Introduction to Communication System
What total power would be produce with 80% modulation?
1. A receiver has a power bandwidth of 10 kHz. A resistor that matches
the receiver input impedance is connected across its antenna
terminals. What is the noise power contributed by that resistor in the
receiver bandwidth, if the resistor has temperature of 27C
2. A 300 resistor is connected across the 300 antenna input of a
television receiver. The bandwidth of the receiver is 6 MHz and the
resistor is at room temperature (293 K or 20C or 68F). Find the
noise power and noise voltage applied to the receiver input
3. A diode noise generator is required to produce 10 V of noise in a
receiver with an input impedance of 75 , resistive, and a noise
power bandwidth of 200 kHz.(these values are typical of FM
broadcast receivers). What must the current through the diode be?
4. A receiver produces a noise power of 200 mW with no signal. The
output level increases to 5 W when a signal is applied. Calculate
(S+N)/N as a power ratio and in decibels.
5. The signal power at the input to an amplifier is 100 W and the noise
power is 1 W. At the output, the signal power is 1 W and the noise
power is 30 mW. What is the amplifier noise figure as a ratio?
6. The signal at the input of an amplifier has a S/N of 42 dB. If the
amplifier has a noise figure of 6 dB, what is the S/N at the output (in
decibels)?
7. A three-stage amplifier has stages with the ff specs:
Stage Power Gain Noise Figure
1 10 2 many channels are available when SSB is used
2 25 4
3 30 5 Angle Modulation
Calculate the power gain, noise figure and noise temperature of the
entire amplifier, assuming matched conditions
Radio Frequency Circuits
1. A varactor has maximum capacitance of 80 pF and is used in a tuned
circuit with a 100 H inductor. (a) Find the resonant frequency with no
tuning voltage applied. (b) Find the tuning voltage necessary for the
circuit to resonate at double the frequency found in part (a)
2. A portable radio transmitter has to operate at temperatures from -5C
to 35C. If the signal is derived from a crystal oscillator with a
temperature coefficient of +1 ppm/ degree C and it transmits at
exactly 146 MHz at 20C, find the transmitting frequency at the two
extremes of the operating temperature range
3. Sine-wave signals with frequencies of 10 MHz and 11 MHz are
applied to a square-low mixer. What frequencies appear at the output
4. A phase-locked loop has a VCO with a free-running frequency of 12
MHz. As the frequency of the reference input is gradually raised from
zero, the loop locks at 10 MHz and comes out of lock again at 16
MHz. (a) Find the capture range and lock range (b) Suppose that the
experiment is repeated, but this time the reference input begins with a
very high frequency and steadily moves downward. Predict the
frequencies at which lock would be achieved and lost
5. Configure a simple PLL synthesizer using a 10 MHz crystal so that it
will generate the AM broadcast frequencies from 540 to 1700 kHz
6. A synthesizer has P = 10 and fref = 10 kHz. Find the minimum
frequency step size and compare it with that obtained using a fixed
divided-by-10 prescaler
Amplitude Modulation
1. Find the modulation index if a 10 V carrier is amplitude-modulated by
three different frequencies with amplitudes of 1 V, 2 V, and 3 V
respectively.
2. CB radio channels are 10 kHz apart. What is the maximum
modulation frequency that can be used if a signal is to remain entirely
within its assigned channel?
3. An AM broadcast transmitter has a carrier power output of 50 kW.
4. An transmitter generates an LSB signal with a carrier frequency of 8
MHz. What frequencies will appear at the output with a two-tone
modulating signal with frequencies of 2 kHz and 3.5 kHz?
5. An AM transmitter is modulated by two sine waves at 1 kHz and 2.5
kHz, with modulations of 25% and 50% respectively. What is the
effective modulation index?
6. An AM signal has the following characteristics fc = 150 MHz, Ec = 50
V, fm = 3 kHz, Em = 40 V. For this signal, find: (a) the modulation
index (b) the bandwidth (c) the peak voltage of the upper side
frequencies
7. An AM transmitter supplies 10 kW of carrier power to a 50 load. It
operates at a carrier frequency of 1.2 MHz and is 80% modulated by
a 3 kHz sine wave. (a) Calculate the total average power in the
signal, in watts and dBW (b) Calculate the RMS voltage of the signal
(c) Calculate the peak voltage of the signal
8. An AM transmitter has a carrier power of 50 W at a carrier frequency
of 12 MHz. It is modulated at 80% by a 1 kHz sine wave. How much
power is contained in the sidebands?
