTYZX[IO[TO6.6!
u ROYZGEJKEVGXGSKZXOGXKLUXSG 
\
\g
\ETLXGYKVXKIO`GZOV[RLOKIX[O
GXM[SKTZ!GXM[SKTZKRKL[TIOKOVUGXZT[SKRKJKVGXGSKZXOLUXSGRO!
u XK`[RZGZ[R XKZ[XTGZ JK L[TIOK KYZK YVKIOLOIGZ RG LKR IG T )) VXOTZXU
OTYZX[IO[TKJKLUXSG XKZ[XTK^VXKYOK

6XOSGROTOKJOTJKLOTOOG[TKOL[TIOOIUTOTTJI[\TZ[RINKOKL[TIZOUTT[SKRKL[TIOKO
OROYZGGXM[SKTZKRUXVUGXZT[SKRKJKR_eVeYG[ac`e`eZaOGXYKI\KTGJKOTYZX[IO[TO
JKROSOZGZVXOTOTYZX[IO[TKGHRUIacYKT[SKZKT`caf]Wf_TZVZ)UXV[R[TKOL[TIOOYK
K^KI[ZGZ[TIOITJGIKGYZGKYZKGVKRGZVXOTZXUOTYZX[IO[TKJKLUXSG

2OYZGVGXGSKZXORUXGIZ[GROKYZKIUSV[YJOTZXUY[IIKYO[TKJKK^VXKYOO\GXOGHORK
YKVGXGZKVXOT\OXM[R
/GZ[TK^KSVR[JKL[TIOKYOSVRVKTZX[IGRI[R[RGXOKO[T[OJXKVZ[TMNO

Exemplul 4.35

2OSHGPKRK YZ[JOGZK VT GI[S 6GYIGR O )) OSV[TKG[ VXKIO`GXKG ZOV[R[O

VGXGSKZXORUXLUXSGROOGZOV[R[OXK`[RZGZ[R[OJKGIKKGSUJ[RJKJKLOTOXKO[ZORO`GXKG
L[TIOORUXT6.6VUGZKVXKGJKX[ZGTZ
:OV[RXK`[RZGZ[R[OXKZ[XTGZJKUL[TIOKKYZKJKZKXSOTGZJKIUT\KXYOORKG[ZUSGZKJK
ZOVKLKIZ[GZKRGK\GR[GXKGK^VXKYOKOJOTOTYZX[IO[TKGXKZ[XT'YZLKRJGIGVKRSL[TIOG
JOTK^KSVR[RI[\GRUXORKOXK`[RZGZ[R\GLOOGXJGIGVKRSL[TIOGI[
\GRUXORKOqGHIrXK`[RZGZ[R\GLO`KXU
6[ZKSYIXOKOL[TIOOIGXKT[XKZ[XTKG`U\GRUGXKGT[SKT[XSGK^KI[ZXOORUX
IG`TIGXKIUXV[RL[TIOKOT[\GIUTOTKOTYZX[IO[TKGXKZ[XT5GYZLKRJKL[TIOKKYZK
KINO\GRKTZ[R[TKOVXUIKJ[XO6GYIGRYG[G[TKOL[TIOO))I[ZOV[RXK`[RZGZ[R[O\UOJ
"(*
 TK^KSVR[RJKSGOPUYGSJKLOTOZUL[TIOKIGXKVKXSOZKGLOGXKG[T[OSKYGPLURUYOTJ
KZOINKZK.:32VKTZX[LUXSGZGXKGGIKYZ[OG

Exemplul 4.36

ARcR^VecZgR]`RcVZaRcR^VecZcVWVcZ_
TSUJOSVROIOZVGXGSKZXOZXGTYSOO[TKOL[TIOOY[TZVGXGSKZXO\GRUGXK*GIJUXOS
YLURUYOS[TVGXGSKZX[XKLKXOTKYZKY[LOIOKTZY[ZORO`SUVKXGZUX[RGJXKYTGOTZKG
VGXGSKZX[R[O+^KSVR[R[XSZUXJKYIXOKZKNTOIG[ZORO`XOOXKLKXOTKRUXTZXUL[TIOKIGXK
OTZKXYINOSH\GRUXORKGJU[\GXOGHORK

Exemplul 4.37
6[ZKSXKYIXOKK^KSVR[R[ZORO`TJUL[TIOKIGXKT[XKZ[XTKG`XK`[RZGZ[RJOXKIZ
IOVXOTOTZKXSKJO[R[T[OVGXGSKZX[ZXGTYSOYVXOTXKLKXOTTGIKYZIG`YK\GSUJOLOIG
OSUJ[RJKGVKRGRL[TIOKO

Exemplul 4.38

TIGJX[RGVKR[R[OL[TIOKOVGXGSKZX[RKLKIZO\IUXKYV[T`ZUX[T[OVGXGSKZX[LUXSGR
XKLKXOTZXKH[OKYLOKUHROMGZUXO[U\GXOGHOROGXVGXGSKZX[RKLKIZO\IUXKYV[T`ZUX
[T[OVGXGSKZX[LUXSGR\GRUGXKVUGZKLOUXOIKK^VXKYOK'YZLKRL[TIOGJOTK^KSVR[R
VUGZKLOGVKRGZVXOT

ARcR^VecZ Z^a]ZTZZ
*KLOTOOG[TKOL[TIOO6.6VUGZKYIUTOT[T[RYG[SGOS[ROVGXGSKZXOIXUXGROYK
GZXOH[OK\GRUXOOSVROIOZKTIG`[RTIGXKGVKR[RL[TIOKOYKXKGRO`KG`VXOTUSOZKXKG
VGXGSKZXORUXVKTZX[IGXKYG[JKLOTOZ\GRUXOOSVROIOZKGZ[TIOGXM[SKTZKRKXKYVKIZO\K
VXOSKYI\GRUGXKGVXKYZGHOROZJOTIGJX[RJKLOTOOKOL[TIOKO

")!
Exemplul 4.39
+YZKXKIUSGTJGZYYVKIOLOISVGXGSKZXOLUXSGROI[\GRUXOOSVROIOZKRGYLXOZ[RROYZKO
JKGXM[SKTZKGRKL[TIOKOJKLOTOZKVKTZX[GK\OZGVXUHRKSKRKIKVUZYGVGXRGGVKR

Exemplul 4.40
6XOS[RGVKRKYZKIUXKIZJKUGXKIKYKGVKRKG`L[TIOGLURUYOTJVGXGSKZXOGIZ[GRO
JGXGRJUORKGGVKR\GMKTKXGUG\KXZO`GXKJKUGXKIK\GRUGXKGIUXKYV[TJKVXOS[R[O
VGXGSKZX[LUXSGRJOTROYZGJKGXM[SKTZK
:<'OGXXK`[RZGZ[RXKZ[XTGZKYZK`KXU'R
ZXKORKGGVKRKYZKJKGYKSKTKGIUXKIZ\GRUXORKOLOOTJZXGTYSOYKVGXGSKZXORUX

:<'O
6XKVKTZX[GRZXKORKGIUTYOJKXTJ[YK\GRUGXKGOSVROIOZ
8K`UR\GXKGVXUHRKSKOIUTYZTYIXOKXKGGTZKZ[R[OL[TIOKOY[HLUXSG

GRcZRSZ]V]`TR]VZgRcZRSZ]VX]`SR]V
<GXOGHORKRKJKLOTOZKTOTZKXOUX[RIUXV[R[O[TKOL[TIOOY[TZgRcZRSZ]V]`TR]VKRKV[ZTJLO
[ZORO`GZKJUGXTIGJX[RL[TIOKOTIGXKG[LUYZJKLOTOZK<GXOGHORKRKJKLOTOZKTGLGXGIUXV[R[O
L[TIOORUXY[TZgRcZRSZ]VX]`SR]VKRKV[ZTJLO[ZORO`GZKVKZUZVGXI[XY[RYIXOVZ[R[OI[K^IKVOG
IUXV[R[OL[TIOORUX
*GIJKLOTOSU\GXOGHORMRUHGR
^O[ZORO`SGIKRGOOJKTZOLOIGZUXVKTZX[U\GXOGHOR
JOTOTZKXOUX[R[TKOL[TIOOGZ[TIO6.6IUTYOJKXI\GXOGHORG
^JOTOTZKXOUX[RL[TIOKO
KYZKU\GXOGHORRUIGRVXOT[XSGXKJOLKXOZJK\GXOGHORGMRUHGRI[GIKRGOT[SK

")"
Exemplul 4.41
<GXOGHORKRKRUIGRKY[TZJOYZX[YKUJGZI[TINKOKXKGK^KI[ZXOOL[TIOKOTIGXKG[
LUYZJKLOTOZKTIG`[RTIGXKJUXOSIGU\GXOGHORRUIGRYOVYZXK`K\GRUGXKGJKRG
[TGVKRGRL[TIOKORGGRZ[R\USJKIRGXG\GXOGHORGIGLOOTJYZGZOIVXOTZXUIUTYZX[IOKI[
YOTZG^G YZGZOI
\GXOGHOR

Exemplul 4.42
+^KSVR[ROR[YZXKG`SUJ[RJK[ZORO`GXKG[TKO\GXOGHORKYZGZOIK6XOS[RGVKRGR
L[TIOKO/TIXKSKTZGXKXKGRO`KG`JKIRGXGXKG\GXOGHORKOYZGZOIK
^OOTOOGRO`GXKGGIKYZKOG
I[\GRUGXKGv2G[XSZUGXKRKGVKR[XO\GXOGHORGYKIUTYOJKXJKLOTOZOVYZXKG`
\GRUGXKGUHOT[ZRGTINKOKXKGVXKIKJKTZ[R[OGVKRGRL[TIOKO6XOT[XSGXKYIXOVZ[RJOT
K^KSVR[RGLOKG`\GRUXORK
+^OYZIG`[XOITJKYZKTKIKYGXY[ZORO`S\GRUGXKG[TKO\GXOGHORKMRUHGRKTIGJX[R
[TKOL[TIOOR[IX[OSVUYOHORTSUJTUXSGRJGXVUYOHORJGIJUSKTO[RJK\O`OHOROZGZKGR
\GXOGHORKOMRUHGRKKYZKK^ZOTYTIGJX[RL[TIOKOVXOTZXUJKIRGXGOK
global $variabil
8KYIXOKSYIXOVZ[RJOTK^KSVR[RJKIRGXTJ\GXOGHORG
^JOTIGJX[RL[TIOKOZKYZ
IGLOOTJMRUHGR

Exemplul 4.43
")#
7f_TZZ cVTfcdZgV
TROSHGP[R6.6KYZKVKXSOYJKIRGXGXKG[TKOL[TIOOGRIXKOIUXVIUTOTK[TG[ZUGVKR

Exemplul 4.44
*KLOTOXKG[TKOL[TIOOXKI[XYO\KT[YKP[YZOLOIJKIZLUGXZKXGXTZXUGVROIGOK=KH
,[TIOORKXKI[XYO\KIUTY[SXKY[XYKOSVUXZGTZKTZOSV[RK^KI[OKOOGXYIXOKXKG[TUX
IUTJOOOJKUVXOXKKXUTGZKVUGZKVXU\UIGTKVRIKXOYKXOUGYK

7f_TZZ acVUVWZ_ZeV
2OSHGP[R6.6V[TKRGJOYVU`OOGVXUMXGSGZUXORUX[TYKZJKVKYZKJKL[TIOO
VXKJKLOTOZKMX[VGZKTSGOS[RZKIGZKMUXOOJOTZXKIGXKGSOTZOS
Q,[TIOOSGZKSGZOIK
Q ,[TIOOJKR[IX[I[\GXOGHORKRK
Q ,[TIOOVKTZX[VXKR[IXGXKGZGHRU[XORUX
Q ,[TIOOVKTZX[VXKR[IXGXKGIGXGIZKXKRUXOGOX[XORUXJKIGXGIZKXK
Q ,[TIOOJKSGTOV[RGXKGJOXKIZUGXKRUXOLOOKXKRUX
Q ,[TIOOVKTZX[VXKR[IXGXKGJGZKOOUXKO
Q ,[TIOOVKTZX[ZXGZGXKGKXUXORUX
Q ,[TIOOVKTZX[IUTZXUR[RYKYO[TORUX
Q ,[TIOOJKGIIKYRGHG`KRKJKJGZK
Q ,[TIOOMXGLOIK
Q ,[TIOOYVKIOGRO`GZKTZXGTYLKX[RJKJGZKVXOT,:6.::6656KZI
3GT[GR[RJKLGOVXUV[TKYVXK`OTZKY[IIOTZUVGXZKJOTZXKIKRKSGOOSVUXZGTZK
L[TIOO,[TIOORKXKLKXOZUGXKRGZGHRU[XOOX[XOJKIGXGIZKXKYKYO[TOJKSGTOV[RGXKG
LOOKXKRUXOVKTZX[GIIKYGXKGHG`KRUXJKJGZK\UXLOVXK`KTZGZKTIGVOZURKRK\OOZUGXK
YKIO[TKGJKLGVXK`KTZTJIZK\GL[TIOOOSVUXZGTZKJOTGRZKIGZKMUXOO

7f_TZZ ^ReV^ReZTV
2OSHGP[R6.6TIKVTJJKRG\KXYO[TKGV[TKRGJOYVU`OOKUYKXOKTZXKGMJK
IUTYZGTZKSGZKSGZOIKJOTZXKIGXKKT[SKXSIZK\GTZGHKR[RJKSGOPUY

")$
 )KRKSGOOSVUXZGTZKL[TIOOSGZKSGZOIKY[TZVXK`KTZGZKTZGHKR[R[XSZUXVKTZX[
LOKIGXKL[TIOKLOOTJYVKIOLOIGZK T[SKRKGTZKZ[ROUYI[XZJKYIXOKXK6XOTZOV\US
TKRKMKUXOIKZOVJOTROSHGP[R6.6

+^KSVR[ROR[YZXKG`SUJ[RJK[ZORO`GXKGL[TIOORUXSGZKSGZOIK

Exemplul 4.45

7f_TZZUVT`_gVcdZV_ecVSRkV]VUV_f^VcRZV

baza b1

+^KSVR[ROR[YZXKG`SUJ[RJK[ZORO`GXKGL[TIOORUXJKIUT\KXYOKTZXKHG`KRKJK
T[SKXGOK
")%
Exemplul 4.46

7f_TZZUVc`ef_[ZcVZecf_TYZVcV

,[TIOGXU[TJGIOUTKG`V[OTJOLKXOZLGJKL[TIOORKVKTZX[XUZ[TPOXKOZX[TINOKXK
YZ[JOGZKVTGI[S

Exemplul 4.47

*GIT[YKYVKIOLOIGRJUORKGGXM[SKTZGZ[TIOL[TIOGXUZ[TPKZKGXM[SKTZ[RRGIKR
SGOGVXUVOGZTZXKM*GIKYZKYVKIOLOIGZ[TT[SXJK`KIOSGRKVKTZX[XK`[RZGZGZ[TIO
XU[TJKROSOT`KIOSGRKRKTVR[YXUZ[TPOTJUVK[RZOSG
")&
7f_TZZaV_ecfXV_VcRcVR_f^VcV]`cR]VRe`RcV
3[RZKYIXOVZ[XO6.6TKIKYOZMKTKXGXKG[TUX\GRUXOGRKGZUGXK!JKK^KSVR[YKVUZ
MKTKXGVGXURKVKTZX[IUTZ[XOT[SKJKLOOKXKKZI
+^OYZSGOS[RZKL[TIOOVKTZX[MKTKXGXKGT[SKXKRUXGRKGZUGXKJGXIKGSGOXGVOJ
KYZKL[TIOGSZEXGTJIGXKGXKYOTZG^G

,[TIOGSZEXGTJXKZ[XTKG`[TT[SXTGZ[XGRGRKGZUXJOTOTZKX\GR[RA<SOT<SG^C
*GIVGXGSKZXOY[TZUSOOL[TIOGXKZ[XTKG`[TT[SXGRKGZUXTZXKO8'4*E3'>
IUTYZGTZGJKYKSTTJIKRSGOSGXKT[SXTGZ[XGRVUYOHORJKXKZ[XTGZ<GRUGXKGIUTYZGTZKO
8'4*E3'>KYZKXKZ[XTGZJKL[TIOGSZEMKZXGTJSG^