9. CB radio was developed using full-carrier DSB AM. It operates using
40 channels, each 10 kHz wide. When SSBSC is used, the same
carrier frequencies are used as with conventional AM, but the
transceivers are switchable to either lower or upper sideband. How
1. An FM modulator has kf = 30 kHz/V and operates at a carrier
frequency of 175 MHz. Find the output frequency for an
instantaneous value or the modulating signal equal to: (a) 150 mV (b)
-2 V
2. The same FM modulator as in the previous problem is modulated by
a 3 V sine wave. Calculate the deviation
3. An FM broadcast transmitter operates at its maximum deviation of 75
kHz. Find the modulation index for a sinusoidal modulating signal with
a frequency of: (a) 15 kHz (b) 50 Hz
4. A phase modulator has kp = 2 rad/V. What RMS voltage of a sine
wave would cause a peak phase deviation of 60?
5. An FM communications transmitter has a maximum frequency
deviation of 5 kHz and a range of modulating frequencies from 300
Hz to 3 kHz. What is the maximum phase shift that it produces?
6. A phase modulation has a sensitivity of kp = 3 rad/V. How much
frequency deviation does it produce with a sine-wave input of 2 V
peak at a frequency of 1 kHz?
7. An FM signal has a deviation of 3 kHz and a modulating frequency of
1 kHz. Its total power Pt is 5 W, developed across a 50 resistive
load. The carrier frequency is 160 MHz. (a) Calculate the RMS signal
voltage Vt
8. Use Carsons rule to calculate the bandwidth of the signal used in
problem 7
9. An FM signal has a deviation of 10 kHz and a modulating frequency
of 2 kHz. Calculate the modulation index
10. When a positive dc voltage of 5 V is applied to an FM modulator its
output frequency drops by 100 kHz. Calculate the deviation sensitivity
of the modulator
11. A phase modulator with kp = 3 rad/V is modulated by a sine wave an
RMS voltage of 4 V at a frequency of 5 kHz. Calculate the phase
modulation index
12. A sine wave of frequency 1 kHz phase-modulates a carrier at 123
MHz. The peak deviation is 0.5 rad. Calculate the maximum
frequency deviation
13. A phase modulation system operates with a modulation index of 1.5.
What is the maximum phase shift in degrees?
14. An FM transmitter has a carrier frequency of 220 MHz. Its modulation
index is 3 with a modulating frequency of 5 kHz. The total power
output is 100 W into a 5 load. (a) What is the deviation?
15. An FM signal has a deviation of 10 kHz and is modulated by a sine
wave with a frequency of 5 kHz. The carrier frequency is 150 MHz
and the signal has a total power of 12.5 W, operating into an
impedance of 50 . (a) What is the modulation index? (b) How much
power is present at the carrier frequency? (c) What is the voltage
level of the second sideband below the carrier frequency? (d) What is
the bandwidth of the signal, ignoring all components that have less
than 1% of the total signal voltage?
16. A frequency modulation system requires a signal-to-noise ratio of 40
dB at the detector output. The modulating frequency is 2 kHz, and the
deviation is 50 kHz. Calculate the required minimum S/N at the
detector output
Transmitter
1. A crystal oscillator is accurate within 0.0005%. How far off frequency
could its output be at 27 MHz?
2. A transmitter has a carrier power output of 10 W at an efficiency of
70%. How much power must be supplied by the modulating amplifier
for 100% modulation?
3. A transmitter operates from a 12 V supply, with a collector current of
2A. The modulation transformer has turns ratio of 4:1. What is the
load impedance seen by the audio amplifier?
4. A collector-modulated Class C amplifier has a carrier output power Pc
of 100 W and an efficiency of 70%. Calculate the supply power and
the transistor power dissipation with 100% modulation.
5. An AM transmitter is required to produce 10 W of carrier power when
operating from a 15 V supply. What is the required load impedance as
seen from the collector?
6. The power amplifier of an AM transmitter has an output carrier power
of 25 W and an efficiency of 70% and is collector-modulated. How
much audio power will have to be supplied to this stage for 100%
modulation?
7. A transmitter uses twelve modules in its solid-state output stage.
Calculate the power reduction (in decibels) that would occur if one
module fails
8. An AM transmitter operates into a 50 resistive load. The RMS
voltage measured at the output is 250 V without modulation and 300
V with modulation, using the true RMS reading meter. Find: (a) the
power with modulation (b) the power without modulation (c) the
modulation index (d) the peak voltage with modulation (e) the overall
efficiency with modulation if the transmitter allows 3 kW from the AC
line when modulated
5. An IF transformer operates at 455 kHz. The primary circuit has a Q of
40 and the secondary has a Q of 30. Find (a) the critical coupling
factor (b) the optimum coupling factor (c) the bandwidth using the
optimum coupling factor
6. A superheterodyne receivers is tuned to a frequency of 5 MHz when
the local frequency is 6.65 MHz. What is the IF?