Exemplul 4.48

=64:2&
2a]ZTRZZcVk`]gReV

2a]ZTRZR"
'LOGOT[SKXKRKVXOSKJOTOTZKX\GR[RATCY[HLUXSG[T[OZGHKRG\TJ)URIURUGTK
TLOTGRYK\GGLOGT[SX[RGIKYZUXG

8K`UR\GXK

8K`UR\GXKGIKXOTKOT[XOJOIVXUHRKSKJKUYKHOZK<USIUTYOJKXGVKXTJLOKIGXK
T[SXJOTOTZKX\GR[RATCOO\USZKYZGVXUVXOKZGZKGJKVXOSGROZGZK*GIT[SX[RKYZK
VXOS\GRUGXKGGIKYZ[OG\GLOGLOGZTZXUIKR[RJKJGZKGZGHKR[R[O2GIUSVRKZGXKG
[TKOROTOOJKZGHKRGZ[TIOITJT[SX[RJKT[SKXKVXOSKKYZKS[RZOVR[JK)URYK\G
TINOJKSGXIGP[RJKYLXOZJKROTOK
9OTM[XGVXUHRKS\GLOTIG`[RTIGXKT[SX[RZUZGRJK\GRUXOVXOSKT[KYZKS[RZOVR[
JK)URVKTZX[I[RZOSGROTOKGZGHKR[R[OLOOTJOTIUSVRKZ\GLOGLOGZTKIUXKYV[T`ZUX
JKIO\GLOTK\UOKYIUSVRKZS[RZOSGROTOKGZGHKR[R[OI[IKR[RK\OJK

")'
Exemplul 4.49
+LKIZ[RK^KI[ZXOOYKI\KTKOKYZK\O`OHORTLKXKGYZXG[XSZUGXK

5HYKX\GOSUJ[RTIGXKYKI\KTKRK6.6YKTZXKX[VTYIUV[ROTYKXXOOJKIUJ.:32

2a]ZTRZR#
8KGRO`GOUJOGMXGSIGXKYXKVXK`OTZKMXGLOIYOZ[GOG\UZ[XORUXK^VXOSGZKRG[T
YUTJGPUTROTKI[ZXKO\GXOGTZKJKXYV[TY6KTZX[LOKIGXK\GXOGTZYKI[TUGZKT[SX[R
\UZ[XORUXK^VXOSGZKJKVGXZOIOVGTOORGYUTJGP

8K`UR\GXK

)GRI[RSXGVUXZ[RVXUIKTZ[GRVKTZX[LOKIGXKJOTZXKIKRKZXKO\GXOGTZK<USXKVXK`KTZG
MXGLOIGIKYZXGVUXZVXOTGLOGXKG[T[OJXKVZ[TMNOIURUXGZJKJOSKTYO[TKVXUVUXOUTGR
")(
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string number_format(expresie_real, numar_zecimale)
IGXKGXKIGXK`[RZGZOX[RUHOT[ZJOTZX[TINOKXKG\GRUXOOK^VXKYOKOXKGRKRGT[SX[RJK
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"))
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Exemplu 4.51

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")*
 2A=:42::
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?>
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$y=10;
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if($x===$y) echo 1<BR>;
else echo 0<BR>;
if((int)$x===$y) echo 1<BR>;
else echo 0<BR>;
if($x > $z) echo 1<BR>;
else echo 0<BR>;
if($x==$y) echo 1<BR>;
else echo 0<BR>;
?>
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$x=4;
$y=1;
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echo $rez;
?>
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 <?php
$x=3;
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$z=4;
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else echo 3; else echo 4;
?>
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$y= 8;
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}
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?>

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for($i=1,$rez=1; $i<=10; $rez<<=1,$i++);
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?>
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?>
G 
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$i = 2;
$numar = 21;
do {
"*#
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$i++;
}while($i<$numar);
echo $x!=1 && $numar!=2 ? NU:DA; //linia 2
?>
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{
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}
F($x, $y);
echo $x $y;
?>
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function F($a, &$b)
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<?php
function F($x)
{
global $y;
$x+=$y;

"*$
 return $x;
}
$y = 10;
echo F($y). .$y;
?>
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J 

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<?php
function F($x)
{
if($x>=0)
for($i=1;$i<$x;$i++) F($x-1);
echo $x. ;
}
?>
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 9IXOKOUL[TIOKIGXKMKTKXKG`[TT[SXGRKGZUXJKZOVXKGRG\TJVGXZKGTZXKGM
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 )[TUYITJ\GRUGXKGTZXKGM>YYKJKZKXSOTKIKRSGOSOIT[SXVXOSSGOSGXK
JKIZ>OIKRSGOSGXKT[SXVXOSSGOSOIJKIZ>9K\G[ZORO`GUL[TIOKIGXK
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 )UVOGOTLURJKX[RJKR[IX[I[XKTZLOOKXKIKIUTOTOSGMOTOTLUXSGZ06+-O
JKT[SOZORKOSGMOTKGPVMgOSGMOTKGPVM;ZORO`TJL[TIOGYIXOYRGK^KXIOO[R
VXKIKJKTZMKTKXGO[TSOTOGRH[SIGXKYIUTOTIKRKOSGMOTOGK`GZKGRZKXTGZO\
TIKR[RGYZTMXKYVKIZO\JXKGVZGZGHKR[R[OTRUI[RK^VROIGOKOYK\GGLOGT[SKRK
"*&
 LOOKX[R[OIKYZUINKG`OSGMOTKG'VKR[RL[TIOKOYK\GLGIKTIGJX[R[TKOYZX[IZ[XO
XKVKZOZO\K
 9IXOKOUL[TIOKIGXKMKTKXKG`UROYZ.:32I[KRKSKTZK:K^Z[RGYUIOGZLOKIX[O
KRKSKTZ\GLOZXGTYSOYIGVGXGSKZX[9K\UXGJ[MGTIZXKOVGXGSKZXOIGXKY
OTJOIKZOV[RROYZKOT[SKXUZGZYG[TKT[SKXUZGZLUTZ[RLURUYOZVKTZX[GLOGXKO
JOSKTYO[TKGIUXV[R[OJKROZKX,UXSGZGXKGROYZKOYK\GXKGRO`GVXOTJKLOTOOO)99
;RZOSOOZXKOVGXGSKZXO\UXG\KGJKLOTOZK\GRUXOOSVROIOZK
 8KYIXOKOGVROIGOGVXK`KTZGZTGIKYZIGVOZUR[ZORO`TJUL[TIOKVKTZX[GLOGXKG
JXKVZ[TMNO[R[OGYUIOGZ[TKOSXOSOVXUIKTZ[GRK,[TIOG\GVXOSOIGGXM[SKTZK
R[TMOSKG ROSKG I[RUGXKG ROTOKO I[RUGXKG OTZKXOUX[R[O O I[RUGXKG \GRUXOO
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OI[RUGXKYVKIOLOIGZKTZXUVU`OOKVXKIO`GZGLKXKYZXKOJKGLOGXK:K^Z[R\GLO
LUXSGZGZ[ZORO`TJSGXIGP[R"*/<$OVXUVXOKZO)99JKVU`OOUTGXKGHYUR[Z\K`O
IGVOZUR[RRKIOGOJOYV[TKXKGKRKSKTZKRUXTYZXGZ[XO;ZORO`TJGIKGYZL[TIOK
GLOGOLOOKX[R.:32IKIUTOTKGYZLKRJKKRKSKTZKG\TJVU`OOGOJOSKTYO[TORK
MKTKXGZKGRKGZUX,OKIGXKYKIO[TKGLOGZ\GLOY[VXGV[YVGXOGRVKYZKYKIO[TKG
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"*'
 &
Capitolul

ZcfcZUVTRcRTeVcVZeRS]`fcZ

Ce nvm?
u *KLOTOXKGZGHRU[XORUXOGOX[XORUXJKIGXGIZKXK
u ,[TIOOVKTZX[R[IX[RI[OX[XOJKIGXGIZKXK
u ,[TIOOJKR[IX[I[ZGHRU[XO
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De ce nvm?
8KGRO`GXKG[TKOGVROIGOO=KHINOGXJGIGIKGYZGGXKUIUSVRK^OZGZKXKJ[YT[
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6.6[ZORO`KG`I[VXKVUTJKXKTOX[XOJKIGXGIZKXKOZGHRU[XOVKTZX[ZXGTYSOZKXKG
VXKR[GXKGOVXKR[IXGXKGJGZKRUX*KGIKKGGLUYZJKLOTOZUSGXK\GXOKZGZKJKL[TIOO
VKTZX[G[[XGR[IX[RI[GIKYZKZOV[XOJKJGZK
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"*(
 =64:2"
ERS]`fcZ5VWZ_ZcVaRcTfcXVcV

TROSHGP[R6.6[TZGHRU[VUGZKLOIUTYZX[OZVXOTKT[SKXGXKGKRKSKTZKRUXYGRK
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2OSHGP[R6.6OTZXUJ[IK[TIUTIKVZTU[TIKKGIKVXO\KYZKSUJ[RJKOTJK^GXKGR
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OTJOIOJKZOVUXJOTGR6GYIGRYG[I[OTJOIOJOTS[ROSKGac)'IKYZKZGHRU[XO
VUGXZT[SKRKJKZGHRU[XOGYUIOGZO\KOGXOTJOIOOYK\UXT[SOINKO
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Exemplul 5.1
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4[SKKYZK[TZGHRU[T
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O6[ZKSVXKIO`GJGIJUXOSOTJOIOOKRKSKTZKRUX

Exemplul 5.2
TGIKYZIG`INKORKGYUIOGZKIKRUXZXKOKRKSKTZK\UXLO*KGYKSKTKG
V[ZKS[ZORO`GOX[XOJKIGXGIZKXKVKTZX[GJKLOTOINKORKKRKSKTZKRUX

Exemplul 5.3
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GXK[XSZUGXKGYOTZG^

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 [TJK
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UVOUTGR!
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ZGHRU[R[O
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+^KSVR[RVUGZKLOXKYIXOYGYZLKR

Exemplul 5.4
9VKIOLOIGXKGINKORUXKRKSKTZKRUXKYZKUVOUTGRTIG`[RTIGXKT[YKYVKIOLOI
TOIOUINKOKYKIUTYOJKXIZGHRU[RJKLOTOZKYZKOTJK^GZI[OTJOIOJKZOVTGZ[XGRVXOS[R
G\TJ\GRUGXKG

Exemplul 5.5
+YZKVUYOHORYGYUIOKSINKO[TUXKRKSKTZKOGXGRZUXGT[TGIKYZIG`ZGHRU[RT[\G
SGOV[ZKGLOVGXI[XYTSUJTUXSGRLURUYOTJUOTYZX[IO[TKXKVKZOZO\JOTZXKIKRKYZ[JOGZK

Exemplul 5.6
+^KSVR[RGXGZI[SYKVUGZKIUTYZX[O[TZGHRU[I[[TT[SXVXKIO`GZJKKRKSKTZK
G\TJ\GRUGXKGOTOOGR`KXU

Exemplul 5.7

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VXUHRKSGVGXI[XMKXOO[TKOGYZLKRJKYZX[IZ[XO

"**
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\GRUXOIUTYKI[ZO\KTIKVTJJKRG\GRUGXKG`KXU;TGYZLKRJKZGHRU[YKSGOT[SKZKO
ZGHRU[YKI\KTOGR
8KR[S[TK^KSVR[GTZKXOUXIUSVRKZGZI[YKI\KTGJKGLOGXKGZ[Z[XUXKRKSKTZKRUX
ZGHRU[R[O

Exemplul 5.8

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ZGHRU[VKTZX[GJKZKXSOTGOTJOIKRKSG^OSGR
ZGHRU[R[O
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RGLKRIGTUXOIKROSHGPJKVXUMXGSGXK[`[GR
6GXI[XMKXKG[T[OZGHRU[GYUIOGZO\YK\GXKGRO`GI[GP[ZUX[ROTYZX[IO[TOOLUXKGIN
IGXKGXK[XSZUGXKGYOTZG^

[TJK
u
ZGHRU[XKVXK`OTZT[SKRKZGHRU[R[OVKIGXKRVGXI[XMKS!
u
INKOKKYZKOTJOIKRKKRKSKTZ[R[OI[XKTZ!
u
\GRUGXKKYZK\GRUGXKGKRKSKTZ[R[OI[XKTZ

>`UUVViVTfeRcV+
2OSHGP[R6.6SKSUXKG`VKTZX[LOKIGXKZGHRU[[TOTJOIGZUXGRKRKSKTZ[R[OI[XKTZ
T[SOZVUOTZKXOTZKXTGRZGHRU[R[O/TYZX[IO[TKGLUXKGINVGXI[XMK[TZGHRU[GYUIOGZO\O
VKTZX[LOKIGXKKRKSKTZGRGIKYZ[OGJKZKXSOTINKOGO\GRUGXKGGIKYZKGLOOTJSKSUXGZK
T\GXOGHORKRKYVKIOLOIGZK
INKOKO
\GRUGXK
+RKSKTZKRKY[TZVGXI[XYKTUXJOTKGYVKIOLOIGZTSUSKTZ[RIUTYZX[OXOOZGHRU[R[O
/GZ[TK^KSVR[IUTIXKZJK[ZORO`GXKGGIKYZKOOTYZX[IO[TOVKTZX[JKZKXSOTGXKGVKXYUGTKO
IGXKGXKYGRGXO[RSG^OS

Exemplul 5.9
#!!
 *GIJUXOSYVGXI[XMKSZGHRU[RJUGXT\KJKXKGVXKR[IXXOO\GRUXOOKRKSKTZKRUXYGRK
LXYTKOTZKXKYK`KINKOGGYUIOGZGZ[TIO\USVXUIKJGVXKI[STK^KSVR[R

Exemplul 5.10

'IKRGOZGHRU[VUGZKG\KGGZZOTJOIOT[SKXOIOIZOOTJOIOJKZOVOXJKIGXGIZKXK
TYVGXI[XMKXKGGIKYZ[OGT[SGOVUGZKLOXKGRO`GZYKI\KTOGRTK^KSVR[RGS
IUTYZX[OZ[TZGHRU[I[KRKSKTZKG\TJKRKSKTZKRKOGJ[MTJ[RZKXOUX
[TKRKSKTZG\TJINKOGsSGSGt

Exemplul 5.11 (a)

5.11

'LOGXKGYKI\KTOGRGZGHRU[R[OT[VKXSOZKGIIKY[RRGKRKSKTZ[R
\AqSGSGrCJKO
GIKYZGGVGXOTK\KIZUX[R[OT[SX[RZUZGRJKKRKSKTZKKYZK6GXI[XMKXKGZGHRU[R[OI[
GP[ZUX[ROTYZX[IO[TOOLUXKGINGJOIZXGZGXKGZGHRU[R[OIGZGHRU[GYUIOGZO\VKXSOZKGLOGXKG
Z[Z[XUXKRKSKTZKRUX9KI\KTGJOTK^KSVR[RGLOKG`

Exemplul 5.11(b)
5.11(b)

ARcTfcXVcVRf_fZeRS]`fW`]`dZ_UWf_TZZUVeZa]Zde
TYKIO[TKGVXKIKJKTZGSJOYI[ZGZJKYVXKOTJOIGZUX[ROTZKXTGYUIOGZLOKIX[OZGHRU[
IGXKOSUJOLOI\GRUGXKGVKVGXI[XY[RVGXI[XMKXOOZGHRU[R[OT6.6Y[TZJKLOTOZKSGO
S[RZKL[TIOOIGXKVKXSOZJKVRGYGXKGTGOTZKOTGVUOTIGJX[R[T[OZGHRU[VXKI[SO
VXKR[GXKG\GRUXOOOGINKOOGYUIOGZK[T[OKRKSKTZ

#!"
 ,[TIOORKGSOTZOZKYKGVKRKG`G\TJIGVGXGSKZX[ZGHRU[RVGXI[XYYOTZG^GGIKYZUXGLOOTJ
u ZOVI[XXKTZGXXG_ZGHRU[vXKZ[XTKG`\GRUGXKGKRKSKTZ[R[OI[XKTZ!
u ZOVQK_GXXG_ZGHRU[vTZUGXIKINKOGGYUIOGZKRKSKTZ[R[OI[XKTZ!
u ZOV TK^ZGXXG_ ZGHRU[ v XKZ[XTKG` \GRUGXKG KRKSKTZ[R[O I[XKTZ JKVRGYTJ
OTJOIGZUX[ROTZKXTRG[XSZUX[RKRKSKTZJOTZGHRU[!
u ZOV VXK\GXXG_ ZGHRU[ v XKZ[XTKG` \GRUGXKG KRKSKTZ[R[O I[XKTZ JKVRGYTJ
OTJOIGZUX[ROTZKXTRGVXKIKJKTZ[RKRKSKTZJOTZGHRU[!
u ZOVXKYKZGXXG_ZGHRU[vS[ZOTJOIGZUX[ROTZKXTRGVXOS[RKRKSKTZGRZGHRU[R[OO
XKZ[XTKG`\GRUGXKGGIKYZ[OG!
u ZOVKTJGXXG_ZGHRU[vS[ZOTJOIGZUX[ROTZKXTRG[RZOS[RKRKSKTZGRZGHRU[R[OO
XKZ[XTKG`\GRUGXKGGIKYZ[OG
9IXOVZ[RJOTK^KSVR[RVGXI[XMK[TZGHRU[LURUYOTJL[TIOORKROYZOGLOKG`
ZUGZKVKXKINORKKRKSKTZK\GRUGXKJOTZX[TZGHRU[GYUIOGZO\