7. An FM broadcast band receiver tunes from 88 to 108 MHz. the IF is
10.7 MHz, and the receiver uses high-side injection. Calculate the
range of local oscillator frequencies
8. A receivers IF filter has a shape factor of 2.5 and a bandwidth of 6
kHz at the 6 dB down point. What is its bandwidth at 60 dB down?
Digital Communications
1. A telephone line has a bandwidth of 3.2 kHz, and a signal-to-noise
ratio of 35 dB. A signal is transmitted down this line using a four-level
code. What is the maximum theoretical data rate?
2. An attempt is made to transmit a baseband frequency of 30 kHz using
a digital audio system with a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz. What audible
frequency would result?
3. Calculate the number of levels if the number of bits per sample is (a)
8 (as in telephony) (b) 16 (as in compact disc audio systems)
4. Find the maximum dynamic range for a linear PCM system using 16-
bit quantizing
5. Calculate the minimum data rate needed to transmit audio with a
sampling rate of 40 kHz and 14 bits per sample
6. Convert the 12-bit sample 100110100100 into an 8-bit compressed
code
The telephone System
1. A local loop has a resistance of 1 k, and the telephone connected to
it has an off-hook resistance of 200 . Calculate the loop current and
the voltage across the telephone when the phone is (a) on hook (b)
off hook
2. A telephone signal takes 2 ms to reach its destination Calculate the
via net loss required for an acceptable amount of echo
Data Transmission
1. Calculate the maximum efficiency of an asynchronous communication
system using ASCII with seven data bits, one start bit, one stop bit,
and one parity bit
2. How many Hamming bits are required for a block length of 21
message bits?
Digital Modulation and Modems
1. A radio channel has a bandwidth of 10 kHz and a signal-to-noise ratio
of 15 dB. What is the maximum data rate that can be transmitted: (a)
using any system? (b) using a code with four possible states?

Receivers 2. A modulator transmits symbols, each of which has sixty-four different

1. A tuned circuit tunes the AM radio broadcast band (from 540 to 1700
kHz). If its bandwidth is 10 kHz at 540 kHz, what is it at 1700 kHz?
3.
2. A receiver has a sensitivity of 0.5 V and a blocking dynamic range of
70 dB. What is the strongest signal that can be present along with a
4.
0.5 V signal without blocking taking place?
possible states, 10,000 times per second. Calculate the band rate
and bit rate.
The North American TDMA digital cell phone standards transmit at
24.3 kilo baud using DQPSK. What is the channel data rate?
A modem uses sixteen different phase angles and four different
amplifiers. How many bit does it transmit for each symbol?

3. An FM detector produces a peak-to-peak output voltage of 1.2 V from
an FM signal that is modulated to 10 kHz deviation by a sine wave.
What is the detector sensitivity?
4. A PLL FM detector uses a VCO with kf = 100 kHz/V. If it receives an
FM signal with a deviation of 75 kHz and sine-wave modulation, what
is the RMS output voltage from the detector?
5. A typical dial-up telephone connection has a bandwidth of 3 kHz and
a signal-to-noise ratio of 30 dB. Calculate the Shannon limit
Multiplexing and Multiple-Access
1. How many of each of the following signals would fit into a 1 MHz
spectrum allocation? (a) voice, with a maximum frequency of 4 kHz,
 modulated using SSBSC AM (b) the same voice signal using DSB
full-carrier AM (c) High-fidelity music with a maximum baseband
frequency of 15 kHz, using wideband FM with a maximum duration of
75 kHz (d) A bit stream at 56 kbps, using QPSK modulation and
assuming a noiseless channel
2. A voice transmission occupies a channel 30 kHz wide. Suppose a
spread-spectrum system is used to increase its bandwidth to 10 MHz.
If the signal has a total signal power of 110 dBm at the receiver input
and the system noise temperature referred to the same point is 300
K, calculate the signal-to-noise ratio for both systems.
3. A frequency-hopping spread-spectrum system hops to each of 100
frequencies every 10 seconds. How long does it spends on each
frequency?