Exemplul 5.12

5GRZVYK[JUL[TIOK6.6JOTIGZKMUXOGL[TIOORUXJKZOVROYZKYZKL[TIOGROYZIGXK
VKXSOZKVXKR[GXKG\GRUXORUXJOTZX[TZGHRU[OGZXOH[OXKGGIKYZUXG[TKOROYZKJK\GXOGHORK
,[TIOGROYZYK[ZORO`KG`TK^VXKYOOJKLUXSG

[TJK
u
\
\g
\ETXKVXK`OTZUROYZJK\GXOGHORK!
u
ZGHRU[KYZKU\GXOGHORJKZOVGXXG_
T[XSGK\GR[XOOK^VXKYOKO\GRUGXKG
ZGHRU[ACYKGZXOH[OK\GXOGHORKO
\\GRUGXKG

ZGHRU[ATCYKGZXOH[OK\GXOGHORKO
\ET

Exemplul 5.13

,[TIOGROYZVUGZKLOIUTYOJKXGZOT\KXYGL[TIOKOGXXG_JKUGXKIKSVGXZKKRKSKTZKRK
[TKO\GXOGHORKJKZOVYZX[IZ[XGZTZX[TYKZJK\GRUXOYIGRGXK

4`_decfZcVR f_fZ eRS]`f SZUZ^V_dZ`_R]

:GHRU[XORKHOJOSKTYOUTGRKY[TZIK\GSGOXGX[ZORO`GZKTROSHGP[R6.6JGXJKLOTOXKG
GIKYZUXGKYZKVUYOHORVXOTOTZKXSKJO[RL[TIOKOGXXG_;TZGHRU[HOJOSKTYOUTGRKYZK
VXO\OZIGLOOTJ[TZGHRU[[TOJOSKTYOUTGRI[KRKSKTZKJKZOVZGHRU[
)UTYZX[OXKG[T[OZGHRU[HOJOSKTYOUTGRI[JU[ROTOOOZXKOIURUGTKIKIUTOTKKRKSKTZK
TZXKMOVUGZKLOXKGRO`GZIGTK^KSVR[R

#!#
Exemplul 5.14

=64:2#
7f_TZZaV_ecf]fTcf]TfeRS]`fcZ

9VXKJKUYKHOXKJKROSHGPKRKJK[`MKTKXGRROSHGP[R6.6JKLOTKZKT[SKXUGYKL[TIOO
VKTZX[VXKR[IXGXKGJGZKRUXSKSUXGZKTZGHRU[XOJKRGL[TIOOVKTZX[YUXZGXKG\GRUXORUX
VTRGL[TIOOIUSVRK^KIKVKXSOZVXKR[GXKGJGZKRUXJOTHG`KRKJKJGZKTZGHRU[XOGYUIOGZO\K
'IKYZKL[TIOOXKGRO`KG`G[ZUSGZS[RZKVXKR[IXXO[`[GRKGY[VXGJGZKRUXJOTZX[T
ZGHRU[VKXSOTJVXUMXGSGZUX[R[OYYKIUTIKTZXK`KGY[VXGGVROIGOKOIUTYZX[OZKLX
GLOJOYZXGYJKGST[TZK
2KIOGJKLGXKGRO`KG`UZXKIKXKTXK\OYZGIKRUXSGOOSVUXZGTZKL[TIOOVKTZX[
R[IX[RI[ZGHRU[XOK^IKVZTJ[RKVKIKRK[ZORO`GZKVKTZX[VXKR[GXKGJGZKRUXXKZ[XTGZKJK
OTZKXUMXORK972GY[VXGHG`KRUXJKJGZK

D`ceRcVReRS]`fcZ]`c
2OSHGP[R6.6L[XTO`KG`USGXK\GXOKZGZKJKL[TIOOVXKJKLOTOZKVKTZX[YUXZGXKG
ZGHRU[XORUX[TOJOSKTYOUTGRKVXK`KTZGZKYOTZKZOITZGHKR[R[XSZUX

+^KSVR[RYUXZKG`KRKSKTZKRK[T[OZGHRU[YKI\KTOGRTL[TIOKJK\GRUGXKGGIKYZUXG

Exemplul 5.15
#!$
 9KI\KTG[XSZUGXKYUXZKG`[TZGHRU[GYUIOGZO\TL[TIOKJKINKOKKRKSKTZKRK
LOOTJGLOGZKTUXJOTKGGRLGHKZOIGT[SKR[O

Exemplul 5.16

7f_TZZaV_ecfacV]fTcRcVRV]V^V_eV]`cf_fZeRS]`f
2OSHGP[R6.6IUTOTKUS[RZOZ[JOTKJKL[TIOOIKVKXSOZZXGTYLUXSGXKGZGHRU[XORUX
I[ZGXKGINKORUXOK^ZXGMKXKGKRKSKTZKRUX6XOTIOVGRKRKL[TIOOIGXKUVKXKG`GY[VXG
KRKSKTZKRUXJOTZX[TZGHRU[Y[TZJKZGROGZKTIUTZOT[GXK

'XXG_EQK_EK^OYZY
DZ_eRiR+

GR]`RcVcVefc_Re+
,[TIOGXKZ[XTKG`:8;+JGI\GRUGXKG<GRKYZKGYUIOGZINKOO[T[OKRKSKTZGR
ZGHRU[R[O:

Exemplul 5.17

'XXG_EQK_Y
DZ_eRiR+

GR]`RcVcVefc_Re+
,[TIOGXKZ[XTKG`[TZGHRU[[TOJOSKTYOUTGRIKIUTOTKZUGZKINKORKJOTZGHRU[R:
IGXKY[TZGYUIOGZK[TUXKRKSKTZKI[\GRUGXKG<GR*GIGRJUORKGVGXGSKZX[KYZKUSOY
GZ[TIO\KIZUX[RXK`[RZGZIUTOTKZUGZKINKORKGYUIOGZKKRKSKTZKRUXJOT:

#!%
Exemplul 5.18

'XXG_E\GR[KY
DZ_eRiR+

GR]`RcVcVefc_Re+
,[TIOGXKZ[XTKG`[TZGHRU[IKIUTOTKGIKRKGOKRKSKTZKIGO:TGIKKGOUXJOTK
JGXINKORKGYUIOGZKGIKYZUXGY[TZT[SKXKTZXKMOTZXKOIU[TZ:

Exemplul 5.19

6[ZKSIUTYOJKXGIL[TIOGGXXG_E\GR[KYZXGTYLUXS[TZGHRU[GYUIOGZO\TZX[T[R
YKI\KTOGR

'XXG_EIU[TZE\GR[KY
DZ_eRiR+

GR]`RcVcVefc_Re+
,[TIOGGIIKVZIGVGXGSKZX[[TZGHRU[:OTZUGXIKIGXK`[RZGZ[TZGHRU[GYUIOGZO\
IGXKGXKJXKVZINKO\GRUXORKJOYZOTIZKJOT:OGXIG\GRUXOT[SX[RJKGVGXOOOGRKLOKIXKO
INKOTZGHRU[ROTOOGR:

#!&
Exemplul 5.20

,[TIOGKYZKJKUYKHOZJK[ZORVKTZX[JKZKXSOTGXKGLXKI\KTKOJKGVGXOOKG[TUX
\GRUXO9KI\KTG6.6JOTK^KSVR[RJKZKXSOTT[SX[RJKGVGXOOOGRLOKIX[OKRKSKTZ
JOTZGHRU[R:ZGHRU[RGYUIOGZO\XK`[RZGZLOOTJYUXZGZI[GP[ZUX[RL[TIOKOQYUXZ

'XXG_ESKXMK
DZ_eRiR+

GR]`RcVcVefc_Re+
,[TIOGGXXG_ESKXMKVKXSOZKIUTIGZKTGXKGKRKSKTZKRUXGJU[YG[SGOS[RZK
ZGHRU[XOXK`[RZGZ[RLOOTJ[TTU[ZGHRU[IGXKIUTOTKKRKSKTZKRKVXOS[R[OZGHRU[GVUO
KRKSKTZKRKIKR[OJKGRJUORKGZGHRU[KZI
9KI\KTG6.6JOTK^KSVR[RXKGRO`KG`IUTIGZKTGXKGGZXKOZGHRU[XO::O:

Exemplul 5.21

'XXG_EYROIK
DZ_eRiR+

GR]`RcVcVefc_Re+
'XXG_EYROIKXKZ[XTKG`TZX[TZGHRU[UYKI\KTJK2MKRKSKTZKJOT:TIKVTJJK
RGKRKSKTZ[R:A6U`C

#!'
Exemplul 5.22
,[TIOGGXXG_EYROIKXKZ[XTKG`YKI\KTGJKKRKSKTZKJOT:TIKVTJJKRGKRKSKTZ[R
:A6U`COVTRGYLXOZ[RZGHRU[R[OGZ[TIOITJVGXGSKZX[R2MKYZKUSOY

'XXG_EY[S
DZ_eRiR+

GR]`RcVcVefc_Re+
,[TIOGIGRI[RKG`Y[SGKRKSKTZKRUXJOTZGHRU[R:TZUXITJ\GRUGXKGUHOT[Z
*GIKRKSKTZKRKJOT:T[Y[TZJKZOVT[SKXOIGZ[TIORGJKZKXSOTGXKGY[SKOYK
GVROIXKM[RORKJKIUT\KXYOKG[ZUSGZ

Exemplul 5.23

'XXG_E[TOW[K
DZ_eRiR+

GR]`RcVcVefc_Re+
,[TIOGGXXG_E[TOW[KXKZ[XTKG`[TZGHRU[IUTYZX[OZVXOTKROSOTGXKGKRKSKTZKRUX
J[VROIGZJOTZGHRU[R:

Exemplul 5.24
#!(
DeZgV Z T`kZ
2OSHGP[R6.6V[TKRGJOYVU`OOG[ZORO`GZUX[R[OL[TIOOVXKJKLOTOZKVKTZX[R[IX[RI[
YZX[IZ[XOJKJGZKIGXKG[UGT[SOZJOYIOVROTTVXO\OTGOTYKXXOOKROSOTXOOKRKSKTZKRUX
YZO\KOIU`O
9ZO\KRKOIU`ORKY[TZOSVRKSKTZGZKI[GP[ZUX[RZGHRU[XORUXOGXL[TIOORKJKOTYKXGXKO
K^ZXGMKXKG[YOTZG^G

GR]`RcVcVefc_Re+
,[TIOGRccRjPafdYGJG[M[T[RYG[SGOS[RZKKRKSKTZK\GR\GRgTYZO\G
9:XKZ[XTTJTU[RT[SXJKKRKSKTZKJOTYZO\
,[TIOG RccRjPf_dYZWe GJG[M [T[R YG[ SGO S[RZK KRKSKTZK \GR \GRg RG
TIKV[Z[RIU`OO7XKZ[XTTJT[SX[RJKKRKSKTZKJOTIUGJ
,[TIOG RccRjPa`a K^ZXGMK KRKSKTZ[R JOT \XL[R YZO\KO 9: [RZOS[R KRKSKTZ O
XKZ[XTKG`\GRUGXKGGIKYZ[OG*GIYZO\GKYZK\OJGZ[TIO\GRUGXKGTZUGXYKYZK
4;22
,[TIOGRccRjPdYZWeK^ZXGMKVXOS[RKRKSKTZJOTIUGJG7OXKZ[XTKG`\GRUGXKG
GIKYZ[OG*GITIUGJT[K^OYZKRKSKTZKGZ[TIO\GRUGXKGTZUGXYKYZK4;22
+^KSVR[RVXK`OTZUL[TIOKJKIUT\KXYOKG[T[OT[SXTGZ[XGRJOTHG`GT
HG`G  [ZORO`TJ U YZO\ VKTZX[ XKOTKXKG XKYZ[XORUX UHOT[ZK O VKTZX[ IUSV[TKXKG
XK`[RZGZ[R[O

Exemplul 5.25

#!)
 =64:2$
ZcfcZUVTRcRTeVcV

4UO[TOXKLKXOZUGXKRGOX[XORKJKIGXGIZKXKG[LUYZVXK`KTZGZKY[SGXOTIGVOZURKRK
VXKIKJKTZKIGY[VUXZVKTZX[[ZORO`GXKGL[TIOORUXJKGLOGXKGJGZKRUXOVKTZX[IUTYZX[OXKG
ZGHRU[XORUXTXK`[SGZVXOTIOVGRKRKIGXGIZKXOYZOIOGRKOX[XORUXJKIGXGIZKXKY[TZ
u IUTYZGTZKRKOXJKIGXGIZKXKY[TZJKROSOZGZKVXOTMNOROSKRKYG[GVUYZXUL[XOJOLKXKTG
IUTYZTJTSUJ[RJKK\GR[GXKG\GXOGHORKRUXIUTOT[ZKJKGIKYZKG JKROSOZGXKG
YOX[R[OVXOTMNOROSKRKVKXSOZKGLOGXKG\GRUXORUX\GXOGHORKRUXJOTOTZKXOUX[ROX[R[O
TZOSVIK[ZORO`GXKGGVUYZXUL[XORUXJKZKXSOTGLOGXKGOX[R[OGGI[SKYZKYIXOY!
u TOTZKXOUX[ROX[XORUXYKVUZ[ZORO`GIGXGIZKXKKYIGVK!
u OX[XORKJKIGXGIZKXKVUZLOIUTIGZKTGZKI[GP[ZUX[RUVKXGZUX[R[OV[TIZ!
u OX[XORKJKIGXGIZKXKVUZLOIUT\KXZOZKG[ZUSGZGZ[TIOITJGVGXTZXUK^VXKYOKIK
IUTOTKOUVKXGT`OT[SKXOIO
9KIO[TKGJKLGVXK`OTZIKRKSGOOSVUXZGTZKL[TIOOIKUVKXKG`GY[VXGOX[XORUX
JKIGXGIZKXK

FeZ]ZkRcVR T`UfcZ]`c 2D4::

2OSHGP[R6.6L[XTO`KG`IZK\GL[TIOOJKR[IX[I[JGZKJKZOVIGXGIZKXJU[JOTZXK
GIKYZKGLOOTJVXK`KTZGZKTZGHKR[R[XSZUX

TK^KSVR[R[XSZUXGLOSZUGZKROZKXKRKSOIOGRKGRLGHKZ[R[OKTMRK`SVXK[TI[
IUJ[R'9)//GYUIOGZ

Exemplu 5.26

Un ir de caractere poate fi privit ca fiind un tablou unidimensional cu

elemente de tip caracter. Aceasta nseamn c putem parcurge irul caracter cu caracter, n
vederea prelucrrii acestora i, de asemenea, putem modifica orice caracter din ir printr-o
operaie de atribuire. De exemplu, dac avem un ir de caractere $Sir, parcurgerea acestuia se
poate face astfel:
for($j=0;$j<strlen($Sir);$j++) echo $Sir[$j].<BR>;

7f_TZZaV_ecfacV]fTcRcVRZcfcZ]`cUVTRcRTeVcV
,[TIOORK6.6IGXKUVKXKG`GY[VXGOX[XORUXJKIGXGIZKXKG[YOTZG^GGYKSTZUGXK
I[L[TIOORKJKLOTOZKTHOHROUZKIGYZXOTMNGROSHGP[R[O))JGXG[LUYZOTZXUJ[YK
T[SKXUGYKL[TIOOIGXK[[XKG`R[IX[RI[OX[XORKJKIGXGIZKXK L[TIOOVKTZX[K^ZXGMKXKG
Y[HOX[XORUXVKTZX[TRUI[OXKGGVGXOOORUX[T[OY[HOXTZX[TOXL[TIOOVKTZX[VXKR[IXGXKG
K^VXKYOORUXXKM[RGZKKZI