Multiplexing and Multiple-Access
1. A coaxial cable has a capacitance of 90 pF/m and a characteristic
impedance of 50 . Find the inductance of a 1m length
2. Find the characteristic impedance of each of the following lines: (a)
an open-wire line with conductors 3 mm in diameter separated by 10
mm (b) a coaxial cable using a solid polyethylene dielectric having Er
= 2.3, with an inner conductor 2 mm in diameter and an outer
conductor 8 mm in inside diameter
3. Find the velocity factor and propagation velocity for a cable with a
Teflon dielectric (Er = 2.1)
4. What length of standard RG 8/V coaxial cable would be required to
obtain a 45 phase shift at 200 MHz
5. A 50 line is terminated in a 25 resistance. Find the SWR
6. A generator sends 50 mW down a 50 line. The generator is
matched to the line, but the load is not. If the coefficient of reflection is
0.5 how much power is reflected and how much is dissipated in the
load?
7. A transmitter supplies 50 W to a load through a line with an SWR of
2:1. Find the power absorbed by the load.
8. A series tuned circuit operating at a frequency of 1 GHz is to be
constructed from a shorted section of air dielectric coaxial cable.
What length should be used?
9. A transmitter is required to deliver 100W to an antenna through 45 m
of coaxial cable with a loss of 4 dB/100 m. What must be the output
power of the transmitter, assuming the line is matched?
10. A TDR display shows a discontinuity 1.4 s from the start. If the line
has a velocity factor of 0.8, How far is the fault form the
reflectometer?
11. Two adjacent minima on a slotted line are 23 cm apart. Find the
wavelength and frequency, assuming a velocity factor of 95%
12. The forward power in a transmission line is 150 W, and the reverse
power is 20 W. Calculate the SWR on the line
Radio-wave Propagation
1. Find the characteristic impedance of polyethylene which has a
dielectric constant of 2.3
2. The dielectric strength of air is about 3 MV/m. Arcing is likely to take
place at field strengths greater than that. What is the maximum power
density of an electromagnetic wave in air?
3. A power of 100 W is supplied to an isotropic radiator. What is the
power density at a point 10 km away?
4. Find the electric field strength for the signal in the previous problem
5. A radio wave moves from air (Er = 1) to glass (Er = 7.8). Its angle of
incidence is 30. What is the angle of refraction?
6. The critical frequency at a particular time is 11.6 MHz. What is the
MUF for a transmitting station if the required angle of incidence for
propagation to a desired destination is 70?
7. A taxi company uses a central dispatcher, with an antenna at the top
of a 15 m tower, to communicate with taxicabs. The taxi antenna are
on the roofs of the cars, approximately 1.5 m above the ground.
Calculate the maximum communication distance: (a) between the
dispatcher and a taxi (b) between two taxis
8. Find the propagation loss for a signal at 800 MHz, with a transmitting
antenna height of 30 m, over a distance of 10 km, using (a) the free-
space model (b) the mobile-propagation model
9. An automobile travels at 60 km/hr. Find the time between fades if the
car uses: (a) a cell phone at 800 MHz (b) a PCS phone at 1900 MHz
10. A metropolitan area of 1000 square km is to be covered by cells with
a radius of 2 km. How many cell sites would be required, assuming
hexagonal cells?
Antennas
1. Calculate the length of a half-wave dipole for an operating frequency
of 20 MHz.
2. A dipole antenna has a radiation resistance of 67 and a loss
resistance of 5 , measured at the feed point. Calculate the efficiency
3. Two antennas have gains of 5.3 dBi and 4.5 dBd respectively. Which
has greater gain?
4. The ERP of a transmitting station is specified as 17 W in a given
direction. Express this as an EIRP in dBm so that it can be used with
the path loss equation
5. A helical antenna with eight turns is to be constructed for a frequency
of 1.2 GHz (a) Calculate the optimum diameter and spacing for the
antenna and find the total length of the antenna (b) Calculate the
antenna gain in dBi (c) Calculate the beamwidth
6. A parabolic antenna has a diameter of 3 m. An efficiency of 60%, and
operates at a frequency of 4 GHz. Calculate its gain and beamwidth
7. Calculate the length of a practical half-wave dipole for a frequency of
15 MHz
8. A transmitter with a power output of 100 watts is connected to a
dipole antenna with a radiation resistance of 75 and an ohmic
resistance of 2 (a) How much power is radiated into space?
9. Given that a half-wave dipole has a gain of 2.14 dBi, calculate the
electric field strength at a distance of 10 km in free space in the
direction of maximum radiation from a half-wave dipole that is fed by
means of lossless, matched line, by a 15 W transmitter
10. Calculate the length of a quarter-wave monopole antenna for a
frequency of 1000 kHz
Microwave Devices
1. Find the cutoff frequency for the TE10 mode in an air-dielectric
waveguide with an inside cross section of 2 cm by 4 cm. Over what
frequency range is the dominant mode the only one that will
propagate?
2. Find the group velocity for the waveguide in problem 1 at a frequency
of 5 GHz