#!*
2W]RcVR]f_XZ^ZZf_fZZc
*KZKXSOTGXKGR[TMOSOO[T[OOXJKIGXGIZKXKYKXKGRO`KG`VXOTGVKR[RL[TIOKOYZXRKT
IGXKXKZ[XTKG`T[SX[RJKIGXGIZKXKJOTOX[RVXKIO`GZIGVGXGSKZX[

Exemplul 5.27

6]Z^Z_RcVRdaRZZ]`cUZ_ecf_ZcUVTRcRTeVcV
+ROSOTGXKG IGXGIZKXKRUX YVGO[ v ]NOZK YVGIKY v JK RG K^ZXKSOZORK [T[O OX JK
IGXGIZKXKKYZKULGIOROZGZKOSVUXZGTZGZ[TIOITJJGZKRKY[TZVXKR[GZKJOTLUXS[RGXK
YG[HG`KJKJGZKGIURUV[ZTJYGVGXYVGOOTKJUXOZKIGXKGXMKTKXGKXUXOTGVROIGOK
)GXGIZKXK]NOZKYVGIKYY[TZIUTYOJKXGZKGZZIGXGIZKX[RYVGO[IZOIGXGIZKXKRK:'(
)8ZGH\KXZOIGRKZI
,[TIOORK6.6GLRGZKTGIKGYZIGZKMUXOKY[TZ

OX[R[OOX OX
+^KSVR[RGXGZSUJ[RJK[ZORO`GXKGRL[TIOORUXVKTZX[KROSOTGXKGYVGOORUXJOTZX[T
OXJKIGXGIZKXK

Exemplul 5.28

OX[XORK
YO
YG[[TIUTOT[ZOJKTZOIK^IKVOKLITJYVGOORKOIGXGIZKXKRKZGH
JKRGK^ZXKSOZO

4`_gVcdZRZcfcZ]`c]R^R[fdTf]VdRf^Z_fdTf]V
2OSHGP[R6.6ULKXL[TIOOVKTZX[XKGRO`GXKGIUT\KXYOKOIGXGIZKXKRUX[T[OOXRG
SGP[YI[RKYG[SOT[YI[RK YZXZU[VVKXOYZXZURU]KX

#"!
Exemplul 5.29

4`^aRcRcVRZcfcZ]`c
,[TIOORKVKTZX[IUSVGXGXKGOX[XORUXXKZ[XTKG`U\GRUGXKSGOSOIJKIZ`KXU
KMGRI[`KXUYG[SGOSGXKJKIZ`KXUTL[TIOKJKXK`[RZGZ[RIUSVGXGOKO)USVGXGOG
YKHG`KG`VKUXJOTKGRK^OIUMXGLOI

Exemplul 5.30

#""
@aVcRZZTfdfSZcfcZ
2OSHGP[R6.6ULKXIZK\GL[TIOOIGXKXKGRO`KG`UVKXGOOGY[VXG[TUXYKI\KTKJK
IGXGIZKXKJOTZX[TOXVKIGXKIUT\KTOSYRKT[SOSY[HOX[XO+^OYZL[TIOOVKTZX[
I[ZGXKGK^ZXGMKXKGTRUI[OXKGOZKXMKXKGJKY[HOX[XO9VXKJKUYKHOXKJKL[TIOORK
JOTROSHGP[R)[TJKYKR[IXKG`VXOTOTZKXSKJO[RVUOTZKXORUXRGIGXGIZKXL[TIOORK
6.6IKUVKXKG`I[Y[HOX[XOY[TZS[RZSGOfVXOKZKTUGYKt
/GZIZK\GL[TIOOOSVUXZGTZKJOTGIKGYZIGZKMUXOK

+^KSVR[RXKGRO`KG`TRUI[OXKGI[GRZI[\TZGZ[Z[XUXGVGXOOORUX[T[OI[\TZ
TZX[TOXJKIGXGIZKXK\KXOLOITJGVUOJGITRUI[OXKGYGLI[ZI[Y[IIKY

Exemplul 5.31
#"#
 ZKXMKXKGZ[Z[XUXGVGXOOORUX[T[OY[HOXJOTZX[TOXYKVUGZKXKGRO`GVXOTGVKR[RL[TIOKO
YZXEXKVRGIKG\TJIGGRJUORKGVGXGSKZX[OX[R\OJ
9KI\KTGJOTK^KSVR[RJKZKXSOTT[SX[RJKGVGXOOOGRK[T[OY[HOXTZX[TOX
[ZORO`TJL[TIOORKVXKJKLOTOZKYZXVUYOY[HYZX

Exemplul 5.32

2]eVWf_TZZaV_ecfacV]fTcRcVRZcfcZ]`cUVTRcRTeVcV
/TIR[JKXKG[TUXL[TIOOTGIKGYZIGZKMUXOKT[TYKGSTIY[TZSGOV[OTOSVUXZGTZK
YG[SGOV[OTLURUYOZUGXKJKIZIKRKRGRZKL[TIOOVXK`KTZGZK'IKGYZYKIO[TKXK[TKZK
L[TIOOJOTZXKOIGZKMUXOO
u L[TIOOVKTZX[K^ZXGMKXKGY[HOX[XORUXOGI[\OTZKRUX!
u L[TIOOVKTZX[IUT\KXZOXKG[TUXIGXGIZKXKTKTZOZO.:32!
u L[TIOOJKIXOVZGXK

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##$
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##%
 '
Capitolul

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Ce nvm?
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acest motiv, ele sunt denumite n unele lucrri variabile superglobale.
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##'
Exemplul 6.1
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http://localhost/exemple6/6_1.php?nume=Popescu&prenume=Vasile
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Ati introdus: Popescu Vasile

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Figura 6.1
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Exemplul 6.2 (a)

##(
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##)
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##*
 9IXOVZ[RIKXK`UR\VXUHRKSGKYZKROYZGZTK^KSVR[R

Exemplul 6.3
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#$!
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GZXOH[Z[R<GR[KGYUIOGZKZOINKZKO56:/54IUXKYV[T`ZUGXKUVO[TOOYKRKIZGZKJK
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IUTOTKZUGZKKRKSKTZKRKJKLUXS[RGXJKSGOY[YLOM[XG9IXOVZ[ROVXUV[TKY
VXKOG)<[R[ZORO`GZUX[R[OOGRZKIZK\GJGZKVKXYUTGRK

Figura 6.2

#$"
Exemplul 6.4(a) Sursa HTML a formularului

Exemplul 6.4(b) Script-ul care prelucreaz datele

#$#
 =64:2#
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5VdTYZUVcVRZ_TYZUVcVRf_fZWZZVceVie
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u 8KYU[XIKXKVXK`OTZZOV[RXKY[XY<GXOGHORKRKJKGIKYZZOVY[TZ\GXOGHORKYVKIOGRK
[ZORO`GZKVKTZX[GIIKYGXKG[TUXXKY[XYKK^ZKXTK LOOKXKHG`KJKJGZKOSGMOTO
 n cadrul irului de caractere care specific modul de deschidere al fiierului se poate
D aduga caracterul t(opiune implicit), semnificnd tratarea fiierului ca fiier text sau
7 b, care permite tratarea fiierului ca fiier binar (succesiune de octei).
2 Se recomand deschiderea fiierului ca fiier binar ori de cte ori coninutul acestuia
E
nu este un text simplu (plain-text), care poate fi deschis cu un editor de texte
rudimentar, cum ar fi NotePad.
*GILOOKX[RGLUYZJKYINOYI[Y[IIKYL[TIOGLUVKTXKZ[XTKG`U\GRUGXKT[SOZ
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#$$
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GY[VXG[T[OLOOKX

Exemplul 6.5 (a)

'S[ZORO`GZUVKXGZUX[R&VKTZX[GOTNOHGGLOGXKGKXUXORUX6.6YZGTJGXJJKUGXKIK
Y[IIKY[RXKGRO`XOOUVKXGOORUXJKJKYINOJKXKOTINOJKXKGLOOKX[R[OKYZKZKYZGZK^VROIOZ
L[XTO`TJ[YKSKYGPKJKKXUGXKIUXKYV[T`ZUGXK
T VXGIZOI VXUMXGSGZUXOO T[ ZKYZKG` TINOJKXKG I[ Y[IIKY G LOOKXKRUX JGX
\KXOLOIGXKGY[IIKY[R[OUVKXGOKOJKJKYINOJKXKKYZKXKGRO`GZTZUZJKG[TG
<GRUGXKGXKZ[XTGZJKL[TIOGLIRUYKKYZKGXGXKUXOLURUYOZJKUGXKIKT[YKSGOVUZ
LGIKVXKGS[RZKTIG`[R[TKOTINOJKXOTKXK[OZKGLOOKX[R[O
+^KSVR[RHXKVXK`OTZXKYIXOKXKGGHRUT[R[OGTZKXOUXTZXULUXSIUSVGIZ

Exemplul 6.5 (b)

4ZeZcVRf_VZ]Z_ZZUVeVie
5L[TIOKLUGXZK[ZORTR[IX[RI[LOOKXKRKZK^ZKYZKL[TIOGLMKZYIGXKVXKOGJOT
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JKJGZKT[SKXOIKJOTZX[TLOOKXZK^ZLURUYOTJIUT\KXYOGK^VROIOZJKRGOX[RJKIGXGIZKXK
XKZ[XTGZJKLMKZYRGZOV[RJUXOZJKVXUMXGSGZUX

#$%
 9OTZG^GL[TIOKOKYZK

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+^KSVR[R[XSZUXOR[YZXKG`VGXI[XMKXKG[T[LOOKXT\KJKXKGGLOXOOIUTOT[Z[R[OY[

Exemplul 6.6
'IKRGOKLKIZRV[ZKSUHOTKSGOYOSVR[JGI[ZORO`SL[TIOGLORKIGXKSKSUXKG`
TZXKMIUTOT[Z[R[T[OLOOKXZK^ZTZX[TZGHRU[GYUIOGZO\GGI[SYKGXGZTK^KSVR[R
JKSGOPUY

Exemplul 6.7

,[TIOGLORKVUGZKLO[ZORO`GZI[Y[IIKYJGILOOKX[RGLOGZT[KYZKLUGXZKSGXK
GRZLKRVUZYGVGXKXUXOJOTIG[`GJKVOXOOSKSUXOKOJOVUTOHORKOTZKXVXKZUX[R[O6.6
TIG`[RTIGXKJUXOSYIOZOSLOOKX[RIGXGIZKXI[IGXGIZKXROSHGP[R6.6TKULKX
L[TIOGLMKZIIGXKGXKYOTZG^G

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+^KSVR[RJKZKXSOTT[SX[RROTOORUXJOTZX[TLOOKXZK^ZVXOTIOZOXKGLOOKX[R[O
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#$&
Exemplul 6.8

DTcZVcVR_ecf_WZZVceVie
2OSHGP[R6.6IUTOTKSGOS[RZKL[TIOOVKTZX[IOZOXKGJGZKRUXJOTZX[TLOOKXJGX
L[XTO`KG`UYOTM[XL[TIOKVKTZX[YIXOKXKGJGZKRUXOGT[SKL]XOZK
9OTZG^GL[TIOKOKYZK

[TJK
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u 9XKVXK`OTZOX[RIK[XSKG`GLOYIXOYTLOOKX!
u 2MYVKIOLOIT[SX[RSG^OSJKUIZKOIGXK\UXLOYIXOO
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vJGITI[XY[RUVKXGOKOGGVX[ZUKXUGXK
+^KSVR[RYIXOKVXOSKRKT[SKXKTGZ[XGRKTZX[TLOOKXZK^ZLOKIGXKT[SXVK
IZKUROTOK

Exemplul 6.9

)UTOT[Z[RLOOKX[R[OT[SKXKU[ZT[\GLOINOGXIKRGZKVZGZTIG`[RTIGXKR[IXGOT
YOYZKS[R JK UVKXGXK =OTJU]Y *GI \KO JKYINOJK LOOKX[R T[SKXKU[Z I[ GVROIGOG
4UZK6GJIUTOT[Z[RGIKYZ[OG\GLO

Figura 6.3

+^VROIGOGGIKYZ[OLGVZKYZKITYOYZKS[RJKUVKXGXK=OTJU]YSGXIGP[RJKYLXOZJK
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GIKGYZGG\TJGIKKGOYOTZG^OKLKIZIGOL]XOZK

#$'
2a]ZTRZV

+T[T
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NumeElev#Materie#Nota
9YKJKZKXSOTKSKJOGRGLOKIGXKSGZKXOKG[T[OKRK\JGZVXOTT[SK4[SKRKKRK\[R[O
KYZKVXKR[GZJOTZX[TLUXS[RGX.:32

8K`UR\GXK
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u
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u
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Exemplul 6.10
)UTYZX[OXKGZGHRU[XORUXYKXKGRO`KG`GVROITJ[XSZUXOOVGOVKTZX[LOKIGXKROTOK
IOZOZJOTLOOKX

#$(
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=64:2$
8VdeZ`_RcVRdZdeV^f]fZUVWZZVcV

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#$)
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#$*
Exemplul 6.11
6.11
Funciile pentru schimbarea drepturilor de acces pentru un fiier -chmod()
i funcia pentru modificarea grupului de care aparine un fiier chgrp()- nu funcioneaz
dect sub Unix/Linux, de aceea nu sunt detaliate aici.

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Exemplul 6.12
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Exemplul 6.13

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Exemplul 6.14

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Exemplul 6.15

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Exemplul 6.16

#%#
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Necesitatea realizrii de aplicaii software care s poat opera cu mai multe
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interfee (colecii de funcii) ntre aplicaii i sistemele de gestiune a bazelor de
i c
tia date. Prima interfa de acest fel a fost ODBC (Open DataBase Connectivity),
dezvoltat de Microsoft, care a devenit un standard n dezvoltarea aplicaiilor software
independente de sistemul de gestiune aflat n spatele acestora.
O alt interfa cu sistemele de gestiune a bazelor de date a fost dezvoltat pe baza
tehnologiei Java i poart numele de JDBC (Java DataBase Connectivity).

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Figura 6.4 Conectarea la interpretorul de comenzi

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Figura 6.5 Crearea unui cont de utilizator

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Figura 6.6 tergerea unui cont de utilizator

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Figura 6.8 Meniul principal al aplicaiei PhpMyAdmin

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#&!
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Exemplul 7.2

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#&'
 MySQL permite definirea cmpurilor de tip ntreg cu autoincrementare,
care au proprietatea de a-i mri valoarea automat atunci cnd este inserat o nregistrare
nou, fr a se specifica o valoare pentru cmpurile respective.
n tabelele de mai sus am utilizat cmpuri cu autoincrementare pentru cheile primare:
idelev, idmaterie i idnota.

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#'!
 Tabela materii conine 3 cmpuri, iar comanda SQL INSERT din exemplul
anterior insereaz valori doar pentru cmpurile denumire i tip. Cmpul idmaterie este un
cmp cu autoincrementare, astfel c valoarea sa este inserat automat n tabel, fiind cu o
unitate mai mare dect ultima valoare inserat n acest cmp.
Uneori este nevoie s determinm care a fost ultima valoarea inserat ntr-un cmp cu
autoincrementare. Acest lucru se determin prin apelul funciei
int mysql_insert_id([resource IdConexiune])
Funcia returneaz valoarea zero dac nu s-a efectuat nicio autoincrementare.

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Extragerea numelor bazelor de date/tabelelor din setul de rezultate returnat

de mysql_list_dbs()/mysql_list_tables() poate fi realizat i prin apelul
funciei mysql_fetch_array(), precum i folosind alte funcii PHP ce opereaz
asupra seturilor de rezultate.
Crearea i tergerea tabelelor sunt operaii care se pot realiza prin intermediul unor
interogri ce conin comenzile SQL Create Table, respectiv Drop Table. Limbajul PHP nu
permite realizarea acestor operaii prin intermediul unor funcii predefinite.

#'"
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Figura 8.1
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Figura 8.4
Formularul de
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afia un mesaj de eroare corespunztor.
n cazul n care autentificarea se face cu succes, o parte din informaiile referitoare la
cont se memoreaz n variabile de sesiune, pentru a putea fi utilizate pe tot parcursul
aplicaiei. Variabilele de sesiune sunt memorate cu ajutorul tabloului asociativ predefinit
$_SESSION.

Exemplul 8.4

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Exemplul 8.8
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Figura 8.5 Mesaj de eroare

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